Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants最新文献_第5页

Agronomic practices and challenges in cultivating Agathosma betulina (P.J.Bergius) Pillans: A review 栽培白桦木条的农艺实践与挑战综述

IF 3.6 2区农林科学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100661

Hildegard Witbooi, Sabeliwe Langa

Agathosma betulina (P.J.Bergius) Pillans, commonly known as buchu, is a medicinally and commercially important shrub endemic to South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region. Although valued for its essential oils rich in diosphenol and sulfur compounds, cultivation remains limited by agronomic challenges, sustaining reliance on unsustainable wild harvesting. This review synthesizes current research on buchu’s ecological adaptations, propagation issues, and cultivation constraints, drawing from scientific databases and ecologically similar fynbos species. Buchu thrives in acidic (pH 4.0–6.5), nutrient-poor soils. However, domestication is limited by low seed germination, poor transplant survival (<10 %), and inconsistent essential oil profiles in cultivated plants. These challenges intensify outside its native range, where poor establishment and susceptibility to root pathogens like Phytophthora spp. severely limit ex situ cultivation. Conventional propagation (seeds, cuttings) is unreliable, while micropropagation, though promising, requires optimization to preserve bioactive compound integrity. Postharvest knowledge gaps persist, especially in harvesting timing (to reduce toxic pulegone), drying, and storage. Emerging solutions include seed priming, microbial inoculants (e.g., Cryptococcus laurentii), and precision agriculture techniques. Bridging traditional practices with innovative technologies may address propagation and yield challenges. However, urgent advances in propagation and soil management are vital for sustainable commercialization and conservation of this culturally and ecologically significant species.

白桦针叶灌木（Agathosma betulina, p.j.b bergius） Pillans，俗称buchu，是南非开普区特有的一种具有重要药用和商业价值的灌木。尽管其精油因富含二酚和硫化合物而受到重视，但种植仍然受到农艺挑战的限制，继续依赖于不可持续的野生收获。本文从科学数据库和生态上相似的水杨种的资料，综述了水杨的生态适应性、繁殖问题和栽培限制等方面的研究现状。Buchu在酸性（pH值4.0-6.5）、营养贫乏的土壤中茁壮成长。然而，驯化受到种子发芽率低、移植成活率差（<10 %）和栽培植物中精油分布不一致的限制。这些挑战在其原生范围之外加剧，在那里建立不良和对疫霉等根病原体的易感性严重限制了迁地栽培。传统的繁殖（种子、插枝）是不可靠的，而微繁殖虽然有希望，但需要优化以保持生物活性化合物的完整性。采收后的知识差距仍然存在，特别是在采收时间（以减少有毒的pulegoone），干燥和储存。新兴的解决方案包括种子启动、微生物接种剂（例如，劳伦隐球菌）和精准农业技术。将传统做法与创新技术相结合，可以解决繁殖和产量方面的挑战。然而，迫切需要在繁殖和土壤管理方面取得进展，这对这种具有重要文化和生态意义的物种的可持续商业化和保护至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of extraction techniques on antioxidant properties and phenolic composition of extracts from different Satureja montana chemotypes cultivated in Serbia 提取工艺对塞尔维亚不同化学型蒙大拿提取物抗氧化性能和酚类成分的影响

IF 3.6 2区农林科学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100656

Natalija Čutović , Petar Batinić , Ana Žugić , Vanja Tadić , Tatjana Marković , Aleksandra A. Jovanović

