Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants最新文献

Using green solvents to extract bioactive ingredients from medicinal herbs is a new trend for sustainable development procedures. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the ability to extract rutin from Sophora japonica L. using deep eutectic solvents (DESs), recover the target compound from extract, and reuse the solvent. Additionally, the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of the DESs extracts were also assessed. DESs of choline chloride and ethylene glycol (ChCl-Eth) showed the highest extraction efficiency of rutin from Sophora japonica L. The main factors affecting extraction yields were optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimized conditions, the extraction yields using DESs and methanol as solvents were 26.20 % and 19.49 %, respectively. Water (as an antisolvent) was used to recover rutin from the DESs extract with a recovery yield of 94.9 %. The DESs solvent was recovered and recycled at least three times without loss of extraction yields. The DESs of ChCl-Eth had no significant effect on the antioxidant activity of rutin and the recovered rutin has exhibited more antioxidant activity than methanol extract. The selected greens solvents and their extracts did not show cytotoxic activity against the human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK-293A). The results serve as a basis for the development of other studies, as a premise to deploy a safe and environmentally friendly process of extracting natural active ingredients on an industrial scale.

The aim of this study was to 1/ evaluate basic germination characteristics of Boswellia sacra seeds in two years of maturation (2018 and 2020), which differed in weather conditions before flowering and fruiting, 2/ find out the reason why the majority of the seeds do not germinate, and 3/ to determine whether seed sorting by floating effectively removes empty seeds. Two seed sets collected in 2018 and 2020 were germinated in trials to evaluate basic germination characteristics for unsorted seeds and seeds after 7- and 24-hours of soaking in water. The higher germination rate of seeds was reached for the set collected in 2018 compared to the one from 2020; sedimented up to 7 h of soaking in water seed set had the highest germination rate; seeds germinated quickly; most seeds germinated up to 4 days from the beginning of the germination test. To support the best result of germination rate of any set of seeds, we recommend seed soaking in water for about 7 h to sort out empty seeds which proportion could be relatively high.

In this study, a response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction conditions for total flavonoids (TF) from Portulaca oleracea. The screening of significant factors was conducted using the Plackett-Burman design, followed by further optimization using the Box–Behnken design. The optimized extraction conditions yielded a TF content of 21.64 ± 0.35 mg rutin equivalents/g. The phenomenological model indicated that the use of ultrasound assistance improved the extraction efficiency by accelerating the dissolution process of TF. The flavonoid extracts from P. oleracea exhibited activity against Cutibacterium acnes, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.39 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 0.78 mg/mL. Moreover, these extracts demonstrated DPPH free radical scavenging activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 0.019 mg/mL. Notably, the extracts obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction exhibited higher total flavonoid content, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant activity compared to those obtained through conventional solvent extraction. The analysis of the P. oleracea flavonoid extract identified rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, apigenin, and luteolin as the main flavonoid components. These findings highlight the validity of ultrasound-assisted extraction as a reliable method for obtaining flavonoids from P. oleracea and underscore the potential of P. oleracea for application in the cosmetic industry.

Indian squill (Drimia indica) belonging to the family Asparagaceae is a highly medicinal herb with several therapeutic properties. Detailed karyotype analysis and 2C DNA contents were reported in twelve ecotypes of D. indica from different geographical locations in the state of Odisha, India. The diploid somatic chromosome 2n = 20 was recorded in four ecotypes ODi-16 (Kendrapada), ODi-23 (Tikarpada), ODi-24 (Daspalla), and ODi-26 (Odagaon) while tetraploid having 2n = 40 was newly reported in one ecotype from Nuagaon (Eco-ODi-06). Aneuploid chromosome number 2n = 26 was obtained in ecotypes from Similipal and Satkosia besides 2n = 32 was newly reported in ecotypes from Bitarkanika and Narasinghpur. The ecotypes ODi-22 (Nayagarh) and ODi-11 (Nilagiri) were found to be with 2n = 16 and 2n = 22 respectively. The 2C DNA content analysis showed a 2.19-fold increase which is confirmed by an increase in the number and chromosome length of ecotypes. The 2C DNA values were found highest at 36.26 p.g. (2n = 40) in Eco-ODi-06 (Nuagaon) and lowest 16.54 p.g. (2n = 16) in Eco-ODi-22 of Nayagarh that corresponds with ploidy and genome size. The asymmetry in the karyotypes showed non-significant clusters among the ecotypes except ecotypes ODi-26 (Odagaon) and ODi-2a (Bhitarkanika) which are most asymmetric having advanced karyotypic features as compared to the ecotypes ODi-01, ODi-08 and ODi-22 having symmetric karyotypes. The chromosome characteristics along with genome size analysis of D. indica can be very useful in establishing genome-specific cytotypes which can be used for breeding programs for crop improvement. Furthermore, enhancement of therapeutic phytoconstituents and cyto-taxonomic identification from adulterants and confirmation of allopolyploidy or autopolyploidy through genomic in situ hybridization could unravel the potential of this plant in relation to secondary metabolite production.

Salep is a highly valued natural food and medicinal commodity with strict regulations on its use and export. It is produced from tubers of orchids and consumed for its delectable and functional qualities in different parts of the world. This study aimed to identify and compare the elemental composition and isotope ratios of salep based on discrimination of geographical origins. The samples were collected from five different regions (North, Southwest, South, Southeast and East Anatolia) of Turkey. The 21 microelements (Li, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Sb, Cs, Ba, Tl and Bi) were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), while the isotope ratios (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, δ¹⁸O and δ²H) were determined using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). According to the ICP-MS results, Fe, Zn and Mn comprised around 77% of the elemental composition. North Anatolia samples had higher concentrations of Cr and Ni, while samples from Southeast and East Anatolia regions were enriched in Cs. Isotopic ratios varied significantly between samples and minimum and maximum ratios were determined as − 29.76 and − 26.63‰, 0 and 6.66‰, 28.09 and 37.31‰, − 144.86 and − 84.20‰ for the δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, δ¹⁸O and δ²H, respectively. Collected isotopic data was also evaluated by multivariate statistical analyses to discriminate according to their geographical origins of salep tubers. According to the findings, the samples had a characteristic isotopic fingerprint and the isotope ratios can be important predictors for the discrimination of geographical origins. Results indicate the significant compositional variation between salep of different origins, which may be attributable to differences in environmental conditions such as climate and soil composition and intrinsic factors such as fungal associations of orchids.

