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Low-temperature formation of Ti2AlN during post-deposition annealing of reactive multilayer systems 反应多层系统沉积后退火过程中低温形成的 Ti2AlN
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1063/5.0230405
Moses O. Nnaji, David A. Tavakoli, Dale A. Hitchcock, Eric M. Vogel
Mn+1AXn-phase Ti2AlN thin-films were synthesized using reactive sputtering-based methods involving the deposition of single-layer TiAlN, and Ti/AlN and TiN/TiAl multilayers of various modulation periods at ambient temperature and subsequent annealing at elevated temperatures. Ex situ and in situ x-ray diffraction measurements were used to characterize the Ti2AlN formation temperature and phase fraction. During annealing, Ti/AlN multilayers yielded Ti2AlN at a significantly lower in situ temperature of 650 °C compared to TiN/TiAl multilayers or single-layer TiAlN (750 °C). The results suggest a reactive multilayer mechanism whereby distinct Ti and AlN layers react readily to release exothermic energy resulting in lower phase transition temperatures compared to TiN and TiAl layers or mixed TiAlN. With a modulation period of 5 nm, however, Ti/AlN multilayers yielded Ti2AlN at a higher temperature of 750 °C, indicating a disruption of the reactive multilayer mechanism due to a higher fraction of low-enthalpy interfacial TiAlN within the film.
采用基于反应溅射的方法合成了锰+1AXn 相 Ti2AlN 薄膜,包括在环境温度下沉积单层 TiAlN 以及不同调制周期的 Ti/AlN 和 TiN/TiAl 多层膜,然后在高温下退火。利用原位和原位 X 射线衍射测量来确定 Ti2AlN 的形成温度和相分数。在退火过程中,与 TiN/TiAl 多层膜或单层 TiAlN(750 ℃)相比,Ti/AlN 多层膜在 650 ℃ 的原位温度下生成了 Ti2AlN。结果表明了一种反应性多层机制,即不同的 Ti 和 AlN 层容易发生反应,释放放热能量,从而导致相变温度低于 TiN 和 TiAl 层或混合 TiAlN。然而,当调制周期为 5 nm 时,Ti/AlN 多层在 750 °C 的较高温度下产生了 Ti2AlN,这表明由于薄膜中低焓界面 TiAlN 的比例较高,反应性多层机制受到了破坏。
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引用次数: 0
An implicit solution for Asay foil trajectories generated by separable, sustained-production ejecta source models 可分离、持续生产喷出源模型生成的阿萨伊箔轨迹的隐式解法
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1063/5.0228457
I. L. Tregillis, Aaron Koskelo
We present a simple implicit solution for the time-dependent trajectory of a thin Asay foil ejecta diagnostic for the general case where the impinging ejecta cloud is generated by a source function characterized by an arbitrary (sustained) time dependence and a time-independent (stationary) particle velocity distribution. In the limit that the source function time dependence becomes a delta function, this solution—which is amenable to rapid numerical calculations of arbitrary accuracy—exactly recovers a previously published solution for the special case of instantaneous ejecta production. We also derive simple expressions for the free-surface arrival (catch-up) time as well as the true ejecta areal mass accumulation on the accelerating foil and place bounds on the level of error incurred when applying instant-production mass solutions to a sustained-production trajectory. We demonstrate these solutions with example calculations for hypothetical source functions spanning a wide range of ejecta production durations, velocity distributions, and temporal behaviors. These calculations demonstrate how the foil trajectory is often insensitive to the temporal dependence of the source function, instead being dominated by the velocity distribution. We quantify this insensitivity using a “compatibility score” metric. Under certain conditions, one may capitalize upon this insensitivity to obtain a good approximation of the second integral of the velocity distribution from the observed foil trajectory.
