Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100685
Haejin Kwon , Jiwon Yoon , Bokyeong Kim , Jae Kwang Kim , Sang Un Park , Chanung Park
Eschscholzia californica Cham. of the Papaveraceae family has distinct features, including bright orange flowers and root-specialised benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) production. Metabolic studies of E. californica have mainly focused on BIA biosynthesis, but investigations of the biosynthesis of carotenoids and other compounds have remained limited to date. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate secondary metabolites (BIAs, carotenoids, and phenylpropanoids) based on a comprehensive investigation including biosynthesis gene expression analysis, metabolite profiling of primary metabolites, and antioxidant potential determination in E. californica organs. A total of 58 metabolites were identified, and secondary metabolite accumulation generally corresponded to the expression patterns of their biosynthesis genes. Further multivariate analysis of antioxidant assay data revealed that the strongest antioxidant activity observed in the flowers may be due to their high contents of phenolics, flavonoids, and some amino acids. This study demonstrates that some key bioactive metabolites modulating antioxidant activity are organ-specific, emphasising the importance of selecting organs to improve the acquisition of specific bioactive compounds for applications in E. californica.
{"title":"Integrative metabolic and gene expression analysis of Eschscholzia californica organs highlights antioxidant activity","authors":"Haejin Kwon , Jiwon Yoon , Bokyeong Kim , Jae Kwang Kim , Sang Un Park , Chanung Park","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Eschscholzia californica</em> Cham. of the Papaveraceae family has distinct features, including bright orange flowers and root-specialised benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) production. Metabolic studies of <em>E</em>. <em>californica</em> have mainly focused on BIA biosynthesis, but investigations of the biosynthesis of carotenoids and other compounds have remained limited to date. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate secondary metabolites (BIAs, carotenoids, and phenylpropanoids) based on a comprehensive investigation including biosynthesis gene expression analysis, metabolite profiling of primary metabolites, and antioxidant potential determination in <em>E. californica</em> organs. A total of 58 metabolites were identified, and secondary metabolite accumulation generally corresponded to the expression patterns of their biosynthesis genes. Further multivariate analysis of antioxidant assay data revealed that the strongest antioxidant activity observed in the flowers may be due to their high contents of phenolics, flavonoids, and some amino acids. This study demonstrates that some key bioactive metabolites modulating antioxidant activity are organ-specific, emphasising the importance of selecting organs to improve the acquisition of specific bioactive compounds for applications in <em>E</em>. <em>californica</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100685"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100684
Jinsu Gil , Mi Sun Lee , Sung Cheol Koo , Ok Tae Kim , Yurry Um , Seong-Cheol Kim , Jungho Lee , Ho Bang Kim , Yi Lee
Angelica species is a representative medicinal plant used in medicinal methods, especially in traditional Asian herbal medicine. In this study, chloroplast insertion or deletion (cpInDel) markers were developed from chloroplast sequences of Angelica gigas Nakai to provide insight into intraspecific and interspecific genetic diversity in Angelica species. We found insertion or deletion regions from the comparative analyses of five A. gigas chloroplast genome sequences and successfully designed 25 primer sets. Finally, 24 cpInDel markers were developed by polymorphism testing using A. gigas accessions. Application of these markers to 88 A. gigas accessions revealed limited intraspecific polymorphism, with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.20 and an average number of genotypes (NG) of 2.33. In contrast, interspecific comparison across 13 Angelica species (115 accessions) showed comparatively higher marker resolution, with a PIC value of 0.40, an average NG of 4.63, and an availability of 0.99. These results indicate that while the cpInDel markers provide modest resolution for assessing intraspecific variation in A. gigas, they are particularly useful for interspecific phylogenetic classification and species discrimination within the genus Angelica, including the distinction of A. gigas from closely related medicinal species.