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. has been confused with Hydrocotyle umbellata L. in Thailand. The plants grow in the same habitat and look alike, making H. umbellata a potential adulterant species for C. asiatica. This study aimed to (i) establish reference markers of authentic C. asiatica and H. umbellata using DNA barcoding, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and microscopic methods and (ii) determine whether H. umbellata adulterants are present in C. asiatica products in Thailand. Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL), maturase K (matK), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast intergenic spacer (trnH-psbA) were identified as core DNA barcode regions that can be used to differentiate C. asiatica and H. umbellata. The trnH-psbA region showed the highest nucleotide variation between C. asiatica and H. umbellata and had distinct amplicon sizes of approximately 506 and 398 bp, respectively. TLC analysis revealed three distinct bands at Rf 0.20, 0.30 and 0.32 that could be used to differentiate C. asiatica and H. umbellata. Anisocytic stomata were present only in C. asiatica and were purposed as a microscopic marker. The trnH-psbA amplicon, TLC species-specific markers and anisocytic stomata were utilized to examine six Bua Bok products traded in Thailand. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed PCR amplicons at approximately 500 bp, TLC showed species-specific bands at Rf 0.20, 0.30 and 0.32, and anisocytic stomata were found in all products, confirming that all tested products were C. asiatica. These markers will benefit the herbal industry and other end users by allowing the detection of the adulterant species H. umbellata in C. asiatica raw materials and products.

Here, genetic variability and spatial genetic structure patterns governing on a 90-sample collection of Iranian saffron ecotype gathered from 18 provenances were scrutinized using 20 ISSR markers. 17 out of 20 ISSR primers exhibited polymorphism with 130 polymorphic amplicons from 4 to 15 bands per primer, with an average of 7.647. Considering maximum values of PIC (0.37), discrimination power (D; 0.71), and expected heterozygosity (H; 0.497), both ISSR-7 and ISSR-9 primers were nominated to generate maximal discrimination and heterozygosity. Based on phylogenetic tree and PCoA, the ecotypes were classified into two major groups, but inconsistent with the geographical distribution. Similarly, via applying Bayesian population structure clustering, two sub-populations (K = 2) were observed, four ecotypes were admixture (Q < 0.70), and the rest were pure ecotypes (Q ≥ 0.70). Sub-population 1 was less genetically diverse (F_ST = 0.1658) than sub-population 2 (F_ST = 0.5593). As to AMOVA, 56.563% and 43.436% of total genetic variation were partitioned into inter- and intra-population variation, respectively. Based on spatial PCA (sPCA), robust signals of “global” and “local” structures were recognized, only the former was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Significant IBD patterns were also observed via Mantel test calculated between original/unbiased Nei’s genetic distances and geographic distances (p < 0.001) across full dataset. The results revealed ISSR capabilities in saffron DNA fingerprinting and biodiversity assessment, moderate-high genetic variability alongside significant global spatial genetic structure among saffron ecotypes, followed by low levels of gene flow (Nm = 0.2801) and admixture patterns.

Olive leaves are a rich source of phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds. ‎Extraction of phytochemicals is the best strategy for valorizing ‎by-products. Any extraction method is chosen based on its economic feasibility, safety, and environmental friendliness. In the present study, the extraction of phenolic compounds (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and antioxidants (DPPH and ABTS) from the olive leaf was assayed using two types of hydrogen-rich water: hydrogen bubbling (HRW) and magnesium incorporation (Mg water)‎. The highest extraction yield was found for HRW at 34.42% and the lowest one was for pure water at 19.27%. The highest values of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS) were shown for HRW water ‎followed by Mg water/ethanol (50/50) samples, whereas the lowest ones were observed for pure water samples‎. ‎The incorporation of hydrogen into water increased TPC, TFC, DPPH, and ABTS by ‎‎95.63, ‎290.62, ‎‎60.78‎, and ‎118.94%, respectively; whereas the incorporation of Mg increased them by ‎‎7.55, ‎16.49, ‎‎14.23, and ‎8.35%, respectively.‎ Trans-ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, p-‎coumaric acid, and rutin increased by 1.3, 5.5, 20, and 23 folds when hydrogen was ‎incorporated ‎into water, whereas catechin appeared only ‎in HRW.‎ HRW can be suggested as a green and eco-friendly solvent for improving the extraction of phytochemicals.

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of combined high-intensity ultrasonic power/hot air drying on quantity and chemical constituents of essential oil of peppermint leaves. According to the experimental findings, in comparison with the fresh leaves, both increment and decrement were observed in yielded essential oil from the dried samples. Increasing drying temperature in the practiced range reduced the oil yield. The maximum oil yield (26.42 g/kg _{dry matter}) belonged to the samples dried at 40 °C and 360 W while the minimum value (9.93 g/kg _{dry matter}) was obtained at air temperature of 70 °C with no ultrasonic power. Both the air temperature and ultrasonic power showed no definite influence on main chemical groups of the oil. In point of quality view, drying treatment of 70 °C and ultrasonic power of 270 W produced the highest quality essential oil.