Satureja montana (SM), an aromatic species of the Lamiaceae family, exhibits notable chemical polymorphism in its essential oil (EO) composition, primarily characterized by two dominant chemotypes: the carvacrol chemotype (carvacrol 50–70 %), predominant in Mediterranean regions, and the thymol chemotype (thymol 30–60 %), common in the Balkan Peninsula. A mixed carvacrol–thymol chemotype (both compounds 20–40 %) is frequently found in transitional zones between these areas. The chemotype-specific composition influences biological activity and sensory properties, guiding the selection of plant material for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food applications. However, it remains unclear whether such chemotypic variation extends to plant extracts, particularly those obtained using different extraction techniques. This study investigated how three extraction methods—maceration (M), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)—affected the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and yield of bioactive compounds in SM extracts derived from these chemotypes cultivated in South Banat, Serbia. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified key phenolic compounds, including thymol, carvacrol, rosmarinic acid, rutin, and caffeic acid. MAE extracts exhibited the highest total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), with SM (T) extracted by MAE consistently showing the greatest concentrations of rosmarinic acid and rutin, along with superior antioxidant activity measured by ion exchange-based antioxidant assays (FRAP and CUPRAC). UAE was particularly efficient in extracting thymol and carvacrol, especially in the SM (T) chemotype, leading to higher activity in radical scavenging antioxidant assays (ABTS and DPPH). These results underscore the significant impact of both chemotype and extraction technique on the bioactive profile of SM extracts. Optimizing extraction based on chemotype is thus crucial for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and industrial value of S. montana.

Satureja montana （SM）是Lamiaceae家族的一种芳香植物，其精油（EO）成分具有显著的化学多态性，主要具有两种优势化学型：地中海地区主要的carvacrol化学型（carvacrol 50-70 %）和巴尔干半岛常见的百里香酚化学型（thymol 30-60 %）。混合的香芹酚-百里香酚化学型（两种化合物20-40 %）经常在这些区域之间的过渡区发现。化学型特异性组成影响生物活性和感官特性，指导制药，化妆品和食品应用的植物材料的选择。然而，尚不清楚这种化学型变异是否延伸到植物提取物，特别是那些使用不同提取技术获得的植物提取物。本研究考察了浸渍法(M)、超声辅助提取法（UAE）和微波辅助提取法（MAE）三种提取方法对塞尔维亚南巴纳特种植的这些化学型SM提取物的化学成分、抗氧化活性和生物活性化合物产量的影响。高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析鉴定出主要酚类化合物，包括百里香酚、香芹酚、迷迭香酸、芦丁和咖啡酸。MAE提取物的总多酚（TPC）和总黄酮（TFC）含量最高，其中提取的SM (T)中迷迭香酸和芦丁的含量最高，并通过离子交换抗氧化试验（FRAP和CUPRAC）测定其抗氧化活性。阿联酋在提取百里香酚和香芹酚方面特别有效，特别是在SM (T)化学型中，导致自由基清除抗氧化试验（ABTS和DPPH）具有更高的活性。这些结果强调了化学型和提取技术对SM提取物生物活性的显著影响。因此，基于化学型优化提取对提高蒙大拿的疗效和工业价值至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from Vitex negundo leaves using response surface methodology 响应面法优化黄荆叶中抗氧化成分的微波辅助提取工艺

IF 3.6 2区农林科学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100659

Anindita Kundu , Niladri Sett

Polyphenolic substances obtained from the leaves of Vitex negundo have gained attention for its therapeutic benefits. To obtain the maximized antioxidant-rich polyphenolic substances from the Vitex negundo leaves via microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to evaluate the influence of several variables of MAE on the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) as determined by Folin–Ciocalteu assay method and Aluminum Chloride assay method, and the antioxidant capacity as measured by DPPH and ABTS assay methods, respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for finding optimal extraction conditions. GC-MS analysis was conducted on the extract. The tocopherol content and anticancer potential were estimated using HPLC and MTT assay respectively. The ideal extraction parameters were found to be 14 min, 48 °C, 65 % (v/v) methanol concentration, and 14 ml of extraction solvent. The optimum experimental conditions produced the TPC and TFC values of 1.46 mg GAE/g of dried extract and 1.06 mg QE/g of dried extract respectively. Furthermore, the DPPH and ABTS assays results showed the optimum values of 53 % and 77 % respectively. 12 bioactive compounds were identified using GC-MS. The amount of tocopherol was found to be 414.87 µg/g. Lastly, the obtained leaf extract demonstrated its anticancer potential on PC3 cell lines. The findings demonstrated leaf extract's potential as a useful source of polyphenols with strong antioxidant qualities that can be used in a variety of pharmaceutical applications.

