Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i230287
Caroline Iruoma Anyakorah, M. Bashir
Aims: Iron, the fourth most abundant micronutrient in the soil has been classified as a metal of environmental concern, the study was to assess the effect of continuous iron pollution on growth and the molecular profile of Pleurotus tuber-regium. Study design: Experimental research design. Place and Duration of Study: The Bells University of Technology, between December 2019 and October 2020. Methodology: P. tuber-regium sclerotia procured locally were seeded into 1 kg soil polluted with 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg kg-1 FeSO4 respectively. Watering was done with the respective Fe solutions for 59 days at the rate of 100ml/48hrs. The Stipe length, pileus diameter, fruitbody weight, and days for fruitbody emergence were recorded for each treatment. The concentration of iron in soil and mushroom was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). DNA extracted from the fruitbodies was subjected to Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using five RAPD primers and a cluster analysis was performed. Results: Fruiting was achieved in all soils (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 mg kg-1) after 23±0.5, 17±1.0, 50±2.5, 58±1.0, and 59±2.0 days respectively. Iron had no significant effect on stipe length while pileus diameter and fruitbody weight increased only at 20mg kg-1. Iron concentration in the soil and mushroom increased as Fe pollution was increased. The bioaccumulation factor was higher in contaminated soil and was between 0.78 and 1.08. The RAPD primers amplified 53 band sizes ranging from 100 - 700 bp and the DNA was clustered in a major group. The percentage polymorphism was 16.9% indicating a low level of genetic variation. Conclusion: The result indicated that continuous Fe pollution at the stated concentrations did not have any significant effect on the DNA profile of Pleurotus tuber-regium but the morphological growth of the mushroom was enhanced at low iron contamination levels.
{"title":"Effect of Continuous Iron Pollution on Morphology and DNA Profile of Pleurotus tuber-regium","authors":"Caroline Iruoma Anyakorah, M. Bashir","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i230287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i230287","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Iron, the fourth most abundant micronutrient in the soil has been classified as a metal of environmental concern, the study was to assess the effect of continuous iron pollution on growth and the molecular profile of Pleurotus tuber-regium. \u0000Study design: Experimental research design. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: The Bells University of Technology, between December 2019 and October 2020. \u0000Methodology: P. tuber-regium sclerotia procured locally were seeded into 1 kg soil polluted with 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg kg-1 FeSO4 respectively. Watering was done with the respective Fe solutions for 59 days at the rate of 100ml/48hrs. The Stipe length, pileus diameter, fruitbody weight, and days for fruitbody emergence were recorded for each treatment. The concentration of iron in soil and mushroom was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). DNA extracted from the fruitbodies was subjected to Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using five RAPD primers and a cluster analysis was performed. \u0000Results: Fruiting was achieved in all soils (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 mg kg-1) after 23±0.5, 17±1.0, 50±2.5, 58±1.0, and 59±2.0 days respectively. Iron had no significant effect on stipe length while pileus diameter and fruitbody weight increased only at 20mg kg-1. Iron concentration in the soil and mushroom increased as Fe pollution was increased. The bioaccumulation factor was higher in contaminated soil and was between 0.78 and 1.08. The RAPD primers amplified 53 band sizes ranging from 100 - 700 bp and the DNA was clustered in a major group. The percentage polymorphism was 16.9% indicating a low level of genetic variation. \u0000Conclusion: The result indicated that continuous Fe pollution at the stated concentrations did not have any significant effect on the DNA profile of Pleurotus tuber-regium but the morphological growth of the mushroom was enhanced at low iron contamination levels.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83552780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i230286
A. F. Akinsola, I. Osasona, A. Aribisala
Aim: To evaluate the proximate, mineral, anti-nutritional and amino acid compositions of Ficus glumosa leaves and stem bark. Place and Duration of Study: The proximate, mineral and anti-nutritional compositions were determined in the Chemistry Laboratory of Ekiti State University, Ado – Ekiti while the amino acid was determined at the Analytical Laboratory of Multi-Environmental Management Consultant, Lagos, Nigeria. The research was carried out between November 2020 and September 2021. Methodology: All investigations were carried out using well established analytical procedures. Amino acid analysis was carried out through ion exchange chromatography (IEC) using the Technicon Sequential Multisample (TSM) Amino Acid Analyser. Results: The results revealed that the leaves and the stem bark of Ficus glumosa had moisture contents of 9.78 and 9.67% respectively. Crude protein of 18.8% was recorded for the leaves while 7.73% was recorded for the stem bark. The leaves were observed to contain higher mineral contents than the stem bark. Na/K ratios were 0.048 (leaves) and 0.09 (stem bark). Out of the four anti-nutrients evaluated for the leaves and stem bark, tannins recorded the highest values of 5.42 and 12.5 (mgTAE/g) respectively. Amino acid compositions showed that the leaves and the stem bark contained a total of 95.2 and 83.4 g/100g cp amino acids respectively. Highest concentrated amino acid was Glu with 12.8g/100g cp and 16.2g/100g cp for both leaves and stem bark. Essential amino acid (with His) was 44.9g/100g cp (47.2%) for the leaves and 37.2g/100g cp (44.6%) for the stem bark. Conclusion: The leaves and stem bark of Ficus glumosa contained appreciable amount of crude protein, important mineral elements and essential amino acids which could contribute to alleviating the problem of protein malnutrition in developing countries.