{"title":"Development of chloroplast InDel markers from Angelica gigas Nakai, providing insight into intraspecific and interspecific genetic diversity in Angelica species","authors":"Jinsu Gil , Mi Sun Lee , Sung Cheol Koo , Ok Tae Kim , Yurry Um , Seong-Cheol Kim , Jungho Lee , Ho Bang Kim , Yi Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Angelica</em> species is a representative medicinal plant used in medicinal methods, especially in traditional Asian herbal medicine. In this study, chloroplast insertion or deletion (cpInDel) markers were developed from chloroplast sequences of <em>Angelica gigas</em> Nakai to provide insight into intraspecific and interspecific genetic diversity in <em>Angelica</em> species. We found insertion or deletion regions from the comparative analyses of five <em>A. gigas</em> chloroplast genome sequences and successfully designed 25 primer sets. Finally, 24 cpInDel markers were developed by polymorphism testing using <em>A. gigas</em> accessions. Application of these markers to 88 <em>A. gigas</em> accessions revealed limited intraspecific polymorphism, with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.20 and an average number of genotypes (NG) of 2.33. In contrast, interspecific comparison across 13 <em>Angelica</em> species (115 accessions) showed comparatively higher marker resolution, with a PIC value of 0.40, an average NG of 4.63, and an availability of 0.99. These results indicate that while the cpInDel markers provide modest resolution for assessing intraspecific variation in <em>A. gigas</em>, they are particularly useful for interspecific phylogenetic classification and species discrimination within the genus <em>Angelica</em>, including the distinction of <em>A. gigas</em> from closely related medicinal species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100684"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100683
Di Mei , Li Liu , Xulan Shang , Xiangxiang Fu
Cyclocarya paliurus, an endemic woody species with great medicinal values in China, presents a complex genetic structure due to the coexistence of diploid and autotetraploid individuals as well as its heterodichogamous breeding system. To enhance the gene resources conservation for further researches, the assessment of genetic diversity and population structure for 204 individuals from 21 provenances selected from genetic bank of C. paliurus were conducted by using SSR markers; thereafter, a core collection was developed. The analysis revealed that autotetraploid populations displayed the higher genetic diversity compared to diploid ones, characterized by increased heterozygosity and polymorphism, suggesting their stronger adaptive potential to heterogeneous environment. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) and STRUCTURE delineated two genetic clusters, which 162 and 42 individuals were assigned to. Whereas analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated only 6.9 % genetic differentiation among populations, but 93.1 % occurring inter-individuals, likely due to the species pollination methods and breeding characteristics of heterodichogamy. A representative core collection, comprising 41 core germplasms (20 % of the total), was identified to effectively capture the genetic diversity of C. paliurus. This core collection could be recommended as a valuable germplasm resource for efficient management, conservation, and utilization of the species' resources, facilitating future research and sustainable use.
{"title":"Evaluation of genetic diversity and construction of a core collection in multiploidy heterodichogamous Cyclocarya paliurus using SSR markers","authors":"Di Mei , Li Liu , Xulan Shang , Xiangxiang Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cyclocarya paliurus</em>, an endemic woody species with great medicinal values in China, presents a complex genetic structure due to the coexistence of diploid and autotetraploid individuals as well as its heterodichogamous breeding system. To enhance the gene resources conservation for further researches, the assessment of genetic diversity and population structure for 204 individuals from 21 provenances selected from genetic bank of <em>C. paliurus</em> were conducted by using SSR markers; thereafter, a core collection was developed. The analysis revealed that autotetraploid populations displayed the higher genetic diversity compared to diploid ones, characterized by increased heterozygosity and polymorphism, suggesting their stronger adaptive potential to heterogeneous environment. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) and STRUCTURE delineated two genetic clusters, which 162 and 42 individuals were assigned to. Whereas analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated only 6.9 % genetic differentiation among populations, but 93.1 % occurring inter-individuals, likely due to the species pollination methods and breeding characteristics of heterodichogamy. A representative core collection, comprising 41 core germplasms (20 % of the total), was identified to effectively capture the genetic diversity of <em>C. paliurus</em>. This core collection could be recommended as a valuable germplasm resource for efficient management, conservation, and utilization of the species' resources, facilitating future research and sustainable use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100683"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100682