在一般情况下,撞击喷射云是由源函数产生的,而源函数的特征是任意(持续)时间依赖性和与时间无关的(静止)粒子速度分布,我们针对这种情况,提出了一种薄阿萨伊箔喷射诊断随时间变化的轨迹的简单隐式解法。在源函数的时间依赖性变为三角函数的极限情况下,这个解决方案--可用于任意精度的快速数值计算--精确地恢复了之前公布的针对瞬时喷出物产生这一特殊情况的解决方案。我们还推导出了自由表面到达(追赶)时间以及加速箔片上真实喷出物面积质量累积的简单表达式,并对将瞬时产生质量的解决方案应用于持续产生轨迹时所产生的误差水平进行了限制。我们通过假设源函数的示例计算来演示这些解决方案,这些假设源函数涵盖了广泛的喷出物产生持续时间、速度分布和时间行为。这些计算表明,箔条轨迹通常对源函数的时间依赖性不敏感,而是受速度分布的支配。我们使用 "兼容性分数 "指标来量化这种不敏感性。在某些条件下,我们可以利用这种不敏感性,从观测到的箔片轨迹中获得速度分布二次积分的良好近似值。
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引用次数: 0
Cryogenic temperatures promote the pressure-induced polymorphic transition in CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy 低温促进 CoCrFeMnNi 高熵合金的压力诱导多晶转变
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1063/5.0220107
Magnus Hörnqvist Colliander, Dörthe Haase, Konstantin Glazyrin, Aina Edgren, Pan Wang, Malcolm Guthrie, Sheng Guo
Pressure-induced polymorphism has recently been demonstrated in several high entropy alloys. This offers a new window into the much-debated issue of phase selection and stability in these systems. Here, we examine the effect of cryogenic temperatures on the pressure-induced transition from face centered cubic to hexagonal close-packed structures of the prototype CoCrFeMnNi (Cantor) alloy. We observe a reduction in the critical pressure for the onset of the polymorphic transition as the temperature decreases, confirming the progressive stabilization of the hexagonal phase with decreasing temperature previously predicted by ab initio calculations accounting for magnetic interactions. We argue that in situ high-pressure experiments at cryogenic temperatures, which suppress time-dependent transformation triggered at higher temperatures, present a unique opportunity to significantly improve our understanding of these complex alloys.
最近在几种高熵合金中证实了压力诱导的多态性。这为研究这些系统中备受争议的相选择和稳定性问题提供了一个新的视角。在这里,我们研究了低温对钴铬铁镍(Cantor)合金原型从面心立方到六方紧密堆积结构的压力诱导转变的影响。我们观察到,随着温度的降低,多晶体转变开始的临界压力也随之降低,这证实了之前通过考虑磁相互作用的 ab initio 计算所预测的六方相随温度降低而逐渐稳定的现象。我们认为,低温下的原位高压实验抑制了在较高温度下引发的随时间变化的转变,为我们显著提高对这些复杂合金的认识提供了一个独特的机会。
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引用次数: 0
Bismuth-related defects in n-type silicon irradiated with protons: A comparison to similar defects formed under electron irradiation 用质子辐照的 n 型硅中与铋有关的缺陷:与电子辐照下形成的类似缺陷的比较
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1063/5.0226406
Vadim Emtsev, Nikolay Abrosimov, Vitalii Kozlovski, Stanislav Lastovskii, Gagik Oganesyan, Dmitrii Poloskin
Electrical properties of defects produced in strongly bismuth-doped silicon by 15 MeV protons are investigated in detail. Electrical measurements on irradiated samples by means of the van der Pauw technique are conducted over a wide temperature range of 20–300 K to furnish information on radiation-produced complexes. It is shown that the properties of the dominant bismuth-related defects are the same as earlier found in the electron-irradiated material. These complexes are tentatively identified as bismuth–vacancy pairs being deep donors. Their atomic configuration appears to be radically different from what is known about similar vacancy-related defects with other group-V impurities. These bismuth-related pairs are stable up to T ≈ 300 °C. Some special features of defect formation and annealing processes of radiation defects in bismuth-doped silicon subjected to electron and proton irradiation are discussed. This information may be of advantage in modeling impurity-related complexes containing oversized impurity atoms in silicon.
详细研究了 15 MeV 质子在强掺铋硅中产生的缺陷的电特性。在 20-300 K 的宽温度范围内,通过范德保技术对辐照样品进行了电学测量,以提供有关辐照产生的复合物的信息。结果表明,主要的铋相关缺陷的性质与之前在电子辐照材料中发现的相同。这些络合物被初步确定为铋空位对的深度供体。它们的原子构型似乎与其他 V 族杂质的类似空位相关缺陷完全不同。这些双铋空位对在温度≈300 ℃时是稳定的。本文讨论了掺铋硅在电子和质子辐照下的缺陷形成和辐射缺陷退火过程的一些特点。这些信息可能有助于模拟硅中含有超大杂质原子的杂质相关复合物。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the synergy between hot-electron dynamics and active plasmonics: A perspective 探索热电子动力学与有源等离子体之间的协同作用:透视
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1063/5.0216205
Anjan Goswami, Andrew S. Kim, Wenshan Cai
Physical processes involving hot electrons, including their generation, transport, injection, and relaxation, have been an extensive area of research. The most widely utilized method for actuating the creation of hot electrons involves the excitation of plasmonic modes followed by their non-radiative decay, channeling the energy into these energetic carriers. Since plasmonics has already evolved into a mature field of scientific exploration, active plasmonic devices serve as an ideal platform to study hot-electron physics. In this Perspective article, we will provide the reader with a comprehensive outline of the physics underlying hot-electron dynamics. Emphasis will be placed on the characteristic timescales involved with the lifecycle of hot electrons, the generation and decay mechanisms of surface plasmon-induced hot electrons, and the material platforms suitable for such a study. Then, we will move on to discuss different temperature models used to explain the evolution of hot electrons and the changes in the optical properties of the materials they are generated in or injected into. Finally, we will focus on some of the interesting optical phenomena occurring at ultrafast timescales mediated by hot-carrier dynamics. Such a discussion is expected to incorporate valuable insights into our understanding of the synergistic relationship between hot-electron dynamics and active plasmonics, thereby paving the way for novel applications involving optoelectronics and energy conversion.
