Pub Date : 2021-12-29DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230276
Hem Raj
Insect pollinators are important for the sustainability of agriculture and other natural ecosystems. Many insects such as bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, moths and beetles are main pollinators of many fruit crops. The climate well as soil of Himachal Pradesh is apt for growing many kinds of fruit crops but in the last few years, produce and quality of fruit crops is decreasing due to lack of sufficient pollination. This study was conducted to assess the pollinator declining factors and farmers’ perception in respect of pollinator conservation and management methods in Himachal Himalaya. The diversity and distribution of insect pollinators is declining due to many threatening factors observed in Himachal Himalaya. These factors include: loss of insect habitats; pests and diseases of honey bees; use of pesticides; cell phone radiations; environmental pollution; susceptibility to climate change; impact of introduced species; escalation in mono-cropping; livestock grazing and mowing; forest fires; ruthless honey hunting and introduction of exotic honey bees. The farmers are practicing here apiculture as a part time as well as whole time profession although there are different types of constraints such as lack of all-season bee forage, heavy snowfall, paucity of labour, honey bee absconding and meager knowledge of medicines. Majority of the farmers expect to have financial help for various horticultural works, management technology and training activities. The farmers have knowledge about different aspects of honey production, processing, storage and marketing. But only a few farmers are aware about different pests, predators and diseases of honey bees as well as their remedial measures. To minimize the effect of pesticides, majority of farmers sprayed them in the morning and during nonflowering session.
{"title":"Farmers’ Perception on Insect Pollinators Decline and Conservation Methods in Himachal Himalaya, India","authors":"Hem Raj","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230276","url":null,"abstract":"Insect pollinators are important for the sustainability of agriculture and other natural ecosystems. Many insects such as bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, moths and beetles are main pollinators of many fruit crops. The climate well as soil of Himachal Pradesh is apt for growing many kinds of fruit crops but in the last few years, produce and quality of fruit crops is decreasing due to lack of sufficient pollination. This study was conducted to assess the pollinator declining factors and farmers’ perception in respect of pollinator conservation and management methods in Himachal Himalaya. The diversity and distribution of insect pollinators is declining due to many threatening factors observed in Himachal Himalaya. These factors include: loss of insect habitats; pests and diseases of honey bees; use of pesticides; cell phone radiations; environmental pollution; susceptibility to climate change; impact of introduced species; escalation in mono-cropping; livestock grazing and mowing; forest fires; ruthless honey hunting and introduction of exotic honey bees. \u0000The farmers are practicing here apiculture as a part time as well as whole time profession although there are different types of constraints such as lack of all-season bee forage, heavy snowfall, paucity of labour, honey bee absconding and meager knowledge of medicines. Majority of the farmers expect to have financial help for various horticultural works, management technology and training activities. The farmers have knowledge about different aspects of honey production, processing, storage and marketing. But only a few farmers are aware about different pests, predators and diseases of honey bees as well as their remedial measures. To minimize the effect of pesticides, majority of farmers sprayed them in the morning and during nonflowering session.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83149025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-29DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230277
K. Adamu, Y. M. Mohammed, H. Mohammed, E. J. Ebesi, Y. O. Jimoh
Dangana Lake was constructed primarily to provide water for drinking, domestic activities and control flood. Phytoplankton assemblage and physicochemical parameters of Dangana Lake, Lapai, Niger State Nigeria were investigated monthly between March and October 2019 using standard methods and procedures. Water samples were collected from 3 different stations in the Lake. The result of the lake shows water temperature (23.2-29.5ºC), Biochemical oxygen Demand (2.30-3.91mg/l), Dissolved oxygen (3.40-4.70mg/l), water pH (6.10-7.5), Electrical conductivity (60.00-121µS/cm), Nitrates (0.30-1.05mg/l) and Phosphate (0.53-1.75mg/l). Temperature, DO, BOD5, and pH shows no significant difference (p>0.05) among sampling sites, however, Electrical conductivity, Nitrate and Phosphate differs significantly among sampling sites (p<0.05). Seasonally there was a significant difference (p<0.05) among sampling months in all the physicochemical parameter measures. A total of Seventeen (17) species of phytoplankton in six (6) families were encountered. The percentage abundant of phytoplankton revealed Bacillariophyta (36.84%), Dinophyta (33.38%), Chlorophyta (17.05%), Heterokontophyta (6.93%) Cyanophyta, (4.76%), and Euglenophyta (1.02%). Phytoplankton population was significantly higher during the dry season than in the raining season. The Canonical Correspondence analysis (CCA) correlated positively between the measured physicochemical parameters and the observed organisms. The nutrient status of the lake shows a medium range as indicated by the measured environmental parameters.