{"title":"Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Compositions of the Leaves and Stem Bark of Ficus glumosa","authors":"A. F. Akinsola, I. Osasona, A. Aribisala","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i230286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i230286","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To evaluate the proximate, mineral, anti-nutritional and amino acid compositions of Ficus glumosa leaves and stem bark. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: The proximate, mineral and anti-nutritional compositions were determined in the Chemistry Laboratory of Ekiti State University, Ado – Ekiti while the amino acid was determined at the Analytical Laboratory of Multi-Environmental Management Consultant, Lagos, Nigeria. The research was carried out between November 2020 and September 2021. \u0000Methodology: All investigations were carried out using well established analytical procedures. Amino acid analysis was carried out through ion exchange chromatography (IEC) using the Technicon Sequential Multisample (TSM) Amino Acid Analyser. \u0000Results: The results revealed that the leaves and the stem bark of Ficus glumosa had moisture contents of 9.78 and 9.67% respectively. Crude protein of 18.8% was recorded for the leaves while 7.73% was recorded for the stem bark. The leaves were observed to contain higher mineral contents than the stem bark. Na/K ratios were 0.048 (leaves) and 0.09 (stem bark). Out of the four anti-nutrients evaluated for the leaves and stem bark, tannins recorded the highest values of 5.42 and 12.5 (mgTAE/g) respectively. Amino acid compositions showed that the leaves and the stem bark contained a total of 95.2 and 83.4 g/100g cp amino acids respectively. Highest concentrated amino acid was Glu with 12.8g/100g cp and 16.2g/100g cp for both leaves and stem bark. Essential amino acid (with His) was 44.9g/100g cp (47.2%) for the leaves and 37.2g/100g cp (44.6%) for the stem bark. \u0000Conclusion: The leaves and stem bark of Ficus glumosa contained appreciable amount of crude protein, important mineral elements and essential amino acids which could contribute to alleviating the problem of protein malnutrition in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86937719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-23DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i230285
P. O. Alaebo, Virginus A. Umeh, George C. Njoku, Izuchukwu E. Ezennaya, Norah N. Anyadike, Udeme A. James, Chiamaka J. Ezeh, Ugwu, Paschal
Background and Purpose: Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the instigation of complications associated with diabetes. The present study evaluated honey's antioxidant and nephroprotective effects against oxidative stress in alloxan-induced Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-six (36) Wistar male rats (210-250 g) were assigned to six (6) study groups with six (6) animals each (n=5). Group 1 was designated as positive control and received distilled water, group 2 was designated as negative control and received 120 mg/kg b.w of alloxan, group 3 was designated as diabetes-induced and received 5 mg/kg b.w glibenclamide, groups 4, 5 and 6 were designated as diabetes-induced and treated groups which they received (0.2 mls, 0.5mls and 0.8mls of honey) respectively. Treatment lasted for three weeks (21 days), after which rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under light ether anaesthesia. Blood was collected for biochemical evaluation using standard techniques (Randox kits). Results: The results reveal that the actions of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) were significantly increased (p<0.05) in honey treated diabetic rats. The activities of urea and creatinine in all the groups treated revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease when compared with the negative control group, while the activity of creatinine was within the normal range. Conclusions: The results obtained from all these assays justify the therapeutic efficacy of honey to ameliorate oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and has nephroprotective potential.
