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Modeling the diffusion and depletion capacitances of a silicon pn diode in forward bias with impedance spectroscopy 利用阻抗谱模拟正向偏置硅 pn 二极管的扩散和耗尽电容
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1063/5.0230008
P. Casolaro, V. Izzo, G. Giusi, N. Wyrsch, A. Aloisio
We investigated the capacitance of a forward-biased silicon pn diode using impedance spectroscopy. Despite extensive research spanning decades, no single model in the literature adequately describes the impedance behavior for bias up to the built-in voltage. By employing the 1N4007 diode as a case study, we analyzed the impedance over a wide frequency range, from 1 Hz to 1 MHz. Our analysis reveals that impedance can be effectively studied by combining two models. In both models, the depletion capacitance is assumed to be an ideal capacitor with a value independent of frequency. One model accounts for diffusion processes, while the other addresses interfacial effects, as well as potential and capacitance distributions across the junction. This approach offers valuable insights into the complex capacitance behavior of pn junctions as a function of the bias voltage. Measurements of depletion and diffusion capacitances, as well as of the diode transit time can be achieved from a set of impedance spectroscopy data.
我们利用阻抗光谱学研究了正向偏压硅 pn 二极管的电容。尽管经过几十年的广泛研究,但文献中没有一个模型能充分描述偏压达到内置电压时的阻抗行为。我们以 1N4007 二极管为例,分析了 1 Hz 至 1 MHz 宽频率范围内的阻抗。我们的分析表明,结合两个模型可以有效地研究阻抗。在这两个模型中,耗尽电容都被假定为理想电容,其值与频率无关。其中一个模型考虑了扩散过程,而另一个模型则考虑了界面效应以及结点上的电势和电容分布。这种方法为了解 pn 结作为偏置电压函数的复杂电容行为提供了宝贵的见解。通过一组阻抗光谱数据,可以测量耗尽电容和扩散电容以及二极管的传输时间。
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引用次数: 0
Measurement bias in self-heating x-ray free electron laser experiments from diffraction studies of phase transformation in titanium 从钛相变的衍射研究看自加热 X 射线自由电子激光实验中的测量偏差
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1063/5.0215908
O. B. Ball, R. J. Husband, J. D. McHardy, M. I. McMahon, C. Strohm, Z. Konôpková, K. Appel, V. Cerantola, A. L. Coleman, H. Cynn, A. Dwivedi, A. F. Goncharov, H. Graafsma, L. Q. Huston, H. Hwang, J. Kaa, J.-Y. Kim, E. Koemets, T. Laurus, X. Li, H. Marquardt, A. S. J. Méndez, S. Merkel, A. Mondal, G. Morard, V. B. Prakapenka, C. Prescher, T. R. Preston, S. Speziale, S. Stern, B. T. Sturtevant, J. Sztuk-Dambietz, N. Velisavljevic, C.-S. Yoo, U. Zastrau, Zs. Jenei, H. P. Liermann, R. S. McWilliams
X-ray self-heating is a common by-product of X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) techniques that can affect targets, optics, and other irradiated materials. Diagnosis of heating and induced changes in samples may be performed using the x-ray beam itself as a probe. However, the relationship between conditions created by and inferred from x-ray irradiation is unclear and may be highly dependent on the material system under consideration. Here, we report on a simple case study of a titanium foil irradiated, heated, and probed by a MHz XFEL pulse train at 18.1 keV delivered by the European XFEL using measured x-ray diffraction to determine temperature and finite element analysis to interpret the experimental data. We find a complex relationship between apparent temperatures and sample temperature distributions that must be accounted for to adequately interpret the data, including beam averaging effects, multivalued temperatures due to sample phase transitions, and jumps and gaps in the observable temperature near phase transformations. The results have implications for studies employing x-ray probing of systems with large temperature gradients, particularly where these gradients are produced by the beam itself. Finally, this study shows the potential complexity of studying nonlinear sample behavior, such as phase transformations, where biasing effects of temperature gradients can become paramount, precluding clear observation of true transformation conditions.
