Chrysanthellum americanum is a medicinal plant widely used in the North region of Cameroon for the treatment of epilepsy and convulsion. This study aimed to investigate the acute and subacute toxicity of the aqueous extract of C. americanum using experimental rodent models. For the acute toxicity test, a single dose of 27.69, 69.22, 138.45, 276.9 and 5000 mg/kg of extract was administered orally to mice. In the subacute study, the extract was administered orally to rats at the doses of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 days; and finally, biochemical, haematological, and histological analysis were performed. The highest dose of the aqueous extract (5000 mg/kg) administered orally in the acute toxicity did not induce mortality. However, at the dose of 1000 mg/kg in the sub-acute treatment, an increase in white blood cell and platelet levels were observed in the haematological parameters. A slight decrease in the cholesterol and hepatic enzyme (ALAT, ASAT) levels for the biochemical parameters was noticed compared to the control group. From this study, it can be concluded that C. americanum can be considered safe in oral administration at the dose tested since it did not cause lethality or undesirable effects in the general behaviour.
{"title":"Acute and Sub-Acute Oral Toxicity Studies of an Aqueous Extract of Chrysanthellum americanum (L.) Vatke (Asteraceae) in Rodents","authors":"Nguezeye Yvette, Amina Mamat, Sabine Adeline Fanta Yadang, Ngaibi Joseph, None Bigued, Protus Arrey Tarkang, Gabriel Agbor Agbor, Sotoing Taiwe Germain, Ngo Bum Elisabeth","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5618","url":null,"abstract":"Chrysanthellum americanum is a medicinal plant widely used in the North region of Cameroon for the treatment of epilepsy and convulsion. This study aimed to investigate the acute and subacute toxicity of the aqueous extract of C. americanum using experimental rodent models. For the acute toxicity test, a single dose of 27.69, 69.22, 138.45, 276.9 and 5000 mg/kg of extract was administered orally to mice. In the subacute study, the extract was administered orally to rats at the doses of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 days; and finally, biochemical, haematological, and histological analysis were performed. The highest dose of the aqueous extract (5000 mg/kg) administered orally in the acute toxicity did not induce mortality. However, at the dose of 1000 mg/kg in the sub-acute treatment, an increase in white blood cell and platelet levels were observed in the haematological parameters. A slight decrease in the cholesterol and hepatic enzyme (ALAT, ASAT) levels for the biochemical parameters was noticed compared to the control group. From this study, it can be concluded that C. americanum can be considered safe in oral administration at the dose tested since it did not cause lethality or undesirable effects in the general behaviour.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135436102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-08DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5617
L. M. Moungang, Brigitte Ndemangou, R. Ache, L. Sidjui, Y. A. Ngandjui, Nathalie Ngueukam, H. Kamga, B. Ngameni
The hexane, ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous leaves extracts of Piperomia pellucida were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against five gram negative bacilli (Klebsiella pneumoniae CHUY, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella typhi CHUY and Salmonella enterica CHUY), two cocci gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 5199) and two fungi (Candida albicans CHUY and Candida albicans 20231) using microdilution techniques. The extracts were also assayed for their antioxidant properties by DPPH and FRAP methods with Vitamin C as reference. The results demonstrated that, the hexane extract exhibited strong antibacterial potency with MIC value of 0.625 mg/mL and MBC of 1.25 mg/mL on Salmonella typhi CHUY. Also, it showed good activities on P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and S. enterica CHUY; and weak activity against E. coli ATCC 35218 and S. aureus ATCC 25923. The aqueous extract displayed good activities against S. aureus ATCC 25923, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, E. coli ATCC 35218, S. typhi CHUY, S enterica CHUY ; weak potency toward E. coli ATCC 35218 and was inactive on the tested fungi strains. The ethanolic and hydroethanolic extract displayed weak activities on E. coli ATCC 35218, S. enterica CHUY and S. typhi CHUY. The strongest antioxidative activities of efficient concentrations were exhibited by the ethanolic (10.681 ± 0.530µg/mL) and the hydroethanolic extracts (16.339 ± 0.043µg/mL).