涉及热电子的物理过程,包括其产生、传输、注入和弛豫,一直是一个广泛的研究领域。最广泛使用的热电子产生驱动方法包括激发等离子体模式,然后进行非辐射衰减,将能量导入这些高能载流子。由于等离子体学已经发展成为一个成熟的科学探索领域,有源等离子体器件成为研究热电子物理的理想平台。在这篇 "视角 "文章中,我们将向读者全面概述热电子动力学的基本物理学原理。重点将放在热电子生命周期所涉及的特征时标、表面等离子体诱导热电子的产生和衰减机制,以及适合此类研究的材料平台。然后,我们将继续讨论用于解释热电子演化及其在材料中产生或注入材料的光学特性变化的不同温度模型。最后,我们将重点讨论热载流子动力学在超快时间尺度下发生的一些有趣的光学现象。这样的讨论有望为我们理解热电子动力学与有源等离子体之间的协同关系提供有价值的见解,从而为涉及光电子学和能量转换的新型应用铺平道路。
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引用次数: 0
Characterizing low-frequency vibratory motion with radio-frequency cavities 利用射频空腔确定低频振动运动的特征
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1063/5.0219033
Harold R. Hart-Alesch, Jay E. Sharping
Radio-frequency (RF) cavities, previously employed in particle physics, quantum computing, and gravitational wave research, offer unique advantages in terms of sensitivity and non-invasiveness as a method of sensing motion in both macroscopic and microscopic systems. This research aims to address how an RF cavity can effectively detect and characterize the low-frequency vibratory motion of a room-temperature mm-scale levitated particle. In this case, the particle in question is a diamagnetically levitated slab of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Cavity-based identification of the slab’s rigid-body modes is substantiated by calculations of the force acting on the particle and validated through slow-motion video object tracking. We find that this system can accurately measure oscillations in all six center-of-mass degrees of freedom. Calculations indicate that this system could potentially detect forces on the scale of tens of femto-Newtons and center of mass displacements of less than 10 nm. This work provides a non-invasive method of conducting position and vibration measurements in the field of levitodynamics without the ultra-cold temperatures or bulky precision laser setups that superconducting quantum interference devices and conventional interferometric methods utilize.
射频(RF)空腔以前曾用于粒子物理学、量子计算和引力波研究,作为宏观和微观系统中的一种运动传感方法,它在灵敏度和非侵入性方面具有独特的优势。本研究旨在探讨射频腔如何有效地探测和表征室温下毫米尺度悬浮粒子的低频振动运动。在这种情况下,有关粒子是高取向热解石墨的二磁悬浮板。通过计算作用在粒子上的力,并通过慢动作视频对象跟踪进行验证,基于空腔识别了板坯的刚体模式。我们发现,该系统可以精确测量所有六个质量中心自由度的振荡。计算表明,该系统有可能检测到数十飞牛顿的力和小于 10 纳米的质心位移。这项工作提供了一种非侵入式方法,可以在没有超导量子干涉装置和传统干涉测量方法所使用的超低温或笨重的精密激光装置的情况下,在悬浮动力学领域进行位置和振动测量。
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引用次数: 0
On the effect of polarization relaxation on dielectric breakdown 极化弛豫对介质击穿的影响
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1063/5.0217634
Serge Blonkowski
This article discusses the effect of polarization relaxation on dielectric breakdown. We establish analytical statistical Weibull distributions, taking into account the changing local electric field instead of the usual static field in acceleration models. The time dependence of the local field is expressed using the universal Curie–Von Schweidler law. The derived distribution fits well with various observations on time-to-breakdown statistical distributions. In the case of voltage square pulse alternative stress, the calculated time to breakdown follows a power law with stress frequency, regardless of the field dependence of the acceleration model, consistent with observations. The dielectric lifetime is longer compared to continuous voltage stress, as observed in transistors and integrated capacitors. The analytical expression of the power law exponent depends on the field acceleration model and polarization current. It matches well with the measured values for metal–oxide–semiconductor and metal insulator metal capacitors with different dielectrics. The power law exponent increases with the static dielectric constant. The Weibull shape factor is shown to be lower in the AC mode than in the DC mode, as observed. The AC signal duty factor effect decreases the lifetime in the AC mode. Finally, we demonstrate that the consequence of polarization relaxation also affects the lifetime in the DC mode. The acceleration factor and lifetime projections are close to power laws with the field, regardless of the static field dependence of the acceleration model.