{"title":"Spatio-temporal Assessment of Phytoplankton and Physicochemical Parameters of Dangana Lake, Lapai, Niger State Nigeria","authors":"K. Adamu, Y. M. Mohammed, H. Mohammed, E. J. Ebesi, Y. O. Jimoh","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230277","url":null,"abstract":"Dangana Lake was constructed primarily to provide water for drinking, domestic activities and control flood. Phytoplankton assemblage and physicochemical parameters of Dangana Lake, Lapai, Niger State Nigeria were investigated monthly between March and October 2019 using standard methods and procedures. Water samples were collected from 3 different stations in the Lake. The result of the lake shows water temperature (23.2-29.5ºC), Biochemical oxygen Demand (2.30-3.91mg/l), Dissolved oxygen (3.40-4.70mg/l), water pH (6.10-7.5), Electrical conductivity (60.00-121µS/cm), Nitrates (0.30-1.05mg/l) and Phosphate (0.53-1.75mg/l). Temperature, DO, BOD5, and pH shows no significant difference (p>0.05) among sampling sites, however, Electrical conductivity, Nitrate and Phosphate differs significantly among sampling sites (p<0.05). Seasonally there was a significant difference (p<0.05) among sampling months in all the physicochemical parameter measures. A total of Seventeen (17) species of phytoplankton in six (6) families were encountered. The percentage abundant of phytoplankton revealed Bacillariophyta (36.84%), Dinophyta (33.38%), Chlorophyta (17.05%), Heterokontophyta (6.93%) Cyanophyta, (4.76%), and Euglenophyta (1.02%). Phytoplankton population was significantly higher during the dry season than in the raining season. The Canonical Correspondence analysis (CCA) correlated positively between the measured physicochemical parameters and the observed organisms. The nutrient status of the lake shows a medium range as indicated by the measured environmental parameters.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73835633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-29DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230274
N. Ogbuji, O. F. Isalar
Aims: Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is a legume widely consumed in Africa. The effect of eight organisms viz: Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Pseudomonas sp., Corynebacterium sp., Micrococcus sp. and Xanthomonas sp. on the growth of Vigna unguiculata seedlings was determined. Methodology: Spore suspension of each fungal organism was prepared from pure cultures grown on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates and the bacteria used were obtained from slants. Fungal spores were standardized with the help of a haemocytometer slide and gelatine (0.1%) was used as a sticker. Using serial dilution method, 0.1ml of each of the isolated bacteria was collected from the 10-3 dilution and sprayed on the young seedlings using the run-off method. The cowpea seedlings were separately inoculated with each organism at the three leaf stage, three weeks after planting. Seedlings were artificially inoculated by spraying the adaxial surface of the leaves until water-soaked spots were obtained. The experiment was allowed to stand for 2 months and the leaf number, root length, shoot length and total seedling height of the cowpea seedlings were determined. Results: Symptoms observed on seedlings were: stunted growth, drying of leaves, few fibrous roots, yellowing of leaves, wilting, necrotic lesions, leaf spot, darkening of leaf veins and blight. Most of the test organisms were pathogenic to V. unguiculata causing varying degrees of damage. Fusarium oxysporum caused the most deterioration on cowpea seedlings when compared to the other treatments. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the ability of culture filtrates of pathogenic micro-organisms to express symptoms in seedlings and transmit diseases to healthy seedlings.