{"title":"Phytochemical Screening and Potential Antibacterial, Antifungi and Antioxidative Activities of the Leaves Extracts of Piperomia pellucida (Piperaceae)","authors":"L. M. Moungang, Brigitte Ndemangou, R. Ache, L. Sidjui, Y. A. Ngandjui, Nathalie Ngueukam, H. Kamga, B. Ngameni","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5617","url":null,"abstract":"The hexane, ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous leaves extracts of Piperomia pellucida were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against five gram negative bacilli (Klebsiella pneumoniae CHUY, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella typhi CHUY and Salmonella enterica CHUY), two cocci gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 5199) and two fungi (Candida albicans CHUY and Candida albicans 20231) using microdilution techniques. The extracts were also assayed for their antioxidant properties by DPPH and FRAP methods with Vitamin C as reference. The results demonstrated that, the hexane extract exhibited strong antibacterial potency with MIC value of 0.625 mg/mL and MBC of 1.25 mg/mL on Salmonella typhi CHUY. Also, it showed good activities on P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and S. enterica CHUY; and weak activity against E. coli ATCC 35218 and S. aureus ATCC 25923. The aqueous extract displayed good activities against S. aureus ATCC 25923, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, E. coli ATCC 35218, S. typhi CHUY, S enterica CHUY ; weak potency toward E. coli ATCC 35218 and was inactive on the tested fungi strains. The ethanolic and hydroethanolic extract displayed weak activities on E. coli ATCC 35218, S. enterica CHUY and S. typhi CHUY. \u0000The strongest antioxidative activities of efficient concentrations were exhibited by the ethanolic (10.681 ± 0.530µg/mL) and the hydroethanolic extracts (16.339 ± 0.043µg/mL).","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85049993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5616
Khaleda Ferdous, Md. Ashiqur Rahman, S. Islam, Sadia Tasnim, Tamima Ferdausi, Shohanur Rahaman, Md. Altap Hossen, Adiatuj Jahan Rimu
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the infectious agent that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a contagious illness. The epidemic has continued since it was first discovered in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019. The WHO estimated that 800 million people worldwide (or one in ten) may have COVID-19 infection on October 5. More than 1.07 million fatalities and 37 million cases have been documented as of October 11, 2020, spanning 188 nations and territories; more than 25.7 million patients have recovered. Fever, coughing, exhaustion, shortness of breath or other breathing issues, and a loss of taste and smell are typical symptoms. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which can be brought on by cytokine storm, multi-organ failure, septic shock, and blood clots, can affect some people while the majority only have moderate symptoms. One to fourteen days may pass during the incubation period. The aim of this study was to observe the Complete blood count in COVID-19 & Non COVID-19 Patients in Bangladesh. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for the study. Data were collected from Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS) General Hospital and Hematology Department of Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS). A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used for the data collection. The standard method of diagnosis is by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab. The results showed that, among 100 patients, 50% patient was Covid-19 positive &50% patient was negative. In comparison between Covid-19 positive & negative CBC result showing that Hb% remain almost same, total count is slightly increased in covid-19 positive patient than non-covid-19. RBC are found in Normal range for both positive and negative patients. Platelet count & PCV are lower in Covid-19 positive patient than negative patient. Neutrophil are significantly raised in Covid-19 positive patient. Lymphocytes are significantly decreased in Covid-19 positive patient than negative. In this study males are affected 64% & females are 36% so the ratio between male& female is 3:2. More positive patients were found in the age between 50-70 years & has risk among 40-80 years. According to this study, it can be concluded that there is an association among neutrophil, lymphocyte and other cell status in clinically in COVID-19 & non COVID-19 Patients.
{"title":"Complete Blood Count (CBC) in COVID-19 Patients Attending at Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS) General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh","authors":"Khaleda Ferdous, Md. Ashiqur Rahman, S. Islam, Sadia Tasnim, Tamima Ferdausi, Shohanur Rahaman, Md. Altap Hossen, Adiatuj Jahan Rimu","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5616","url":null,"abstract":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the infectious agent that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a contagious illness. The epidemic has continued since it was first discovered in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019. The WHO estimated that 800 million people worldwide (or one in ten) may have COVID-19 infection on October 5. More than 1.07 million fatalities and 37 million cases have been documented as of October 11, 2020, spanning 188 nations and territories; more than 25.7 million patients have recovered. Fever, coughing, exhaustion, shortness of breath or other breathing issues, and a loss of taste and smell are typical symptoms. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which can be brought on by cytokine storm, multi-organ failure, septic shock, and blood clots, can affect some people while the majority only have moderate symptoms. One to fourteen days may pass during the incubation period. The aim of this study was to observe the Complete blood count in COVID-19 & Non COVID-19 Patients in Bangladesh. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for the study. Data were collected from Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS) General Hospital and Hematology Department of Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS). A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used for the data collection. The standard method of diagnosis is by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab. The results showed that, among 100 patients, 50% patient was Covid-19 positive &50% patient was negative. In comparison between Covid-19 positive & negative CBC result showing that Hb% remain almost same, total count is slightly increased in covid-19 positive patient than non-covid-19. RBC are found in Normal range for both positive and negative patients. Platelet count & PCV are lower in Covid-19 positive patient than negative patient. Neutrophil are significantly raised in Covid-19 positive patient. Lymphocytes are significantly decreased in Covid-19 positive patient than negative. In this study males are affected 64% & females are 36% so the ratio between male& female is 3:2. More positive patients were found in the age between 50-70 years & has risk among 40-80 years. According to this study, it can be concluded that there is an association among neutrophil, lymphocyte and other cell status in clinically in COVID-19 & non COVID-19 Patients.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89451460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5615
A. Assam, D. Shehu
Avian influenza is a zoonotic disease likely to be exposed to dog, pig and poultry owners & their processors who are in close contact during processing of these animals in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. The study assessed the biosecurity practice of processors in pig, poultry, and dog slaughter slabs; and the prevalence of Avian Influenza (H5 subtype) antibodies in dogs, pigs, and chickens in Kaduna Metropolis. The slaughter slab biosecurity practices were evaluated using questionnaires while the H5 antibodies surveillance was determined by hemagglutination inhibition test. Serum samples from 45 dogs, 104 pigs and 75 chickens were tested for H5 subtype. H5 subtype antibodies prevalence in dogs was 2.2% with a mean titre of 9.0 ± 0 log2 while prevalence and mean titre in chicken were 6.7% and 8.5 ± 0.32 log2 respectively. All pig sera tested were negative for H5 subtype antibodies. The chicken H5 subtype prevalence in central market and railway station live bird markets were 4.3% and 13% respectively. H5 subtype antibodies were present in dogs and chickens in Kaduna metropolis. There is the need for targeted surveillance of avian influenza in dogs and pigs should be incorporated in the national avian influenza surveillance program.
{"title":"Avian Influenza Surveillance in Pigs, Dogs, Chickens and Slaughter Slabs Biosecurity in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"A. Assam, D. Shehu","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5615","url":null,"abstract":"Avian influenza is a zoonotic disease likely to be exposed to dog, pig and poultry owners & their processors who are in close contact during processing of these animals in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. The study assessed the biosecurity practice of processors in pig, poultry, and dog slaughter slabs; and the prevalence of Avian Influenza (H5 subtype) antibodies in dogs, pigs, and chickens in Kaduna Metropolis. The slaughter slab biosecurity practices were evaluated using questionnaires while the H5 antibodies surveillance was determined by hemagglutination inhibition test. Serum samples from 45 dogs, 104 pigs and 75 chickens were tested for H5 subtype. H5 subtype antibodies prevalence in dogs was 2.2% with a mean titre of 9.0 ± 0 log2 while prevalence and mean titre in chicken were 6.7% and 8.5 ± 0.32 log2 respectively. All pig sera tested were negative for H5 subtype antibodies. The chicken H5 subtype prevalence in central market and railway station live bird markets were 4.3% and 13% respectively. H5 subtype antibodies were present in dogs and chickens in Kaduna metropolis. There is the need for targeted surveillance of avian influenza in dogs and pigs should be incorporated in the national avian influenza surveillance program.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88745217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5614
B. Ononye, C. E. Akunne, E. O. Ogbuefi, T. E. Okeke, K. P. Okafor, E. I. Azaka, G. E. Obiyo, C. O. Aniefuna, P. C. Akwuaka, C. A. Chidi
Hive cover designs majorly affects the microclimate and colony establishment of African honeybee colonies in Nigeria. It became pertinent therefore to assess the effect of modified hive cover designs on the internal microclimate and colony establishment of West African honeybee (Apis mellifera adansonii L.) Colonies in Awka, Nigeria. Four insulating materials were used to construct the covers of twelve modified frame bar hives and designated: Control (plywood); T1 (warped boards); T2 (PVC) and T3 (foam). Each hive treatment was replicated three times. Data on ambient and hive microclimate as well as the colonization of honeybees’ colonies were observed and reported. The results indicated that the control had the highest temperature (31.86 ºC) while T1 (30.40ºC) had the least. The hive temperature was higher in March, 2023 (32.72°C) while August (29.87°C) had the least. The highest relative humidity (73.18%) was recorded in T1 while the control had the least (64.38%). The hive temperature and relative humidity was significantly affected by hive cover designs and different months of the study period (P<0.05). The highest colonization by African honeybees was observed in the control (100%) but none occurred in T2 (0.00%). Colonization of the Control hives occurred in July, October, and November, 2022 while that of T1 and T3 occurred in December, 2022. Colony establishment of African honeybees was not significantly affected by hive cover designs (p=0.26) and different months of the study period (p=0.24). It was concluded that beekeepers should adopt the insulation of hiver covers with plywood wood since it had 100% colonization of West African honeybees’.