{"title":"Antioxidant and Nephroprotective Effects of Honey in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats","authors":"P. O. Alaebo, Virginus A. Umeh, George C. Njoku, Izuchukwu E. Ezennaya, Norah N. Anyadike, Udeme A. James, Chiamaka J. Ezeh, Ugwu, Paschal","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i230285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i230285","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the instigation of complications associated with diabetes. The present study evaluated honey's antioxidant and nephroprotective effects against oxidative stress in alloxan-induced Wistar rats. \u0000Methods: Thirty-six (36) Wistar male rats (210-250 g) were assigned to six (6) study groups with six (6) animals each (n=5). Group 1 was designated as positive control and received distilled water, group 2 was designated as negative control and received 120 mg/kg b.w of alloxan, group 3 was designated as diabetes-induced and received 5 mg/kg b.w glibenclamide, groups 4, 5 and 6 were designated as diabetes-induced and treated groups which they received (0.2 mls, 0.5mls and 0.8mls of honey) respectively. Treatment lasted for three weeks (21 days), after which rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under light ether anaesthesia. Blood was collected for biochemical evaluation using standard techniques (Randox kits). \u0000Results: The results reveal that the actions of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) were significantly increased (p<0.05) in honey treated diabetic rats. The activities of urea and creatinine in all the groups treated revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease when compared with the negative control group, while the activity of creatinine was within the normal range. \u0000Conclusions: The results obtained from all these assays justify the therapeutic efficacy of honey to ameliorate oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and has nephroprotective potential.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90626063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-16DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i230282
Joseph Kipkorir Cheruiyot
Coffee (Coffea arabica) is an important cash crop for export earnings and livelihoods in Kenya. Coffee production has, however, declined from about 130,000 metric tons in the 1990s to about 43,000 in 2018, partly attributed to low farm-level productivity. Previous studies further attribute this to weak adherence to agronomic practices. The current study investigated the farmer’s information inputs, as a precursor of agronomic practices, for their potential sway on coffee productivity. The study assessed the level of information inputs among smallholder farmers and its potential influence on coffee productivity in areas west of Rift, Kenya. Data on information inputs for best practices in cultivation, soil fertility management, canopy management, intensive land use, crop protection and cherry harvesting were collected from 140 participants sampled through purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. The study adopted an ex post facto survey design and utilized semi-structured interview schedules for data gathering. Relationships between information inputs and productivity were estimated using chi squares’ Contingency coefficient and the more robust Welch’s ANOVA and its associated measure of strength, Eta squared (Eta2). Results suggest diverse levels of information inputs among the smallholder farmers. Information-inputs on soil fertility management showed a particularly strong association with yields (Welch P < .001, Eta2 = .108). Information-inputs on canopy management had significant association with cherry quality (P < .05, Eta2 = .078). Other information-input areas showed none to small associations with yield and quality. The study concludes that information inputs in smallholder coffee farms are at different levels and have a direct consequence on coffee yields and quality. It is recommended that the delivery of information inputs by extension agents should emphasize soil fertility management and canopy management for enhanced coffee productivity. Further study to unearth the latent facts for the differentiated information-input levels is recommended.
{"title":"Farmers’ Information-inputs and their Sway on Coffee Productivity in the West of Rift, Kenya","authors":"Joseph Kipkorir Cheruiyot","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i230282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i230282","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee (Coffea arabica) is an important cash crop for export earnings and livelihoods in Kenya. Coffee production has, however, declined from about 130,000 metric tons in the 1990s to about 43,000 in 2018, partly attributed to low farm-level productivity. Previous studies further attribute this to weak adherence to agronomic practices. The current study investigated the farmer’s information inputs, as a precursor of agronomic practices, for their potential sway on coffee productivity. The study assessed the level of information inputs among smallholder farmers and its potential influence on coffee productivity in areas west of Rift, Kenya. Data on information inputs for best practices in cultivation, soil fertility management, canopy management, intensive land use, crop protection and cherry harvesting were collected from 140 participants sampled through purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. The study adopted an ex post facto survey design and utilized semi-structured interview schedules for data gathering. Relationships between information inputs and productivity were estimated using chi squares’ Contingency coefficient and the more robust Welch’s ANOVA and its associated measure of strength, Eta squared (Eta2). Results suggest diverse levels of information inputs among the smallholder farmers. Information-inputs on soil fertility management showed a particularly strong association with yields (Welch P < .001, Eta2 = .108). Information-inputs on canopy management had significant association with cherry quality (P < .05, Eta2 = .078). Other information-input areas showed none to small associations with yield and quality. The study concludes that information inputs in smallholder coffee farms are at different levels and have a direct consequence on coffee yields and quality. It is recommended that the delivery of information inputs by extension agents should emphasize soil fertility management and canopy management for enhanced coffee productivity. Further study to unearth the latent facts for the differentiated information-input levels is recommended. ","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"14 43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80682202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-15DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130283