{"title":"Effect of Some Fungal and Bacterial Organisms on the Growth of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) Seedlings","authors":"N. Ogbuji, O. F. Isalar","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230274","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is a legume widely consumed in Africa. The effect of eight organisms viz: Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Pseudomonas sp., Corynebacterium sp., Micrococcus sp. and Xanthomonas sp. on the growth of Vigna unguiculata seedlings was determined. \u0000Methodology: Spore suspension of each fungal organism was prepared from pure cultures grown on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates and the bacteria used were obtained from slants. Fungal spores were standardized with the help of a haemocytometer slide and gelatine (0.1%) was used as a sticker. Using serial dilution method, 0.1ml of each of the isolated bacteria was collected from the 10-3 dilution and sprayed on the young seedlings using the run-off method. The cowpea seedlings were separately inoculated with each organism at the three leaf stage, three weeks after planting. Seedlings were artificially inoculated by spraying the adaxial surface of the leaves until water-soaked spots were obtained. The experiment was allowed to stand for 2 months and the leaf number, root length, shoot length and total seedling height of the cowpea seedlings were determined. \u0000Results: Symptoms observed on seedlings were: stunted growth, drying of leaves, few fibrous roots, yellowing of leaves, wilting, necrotic lesions, leaf spot, darkening of leaf veins and blight. Most of the test organisms were pathogenic to V. unguiculata causing varying degrees of damage. Fusarium oxysporum caused the most deterioration on cowpea seedlings when compared to the other treatments. \u0000Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the ability of culture filtrates of pathogenic micro-organisms to express symptoms in seedlings and transmit diseases to healthy seedlings.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80673245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: The study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from aqueous AgNO3 using phytochemicals present in Pleurotus ostreatus and assess the AgNPs antibacterial activity on Bacillus subtilis and Providencia rettgeri. Study design: Experimental/Analytical. Place and Duration of Study: Bells University of Technology between December 2020 and August 2021. Methodology: The mushroom was washed, dried, pulverized and 5g stirred into 100ml deionized water. The solution was sonicated using ultrasonic cleaner at 40 oC for 40 min, centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was filtered, and 1ml filtrate was mixed with 9 ml of 10mM AgNO3. After the reaction period, the mixture was centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. The residues were washed thrice with deionized water and dried. Synthesis of AgNPs was monitored by UV–Vis spectrophotometer, characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Antibacterial analysis was done by agar well diffusion using gentamicin as control. Results: A dark brown colour change and UV visible spectroscopy peak at 400 nm confirmed the formation of AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of functional groups involved in the reduction of AgNO3. GCMS performed on the methanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus showed the presence of 37 organic compounds, among them were cathecol, hydroquinone and phenols etc. Antimicrobial activity revealed that AgNPs inhibited the growth of B. subtilis and P. rettgeri. Conclusion: The study revealed that Pleurotus ostreatus effectively synthesized AgNPs and the AgNPs inhibited the growth of Providencia rettgeri and Bacillus subtilis and can play major roles in the field of medical and pharmaceutical nanotechnology.
{"title":"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pleurotus ostreatus","authors":"Anyakorah Caroline Iruoma, Essien Enobong Reginald, Ojubanire Motunrayo, Igbo Ukachi Ezinwa","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230273","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from aqueous AgNO3 using phytochemicals present in Pleurotus ostreatus and assess the AgNPs antibacterial activity on Bacillus subtilis and Providencia rettgeri. \u0000Study design: Experimental/Analytical. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Bells University of Technology between December 2020 and August 2021. \u0000Methodology: The mushroom was washed, dried, pulverized and 5g stirred into 100ml deionized water. The solution was sonicated using ultrasonic cleaner at 40 oC for 40 min, centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was filtered, and 1ml filtrate was mixed with 9 ml of 10mM AgNO3. After the reaction period, the mixture was centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. The residues were washed thrice with deionized water and dried. \u0000Synthesis of AgNPs was monitored by UV–Vis spectrophotometer, characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Antibacterial analysis was done by agar well diffusion using gentamicin as control. \u0000Results: A dark brown colour change and UV visible spectroscopy peak at 400 nm confirmed the formation of AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of functional groups involved in the reduction of AgNO3. GCMS performed on the methanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus showed the presence of 37 organic compounds, among them were cathecol, hydroquinone and phenols etc. Antimicrobial activity revealed that AgNPs inhibited the growth of B. subtilis and P. rettgeri. \u0000Conclusion: The study revealed that Pleurotus ostreatus effectively synthesized AgNPs and the AgNPs inhibited the growth of Providencia rettgeri and Bacillus subtilis and can play major roles in the field of medical and pharmaceutical nanotechnology.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91374949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-28DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130272