{"title":"Effect of Improved Hive Cover Designs on Internal Microclimate and Colony Establishment of West African Honeybees (Apis mellifera adansonii L.) in Awka, Nigeria","authors":"B. Ononye, C. E. Akunne, E. O. Ogbuefi, T. E. Okeke, K. P. Okafor, E. I. Azaka, G. E. Obiyo, C. O. Aniefuna, P. C. Akwuaka, C. A. Chidi","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i5614","url":null,"abstract":"Hive cover designs majorly affects the microclimate and colony establishment of African honeybee colonies in Nigeria. It became pertinent therefore to assess the effect of modified hive cover designs on the internal microclimate and colony establishment of West African honeybee (Apis mellifera adansonii L.) Colonies in Awka, Nigeria. Four insulating materials were used to construct the covers of twelve modified frame bar hives and designated: Control (plywood); T1 (warped boards); T2 (PVC) and T3 (foam). Each hive treatment was replicated three times. Data on ambient and hive microclimate as well as the colonization of honeybees’ colonies were observed and reported. The results indicated that the control had the highest temperature (31.86 ºC) while T1 (30.40ºC) had the least. The hive temperature was higher in March, 2023 (32.72°C) while August (29.87°C) had the least. The highest relative humidity (73.18%) was recorded in T1 while the control had the least (64.38%). The hive temperature and relative humidity was significantly affected by hive cover designs and different months of the study period (P<0.05). The highest colonization by African honeybees was observed in the control (100%) but none occurred in T2 (0.00%). Colonization of the Control hives occurred in July, October, and November, 2022 while that of T1 and T3 occurred in December, 2022. Colony establishment of African honeybees was not significantly affected by hive cover designs (p=0.26) and different months of the study period (p=0.24). It was concluded that beekeepers should adopt the insulation of hiver covers with plywood wood since it had 100% colonization of West African honeybees’.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84794970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4613
J. A. Njilmah, D. Chintem, V. Y. Akwa, D. A. Wanmi, R. O. Iriekpen, J. Jonathan, T. J. Jerry
Introduction: Malaria is a mosquito born infectious disease of human and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans belonging to the genus Plasmodium. Malaria parasite among school aged children is a disease that poses a great challenge to human health in Nigeria. Malaria contributes significantly to the burden of disease especially among children less than five years. Efforts aimed in controlling malaria, prevalence is still high. Study Design: This study was designed to investigate the risk factor associated with malaria infection among school aged children in Jalingo and Sardauna LGAs of Taraba State, Nigeria. Place and Duration of Study: Urban-Rural areas (Jalingo ans Sardauna LGA Taraba State Nigria), studied from July-December 2022. Methodology: Structured questionnaire was used to obtain demographic information and Microscopy was also used to determine Parasitaemia level among the school aged children (2-15years). A total of 1000 children less than 15 years old from ten (10) selected communities of the study areas whose parent or guardian gives consent were selected. Results: The results revealed that out of the 1000 subjects, 359(35.9%) were infected with malaria parasites. Ages between 2-5 year were found to have the highest prevalence of 212(21.2%) while age 11-15 group had least prevalence of 21(2.1%). The overall prevalence of malaria parasite was moderate among the study population. This is probably due to the seasonal variation in malaria parasite intensity and the good knowledge of caregivers on malaria infection and management. Conclusion: There is therefore the need to sustain the current media and health facility-based campaigns on malaria prevention strategy and maintenance of clean environmental condition.