X 射线自热是 X 射线自由电子激光(XFEL)技术的常见副产品,会影响目标、光学器件和其他辐照材料。可以使用 X 射线束本身作为探针,对样品中的加热和诱导变化进行诊断。然而,X 射线辐照所产生的条件与推断出的条件之间的关系尚不明确,而且可能在很大程度上取决于所考虑的材料系统。在此,我们报告了一个简单的案例研究,即欧洲 XFEL 发射的 18.1 千伏的 MHz XFEL 脉冲串对钛箔进行辐照、加热和探测,利用测量的 X 射线衍射确定温度,并利用有限元分析解释实验数据。我们发现表观温度和样品温度分布之间存在复杂的关系,必须考虑到这些因素才能充分解释数据,包括光束平均效应、样品相变引起的多值温度以及相变附近可观测温度的跳跃和间隙。这些结果对采用 X 射线探测具有较大温度梯度的系统的研究具有重要意义,特别是当这些梯度是由光束本身产生的时候。最后,这项研究显示了研究非线性样品行为(如相变)的潜在复杂性,在这种情况下,温度梯度的偏差效应可能变得至关重要,从而阻碍了对真实转变条件的清晰观测。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting the strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress of copper: Theory and experiment 重新审视铜流动应力的应变率敏感性:理论与实验
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1063/5.0225090
Songlin Yao, Jidong Yu, Xiaoyang Pei, Kai Guo, Enling Tang, Guiji Wang, Qiang Wu
One of the most important issues related to the strength of metals is the strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress. In this study, an analytical model of the flow stress as a function of strain rate is derived theoretically. The model can reproduce the strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress of copper over a wide range of strain rates (up to 109 s−1) quantitatively. Our theoretical derivations indicate that the strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress, especially that above 103 s−1, is a result of both the variation of the dislocation mobility mechanism with stress and the particular stress dependence of dislocation density but is not a result of each single mechanism. In particular, the stress dependence of the dislocation density and the initial dislocation density are critical to the quantitative relation of the flow stress–strain rate at high strain rate and the strain rate threshold, under which the upturn of the flow stress occurs, respectively. Moreover, experiments with copper of different initial dislocation densities at moderate and high strain rate are performed. The strain rate threshold of the flow stress upturn observed in the experiments grows considerably as initial dislocation density increases, which is in accordance with theoretical prediction by our model.
与金属强度有关的最重要问题之一是流动应力的应变率敏感性。本研究从理论上推导出了流动应力与应变速率关系的分析模型。该模型可在较宽的应变速率范围内(高达 109 s-1)定量再现铜流动应力的应变速率敏感性。我们的理论推导表明,流动应力的应变速率敏感性,尤其是高于 103 s-1 的应变速率敏感性,是位错移动机制随应力变化和位错密度的特定应力依赖性共同作用的结果,而不是单一机制作用的结果。特别是,位错密度的应力依赖性和初始位错密度对高应变速率下流动应力-应变速率的定量关系和应变速率阈值至关重要,在应变速率阈值下流动应力会发生上行。此外,在中等应变速率和高应变速率下,对不同初始位错密度的铜进行了实验。实验中观察到的流动应力上升的应变速率阈值随着初始位错密度的增加而显著增大,这与我们模型的理论预测一致。
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引用次数: 0
Calibration of Jones–Wilkins–Lee equation of state for unreacted explosives with shock Hugoniot relationship and optimization algorithm 用冲击休格尼奥关系和优化算法校准未反应炸药的琼斯-威尔金斯-李状态方程
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1063/5.0230362
Hao Cui, Junan Wu, Yuxin Xu, Hao Zhou, Rui Guo
The unreacted equation of state (EOS) for an unreacted explosive can provide fundamental information to understand any analytical model for the shock and initiation process. Based on the Hugoniot expression in Jones–Wilkins–Lee (JWL) form derived from the Mie–Grüneisen EOS and conservation equation across the shock wave, a three-point calibrating method to determine the JWL EOS parameters for unreacted explosives was developed using intelligent algorithms and shock Hugoniot relationship of the explosives considered. The calibration method proposed utilizes the back propagation neural network to predict the nonlinear system composed of different JWL parameter sets; the genetic algorithm is then used to find the optimal solution of the JWL parameter set. Unreacted JWL EOS parameters of eight typical explosives were calibrated using the calibrating method developed, and an excellent agreement can be observed between JWL EOS and experimental p–v curves for all eight explosives selected, indicating the high accuracy of the three-point calibrating method. However, the effectiveness of the three-point calibrating method was experimentally validated with the experimental data measured from the shock tests of the dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bitetrazole-1,1′-dioxide (TKX-50)-based explosive, where the JWL p–v curve derived from the three-point calibrating method is in good agreement with the experimental curve.