本文讨论了极化弛豫对介质击穿的影响。我们建立了分析统计 Weibull 分布,考虑到了不断变化的局部电场,而不是加速模型中通常的静态电场。局部电场的时间依赖性用通用的居里-冯-施韦德勒定律来表示。推导出的分布与时间-击穿统计分布的各种观测结果非常吻合。在电压方波脉冲替代应力的情况下,无论加速模型的场依赖性如何,计算出的击穿时间与应力频率成幂律关系,这与观测结果一致。与在晶体管和集成电容器中观察到的连续电压应力相比,介质寿命更长。幂律指数的分析表达式取决于场加速模型和极化电流。它与不同电介质的金属氧化物半导体电容器和金属绝缘体金属电容器的测量值非常吻合。幂律指数随静态介电常数的增加而增加。据观察,交流模式下的威布尔形状系数低于直流模式下的威布尔形状系数。交流信号占空比效应降低了交流模式下的寿命。最后,我们证明极化松弛的结果也会影响直流模式下的寿命。加速因子和寿命推算与磁场的幂律接近,与加速模型的静态磁场依赖性无关。
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引用次数: 0
Shock equation of state experiments in MgO up to 1.5 TPa and the effects of optical depth on temperature determination 高达 1.5 TPa 的氧化镁冲击状态方程实验以及光学深度对温度测定的影响
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1063/5.0226765
Zixuan Ye, Raymond F. Smith, Marius Millot, Melissa Sims, Dimitrios Tsapetis, Michael D. Shields, Saransh Singh, Anirudh Hari, June K. Wicks
Laser-driven shock compression enables an experimental study of phase transitions at unprecedented pressures and temperatures. One example is the shock Hugoniot of magnesium oxide (MgO), which crosses the B1–B2-liquid triple point at 400–600 GPa, 10 000–13 000 K (0.86–1.12 eV). MgO is a major component within the mantles of terrestrial planets and has long been a focus of high-pressure research. Here, we combine time-resolved velocimetry and pyrometry measurements with a decaying shock platform to obtain pressure–temperature data on MgO from 300 to 1500 GPa and 9000 to 50 000 K. Pressure–temperature–density Hugoniot data are reported at 1500 GPa. These data represent the near-instantaneous response of an MgO [100] single crystal to shock compression. We report on a prominent temperature anomaly between 400 and 460 GPa, in general agreement with previous shock studies, and draw comparison with equation-of-state models. We provide a detailed analysis of the decaying shock compression platform, including a treatment of a pressure-dependent optical depth near the shock front. We show that if the optical depth of the shocked material is larger than 1 μm, treating the shock front as an optically thick gray body will lead to a noticeable overestimation of the shock temperature.