Onuabuchi Nnenna Ani, Innocent Izuchukwu Ujah, Chukwuebuka Kenechukwu Onyishi
Background: Kiwano, commonly called horned melon is a common fruit consumed in the tropics for its nutritional and therapeutic value. This study evaluated the composition of some bioactive compounds in the rind of the fruit as well as its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects using in vitro methods. Methods: The rind of the fruits of kiwano were peeled out, pulverized and extracted with 80% ethanol. The bioactive compounds evaluated were phenol, flavonoid, beta carotene, lycopene and ascorbic acid. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using DPPH, iron reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assays. Ascorbic acid served as the standard. The anti-inflammatory property was measured in-vitro using anti-proteinase activity, inhibition of albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assay systems. Aspirin and diclofenac served as reference drugs Results: Phenol and flavonoids were the bioactive compounds found in higher concentration than the rest with concentrations of 261.73±13.54 and 130.86±9.66 mgGAE/ml of the dry matter respectively. In the antioxidant assay, the highest activity of more than 50% was recorded in DPPH assay. The maximum percentage radical scavenging activity of the extract was 76.74% at 800 µg/ml with a drop in activity at 1000 µg/ml (75.02%) and EC50 value of 230 µg/ml. Ascorbic acid exhibited 96.35% scavenging activity of radicals at 1000 µg/ml and EC50 value of 260 µg/ml. For the anti-inflammatory assay, the extract exhibited 16.43% anti-proteinase activity, 25.64% inhibition of heat-induced haemolysis activity and 47.14% inhibition of albumin denaturation activity at 1000 µg/ml. More than 50% activity was recorded for the reference drugs. Conclusion: We therefore conclude that the rind of the fruit of kiwano is rich in biologically active compounds and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The rind is a potential source of therapeutic compounds.
{"title":"A Survey of the Bio-activity of the Fruit Rind of Kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus)","authors":"Onuabuchi Nnenna Ani, Innocent Izuchukwu Ujah, Chukwuebuka Kenechukwu Onyishi","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130283","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Kiwano, commonly called horned melon is a common fruit consumed in the tropics for its nutritional and therapeutic value. This study evaluated the composition of some bioactive compounds in the rind of the fruit as well as its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects using in vitro methods. \u0000Methods: The rind of the fruits of kiwano were peeled out, pulverized and extracted with 80% ethanol. The bioactive compounds evaluated were phenol, flavonoid, beta carotene, lycopene and ascorbic acid. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using DPPH, iron reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assays. Ascorbic acid served as the standard. The anti-inflammatory property was measured in-vitro using anti-proteinase activity, inhibition of albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assay systems. Aspirin and diclofenac served as reference drugs \u0000Results: Phenol and flavonoids were the bioactive compounds found in higher concentration than the rest with concentrations of 261.73±13.54 and 130.86±9.66 mgGAE/ml of the dry matter respectively. In the antioxidant assay, the highest activity of more than 50% was recorded in DPPH assay. The maximum percentage radical scavenging activity of the extract was 76.74% at 800 µg/ml with a drop in activity at 1000 µg/ml (75.02%) and EC50 value of 230 µg/ml. Ascorbic acid exhibited 96.35% scavenging activity of radicals at 1000 µg/ml and EC50 value of 260 µg/ml. For the anti-inflammatory assay, the extract exhibited 16.43% anti-proteinase activity, 25.64% inhibition of heat-induced haemolysis activity and 47.14% inhibition of albumin denaturation activity at 1000 µg/ml. More than 50% activity was recorded for the reference drugs. \u0000Conclusion: We therefore conclude that the rind of the fruit of kiwano is rich in biologically active compounds and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The rind is a potential source of therapeutic compounds.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73263327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-13DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130281
Caroline Iruoma Anyakorah, Oluwatomisin Alan Ogunsina, U. E. Igbo
Aims: The study was to assess the antibacterial effect of solvent extracts of Ganoderma lucidum on isolates from the human scalp, armpit, and urinary tract. Study Design: Descriptive comparative. Place and Duration of Study: the Bells University of Technology, between December 2019 and October 2020. Methodology: Test organisms isolated from the scalp, armpit, and urine were identified using conventional methods and Analytical Profile Index kits (API). Ganoderma lucidum was rinsed with 2.5% potassium hydroxide and sterile distilled water, dried at 50℃ for 72 h, and pulverized. The mushroom powder (10%) was extracted in methanol, acetone, and petroleum ether at 65oC for 48 h. The filtrate was evaporated and two-fold serial dilutions were prepared in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Antibacterial activity was done by the agar well diffusion method. Inoculum adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standard was inoculated onto Mueller Hinton agar. Wells of 6mm were filled with 100ml of the extracts. Antibiotic sensitivity was by disc diffusion method. Plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 h. Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MC) analysis of methanol extract was carried out. Results: The isolates were identified as follows; scalp (Corynebacterium kutscheri and Enterobacter intermedius), armpit (Acinetobacter baumannii), and urine (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The solvents exhibited varying degrees of inhibition on test organisms. The methanol extract was most inhibitory on all organisms. Petroleum ether showed the least inhibition. P. aeruginosa was most resistant to the extracts. Fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides inhibited all the organisms and recorded a higher zone of inhibition, unlike the beta-lactams. GC/MS of methanol extract revealed the presence of 48 compounds amongst them were sugar, alcohols, nitrates, alkaloids, amines, fatty acids, methyl esters, and steroids. Also found was Phenol, 2-methoxy butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) an antioxidant. Conclusion: Ganoderma lucidum contained bioactive compounds that are antimicrobial and showed utility for use in the medical-pharmaceutical industry.