简介:疟疾是一种由疟原虫属寄生原生动物引起的由蚊子传播的人类和其他动物传染病。在尼日利亚，学龄儿童中的疟原虫是一种对人类健康构成巨大挑战的疾病。疟疾在很大程度上加重了疾病负担，特别是在五岁以下儿童中。在控制疟疾的努力中，患病率仍然很高。研究设计:本研究旨在调查尼日利亚塔拉巴州Jalingo和Sardauna地区学龄儿童感染疟疾的相关危险因素。学习地点和时间:城乡地区(Jalingo ans Sardauna LGA尼日利亚塔拉巴州)，学习时间为2022年7月至12月。方法:采用结构化调查问卷法获取人口统计信息，镜检法测定2 ~ 15岁学龄儿童寄生虫病水平。从研究区域的10个选定社区中选出1000名年龄在15岁以下的儿童，他们的父母或监护人都同意。结果:1000名调查对象中有359人(35.9%)感染了疟原虫。2 ~ 5岁年龄组患病率最高，为212例(21.2%)，11 ~ 15岁年龄组患病率最低，为21例(2.1%)。研究人群中疟疾寄生虫的总体流行率为中等。这可能是由于疟疾寄生虫强度的季节性变化以及护理人员对疟疾感染和管理的良好了解。结论:因此，有必要维持目前以媒体和卫生设施为基础的关于疟疾预防战略和维持清洁环境条件的运动。
{"title":"Risk Factors of Malaria Infection among School-Aged Children in Rural-Urban Areas, Taraba State, Nigeria","authors":"J. A. Njilmah, D. Chintem, V. Y. Akwa, D. A. Wanmi, R. O. Iriekpen, J. Jonathan, T. J. Jerry","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4613","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Malaria is a mosquito born infectious disease of human and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans belonging to the genus Plasmodium. Malaria parasite among school aged children is a disease that poses a great challenge to human health in Nigeria. Malaria contributes significantly to the burden of disease especially among children less than five years. Efforts aimed in controlling malaria, prevalence is still high. \u0000Study Design: This study was designed to investigate the risk factor associated with malaria infection among school aged children in Jalingo and Sardauna LGAs of Taraba State, Nigeria. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Urban-Rural areas (Jalingo ans Sardauna LGA Taraba State Nigria), studied from July-December 2022. \u0000Methodology: Structured questionnaire was used to obtain demographic information and Microscopy was also used to determine Parasitaemia level among the school aged children (2-15years). A total of 1000 children less than 15 years old from ten (10) selected communities of the study areas whose parent or guardian gives consent were selected. \u0000Results: The results revealed that out of the 1000 subjects, 359(35.9%) were infected with malaria parasites. Ages between 2-5 year were found to have the highest prevalence of 212(21.2%) while age 11-15 group had least prevalence of 21(2.1%). The overall prevalence of malaria parasite was moderate among the study population. This is probably due to the seasonal variation in malaria parasite intensity and the good knowledge of caregivers on malaria infection and management. \u0000Conclusion: There is therefore the need to sustain the current media and health facility-based campaigns on malaria prevention strategy and maintenance of clean environmental condition.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78461024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4612
I. M. Aroh, C. Odukwe, B. P. Macartan, C. A. Agida, Kashif Ullah, B. U. Archibong
Ensuring food security and sustainable agriculture is vital as the global population expands, leading to increased protein demand. However, competitive demand for feed ingredients such as maize and soybeans has driven up costs. As a result, alternative feed sources, including Jackfruit by-products like seeds, have been explored. This study aimed to assess the effects of incorporating raw jackfruit seedmeal (JSM) into the diet of guinea fowl keets, specifically regarding growth performance, carcass yield, organ weights, and economic production. The seven-week study involved 120 keets divided into different treatments, each replicated three times. Treatments 2, 3, and 4 included JSM at 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively, while treatment one served as the control without JSM. Increasing the level of JSM resulted in a consistent decline in all relevant indicators, as observed through proximate analysis. Treatment four, which included 20% JSM, exhibited the best performance in terms of final weight (745g) and daily weight gain (15g). Notably, the gizzard was the most significant parameter among carcass features, with treatment four showing the highest value (3.95%), while the control diet had the lowest value (2.83%). Diets containing 15% and 20% JSM had the most favorable outcomes in terms of feed cost per weight gain, with the 20% JSM diet demonstrating the highest gross margin and revenue. Importantly, dietary inclusion of JSM did not significantly impact the performance of guinea fowl keets, and incorporating 20% JSM into their diet resulted in a significant increase in productivity and feed utilization.