Abiola Olanike Adesina, Olusegun Richard Adeoyo, Owolabi Mutolib Bankole
Increase in microbial resistance of commonly used antibiotics is a major health concern globally. This study aimed at exploring the use of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) stabilized by alginate as sources of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial activity of synthesized magnetic nanoparticles was tested against six organisms (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Vibrio cholerae, Proteus vulgaris and Micrococcus luteus) using agar diffusion method. Results showed that IONPs exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity against most of the tested clinical isolates. M. luteus had highest antimicrobial activity (21 mm), followed by B. subtilis (20 mm), S. aureus (20 mm) and V. cholerae (20 mm) while P. vulgaris and C. albicans had intermediate activities against IONPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results showed that IONPs was most effective against B. subtilis and S. aureus, followed by M. luteus and least activity was noticed against V. cholerae. Also, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) result revealed that IONPs had MBC of 40 mg/ml against both B. subtilis and S. aureus, and 60 mg/ml against M. luteus and V. cholerae. These findings revealed that alginate stabilized IONPs have great potentials for inhibiting clinical isolates; thus, their use as an alternative means for new drug discovery should be encouraged.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Stabilized by Alginate","authors":"Abiola Olanike Adesina, Olusegun Richard Adeoyo, Owolabi Mutolib Bankole","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130272","url":null,"abstract":"Increase in microbial resistance of commonly used antibiotics is a major health concern globally. This study aimed at exploring the use of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) stabilized by alginate as sources of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial activity of synthesized magnetic nanoparticles was tested against six organisms (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Vibrio cholerae, Proteus vulgaris and Micrococcus luteus) using agar diffusion method. Results showed that IONPs exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity against most of the tested clinical isolates. M. luteus had highest antimicrobial activity (21 mm), followed by B. subtilis (20 mm), S. aureus (20 mm) and V. cholerae (20 mm) while P. vulgaris and C. albicans had intermediate activities against IONPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results showed that IONPs was most effective against B. subtilis and S. aureus, followed by M. luteus and least activity was noticed against V. cholerae. Also, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) result revealed that IONPs had MBC of 40 mg/ml against both B. subtilis and S. aureus, and 60 mg/ml against M. luteus and V. cholerae. These findings revealed that alginate stabilized IONPs have great potentials for inhibiting clinical isolates; thus, their use as an alternative means for new drug discovery should be encouraged.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89918830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-28DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130270
L. David, J. Paul, J. S. Hart
Fufu is a popular food in West Africa made from fresh or fermented cassava. As a product of cassava, when not properly processed may lead to some neurological impairment. This study investigated the physical and neurological effects of fufu in male wistar rats. Two groups of animals were used for this study. Group 1 (control group N=10) received the normal rat feed while group 2 (n=10) received the fufu produce. Both were administered for about 5 weeks after which a reach-to-grasp experiment was carried out using the reaching apparatus. Their physical appearances were observed and it was seen that the group fed with fufu experienced some hair loss and other physical changes. Qualitative assessment of their reaching movements showed that the group fed with fufu performed poorly in the reach-to-grasp experiment than the control group. In the observation of the movement pattern of both groups, it was clearly seen that the group fed with fufu had difficulties aiming and grasping as well as withdrawing of food pellets during the experiment and they also showed signs of weakness due to the fact that they were not able to lift their limbs properly in order to reach the pellets on the pedestal, therefore showing under reaching movements. Conclusion: the prolonged consumption of not properly processed fufu has both physical and neurological effects on the albino wistar rat.