未反应炸药的未反应状态方程(EOS)可为理解冲击和起爆过程的任何分析模型提供基本信息。根据从 Mie-Grüneisen EOS 和整个冲击波守恒方程导出的琼斯-威尔金斯-李(JWL)形式的休伊特表达式,利用智能算法和所考虑的爆炸物的冲击休伊特关系,开发了一种三点校准方法,以确定未反应爆炸物的 JWL EOS 参数。所提出的校准方法利用反向传播神经网络预测由不同 JWL 参数集组成的非线性系统,然后利用遗传算法找到 JWL 参数集的最优解。利用所开发的校准方法对八种典型炸药的未反应 JWL EOS 参数进行了校准,结果表明所选八种炸药的 JWL EOS 与实验 p-v 曲线之间具有极好的一致性,表明三点校准法具有很高的准确性。不过,三点校准法的有效性要通过实验验证,实验数据来自 5,5′-二羟基四唑-1,1′-二氧化物(TKX-50)基二羟基铵炸药的冲击试验,三点校准法得出的 JWL p-v 曲线与实验曲线吻合良好。
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引用次数: 0
Realizing n-type carbon nanotubes via halide perovskite nanowires Cs4MX5 inner filling 通过卤化物过氧化物纳米线 Cs4MX5 内部填充实现 n 型碳纳米管
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1063/5.0225284
Sisi Cao, Qiyao Yang, Juexian Cao, Wangping Xu
N-type carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based field-effect transistors (FETs) have huge potential applications in low-power consumption tunnel FETs. However, the low-work function metal electrodes can achieve n-type CNTs, but they are easily oxidized due to poor environmental stability. Therefore, based on first-principles calculations, we proposed halide perovskite nanowires Cs4MX5 (M = Pb, Sn; X = Cl, Br, I) inner filling to achieve n-type single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs). The results indicated that all the perovskite nanowires located at the center of the SWCNTs possess high stability. Moreover, the diameter of SWCNTs is a crucial factor affecting the inner filling of perovskite nanowires with an optimal diameter of about 1.4 nm. Furthermore, all the perovskite nanowires Cs4MX5 are excellent electron donors, and the largest charge transfer is up to 1.72 e/nm for Cs4SnI5. Their interaction mechanism reveals that the low work function and the large internal bandgap are two important factors for cubic-phase nanowires to realize the n-type CNTs. Our findings provide some candidate materials and a feasible way to achieve n-type CNTs for applying CNTs-based FETs.
基于 N 型碳纳米管(CNT)的场效应晶体管(FET)在低功耗隧道 FET 中具有巨大的应用潜力。然而,低功函数金属电极可以实现 N 型 CNT,但由于环境稳定性差,很容易被氧化。因此,我们在第一原理计算的基础上,提出了卤化物包晶纳米线 Cs4MX5(M = Pb、Sn;X = Cl、Br、I)内部填充来实现 n 型单壁 CNT(SWCNT)。结果表明,位于 SWCNT 中心的所有过氧化物纳米线都具有很高的稳定性。此外,SWCNTs 的直径是影响包晶纳米线内部填充的关键因素,其最佳直径约为 1.4 nm。此外,所有的包晶纳米线 Cs4MX5 都是出色的电子供体,其中 Cs4SnI5 的最大电荷转移量高达 1.72 e/nm。它们的相互作用机理揭示了低功函数和大内带隙是立方相纳米线实现 n 型 CNT 的两个重要因素。我们的发现为应用基于 CNTs 的 FET 提供了一些候选材料和实现 n 型 CNTs 的可行方法。
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引用次数: 0
Optimal demodulation domain for microwave SQUID multiplexers in presence of readout system noise 存在读出系统噪声时微波 SQUID 多路复用器的最佳解调域
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1063/5.0222656
M. E. García Redondo, N. A. Müller, J. M. Salum, L. P. Ferreyro, J. D. Bonilla-Neira, J. M. Geria, J. J. Bonaparte, T. Muscheid, R. Gartmann, A. Almela, M. R. Hampel, A. E. Fuster, L. E. Ardila-Perez, M. Wegner, M. Platino, O. Sander, S. Kempf, M. Weber