{"title":"Raw Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Seedmeal: Effect on Growth Performance, Organ Weight, Carcass Yield, and Economic Production of Guinea Fowl Keets","authors":"I. M. Aroh, C. Odukwe, B. P. Macartan, C. A. Agida, Kashif Ullah, B. U. Archibong","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4612","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring food security and sustainable agriculture is vital as the global population expands, leading to increased protein demand. However, competitive demand for feed ingredients such as maize and soybeans has driven up costs. As a result, alternative feed sources, including Jackfruit by-products like seeds, have been explored. This study aimed to assess the effects of incorporating raw jackfruit seedmeal (JSM) into the diet of guinea fowl keets, specifically regarding growth performance, carcass yield, organ weights, and economic production. The seven-week study involved 120 keets divided into different treatments, each replicated three times. Treatments 2, 3, and 4 included JSM at 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively, while treatment one served as the control without JSM. Increasing the level of JSM resulted in a consistent decline in all relevant indicators, as observed through proximate analysis. Treatment four, which included 20% JSM, exhibited the best performance in terms of final weight (745g) and daily weight gain (15g). Notably, the gizzard was the most significant parameter among carcass features, with treatment four showing the highest value (3.95%), while the control diet had the lowest value (2.83%). Diets containing 15% and 20% JSM had the most favorable outcomes in terms of feed cost per weight gain, with the 20% JSM diet demonstrating the highest gross margin and revenue. Importantly, dietary inclusion of JSM did not significantly impact the performance of guinea fowl keets, and incorporating 20% JSM into their diet resulted in a significant increase in productivity and feed utilization.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88780339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-19DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4611
J. Kagira, P. Achoki, F. Wariara, B. Wanja, J. Kiarie, K. Cheruiyot, M. P. Kung’u
Mastitis poses a major challenge in dairy cattle farming as it leads to production and economic losses. Some mastitis causing bacteria have shown resistance to some antibiotic and the risk factors associated with the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are not well understood. The current study assessed the prevalence and risk factors associated with occurrence of mastitis in dairy cows kept by small-holder farmers in Githunguri Sub-County, Kenya. Further, susceptibility of the isolated Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to commonly used antibiotics was evaluated. The study design was cross sectional where 91 milk samples from 40 farms were sampled from two wards in the study area. Structured questionnaires were used to assess risk factors of mastitis. The milk obtained from lactating cows was first subjected to California mastitis test (CMT) and then taken to microbiology laboratory for isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using standard bacteriological tests. Antibiotics sensitivity of the isolated bacteria was examined using disc diffusion method. Based on CMT, the overall prevalence of mastitis was 50.5%. The prevalence of mastitis was associated (p<0.05) with hygiene levels, being highest (69.2%) in the dairy cattle whose udder and leg hygiene were dirty. Highest prevalence of mastitis (p<0.05) was found in cows who were not milked regularly (52.4%) compared to those who were milked regularly (47.6%) (p<0.05). Cows which were cleaned using bore hole water had higher prevalence (53.3%) of mastitis compared to those cleaned using tap water (46.7%) (p<0.05). Cows that produced between 21-30 liters of milk per day had the highest prevalence (66.7%) of mastitis, while those producing between over 30 liters milk per day had lower prevalence (25%) (p<0.05). The prevalence of S. aureus and E. coli were 30.8% and 12.1%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus isolates showed varied resistance to all the tested antibiotics with the highest resistance being against Oxytetracycline (57.7%) and Tetracycline (38.5%) but were sensitive to Vancomycin (100%), Ampicillin (100%), Chloramphenicol (96.2%), Penicillin (92.3%) and Gentamycin (92.3%). All the Escherichia coli isolates were sensitive to Chloramphenicol, Kanamycin, Gentamycin and Oxytetracycline but were resistant to Ampicillin (88.9%) and Vancomycin (88.9%) amongst other antibiotics. In conclusion, half of the sampled cows had mastitis whose risk factors was associated with poor hygiene and irregular milking of the cows. The isolated bacteria showed varied resistance to commonly used antibiotics. To reduce the prevalence of the mastitis and AMR, there is need for extension service workers to train farmers on improved management of the mastitis.