{"title":"GC/MS Analysis and In vitro Effect of Ganoderma lucidum Solvent Extracts on Microorganisms Isolated from the Armpit, Scalp and Urinary Tract","authors":"Caroline Iruoma Anyakorah, Oluwatomisin Alan Ogunsina, U. E. Igbo","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130281","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The study was to assess the antibacterial effect of solvent extracts of Ganoderma lucidum on isolates from the human scalp, armpit, and urinary tract. \u0000Study Design: Descriptive comparative. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: the Bells University of Technology, between December 2019 and October 2020. \u0000Methodology: Test organisms isolated from the scalp, armpit, and urine were identified using conventional methods and Analytical Profile Index kits (API). Ganoderma lucidum was rinsed with 2.5% potassium hydroxide and sterile distilled water, dried at 50℃ for 72 h, and pulverized. The mushroom powder (10%) was extracted in methanol, acetone, and petroleum ether at 65oC for 48 h. The filtrate was evaporated and two-fold serial dilutions were prepared in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Antibacterial activity was done by the agar well diffusion method. Inoculum adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standard was inoculated onto Mueller Hinton agar. Wells of 6mm were filled with 100ml of the extracts. Antibiotic sensitivity was by disc diffusion method. Plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 h. Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MC) analysis of methanol extract was carried out. \u0000Results: The isolates were identified as follows; scalp (Corynebacterium kutscheri and Enterobacter intermedius), armpit (Acinetobacter baumannii), and urine (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The solvents exhibited varying degrees of inhibition on test organisms. The methanol extract was most inhibitory on all organisms. Petroleum ether showed the least inhibition. P. aeruginosa was most resistant to the extracts. Fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides inhibited all the organisms and recorded a higher zone of inhibition, unlike the beta-lactams. GC/MS of methanol extract revealed the presence of 48 compounds amongst them were sugar, alcohols, nitrates, alkaloids, amines, fatty acids, methyl esters, and steroids. Also found was Phenol, 2-methoxy butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) an antioxidant. \u0000Conclusion: Ganoderma lucidum contained bioactive compounds that are antimicrobial and showed utility for use in the medical-pharmaceutical industry.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78930555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-12DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130280
Omokheyeke Omorotionmwan, Victor Ighariemu
The research evaluated temporal trends of naturally occurring radionuclides and their vertical distributions in sediment cores collected from three sites of diverse sedimentation regimes in Bonny Estuary, and developed and implemented sediment dating with unsupported lead-210. Radium (Ra) isotopes exhibited a very similar distribution throughout all sampled cores in each month, with 228Ra, while 226Ra displayed some variability with generally lower specific activities in dry months than in wet months. The values found in the study were all less than unity ranging from 0.3 to 0.8, which suggested sediment accretion and that the study area corresponded to zones with different sedimentation regimes. Temporal distribution of total 210Pb in the sampled cores determined via its daughter 210Po by alpha spectrometry assumed that the secular equilibrium between both radionuclides was achieved. However, the activities in Station 3 were found to be lower than those in Station 1, with Station 2 having the lowest activity registered in the samples collected in December month. The specific activities of 228Ac (228Ra), 212Pb (228Th) and 40K against depth in the sampled cores were observed to be almost equal to one another at each stratigraphic interval. The average sedimentation rate throughout the core obtained from Constant Rate of Supply model (0.068 ± 0.015g.cm-2.y-1) was nearly the same as that obtained from the Constant Initial Concentration model (0.065 ± 0.004). However, the estimated ages were quite variable with depths of various stratigraphic layers. The age of the sediment core was dated approximately 80 years, which was qualitatively validated using 137CS whose activity was definitely undetected in the basal part of the core. The sedimentation rates calculated suggested low sedimentation characterized by low energy environment dominated by weak tidal currents.