{"title":"Qualitative Assessment of Reaching Movement pattern using Reach-To-Grasp Task on Albino Wistar Rat Fed with Fufu","authors":"L. David, J. Paul, J. S. Hart","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130270","url":null,"abstract":"Fufu is a popular food in West Africa made from fresh or fermented cassava. As a product of cassava, when not properly processed may lead to some neurological impairment. This study investigated the physical and neurological effects of fufu in male wistar rats. Two groups of animals were used for this study. Group 1 (control group N=10) received the normal rat feed while group 2 (n=10) received the fufu produce. Both were administered for about 5 weeks after which a reach-to-grasp experiment was carried out using the reaching apparatus. Their physical appearances were observed and it was seen that the group fed with fufu experienced some hair loss and other physical changes. Qualitative assessment of their reaching movements showed that the group fed with fufu performed poorly in the reach-to-grasp experiment than the control group. In the observation of the movement pattern of both groups, it was clearly seen that the group fed with fufu had difficulties aiming and grasping as well as withdrawing of food pellets during the experiment and they also showed signs of weakness due to the fact that they were not able to lift their limbs properly in order to reach the pellets on the pedestal, therefore showing under reaching movements. Conclusion: the prolonged consumption of not properly processed fufu has both physical and neurological effects on the albino wistar rat.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86998087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-28DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130269
Anyanwu Ikechukwu Kingsley, J. O. Friday, Georgewill Owunari Abraham
There are projections of continuous increase in the world’s energy demand, which might result to increase in oil and gas exploration and production activities. Nigeria for instance, runs a mono-economy that largely depends on the revenues from her rich oil and gas deposits. Oil and gas exploration and production activities are expected to increase over the years in Nigeria to meet her economic needs, as well as the global energy need. However, oil and gas production activities are associated with environmental concerns, especially with respect to management of the kind of wastes it generates. A major waste generated during oil and gas completion and production operations is the Produced Water (composed of water, different production chemicals and other constituents). This study is focused on evaluation of the toxic effects of selected production chemicals on the Niger Delta freshwater Tilapia guineensis. Among the chemicals evaluated include: SPECTRUS NX1173 (Biocide), FLOGARD MS 6208 (Corrosion inhibitor), ELIMINOX (Oxygen scavenger) and EC9017A (anti-foam), while Tilapia guineensis was used as the bioindicator. Whereas there are past researches on the individual chemicals and confirmation that they are toxic in nature, there are no adequate researches on the comparative toxicity effects of these chemicals, especially on the Niger Delta environment. Produced water samples were simulated in the laboratory using the production chemicals (at different concentrations) and 2000ml of freshwater sample for each experimental setup. The fishes were acclimatized for ten days using same freshwater sample, those that survived were selected for the experiment. The mortality and survival rate of the test organism was monitored at a constant interval of one (1) hour for Ninety-six (96) hours and the percentage mortality of the test organism recorded for all the chemicals at different concentrations ranged from 100% to 10%. The lethal concentration (LC50) calculated for each of the chemicals are as follows: Corrosion inhibitor 0.002%, biocide 0.003%, oxygen scavenger 0.01% and defoamer 0.176%. The corrosion inhibitor was the most toxic as there was 100% mortality of the Tilapia guineensis within 24 hours of the test period, while the defoamer was the least toxic as there were more survival of the test organism at the end of the test period. The test results indicated that all the production chemicals used in this research were toxic, their lethal concentrations differed from one chemical to the other, and the corrosion inhibitor and biocide had the highest toxicity effect on the organisms. The research findings could be used as a basis by the Nigerian regulatory agencies for possible review of currently approved completion and production chemicals for oil and gas activities, as well as produced water disposal options, especially discharge in water bodies in the Niger Delta.
据预测，世界能源需求将持续增加，这可能导致石油和天然气勘探和生产活动的增加。以尼日利亚为例，该国的单一经济主要依赖于其丰富的石油和天然气储备带来的收入。尼日利亚的石油和天然气勘探和生产活动预计将在未来几年增加，以满足其经济需求以及全球能源需求。但是，石油和天然气生产活动与环境问题有关，特别是在管理其产生的废物方面。在油气完井和生产作业中产生的主要废物是采出水(由水、不同的生产化学品和其他成分组成)。本研究的重点是评价选定的生产化学品对尼日尔三角洲淡水几内亚罗非鱼的毒性作用。评估的化学物质包括:SPECTRUS NX1173(杀菌剂)、FLOGARD MS 6208(缓蚀剂)、ELIMINOX(氧气清除剂)和EC9017A(抗泡沫剂)，而几内亚罗非鱼(Tilapia guineensis)被用作生物指示剂。虽然过去有对个别化学品的研究，并证实它们在本质上是有毒的，但没有对这些化学品的相对毒性效应，特别是对尼日尔三角洲环境的毒性效应进行充分的研究。在实验室中使用生产化学品(不同浓度)和每个实验装置的2000ml淡水样品模拟采出水样。用相同的淡水样品驯化10天，选取存活的鱼进行试验。每隔一(1)小时监测试验生物的死亡率和存活率，连续监测96(96)小时，记录不同浓度化学物质下试验生物的死亡率百分比从100%到10%不等。各药剂的致死浓度(LC50)计算如下:缓蚀剂0.002%，杀菌剂0.003%，除氧剂0.01%，消泡剂0.176%。缓蚀剂的毒性最大，试验24小时内几内亚罗非鱼的死亡率为100%，而消泡剂的毒性最小，试验结束时被试生物的存活率较高。试验结果表明，本研究使用的所有生产化学品都是有毒的，其致死浓度因化学品而异，其中缓蚀剂和杀菌剂对生物体的毒性作用最大。研究结果可作为尼日利亚监管机构审查目前批准的油气活动完井和生产化学品以及采出水处理方案的基础，特别是在尼日尔三角洲的水体中排放。