{"title":"Risk Factors of Mastitis and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from Cows Kept by Farmers in Githunguri Sub-County, Kenya","authors":"J. Kagira, P. Achoki, F. Wariara, B. Wanja, J. Kiarie, K. Cheruiyot, M. P. Kung’u","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4611","url":null,"abstract":"Mastitis poses a major challenge in dairy cattle farming as it leads to production and economic losses. Some mastitis causing bacteria have shown resistance to some antibiotic and the risk factors associated with the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are not well understood. The current study assessed the prevalence and risk factors associated with occurrence of mastitis in dairy cows kept by small-holder farmers in Githunguri Sub-County, Kenya. Further, susceptibility of the isolated Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to commonly used antibiotics was evaluated. The study design was cross sectional where 91 milk samples from 40 farms were sampled from two wards in the study area. Structured questionnaires were used to assess risk factors of mastitis. The milk obtained from lactating cows was first subjected to California mastitis test (CMT) and then taken to microbiology laboratory for isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using standard bacteriological tests. Antibiotics sensitivity of the isolated bacteria was examined using disc diffusion method. Based on CMT, the overall prevalence of mastitis was 50.5%. The prevalence of mastitis was associated (p<0.05) with hygiene levels, being highest (69.2%) in the dairy cattle whose udder and leg hygiene were dirty. Highest prevalence of mastitis (p<0.05) was found in cows who were not milked regularly (52.4%) compared to those who were milked regularly (47.6%) (p<0.05). Cows which were cleaned using bore hole water had higher prevalence (53.3%) of mastitis compared to those cleaned using tap water (46.7%) (p<0.05). Cows that produced between 21-30 liters of milk per day had the highest prevalence (66.7%) of mastitis, while those producing between over 30 liters milk per day had lower prevalence (25%) (p<0.05). The prevalence of S. aureus and E. coli were 30.8% and 12.1%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus isolates showed varied resistance to all the tested antibiotics with the highest resistance being against Oxytetracycline (57.7%) and Tetracycline (38.5%) but were sensitive to Vancomycin (100%), Ampicillin (100%), Chloramphenicol (96.2%), Penicillin (92.3%) and Gentamycin (92.3%). All the Escherichia coli isolates were sensitive to Chloramphenicol, Kanamycin, Gentamycin and Oxytetracycline but were resistant to Ampicillin (88.9%) and Vancomycin (88.9%) amongst other antibiotics. In conclusion, half of the sampled cows had mastitis whose risk factors was associated with poor hygiene and irregular milking of the cows. The isolated bacteria showed varied resistance to commonly used antibiotics. To reduce the prevalence of the mastitis and AMR, there is need for extension service workers to train farmers on improved management of the mastitis.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82389683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-11DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4610
A. P, Preethy Paul, R. M., Jeanine Joy, R. Anandan, S. Mathew
Kappaphycus alverazii remains as a predominant source of kappa-carrageenan which is farmed extensively in Indonesia, Philippines and South East Asia. The current research focuses on the influence of concentration of salts and approach to dialysis on properties of carrageenan. Carrageenan due to its pronounced gelling and viscosifying properties, has gained significant usage in the areas of food, cosmetics, textiles, pharmaceutics, biomedicine, and numerous others. The process of extraction was conducted in a hot, alkaline condition at 80 oC for a duration of 2 hours. The alkaline substance used was KCl with 2% and 4% concentration and solvent to seaweed ratio was 20:1.Further, the resultant extracted samples were subjected to dialysis to evaluate the effect of dialysis on the quality of carrageenan. The absorbance peak at 849 cm–1 from Fourier Transform Infrared-Spectroscopy (FTIR) at all extraction conditions indicated D-galactose-4 sulphate related to kappa carrageenan obtained with no traces of (mu)-precursor. The study demonstrated that the concentration of salts and the approach of dialysis have influenced the quality of yield, viscosity, gel strength, moisture content and ash content for the extracted carrageenan, which remains ideal for commercial applications.
Kappaphycus alverazii仍然是kappa- carrage胶的主要来源，在印度尼西亚，菲律宾和东南亚广泛种植。目前的研究主要集中在盐的浓度和透析方式对卡拉胶性能的影响。卡拉胶由于其显著的胶凝和增粘特性，在食品、化妆品、纺织品、制药、生物医药和许多其他领域获得了重要的应用。提取过程在80℃的热碱性条件下进行，时间为2小时。使用的碱性物质为氯化钾和2% and 4% concentration and solvent to seaweed ratio was 20:1.Further, the resultant extracted samples were subjected to dialysis to evaluate the effect of dialysis on the quality of carrageenan. The absorbance peak at 849 cm–1 from Fourier Transform Infrared-Spectroscopy (FTIR) at all extraction conditions indicated D-galactose-4 sulphate related to kappa carrageenan obtained with no traces of (mu)-precursor. The study demonstrated that the concentration of salts and the approach of dialysis have influenced the quality of yield, viscosity, gel strength, moisture content and ash content for the extracted carrageenan, which remains ideal for commercial applications.