{"title":"Geochronology of Recent Sediments from the Upper Bonny Estuary (Niger Delta) Using Naturally Occurring Radionuclides","authors":"Omokheyeke Omorotionmwan, Victor Ighariemu","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130280","url":null,"abstract":"The research evaluated temporal trends of naturally occurring radionuclides and their vertical distributions in sediment cores collected from three sites of diverse sedimentation regimes in Bonny Estuary, and developed and implemented sediment dating with unsupported lead-210. Radium (Ra) isotopes exhibited a very similar distribution throughout all sampled cores in each month, with 228Ra, while 226Ra displayed some variability with generally lower specific activities in dry months than in wet months. The values found in the study were all less than unity ranging from 0.3 to 0.8, which suggested sediment accretion and that the study area corresponded to zones with different sedimentation regimes. Temporal distribution of total 210Pb in the sampled cores determined via its daughter 210Po by alpha spectrometry assumed that the secular equilibrium between both radionuclides was achieved. However, the activities in Station 3 were found to be lower than those in Station 1, with Station 2 having the lowest activity registered in the samples collected in December month. The specific activities of 228Ac (228Ra), 212Pb (228Th) and 40K against depth in the sampled cores were observed to be almost equal to one another at each stratigraphic interval. The average sedimentation rate throughout the core obtained from Constant Rate of Supply model (0.068 ± 0.015g.cm-2.y-1) was nearly the same as that obtained from the Constant Initial Concentration model (0.065 ± 0.004). However, the estimated ages were quite variable with depths of various stratigraphic layers. The age of the sediment core was dated approximately 80 years, which was qualitatively validated using 137CS whose activity was definitely undetected in the basal part of the core. The sedimentation rates calculated suggested low sedimentation characterized by low energy environment dominated by weak tidal currents.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83873952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130279
Emina Salihović, B. Salkić, E. Imširović, Sedina Hodžić, S. Noćajević, Azra Salkić
Organic agriculture is increasingly present on farms in response to environmental pollution and food safety. However, organic farmers have a big production risk due to frequent plant diseases. This research was conducted to compare the influence of preparations for plant protection allowed in organic agriculture and phytopharmaceutical preparations which are used in conventional agriculture and observe their effect in regulation of pests and diseases in tomato and cucumber production in an open field. The research included the tomato variety „Oxheart“, and the cucumber variety „Long green“. The time of research was four months from planting to harvest (period: May 2020. – August 2020.) until more than 70% of vegetation was completed. The tests were performed at a location in the rural part of the town of Živinice (Tupković) in an open field with an altitude of 250 m, during the vegetation period of 2020. The tests were performed on two separate plots. The plot where phytopharmaceutical (conventional) preparations were used, was physically separated from the plot where preparations allowed in organic agriculture were used. Temperature measurement was performed using a TFA Dostmann thermometer (-25ºC to + 50ºC) and it was set at a height of 2 meters in the open field. The amount of rainfall was monitored with the TFA Dostmann rain gauge. In the tests with organic plant protection, the nettle solution and preparation with active substance Bacillus thuringiensis for pests was used, and for plant diseases, the milk+soda solution and copper-oxide were used. In the tests with conventional protection, preparations with active substances acetamiprid and imidacloprid for pests were used, and the diseases were treated with mancozeb+copper and metalaxyl-M+mancozeb. After treatments, the onset of diseases was monitored. To conclude, the conventional insecticides gave better results in the regulation of pests in comparison to organic preparations, and in the case of organic preparations, the nettle solution had a better effect. Plant protection with copper-oxide gave the same results as using conventional preparations in disease regulation. This shows that plant protection is possible in organic production, but preparations must be applied more often and in a timely manner.