{"title":"Evaluation of Selected Chemicals used for Oil and Gas Production and Their Toxic Effects on the Niger Delta Fresh Water Tilapia Guineensis","authors":"Anyanwu Ikechukwu Kingsley, J. O. Friday, Georgewill Owunari Abraham","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130269","url":null,"abstract":"There are projections of continuous increase in the world’s energy demand, which might result to increase in oil and gas exploration and production activities. Nigeria for instance, runs a mono-economy that largely depends on the revenues from her rich oil and gas deposits. Oil and gas exploration and production activities are expected to increase over the years in Nigeria to meet her economic needs, as well as the global energy need. However, oil and gas production activities are associated with environmental concerns, especially with respect to management of the kind of wastes it generates. A major waste generated during oil and gas completion and production operations is the Produced Water (composed of water, different production chemicals and other constituents). This study is focused on evaluation of the toxic effects of selected production chemicals on the Niger Delta freshwater Tilapia guineensis. Among the chemicals evaluated include: SPECTRUS NX1173 (Biocide), FLOGARD MS 6208 (Corrosion inhibitor), ELIMINOX (Oxygen scavenger) and EC9017A (anti-foam), while Tilapia guineensis was used as the bioindicator. Whereas there are past researches on the individual chemicals and confirmation that they are toxic in nature, there are no adequate researches on the comparative toxicity effects of these chemicals, especially on the Niger Delta environment. Produced water samples were simulated in the laboratory using the production chemicals (at different concentrations) and 2000ml of freshwater sample for each experimental setup. The fishes were acclimatized for ten days using same freshwater sample, those that survived were selected for the experiment. The mortality and survival rate of the test organism was monitored at a constant interval of one (1) hour for Ninety-six (96) hours and the percentage mortality of the test organism recorded for all the chemicals at different concentrations ranged from 100% to 10%. The lethal concentration (LC50) calculated for each of the chemicals are as follows: Corrosion inhibitor 0.002%, biocide 0.003%, oxygen scavenger 0.01% and defoamer 0.176%. The corrosion inhibitor was the most toxic as there was 100% mortality of the Tilapia guineensis within 24 hours of the test period, while the defoamer was the least toxic as there were more survival of the test organism at the end of the test period. The test results indicated that all the production chemicals used in this research were toxic, their lethal concentrations differed from one chemical to the other, and the corrosion inhibitor and biocide had the highest toxicity effect on the organisms. The research findings could be used as a basis by the Nigerian regulatory agencies for possible review of currently approved completion and production chemicals for oil and gas activities, as well as produced water disposal options, especially discharge in water bodies in the Niger Delta.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79855235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the effect of aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Leonurus cardiaca on cisplatin-induced hepato-renal damage in male Wistar albino rats. Sixty male wistar albino rats weighing between 180 and 220g were used for this study. The rats were grouped into 12 groups, five rats per group. Group 1 served as normal control, group 2 received 5mg/kg weight of cisplatin, serving as negative control while group 3 received 5mg/kg b.w of cisplatin and treated with 25mg/kg weight of hydrochlorothiazide and served as positive control. Group 4-12 rats were cisplatin-induced cardiovascular damage treated with Leonurus cardiaca extract at 166, 250, and 500mg/kg for 7, 14, and 21 days. Biochemical assays were determined using standard methods and procedures. The Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, creatinine, and urea levels of kidney homogenate of group 7 treated rats with the extract at 250mg/kg b.w for 7 days were 123.05±0.01mmol/l, 1.07±0.01mmol/l, 27.27±0.01mmol/l, 13.63±0.01mmol/l, 0.68±0.02mmol/l, and 1.14±0.01mmol/l respectively and were significantly increased when compared to the negative and normal control groups. Similar increases occurred for 14 and 21 days treatments. The kidney homogenate Na+, Cl-, HCO3, creatinine, and urea of group 7 treated rats with the extract at 500mg/kg b.w for 7 days were 158.05±0.01mmol/l, 3.03±0.01mmol/l, 31.13±0.01mmol/l, 19.46±0.01mmol/l, 2.06±0.00mmol/l, and 2.03±0.01mmol/l respectively. Values were significantly increased (p<0.05) in comparison to the normal and negative control groups. Similar increases were observed for 14 and 21 days treatments. The plasma ALT, ALP, and AST activities were 187.35±0.00U/L, 98.03±0.01U/L, 185.64±40.81U/L respectively, were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in comparison to negative control treated with the extract at 250mg/kg b.w for 14 days. The plasma ALT, ALP, and AST activities of group 10 rats treated with the extract at 500mg/kg b.w for 7 days were 164.24±0.01U/L, 87.02±0.01U/L, and 183.74±0.01U/L respectively and were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in comparison to negative control. The hepato-renal curative potential of Leonurus cardiaca could be attributed in part to its ability in enhancing liver and kidney regeneration.