{"title":"Influence of Salt Concentration on Alkaline Extracted Refined Kappa- carrageenan and Its Characterization","authors":"A. P, Preethy Paul, R. M., Jeanine Joy, R. Anandan, S. Mathew","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4610","url":null,"abstract":"Kappaphycus alverazii remains as a predominant source of kappa-carrageenan which is farmed extensively in Indonesia, Philippines and South East Asia. The current research focuses on the influence of concentration of salts and approach to dialysis on properties of carrageenan. Carrageenan due to its pronounced gelling and viscosifying properties, has gained significant usage in the areas of food, cosmetics, textiles, pharmaceutics, biomedicine, and numerous others. The process of extraction was conducted in a hot, alkaline condition at 80 oC for a duration of 2 hours. The alkaline substance used was KCl with 2% and 4% concentration and solvent to seaweed ratio was 20:1.Further, the resultant extracted samples were subjected to dialysis to evaluate the effect of dialysis on the quality of carrageenan. The absorbance peak at 849 cm–1 from Fourier Transform Infrared-Spectroscopy (FTIR) at all extraction conditions indicated D-galactose-4 sulphate related to kappa carrageenan obtained with no traces of (mu)-precursor. The study demonstrated that the concentration of salts and the approach of dialysis have influenced the quality of yield, viscosity, gel strength, moisture content and ash content for the extracted carrageenan, which remains ideal for commercial applications.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88887584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4608
A. Aiyeola, F. Oluwole
Introduction: One of the most prevalent gastrointestinal ailments is gastric ulcer, which is caused by an imbalance between protective and aggressive factors. Zea mays Corn is a significant cereal crop containing natural phytochemical substances that are sources of nourishment. The methanolic extract of Corn, according to a previous study, lowers stomach acidity and inhibits the percentage of gastric ulceration with no knowledge on the mechanisms involved. Aim: This study investigated the underlying gastroprotective mechanisms of the Corn diet (ZD). Materials and Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were used, randomly grouped into 6; 1(Normal control), 2(Ulcerated control), 3, 4, 5 (prefed with ZD -55%, 65%, 75%) and 6 (cimetidine- 25mg/kg) for 28 days. Gastric ulcer was induced by oral administration of indomethacin (40mg/kg) and animals were sacrificed after 4 hours. The stomach was excised and cleaned, it was then homogenized and centrifuged for biochemical assays. Results: There is a significant reduction in gastric ulcer area in all treated groups. Significant increase in gastric tissue mucin content and gastric mucosal SOD, NO and PGE2 levels and significant reduction in the MDA was observed in the ZD and cimetidine group. Histological evaluation showed tubular glands closely packed and separated from each other by laminar propia, however there is mild presence of inflammatory cells within the laminar propia in the ZD groups compared to ulcerated control group that showed moderate oedema with infiltration of inflammatory cells with mild vascular congestion in the mucosa. There is significant reduction in the macroscopic gastric mucosal lesions with percentage inhibition of 90%, 92%, 90% and 92% in the ZD (55%, 65% and 75%) and cimetidine group respectively. Conclusion: Results obtained from this study suggests that Zm diet may have anti-ulcerogenic properties by enhancing antioxidant enzymes as well as, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 mechanisms.
{"title":"Gastro-protective Effect of Corn Diet against Indomethacin Induced Ulceration in Experimental Rats","authors":"A. Aiyeola, F. Oluwole","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2023/v26i4608","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: One of the most prevalent gastrointestinal ailments is gastric ulcer, which is caused by an imbalance between protective and aggressive factors. Zea mays Corn is a significant cereal crop containing natural phytochemical substances that are sources of nourishment. The methanolic extract of Corn, according to a previous study, lowers stomach acidity and inhibits the percentage of gastric ulceration with no knowledge on the mechanisms involved. \u0000Aim: This study investigated the underlying gastroprotective mechanisms of the Corn diet (ZD). \u0000Materials and Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were used, randomly grouped into 6; 1(Normal control), 2(Ulcerated control), 3, 4, 5 (prefed with ZD -55%, 65%, 75%) and 6 (cimetidine- 25mg/kg) for 28 days. Gastric ulcer was induced by oral administration of indomethacin (40mg/kg) and animals were sacrificed after 4 hours. The stomach was excised and cleaned, it was then homogenized and centrifuged for biochemical assays. \u0000Results: There is a significant reduction in gastric ulcer area in all treated groups. Significant increase in gastric tissue mucin content and gastric mucosal SOD, NO and PGE2 levels and significant reduction in the MDA was observed in the ZD and cimetidine group. Histological evaluation showed tubular glands closely packed and separated from each other by laminar propia, however there is mild presence of inflammatory cells within the laminar propia in the ZD groups compared to ulcerated control group that showed moderate oedema with infiltration of inflammatory cells with mild vascular congestion in the mucosa. There is significant reduction in the macroscopic gastric mucosal lesions with percentage inhibition of 90%, 92%, 90% and 92% in the ZD (55%, 65% and 75%) and cimetidine group respectively. \u0000Conclusion: Results obtained from this study suggests that Zm diet may have anti-ulcerogenic properties by enhancing antioxidant enzymes as well as, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76821367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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