为了应对环境污染和食品安全问题，有机农业越来越多地出现在农场。然而，由于植物病害频繁，有机农民的生产风险很大。本研究比较了有机农业中允许使用的植物保护制剂和常规农业中使用的植物药物制剂的影响，并观察了它们在露天番茄和黄瓜生产中对病虫害的调控效果。研究对象包括番茄品种“牛心”和黄瓜品种“长绿”。研究时间为从种植到收获4个月(期间:2020年5月)。- 2020年8月)，直到完成70%以上的植被。这些测试是在2020年植被期期间，在Živinice镇(图普科维奇)农村地区海拔250米的一个开阔地带进行的。试验在两个独立的地块上进行。使用植物药物(常规)制剂的地块与使用有机农业允许的制剂的地块物理隔离。使用TFA Dostmann温度计(-25ºC至+ 50ºC)进行温度测量，并将其设置在开阔场地2米的高度。香港的雨量是由气象局的Dostmann雨量计监测。在有机植保试验中，害虫用荨麻液和活性物质苏云金芽孢杆菌制剂，植物病害用牛奶+苏打溶液和氧化铜。在常规防护试验中，采用活性物质啶虫脒和吡虫啉制剂进行害虫防治，并采用代森锰锌+铜和甲氧基- m +代森锰锌进行病害防治。治疗后，监测疾病的发病情况。综上所述，与有机制剂相比，常规杀虫剂对害虫的调节效果更好，而在有机制剂中，荨麻溶液的效果更好。用氧化铜进行植物保护的效果与用常规制剂进行病害防治的效果相同。这表明植物保护在有机生产中是可能的，但必须更频繁和及时地使用制剂。
{"title":"Influence of Biopesticides and Natural Preparations on the Regulation of Diseases and Pests in the Ecological Protection of Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.)","authors":"Emina Salihović, B. Salkić, E. Imširović, Sedina Hodžić, S. Noćajević, Azra Salkić","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130279","url":null,"abstract":"Organic agriculture is increasingly present on farms in response to environmental pollution and food safety. However, organic farmers have a big production risk due to frequent plant diseases. This research was conducted to compare the influence of preparations for plant protection allowed in organic agriculture and phytopharmaceutical preparations which are used in conventional agriculture and observe their effect in regulation of pests and diseases in tomato and cucumber production in an open field. The research included the tomato variety „Oxheart“, and the cucumber variety „Long green“. The time of research was four months from planting to harvest (period: May 2020. – August 2020.) until more than 70% of vegetation was completed. The tests were performed at a location in the rural part of the town of Živinice (Tupković) in an open field with an altitude of 250 m, during the vegetation period of 2020. The tests were performed on two separate plots. The plot where phytopharmaceutical (conventional) preparations were used, was physically separated from the plot where preparations allowed in organic agriculture were used. Temperature measurement was performed using a TFA Dostmann thermometer (-25ºC to + 50ºC) and it was set at a height of 2 meters in the open field. The amount of rainfall was monitored with the TFA Dostmann rain gauge. In the tests with organic plant protection, the nettle solution and preparation with active substance Bacillus thuringiensis for pests was used, and for plant diseases, the milk+soda solution and copper-oxide were used. In the tests with conventional protection, preparations with active substances acetamiprid and imidacloprid for pests were used, and the diseases were treated with mancozeb+copper and metalaxyl-M+mancozeb. After treatments, the onset of diseases was monitored. To conclude, the conventional insecticides gave better results in the regulation of pests in comparison to organic preparations, and in the case of organic preparations, the nettle solution had a better effect. Plant protection with copper-oxide gave the same results as using conventional preparations in disease regulation. This shows that plant protection is possible in organic production, but preparations must be applied more often and in a timely manner.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85417234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-20DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130278
A. Oluwafemi, O. Ajayi, O. Oseni
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been used in Indian cooking, likewise in Southern part of Nigeria (majorly Ekiti and Ondo state) and in herbal remedies. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been a widely used medicinal plant which belongs to Zingiberaceae family. This Study is based on the determination of antioxidant properties, proximate, phytochemical compositions, vitamins, minerals and nutritional composition of turmeric found in Ado-Ekiti Nigeria, using various standard methods. From the proximate analysis, it was discovered that turmeric contains 9.29% moisture, 7.4% ash, 12.48% crude fiber, 11.39% fat, 20.62% crude protein, and 38.29% carbohydrate. The phytochemical screening result shows that saponins, tannins, steroid, flavonoid, alkaloid, phlobatanins, and terpenoids are present while anthraquinone is absent in the rhizome. Also, mineral such as Zn, Fe, Cu, Na, K and Mg were present in considerable amount. The presence of glycoside was also determined. The free radical scavenging activities of turmeric was determined. This was carried out by determining free radical scavenging abilities using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The content of phenols and total flavonoids were determined also. The present report revealed that powdered turmeric rhizome has antioxidant potential, rich in important minerals and thus it can be good supplement in foods.