从牡荆叶中提取的多酚类物质因其治疗作用而受到关注。为了通过微波辅助提取（MAE）从荆荆叶中获得最大限度的富含抗氧化剂的多酚类物质，采用Box-Behnken设计（BBD）研究了微波辅助提取（MAE）对荆荆叶总酚含量（TPC）和总黄酮含量（TFC）（采用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定）以及DPPH法和ABTS法测定荆荆叶抗氧化能力的影响。采用响应面法（RSM）确定最佳提取条件。对提取物进行GC-MS分析。采用高效液相色谱法和MTT法分别测定其生育酚含量和抗癌潜力。结果表明，最佳提取条件为：14 min， 48℃，65 % （v/v）甲醇浓度，14 ml提取溶剂。最佳实验条件下得到的TPC值为1.46 mg GAE/g， TFC值为1.06 mg QE/g。DPPH和ABTS的最优值分别为53 %和77 %。采用气相色谱-质谱法鉴定了12种生物活性化合物。生育酚含量为414.87 µg/g。最后，获得的叶提取物对PC3细胞株显示出抗癌作用。这些发现证明了叶子提取物作为一种具有强抗氧化特性的多酚的有用来源的潜力，可以用于各种药物应用。

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引用次数: 0

Size-dependent diversity and accumulation of isoquinoline alkaloids in Corydalis yanhusuo tubers 延胡索块茎中异喹啉类生物碱的大小依赖性多样性和积累

IF 3.6 2区农林科学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100660

Feng Jin , Honghong Jiao , Zhongxin Song , Mengyuan Zhang , Bo Li , Zhongyi Hua , Tianrui Liu , Pengjie Han , Zhishu Tang

Corydalis yanhusuo is a traditional analgesic herb, with alkaloids as its primary active compounds and quality markers. The quality of C. yanhusuo available in the market varies considerably and is often classified by tuber size. However, whether quality differs among tubers of different sizes, and the molecular mechanisms underlying such differences, remains unclear. Hence, we aimed to investigate the relationship between tuber size and alkaloid accumulation in C. yanhusuo using integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Targeted metabolomics and transcriptomic analyses were conducted on C. yanhusuo tubers of three different sizes. Differential alkaloid profiles and gene expression patterns were correlated, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment was used to assess transcription factor responses. The total alkaloid content in small tubers was higher than that in large tubers. Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed 481 alkaloids, predominantly isoquinoline alkaloids (41.58 %), most of which were more abundant in small tubers than in large ones. Combined with transcriptome data, our findings suggested that alkaloid accumulation in differently sized tubers might be related to environmental adaptation and trade-offs between tuber growth and development. Core transcription factors, including NAC, C3H, and GRAS, which are responsive to 50 μM ABA, may regulate the growth and development of C. yanhusuo. This regulation may contribute to differences in alkaloid content and morphology among tubers of varying sizes. Our study provides a reference for improved utilization of C. yanhusuo and offers scientific insights for future molecular breeding.

延胡索是一种传统的镇痛中药，生物碱是其主要活性成分和质量标志。市场上可买到的延胡索质量参差不齐，通常按块茎大小分类。然而，不同大小的块茎质量是否不同，以及这种差异背后的分子机制尚不清楚。因此，我们旨在利用综合代谢组学和转录组学分析来研究延胡索块茎大小与生物碱积累的关系。对3种不同大小的延胡索块茎进行了代谢组学和转录组学分析。差异生物碱谱与基因表达模式相关，并使用脱落酸（ABA）处理来评估转录因子的反应。小块茎的总生物碱含量高于大块茎。靶代谢组学分析共发现481种生物碱，主要为异喹烷类生物碱（41.58 %），多数在小块茎中含量高于大块茎。结合转录组数据，我们的研究结果表明，不同大小的块茎中生物碱的积累可能与环境适应和块茎生长发育之间的权衡有关。NAC、C3H、GRAS等核心转录因子对50 μM ABA有响应，可能调控了C. yanhusuo的生长发育。这种调节可能导致不同大小块茎中生物碱含量和形态的差异。本研究为提高盐狐索的利用水平提供了参考，并为今后的分子育种提供了科学的见解。