{"title":"Effect of Aqueous Extract of the Aerial Parts of Leonurus cardiaca On Cisplatin-induced Hepato-renal Damage in Wistar Albino Rats","authors":"Wellington, Emmanuel Ogbomade, Onyeike, Eugene Nwaogwugwu, N., Peters, Dikioye Emmanuel, Joshua David","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130268","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effect of aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Leonurus cardiaca on cisplatin-induced hepato-renal damage in male Wistar albino rats. Sixty male wistar albino rats weighing between 180 and 220g were used for this study. The rats were grouped into 12 groups, five rats per group. Group 1 served as normal control, group 2 received 5mg/kg weight of cisplatin, serving as negative control while group 3 received 5mg/kg b.w of cisplatin and treated with 25mg/kg weight of hydrochlorothiazide and served as positive control. Group 4-12 rats were cisplatin-induced cardiovascular damage treated with Leonurus cardiaca extract at 166, 250, and 500mg/kg for 7, 14, and 21 days. Biochemical assays were determined using standard methods and procedures. The Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, creatinine, and urea levels of kidney homogenate of group 7 treated rats with the extract at 250mg/kg b.w for 7 days were 123.05±0.01mmol/l, 1.07±0.01mmol/l, 27.27±0.01mmol/l, 13.63±0.01mmol/l, 0.68±0.02mmol/l, and 1.14±0.01mmol/l respectively and were significantly increased when compared to the negative and normal control groups. Similar increases occurred for 14 and 21 days treatments. The kidney homogenate Na+, Cl-, HCO3, creatinine, and urea of group 7 treated rats with the extract at 500mg/kg b.w for 7 days were 158.05±0.01mmol/l, 3.03±0.01mmol/l, 31.13±0.01mmol/l, 19.46±0.01mmol/l, 2.06±0.00mmol/l, and 2.03±0.01mmol/l respectively. Values were significantly increased (p<0.05) in comparison to the normal and negative control groups. Similar increases were observed for 14 and 21 days treatments. The plasma ALT, ALP, and AST activities were 187.35±0.00U/L, 98.03±0.01U/L, 185.64±40.81U/L respectively, were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in comparison to negative control treated with the extract at 250mg/kg b.w for 14 days. The plasma ALT, ALP, and AST activities of group 10 rats treated with the extract at 500mg/kg b.w for 7 days were 164.24±0.01U/L, 87.02±0.01U/L, and 183.74±0.01U/L respectively and were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in comparison to negative control. The hepato-renal curative potential of Leonurus cardiaca could be attributed in part to its ability in enhancing liver and kidney regeneration.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78431979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-25DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1030267
Christabel Chukwuebuka Eze, H. Nwamba, Festus Uchenna Omeje, J. U. Anukwu, M. Okpe, Christopher Didigwu Nwani
The indiscriminate use and abuse of pharmaceuticals have led to pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment which has been receiving great attention since significant levels of contamination have been found. The present study investigated the acute and sub-lethal effects of a pharmaceutical drug diclofenac on oxidative stress parameters and the recovery ability in O. niloticus. The juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of diclofenac to determine the 96 h LC50. The results indicated that diclofenac was toxic to O. niloticus with a 96 h LC50 of 0.489mg/L. The percentage mortality increased as the concentrations increased. Fish were exposed to a control (0.00 mg/L) and three sub-lethal concentrations of 0.48, 0.32, and 0.25 mg/L of diclofenac for 28 days and allowed to recover for 7 days. The result of the sub-lethal test indicated that the responses were dose and duration dependent. The oxidative stress results showed significant concentration- and time-dependent increases in the values of lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and reduced glutathione but reduction in catalase and superoxide dismutase in the liver of the exposed fish. Many of the oxidative parameters were found to be restored after the 7-day recovery period. These results showed that diclofenac exposure had a profound negative influence on the selected indices of O. niloticus.