The Microwave SQUID Multiplexer (μMUX) is the device of choice for the readout of a large number of low-temperature detectors in a wide variety of experiments within the fields of astronomy and particle physics. While it offers large multiplexing factors, the system noise performance is highly dependent on the cold- and warm-readout electronic systems used to read it out, as well as the demodulation domain and parameters chosen. In order to understand the impact of the readout systems in the overall detection system noise performance, first, we extended the available μMUX simulation frameworks, including additive and multiplicative noise sources in the probing tones (i.e., phase and amplitude noise), along with the capability of demodulating the scientific data, either in the resonator’s phase or the scattering amplitude. Then, considering the additive noise as a dominant noise source, the optimum readout parameters to achieve minimum system noise were found for both open-loop and flux-ramp demodulation schemes in the aforementioned domains. Later, we evaluated the system noise sensitivity to multiplicative noise sources under the optimum readout parameters. Finally, as a case study, we evaluated the optimal demodulation domain and the expected system noise level for a typical software-defined radio readout system. This work leads to an improved system performance prediction and noise engineering based on the available readout electronics and the selected demodulation domain.
微波 SQUID 多路复用器(μMUX)是天文学和粒子物理学领域各种实验中大量低温探测器读出的首选设备。虽然它具有很大的复用系数,但系统噪声性能在很大程度上取决于用于读出它的冷读出和暖读出电子系统,以及所选择的解调域和参数。为了了解读出系统对整个探测系统噪声性能的影响,首先,我们扩展了现有的 μMUX 仿真框架,包括探测音调中的加性和乘性噪声源(即相位和振幅噪声),以及在谐振器相位或散射振幅中解调科学数据的能力。然后,考虑到加性噪声是主要噪声源,我们为上述领域的开环和通量斜坡解调方案找到了实现最小系统噪声的最佳读出参数。随后,我们评估了最佳读出参数下系统噪声对乘法噪声源的敏感性。最后,作为案例研究,我们评估了典型软件定义无线电读出系统的最佳解调域和预期系统噪声水平。这项工作基于可用的读出电子设备和选定的解调域,改进了系统性能预测和噪声工程。
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引用次数: 0
Laser absorption correction for hydroxyl planar laser induced fluorescence measurements in a centrally staged combustor at elevated pressures 高压下中央分段燃烧器中羟基平面激光诱导荧光测量的激光吸收校正
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1063/5.0228168
Kexin Ji, Xin Hui, Chao Tao, Xin Xue, Qiang An
Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is a crucial spectroscopic technique for measuring minor species [e.g., hydroxyl (OH), methylene (CH), and nitric oxide (NO) radicals] in combustion research, owing to its non-intrusive nature and high sensitivity. However, laser energy attenuation due to absorption poses significant challenges to its application under high-pressure conditions, which may cause asymmetric image intensity distribution along the light propagation direction. An absorption correction method for OH PLIF based on the concept of maximum number density is proposed in the present study. This method offers several key advantages, including simplicity, high accuracy, and versatility, allowing for correcting both time-averaged and instantaneous OH PLIF images. OH PLIF data obtained from a centrally staged combustor at elevated pressures (i.e., 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 MPa) are utilized to validate the method. Correction for the time-averaged PLIF images achieves a much more symmetric distribution of OH, revealing the overall flame structures that would not have been completely visualized from the original images. The fronts of the pilot and main stage flames have also been recovered from the corrected instantaneous images. This correction algorithm provides an effective way of enhancing data quality for high-cost OH PLIF measurements at pressurized conditions.