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引用次数: 0

An effective optimization strategy for extracting functional ingredients from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua based on quality by design principles 基于质量设计原则的黄精功能成分提取优化策略

IF 3.6 2区农林科学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100655

Sijie Zhang , Mingyang Qiu , Jiang Wan , Zheng Qian , Yingpeng Tong , Jin-Feng Hu

This study aimed to develop and validate a novel and robust strategy for the simultaneous extraction of the functional ingredients, including phenolic components, polysaccharides, saponins, and amino acids, from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua using ultrasound-assisted extraction based on quality by design principles. Critical process parameters determined using Ishikawa diagram and systematic risk analyses were investigated through a Box-Behnken design. A Monte-Carlo simulation was subsequently utilized to establish a design space. After verification experiments, chemometric analysis was eventually applied to evaluate the quality consistency of samples from different geographical regions. Models investigating the relationships between process parameters and indicators were successfully established, achieving R² > 0.89. Furthermore, a hypercube design space for process control was successfully established based on constraints of the desired quality attributes. Verification experiments confirmed the accuracy and reliability of both the models and the design space. The validated method effectively extracted active ingredients from P. cyrtonema samples sourced from different geographical regions, allowing their differentiation. This study supports the application of the proposed quality-by-design-optimized extraction method for efficiently recovering active constituents from P. cyrtonema, thus facilitating quality control and providing valuable insights into the sustainable utilization of this traditional Chinese medicine.

本研究旨在建立和验证一种基于质量设计原则的超声辅助提取黄精中酚类成分、多糖、皂苷和氨基酸等功能成分的方法。采用石川图确定关键工艺参数，并通过Box-Behnken设计进行系统风险分析。随后利用蒙特卡罗模拟来建立设计空间。经过验证实验，最终应用化学计量学分析对不同地理区域样品的质量一致性进行评价。成功建立了工艺参数与指标关系的模型，得到R2 >； 0.89。在此基础上，成功地建立了基于期望质量属性约束的过程控制超立方体设计空间。验证实验验证了模型和设计空间的准确性和可靠性。经过验证的方法有效地从不同地理区域的胞质假单胞菌样品中提取有效成分，使其具有差异性。本研究支持所提出的质量设计优化提取方法的应用，该方法可以有效地回收胞丝藤中有效成分，从而便于质量控制，并为该中药的可持续利用提供有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative predictive power of single-year vs. multi-year BLUPs and YREMs for herbage and essential oil yield in lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf) 单年与多年blops和YREMs对香茅（Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf）牧草和精油产量的预测能力比较

IF 3.6 2区农林科学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100658

K.V. Ashwini, S. Gazala Parveen, Channayya Hiremath

Cultivar recommendation for commercial scale cultivation involves evaluating several advanced breeding lines across multiple locations and years to identify the most promising and stable line(s). Theoretically, it is suggested that cultivars’ single-location multiple-year performance data has higher predictive power of their future performance than single year data. In the present study, we attempted to examine this hypothesis in 13 lemongrass clones evaluated across four years (2018–2021) at CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bengaluru, India for herbage and essential oil yield using the statistical predictors viz., best linear unbiased predictors (BLUP) and yield relative to environment maximum (YREM). Besides, we also identified stable and high herbage and essential oil yielding lemongrass clones using AMMI based stability parameters, mean BLUP and YREMs. The predictive power of single-year vs multi-year data was assessed by comparing the correlation co-efficients of the lemongrass clones’ current year’s performance with preceding 1-, 2- and 3- years’ performance. The results of our study indicated that the multi-year and single-year performance data were adequate to predict the lemongrass’ herbage and essential oil yield, respectively for future years’ performance and to identify superior clones. The clone B3 3–1 exhibited superior herbage and essential oil yield based on mean BLUP and YREM as measures of clones’ performance, besides exhibiting excellent stability as indicated by AMMI-based stability estimates. Further, evaluation of the clone 5 (B2 6–4) for stable herbage and essential oil yield performance across multi-locations shall aid in identifying a cultivar suitable for commercial cultivation.