激光驱动的冲击压缩可以在前所未有的压力和温度下对相变进行实验研究。其中一个例子是氧化镁(MgO)的冲击休格尼奥特,它在 400-600 GPa、10 000-13 000 K (0.86-1.12 eV) 时跨越了 B1-B2- 液体三重点。氧化镁是陆地行星外壳中的主要成分,长期以来一直是高压研究的重点。在这里,我们将时间分辨速度测量法和高温测量法测量与衰减冲击平台相结合,获得了氧化镁在 300 至 1500 GPa 和 9000 至 50000 K 的压力-温度数据。这些数据代表了氧化镁 [100] 单晶体对冲击压缩的近乎瞬时响应。我们报告了 400 至 460 GPa 之间的显著温度异常,这与之前的冲击研究基本一致,并与状态方程模型进行了比较。我们对衰减的冲击压缩平台进行了详细分析,包括对冲击前沿附近随压力变化的光学深度的处理。我们表明,如果冲击物质的光学深度大于 1 μm,将冲击前沿视为光学厚灰体将导致对冲击温度的明显高估。
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引用次数: 0
Natural frequency informed finite element modal analysis method for estimating elastic properties of solid materials 用于估算固体材料弹性特性的固有频率信息有限元模态分析方法
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1063/5.0231087
Sanjay Mahat, Roshan Sharma, Hyunjo Jeong, Jingfei Liu
This study proposes a simple yet effective dynamic method that can nondestructively evaluate the elastic properties of homogeneous isotropic solid materials. Like some dynamic methods, such as resonance ultrasound spectrometry and impulse excitation technique, the proposed method consists of two steps: experimentally acquiring the specimen's natural frequencies and numerically calculating the elastic properties. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed method has much lower requirements on all four aspects of experimental operations: specimen preparation, specimen positioning, vibration excitation, and vibration detection. An inverse method based on finite element modal analysis is proposed to calculate the specimen's elastic properties, and it can deliver optimal estimations with high precision and accuracy. The performance of the proposed method was assessed using the well-established sound speed-based dynamic method, i.e., ultrasound pulse-echo testing. Taking a square aluminum specimen as an example, the differences in the measurements of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio between these two methods are 2.25% and −2.07%, respectively; the differences in the measurements of shear modulus and bulk modulus are 0.01% and −1.46%, respectively. In summary, the proposed method provides a cheaper and experimentally simpler approach to determining the elastic properties of solid materials while maintaining accuracy and reliability similar to the established methods, which typically require sophisticated, costly equipment.
本研究提出了一种简单而有效的动态方法,可以无损评估均质各向同性固体材料的弹性特性。与共振超声频谱法和脉冲激励技术等一些动态方法一样,所提出的方法包括两个步骤:实验获取试样的固有频率和数值计算弹性特性。与现有方法相比,拟议方法对实验操作的四个方面:试样制备、试样定位、振动激励和振动检测的要求都低得多。本文提出了一种基于有限元模态分析的反演方法来计算试样的弹性特性,该方法可以提供高精度和高准确度的最佳估计值。利用成熟的基于声速的动态方法,即超声脉冲回波测试,对所提出方法的性能进行了评估。以方形铝试样为例,这两种方法测量的杨氏模量和泊松比分别相差 2.25% 和 -2.07%;测量的剪切模量和体积模量分别相差 0.01% 和 -1.46%。总之,所提出的方法为测定固体材料的弹性特性提供了一种成本更低、实验更简单的方法,同时与通常需要复杂、昂贵设备的既定方法相比,保持了相似的准确性和可靠性。
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引用次数: 0
Ablation characteristics of tungsten with ultra-short laser pulses 超短激光脉冲对钨的烧蚀特性
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1063/5.0222073
Steffen Mittelmann, Jan Riedlinger, Benedikt Buchner, Thomas Schwarz-Selinger, Matej Mayer, Georg Pretzler
In approaches to analyze material composition or in processing tasks using ultra-short laser ablation, it is of particular interest how ablated materials are distributed across the solid angle in front of the interaction region. We found that with our sub-10-fs laser in the regime from 1014W/cm2 to 1017W/cm2, the solid angle of the ablation cone decreases significantly along with the laser intensity in a vacuum environment. For this observation, we used ion-beam analysis to investigate the distribution of tungsten collected on silicon catcher plates arranged across the solid angle of the laser-ablation cone. Moreover, we used other post-mortem tools, such as scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, to determine the ablation threshold of Fth=468mJ/cm2 of our tungsten samples. Here, clearly, two laser intensity-dependent ablation regimes can be observed in the detection of a crater depth and a ablation cone angle.
在使用超短激光烧蚀来分析材料成分或进行加工任务时,烧蚀材料如何在相互作用区域前的实体角上分布是一个特别令人感兴趣的问题。我们发现,使用 1014W/cm2 到 1017W/cm2 范围内的 10-fs 以下激光,在真空环境中,烧蚀锥的实体角会随着激光强度的增加而显著减小。为此,我们使用离子束分析法研究了在激光烧蚀锥实心角上排列的硅捕捉板上收集的钨的分布情况。此外,我们还使用了扫描电子显微镜和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜等其他死后工具,以确定钨样品的烧蚀阈值 Fth=468mJ/cm2 。很明显,在检测陨石坑深度和烧蚀锥角时,可以观察到两种与激光强度相关的烧蚀机制。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Applied Physics
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