平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)具有非侵入性和高灵敏度的特点,是燃烧研究中测量次要物种(如羟基(OH)、亚甲基(CH)和一氧化氮(NO)自由基)的重要光谱技术。然而,吸收导致的激光能量衰减对其在高压条件下的应用提出了巨大挑战,可能导致沿光传播方向的图像强度分布不对称。本研究提出了一种基于最大数量密度概念的 OH PLIF 吸收校正方法。这种方法具有几个主要优点,包括简单、准确度高和通用性强,既可校正时间平均图像,也可校正瞬时 OH PLIF 图像。从中心分级燃烧器在高压(即 0.3、0.6 和 1.0 兆帕)下获得的 OH PLIF 数据被用来验证该方法。对时间平均 PLIF 图像进行校正后,OH 的分布更加对称,从而揭示了原始图像无法完全显示的整体火焰结构。经过校正的瞬时图像还恢复了先导阶段和主阶段火焰的前沿。这种校正算法为在加压条件下进行高成本 OH PLIF 测量提供了一种提高数据质量的有效方法。
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引用次数: 0
Focus control of a concave–convex ultrasonic gel lens in the radial direction 凹凸超声波凝胶透镜径向聚焦控制
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1063/5.0218754
K. Tagashira, Y. Harada, K. Nakamura, H. Miki, M. Matsukawa, D. Koyama
Optical image stabilization (OIS) systems maintain the three-dimensional focal position of a lens through mechanical actuation systems. This paper examines an optical lens for OIS that utilizes ultrasound vibration to alter the focal position, not only in the depth direction but also in the radial direction. The lens has a simple structure with no mechanical moving parts and consists of an ultrasound transducer divided into four pieces, a glass disk, and a transparent viscoelastic gel film that functions as a lens. The acoustic radiation force generated by the resonant flexural vibration of the glass disk can alter the surface profile of the gel film, allowing for a variable-focus function. The concave and convex lenses can be interchanged using two resonant vibration modes: the standing-wave mode, in which the vibration loop appears at the center, and the traveling-wave mode, in which the vibration node appears at the center. The positions of ultrasound vibrations on the lens can be controlled in a two-dimensional plane by adjusting the driving amplitudes of each channel, thereby achieving focus control in the radial direction. The focusing characteristics of the lens are evaluated through ray-tracing simulation.
光学图像稳定(OIS)系统通过机械致动系统保持透镜的三维焦点位置。本文研究了一种用于 OIS 的光学透镜,它利用超声波振动来改变焦距位置,不仅在深度方向上,而且在径向方向上也是如此。该透镜结构简单,没有机械运动部件,由分成四块的超声换能器、玻璃圆盘和充当透镜的透明粘弹性凝胶薄膜组成。玻璃盘的共振弯曲振动产生的声辐射力可以改变凝胶膜的表面轮廓,从而实现可变焦距功能。凹透镜和凸透镜可通过两种共振振动模式进行互换:立波模式和行波模式,前者的振动环出现在中心位置,后者的振动节点出现在中心位置。通过调整每个通道的驱动振幅,可在二维平面上控制透镜上超声波振动的位置,从而实现径向聚焦控制。通过光线跟踪模拟评估了透镜的聚焦特性。
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引用次数: 0
Continuum models for meso-scale simulations of HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane) guided by molecular dynamics: Pore collapse, shear bands, and hotspot temperature 分子动力学指导下的 HMX(1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane)中尺度模拟连续模型:孔隙塌陷、剪切带和热点温度
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1063/5.0232413
Yen Thi Nguyen, Chukwudubem Okafor, Puhan Zhao, Oishik Sen, Catalin R. Picu, Tommy Sewell, H. S. Udaykumar
Meso-scale calculations of energy localization and initiation in energetic material microstructures must capture the deformation and collapse of pores and high-temperature shear bands, which lead to hotspots. Because chemical reaction rates depend sensitively on temperature, predictive continuum models need to get the pore-collapse dynamics and resulting hotspot temperatures right; this imposes stringent demands on the fidelity of thermophysical model forms and parameters and on the numerical methods employed to perform high-resolution meso-scale calculations. Here, continuum material models for β-HMX are examined in the context of shock-induced pore collapse, treating predictions from all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations as ground truth. Using atomistics-consistent material properties, we show that the currently available strength models for HMX fail to correctly capture pore collapse and hotspot temperatures. Insights from MD are then employed to advance a Modified Johnson–Cook (M-JC) strength model, which is shown to capture key aspects of the physics of shock-induced localization in HMX. The study culminates in a MD-guided strength model for β-HMX that produces continuum pore-collapse results in better alignment on several aspects with those predicted by MD, including pore-collapse mechanism and rate, shear-band formation in the collapse zone, and temperature, strain, and stress fields in the hotspot zone and the surrounding material. The resulting MD-informed/MD-determined M-JC model should improve the fidelity of meso-scale simulations to predict the detonation initiation of HMX-based energetic materials in microstructure-aware multi-scale frameworks.