{"title":"Phytochemical Screening, Nutritional Composition, and Antioxidant Activities of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Found in Ado-ekiti, Nigeria","authors":"A. Oluwafemi, O. Ajayi, O. Oseni","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2022/v25i130278","url":null,"abstract":"Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been used in Indian cooking, likewise in Southern part of Nigeria (majorly Ekiti and Ondo state) and in herbal remedies. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been a widely used medicinal plant which belongs to Zingiberaceae family. This Study is based on the determination of antioxidant properties, proximate, phytochemical compositions, vitamins, minerals and nutritional composition of turmeric found in Ado-Ekiti Nigeria, using various standard methods. From the proximate analysis, it was discovered that turmeric contains 9.29% moisture, 7.4% ash, 12.48% crude fiber, 11.39% fat, 20.62% crude protein, and 38.29% carbohydrate. The phytochemical screening result shows that saponins, tannins, steroid, flavonoid, alkaloid, phlobatanins, and terpenoids are present while anthraquinone is absent in the rhizome. Also, mineral such as Zn, Fe, Cu, Na, K and Mg were present in considerable amount. The presence of glycoside was also determined. The free radical scavenging activities of turmeric was determined. This was carried out by determining free radical scavenging abilities using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The content of phenols and total flavonoids were determined also. The present report revealed that powdered turmeric rhizome has antioxidant potential, rich in important minerals and thus it can be good supplement in foods.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77731984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-29DOI: 10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230275
H. Ezekiel-Hart, P. Dike, U. Mba
The research was aimed at evaluating the microbiological, physical and chemical quality of Bonny Pipe borne water. The pipe borne water from Bonny Island in Rivers State was screened to evaluate the effectiveness of its treatment by Bonny water Board Company. The microbiological status of the water was determined by using basic growth media to isolate microorganisms present in the water and identifying the organisms using its morphological characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility was then carried out to ascertain the resistance and sensitivity of the isolates. Swabs of the water outlet taps were also taken at each point of collection from source to delivery. The results were compared with the microbiological status of Omoku's pipe borne water. Chemical analysis was also carried out on the Bonny pipe borne water to determine the level of chemical contamination. The Bonny pipe borne water complied with the microbiological regulations of WHO as there was no bacterial and fungal growth on any of the media used. However, the total heterotrophic bacteria count of the Omoku's water was 2.10 × 10^2 thus exceeding the limit of 1.0 × 10^1 cfu/ml of water, the MPN count for total coliforms was 5MPN/100ml, there was no Faecal coliform present and isolated organisms were Vibrio sp., Micrococcus sp., Salmonella sp., and Bacillus sp.,. The Physicochemical composition analysis revealed the following result for untreated and treated Bonny pipe borne water samples respectively: pH (7.0 and 7.5), Conductivity (60 mg/L and 268mg/L),Total Dissolved Solids (30mg/L and 34mg/L), total hardness (12.012mg/L and 120.12mg/L), chloride (10mg/L and 12mg/L) and Chlorine (Nil and 7.1mg/L) amongst others. The chlorine level for the treated water was above the regulatory standard of WHO (5mg/L), this resulted in increased hardness, taste and odour of the water, which were also above WHO's regulatory limits. Therefore, the Bonny water is not within the regulatory standard of potable drinking water.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Treatment of Bonny Pipe Borne Water","authors":"H. Ezekiel-Hart, P. Dike, U. Mba","doi":"10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2021/v24i1230275","url":null,"abstract":"The research was aimed at evaluating the microbiological, physical and chemical quality of Bonny Pipe borne water. The pipe borne water from Bonny Island in Rivers State was screened to evaluate the effectiveness of its treatment by Bonny water Board Company. The microbiological status of the water was determined by using basic growth media to isolate microorganisms present in the water and identifying the organisms using its morphological characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility was then carried out to ascertain the resistance and sensitivity of the isolates. Swabs of the water outlet taps were also taken at each point of collection from source to delivery. The results were compared with the microbiological status of Omoku's pipe borne water. Chemical analysis was also carried out on the Bonny pipe borne water to determine the level of chemical contamination. The Bonny pipe borne water complied with the microbiological regulations of WHO as there was no bacterial and fungal growth on any of the media used. However, the total heterotrophic bacteria count of the Omoku's water was 2.10 × 10^2 thus exceeding the limit of 1.0 × 10^1 cfu/ml of water, the MPN count for total coliforms was 5MPN/100ml, there was no Faecal coliform present and isolated organisms were Vibrio sp., Micrococcus sp., Salmonella sp., and Bacillus sp.,. The Physicochemical composition analysis revealed the following result for untreated and treated Bonny pipe borne water samples respectively: pH (7.0 and 7.5), Conductivity (60 mg/L and 268mg/L),Total Dissolved Solids (30mg/L and 34mg/L), total hardness (12.012mg/L and 120.12mg/L), chloride (10mg/L and 12mg/L) and Chlorine (Nil and 7.1mg/L) amongst others. The chlorine level for the treated water was above the regulatory standard of WHO (5mg/L), this resulted in increased hardness, taste and odour of the water, which were also above WHO's regulatory limits. Therefore, the Bonny water is not within the regulatory standard of potable drinking water.","PeriodicalId":14990,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Life Sciences International","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80802572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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