商业规模栽培的品种推荐包括在多个地点和年份评估几个先进的育种品系，以确定最有前途和最稳定的品系。从理论上讲，品种单地点多年产量数据对其未来产量的预测能力高于单年份数据。在本研究中，我们试图在印度班加罗尔csir -中央药用和芳香植物研究中心（CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre）对13个柠檬草无性系进行四年（2018-2021）评估，利用统计预测因子，即最佳线性无偏预测因子（BLUP）和相对于环境最大值（YREM）的产量，来检验这一假设。此外，我们还利用基于AMMI的稳定性参数、平均BLUP和YREMs，鉴定出稳定高产的柠檬草无性系。通过比较柠檬草无性系当年表现与前1年、2年和3年表现的相关系数，对单年和多年数据的预测能力进行了评估。本研究结果表明，多年和单年的产量数据足以预测香茅的牧草产量和精油产量，分别用于预测未来年份的产量和鉴定优质无性系。基于平均BLUP和YREM的无性系B3 - 1表现出优异的牧草和精油产量，此外，基于ammi的稳定性估计表明，无性系B3 - 1表现出优异的稳定性。此外，对5号无性系（B2 6-4）在多个地点的稳定牧草和精油产量性能进行评估，将有助于确定适合商业种植的品种。

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引用次数: 0

Assessment of the medicinal and aromatic plants value chain in Albania: Challenges and development potentials 阿尔巴尼亚药用和芳香植物价值链评估：挑战和发展潜力

IF 3.6 2区农林科学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100653

Alban Ibraliu , Drini Imami , Xavier Simonnet , Christoph Carlen , Andrea Pieroni , Andrea Primavera , Zamir Libohova , Sokrat Sinaj

Albania's rich biodiversity and diverse climatic conditions make it an ideal country for the collection and cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). With over 400 indigenous MAP species, this sector plays a significant role in the country's economy, generating more than 50 million Euros annually and accounting for about 25 % of total agricultural exports. Moreover, the sector provides employment and income for thousands of rural households. This study examines the MAPs sector trends and patterns in Albania, highlighting strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities. Despite the global rise in demand for MAP products, driven by technological advancements and changing consumer attitudes, the Albanian MAPs sector faces challenges related to standards, processing capabilities and market access. Through a combination of qualitative interviews with key stakeholders and analysis, this study offers a comprehensive overview of the sector's current development, identifies critical issues, and provides recommendations for economic and political actors aimed at strengthening the value chain and market competitiveness of Albanian MAPs.

阿尔巴尼亚丰富的生物多样性和多样的气候条件使其成为采集和种植药用和芳香植物（MAPs）的理想国家。该部门拥有400多种本地MAP物种，在该国经济中发挥着重要作用，每年产生超过5000万欧元的收入，约占农业出口总额的25% %。此外，该部门为成千上万的农村家庭提供就业和收入。本研究考察了阿尔巴尼亚地图行业的趋势和模式，突出了优势、劣势、威胁和机遇。尽管在技术进步和消费者态度变化的推动下，全球对MAP产品的需求有所上升，但阿尔巴尼亚MAP部门面临着与标准、加工能力和市场准入相关的挑战。通过对主要利益相关者的定性访谈和分析相结合，本研究提供了该行业当前发展的全面概述，确定了关键问题，并为旨在加强阿尔巴尼亚MAPs价值链和市场竞争力的经济和政治参与者提供了建议。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of agronomic and processing factors on bioactive compounds of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.- Hil): A systematic review 农艺及加工因素对巴拉圭茶活性成分的影响

IF 3.6 2区农林科学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Pub Date : 2025-08-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100652

Jéssica de Cássia Tomasi , Renata de A. Maggioni , Mônica Moreno Gabira , Natália Saudade de Aguiar , Manoela Mendes Duarte , Leandro Marcolino Vieira , Cristiane Vieira Helm , Ivar Wendling