滥用和滥用药物导致水生环境中的药物残留，自从发现严重污染以来，这一问题一直受到高度关注。本研究研究了药物双氯芬酸对尼罗僵菌氧化应激参数和恢复能力的急性和亚致死效应。采用不同浓度双氯芬酸处理，测定96 h LC50。结果表明，双氯芬酸对niloticus有毒性，96 h LC50为0.489mg/L。死亡率随浓度的增加而增加。鱼分别暴露于对照(0.00 mg/L)和三种亚致死浓度(0.48、0.32和0.25 mg/L)的双氯芬酸28天，7天后恢复。亚致死试验结果表明，这些反应与剂量和持续时间有关。氧化应激结果显示，暴露的鱼肝脏中脂质过氧化、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶和还原性谷胱甘肽的值呈显著的浓度和时间依赖性增加，但过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶减少。许多氧化参数在7天恢复期后恢复。结果表明，双氯芬酸对niloticus的选择指标有显著的负面影响。
{"title":"Effects of Diclofenac on the Oxidative Stress Parameters of Freshwater Fish Oreochromis niloticus","authors":"Christabel Chukwuebuka Eze, H. Nwamba, Festus Uchenna Omeje, J. U. Anukwu, M. Okpe, Christopher Didigwu Nwani","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1030267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1030267","url":null,"abstract":"The indiscriminate use and abuse of pharmaceuticals have led to pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment which has been receiving great attention since significant levels of contamination have been found. The present study investigated the acute and sub-lethal effects of a pharmaceutical drug diclofenac on oxidative stress parameters and the recovery ability in O. niloticus. The juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of diclofenac to determine the 96 h LC50. The results indicated that diclofenac was toxic to O. niloticus with a 96 h LC50 of 0.489mg/L. The percentage mortality increased as the concentrations increased. Fish were exposed to a control (0.00 mg/L) and three sub-lethal concentrations of 0.48, 0.32, and 0.25 mg/L of diclofenac for 28 days and allowed to recover for 7 days. The result of the sub-lethal test indicated that the responses were dose and duration dependent. The oxidative stress results showed significant concentration- and time-dependent increases in the values of lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and reduced glutathione but reduction in catalase and superoxide dismutase in the liver of the exposed fish. Many of the oxidative parameters were found to be restored after the 7-day recovery period. These results showed that diclofenac exposure had a profound negative influence on the selected indices of O. niloticus.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"PP 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84351710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-25DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130266
E. A. Obichi, V. Ezebuiro
Background: Bacterial proteases represent a group of very important industrial enzymes. They are involved in the hydrolysis of peptide bond found in protein. Industrial application of bacterial proteases has been limited by low yield and instability at biotechnological process conditions. This study was design to investigate the effect of temperature and pH on the stability of protease produced by Alcaligene faecalis strain P2. Methodology: Protease-producing bacteria were isolated from beans effluent-impacted soil and screened for protease production on Casein agar plate. Protease assay was carried out following standard method for protease determination and the stability of the protease produced was investigated over temperature range of 20 to 90 oC and pH range of 3 to 12. The protease-producing bacterium was identified using its molecular characteristics. Results: Protease assay result showed that the amount of tyrosine released by one unit of the crude enzyme was 0.176 µmol/mL resulting in 0.19 U/mL protease activity. Stability studies showed that the protease had wide spectrum of pH and temperature stability. The protease was most stable at pH 9 and temperature of 40 oC after 30 min. Maximum protease activity of 1.259 U/mL was recorded with pH 9 after 30 min. The protease-producing bacterium was classified as Alcaligene faecalis P2 based on phylogenetic analysis of its 16S gene analysis. The sequences have been submitted to GenBank under the accession number MZ477004. Conclusion: This study therefore has demonstrated that beans effluent-impacted soil harbours protease producing bacteria with high industrial potentials. In addition, the study revealed that the protease produced in this study can retain its activity over wide temperature and pH.
{"title":"Effects of Temperature and pH on the Stability of Protease Produced by Alcaligenes faecalis P2","authors":"E. A. Obichi, V. Ezebuiro","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1130266","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bacterial proteases represent a group of very important industrial enzymes. They are involved in the hydrolysis of peptide bond found in protein. Industrial application of bacterial proteases has been limited by low yield and instability at biotechnological process conditions. This study was design to investigate the effect of temperature and pH on the stability of protease produced by Alcaligene faecalis strain P2. \u0000Methodology: Protease-producing bacteria were isolated from beans effluent-impacted soil and screened for protease production on Casein agar plate. Protease assay was carried out following standard method for protease determination and the stability of the protease produced was investigated over temperature range of 20 to 90 oC and pH range of 3 to 12. The protease-producing bacterium was identified using its molecular characteristics. \u0000Results: Protease assay result showed that the amount of tyrosine released by one unit of the crude enzyme was 0.176 µmol/mL resulting in 0.19 U/mL protease activity. Stability studies showed that the protease had wide spectrum of pH and temperature stability. The protease was most stable at pH 9 and temperature of 40 oC after 30 min. Maximum protease activity of 1.259 U/mL was recorded with pH 9 after 30 min. The protease-producing bacterium was classified as Alcaligene faecalis P2 based on phylogenetic analysis of its 16S gene analysis. The sequences have been submitted to GenBank under the accession number MZ477004. \u0000Conclusion: This study therefore has demonstrated that beans effluent-impacted soil harbours protease producing bacteria with high industrial potentials. In addition, the study revealed that the protease produced in this study can retain its activity over wide temperature and pH.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83839142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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