高能材料微结构中能量定位和引发的中尺度计算必须捕捉导致热点的孔隙和高温剪切带的变形和塌缩。由于化学反应速率敏感地取决于温度,因此预测性连续模型必须正确地反映孔隙塌缩动力学和由此产生的热点温度;这对热物理模型形式和参数的保真度以及用于执行高分辨率中尺度计算的数值方法提出了严格的要求。本文以冲击诱导孔隙塌陷为背景,将全原子分子动力学(MD)模拟的预测结果作为基本事实,对β-HMX 的连续材料模型进行了研究。利用原子论一致的材料特性,我们表明目前可用的 HMX 强度模型无法正确捕捉孔隙塌陷和热点温度。然后,我们利用 MD 的洞察力来推进修正约翰逊-库克(M-JC)强度模型,结果表明该模型能够捕捉到 HMX 中冲击诱导定位物理学的关键方面。这项研究最终为 β-HMX 建立了以 MD 为指导的强度模型,该模型产生的连续孔隙塌缩结果在多个方面与 MD 预测的结果更加一致,包括孔隙塌缩机制和速率、塌缩区剪切带的形成,以及热点区和周围材料的温度、应变和应力场。由此产生的 MD 信息/MD 确定的 M-JC 模型应能提高中尺度模拟的保真度,从而在微观结构感知的多尺度框架中预测基于 HMX 的高能材料的起爆。
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引用次数: 0
Optical actinometry for number density measurements in low-pressure plasmas: Advantages, error sources, and method validation 用于测量低压等离子体中数量密度的光学致动测量法:优势、误差源和方法验证
IF 3.2 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1063/5.0227576
Nikolay Britun, Michael K. T. Mo, Shih-Nan Hsiao, Fatima J. T. Arellano, Makoto Sekine, Masaru Hori
Number density of plasma-generated atoms or molecules is an important parameter for both fundamental research and applications. It can be measured in a straightforward manner, using vacuum-ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, which is mainly possible in laboratory conditions as it may require bulky equipment, such as lasers. By contrast, optical actinometry is an alternative approach that only uses spontaneous emission from the plasma. This technique relies on the so-called corona excitation and uses emission line ratios between the gases with unknown and known concentrations (called actinometer in the last case). As a result of using line ratios, the additional density calibration is not required if the excitation cross sections are known. This study discusses Ar-based actinometry in low-pressure (roughly <1 kPa) plasma discharges with an emphasis on multiple line ratios. The work is particularly focused on the method’s applicability, the choice of Ar cross sections, and potential error sources. The influence of the additional excitation mechanisms is analyzed based on both experiments and modeling. The optical transitions for F, O, H, N, and P atoms along with expressions for their number density are presented, not requiring high optical resolution for measurements. For the sake of method validation, it is shown that in low-pressure radiofrequency discharges, a nearly excellent agreement between the actinometry data and the calibrated measurements can be achieved by careful selection of optical transitions.
等离子体产生的原子或分子的数量密度是基础研究和应用的重要参数。它可以用真空紫外吸收光谱法进行直接测量,但由于可能需要激光等笨重的设备,这种方法主要只能在实验室条件下使用。相比之下,光学锕系元素测量法是一种只利用等离子体自发辐射的替代方法。这种技术依赖于所谓的电晕激发,并使用未知浓度气体和已知浓度气体之间的发射线比率(在最后一种情况下称为放线仪)。由于使用了线比,如果已知激发截面,就不需要额外的密度校准。本研究讨论了低压(大约 1 kPa)等离子体放电中基于氩的放电测量法,重点是多线比。这项工作尤其关注该方法的适用性、氩截面的选择以及潜在的误差源。根据实验和建模分析了附加激发机制的影响。在不要求高光学分辨率测量的情况下,介绍了 F、O、H、N 和 P 原子的光学跃迁及其数量密度表达式。为了验证方法,研究表明在低压射频放电中,通过仔细选择光学跃迁,可以实现放电测量数据与校准测量数据之间近乎完美的一致性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Applied Physics
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