The acquisition of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) premium raw material with particular phytochemical profiles is made possible by understanding the variables influencing its chemical composition. Using PRISMA methodology, we made a systematic review choosing papers from indexed journals that connected yerba mate leaves phytochemical properties to cultivation management and processing variables. We discovered that there are still few studies with this focus, the results present discrepancies and the amount of new research on the subject is increasing. Factors related to planting, management, harvesting, and processing can affect the amount of bioactive compounds found in yerba mate leaves and are key to obtain high-quality raw materials. In order to provide more accurate answers, we emphasize the necessity of conducting new research, identifying factors, particularly genetic ones, standardizing sample collection, and developing analytical techniques. We hope that this review will assist in obtaining research insights and bring the possibility to obtain high-quality chemical-grade yerba mate products that are sufficiently tailored to each consumer market.

通过了解影响其化学成分的变量，可以获得具有特定植物化学特征的优质马黛茶（巴拉圭冬青）原料。使用PRISMA方法，我们从索引期刊中选择将马黛茶叶片的植物化学特性与栽培管理和加工变量联系起来的论文进行了系统综述。我们发现，这方面的研究仍然很少，结果存在差异，关于这一主题的新研究数量正在增加。与种植、管理、收获和加工相关的因素会影响马黛茶叶中生物活性化合物的含量，这是获得高质量原料的关键。为了提供更准确的答案，我们强调进行新的研究，确定因素，特别是遗传因素，标准化样本收集和发展分析技术的必要性。我们希望这篇综述将有助于获得研究见解，并使获得高质量的化学级马黛茶产品成为可能，这些产品充分适合每个消费市场。

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引用次数: 0

Temperature-dependent variations in saffron (Crocus sativus L.) quality: A GIS-based suitability analysis of apocarotenoid concentrations 藏红花（Crocus sativus L.）品质的温度依赖性变化：基于gis的类麻瓜素浓度适宜性分析

IF 3.6 2区农林科学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Pub Date : 2025-08-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100654

Mohammad Shahin Daneshmandi , Behnam Kamkar , Hassan Rezadoost

The quality of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) stigma is determined through its apocarotenoid content, especially crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal (C-P-S), which affect its dye, flavour and fragrance, respectively. This study provides a GIS-based technique to assess land suitability for saffron cultivation, emphasizing the crucial role of summer temperature in optimizing C-P-S concentrations. Data were collected from 23 saffron fields, where C-P-S content was quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Long-term temperature data were extracted from TerraClimate database using Google Earth Engine and analyzed in a GIS environment to identify optimal summer temperature ranges. Optimal temperature ranges were established based on conditions observed in the best-performing fields, with deviations classified as suboptimal. These temperature thresholds were used to define climatic and quality zones, resulting in the identification of 34 climatic zones and 71 stigma quality zones across the studied provinces. Results indicate that only 5 % of the total arable land falls within the highest-quality zone, with the most suitable regions located in Razavi Khorasan Province. A strong negative correlation was observed between increasing summer temperatures and declining crocin and picrocrocin levels, demonstrating a temperature-sensitive response. These findings provide a perspective for agricultural decision-makers and support the development of climate-adaptive strategies for saffron cultivation.

藏红花（Crocus sativus L.）柱头的质量是通过其类伪胡萝卜素含量来决定的，尤其是藏红花素、微藏红花素和番红花醛（C-P-S），它们分别影响其染色、风味和香味。本研究提供了一种基于gis的藏红花种植土地适宜性评估技术，强调夏季温度在优化C-P-S浓度中的关键作用。采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对23块藏红花地的C-P-S含量进行定量分析。利用谷歌Earth Engine从terrclimate数据库中提取长期温度数据，并在GIS环境下进行分析，以确定夏季最佳温度范围。最佳温度范围是根据在最佳油田中观察到的条件确定的，偏差被归类为次优。利用这些温度阈值来定义气候区和质量区，最终确定了34个气候带和71个柱头质量区。结果表明，最高质量区域仅占总耕地面积的5 %，最适宜的区域位于呼罗珊省的拉扎维。在夏季温度升高与藏红花素和微苦藏红花素水平下降之间观察到强烈的负相关，表明温度敏感反应。这些发现为农业决策者提供了一个视角，并支持藏红花种植气候适应策略的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Litheness of reproductive traits drives perplexing sexual polymorphism and adaptive strategies in Thymus linearis Benth. across diverse habitats 生殖性状的轻盈性驱动着令人困惑的性多态性和适应策略。跨越不同的栖息地

IF 3.6 2区农林科学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES

Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Pub Date : 2025-08-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100651

Aabid M. Rather , Bilal A. Wani , Irshad A. Nawchoo , Manoj K. Dhar

Plasticity in floral traits is often associated with sexual polymorphism that reflects adaptations of plant species to different ecological conditions. Here, we studied the adaptive significance of sexual polymorphism on the reproductive ecology and reproductive success of Thymus linearis −a gynodiocious and duo-dichogamous plant species from the Kashmir Himalayas. All eight studied sites exhibited the coexistence of both female and hermaphrodite flowers with significantly different reproductive attributes. Female flowers were relatively smaller (0.27 ± 0.01 mm in diameter) compared to hermaphrodite flowers (0.32 ± 0.02 mm). In sexual accomplishment of T. linearis, we identified intervention of four floral morphs (A, B, C, and D) with unique form and functionality. These floral morphs varied in the number of pollens per flower, pollen viability, pollen variation, pollen load index, and stigma receptivity. The maximum pollen number was recorded in morph A (3373.3 ± 21.95) and the minimum in morph C (95.12 ± 0.01). The maximum pollen viability was recorded in morph D (87.66 ± 0.61 %), and the minimum in morph B and C (0 %). The maximum pollen variation was observed in morph D (60.53 ± 1.35) and the minimum in morph A (4.53 ± 0.165). The pollen load index was maximum in morph B (0.75) and minimum in morph A (0.25). The maximum duration of stigma receptivity was recorded in morph B (7–8 days) and the minimum in morphs A and D (2 days). The aforementioned species exhibited mixed mating favouring xenogamy over autogamy. The seed set recorded in xenogamy was 78.23 ± 1.34 and 54.57 ± 0.17 % for both female and hermaphrodite flowers, while in autogamy, the seed set recorded was 0 and 44.57 ± 0.17 % for both the female and hermaphrodite flowers. The species is mainly pollinated by honey bees and bumble bees. The research findings on the reproductive biology and sexual polymorphism of T. linearis will provide valuable insights for the development of effective conservation and breeding strategies.

花性状的可塑性通常与性多态性有关，反映了植物物种对不同生态条件的适应。本文研究了性多态性对克什米尔地区一种双雌双花植物——胸腺草（thyymus linearis）的生殖生态和繁殖成功的适应意义。所有8个研究地点均显示雌花和雌雄同体花共存，但生殖特性差异显著。雌花的直径为0.27 ± 0.01 mm，而雌雄同体的直径为0.32 ± 0.02 mm。我们发现了四种具有独特形态和功能的花型（A、B、C和D）的干预。这些花型在每朵花的花粉数量、花粉活力、花粉变异、花粉负荷指数和柱头接受性等方面都有差异。花粉数量以形态A最多（3373.3 ± 21.95），形态C最少（95.12 ± 0.01）。花粉活力最高的是形态D(87.66 ± 0.61 %)，最小的是形态B和C（0 %）。花粉变异最大的是形态D(60.53 ± 1.35)，最小的是形态A（4.53 ± 0.165）。花粉负荷指数以形态B最高（0.75），形态A最低（0.25）。柱头接受期最长的是B型（7 ~ 8 D），最短的是A型和D型（2 D）。上述物种表现出混合交配倾向于异种通婚而不是自婚。雌花和雌雄同体花的结实率分别为78.23 ± 1.34和54.57 ± 0.17 %，而雌雄同体花的结实率分别为0和44.57 ± 0.17 %。该物种主要由蜜蜂和大黄蜂授粉。研究结果将为制定有效的保护和育种策略提供有价值的见解。

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