Murat Ozdemir , Veranur Gungor-Bilgicer , Coskun Aydiner
The effects of three independent variables, including temperature (20–60 °C), time (10–60 min), and solvent-to-solid (s/s) ratio (10:1–30:1 mL/g) on the dependent variables, including total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) of galangal (Alpinia officinarum) extracts, were investigated using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) and optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). Optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions were achieved at an extraction temperature of 47.51 °C, an extraction time of 52.66 min, and s/s ratio of 30 mL/g, yielding TPC of 64.74 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g sample dry weight (DW), TFC of 134.54 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g sample DW, DPPH inhibition of 48.49 %, and ABTS activity of 167.98 mM Trolox equivalents (TE)/mL extract. UAE produced considerably higher values of TPC, TFC, DPPH, and ABTS than conventional solvent extraction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed notable microstructural changes in galangal tissues treated with various extraction methods, while the raw galangal tissue had an intact and non-porous structure. UAE induced pronounced surface disruptions, enhancing solvent penetration and providing higher extraction efficiency compared to conventional solvent extraction. The results demonstrate that UAE is better than conventional solvent extraction for recovering bioactive compounds from plant materials, and it has high potential as an alternative extraction method for industrial applications.
{"title":"A response surface methodology approach for optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from galangal (Alpinia officinarum)","authors":"Murat Ozdemir , Veranur Gungor-Bilgicer , Coskun Aydiner","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of three independent variables, including temperature (20–60 °C), time (10–60 min), and solvent-to-solid (s/s) ratio (10:1–30:1 mL/g) on the dependent variables, including total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) of galangal (<em>Alpinia officinarum</em>) extracts, were investigated using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) and optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). Optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions were achieved at an extraction temperature of 47.51 °C, an extraction time of 52.66 min, and s/s ratio of 30 mL/g, yielding TPC of 64.74 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g sample dry weight (DW), TFC of 134.54 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g sample DW, DPPH inhibition of 48.49 %, and ABTS activity of 167.98 mM Trolox equivalents (TE)/mL extract. UAE produced considerably higher values of TPC, TFC, DPPH, and ABTS than conventional solvent extraction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed notable microstructural changes in galangal tissues treated with various extraction methods, while the raw galangal tissue had an intact and non-porous structure. UAE induced pronounced surface disruptions, enhancing solvent penetration and providing higher extraction efficiency compared to conventional solvent extraction. The results demonstrate that UAE is better than conventional solvent extraction for recovering bioactive compounds from plant materials, and it has high potential as an alternative extraction method for industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100682"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145532672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100681
Raveendar Sebastin , Ki Hyun Kim , Hye Ran Shin , Yumi Kim , Sewon Oh , Ick Hyun Jo , Ju-Kyung Yu , Yi Lee , Yoon-Sup So , Jong-Wook Chung
The genus Polygonatum holds significant value due to its numerous species with medicinal and edible properties. Comprising approximately 60 species, this genus is predominantly found in the boreal regions of the northern hemisphere. East Asia, with around 50 species, serves as the primary center of diversification for Polygonatum. The genetic diversity of Polygonatum germplasm resources has been assessed by using three Polygonatum species, which includes cultivar varieties and landraces. We have used 100 pairs of SSRs primers and selected 54 polymorphic SSRs markers. The results showed that the number of alleles (NA) ranged from 2 to 11, with a mean alleles number of 5.2. The major allele frequency (MAF) ranged from 0.15 to 0.80, observed heterozygosity (HO) ranged from 0 to 0.80, and the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.27 to 0.89. The unweighted pair group mean algorithm (UPGMA) dendrograms with all 54 SSR markers revealed that three groups among the Polygonatum populations. Furthermore, minimum markers set (combination of 6 markers) combinations was identified and proved to be useful for variety identification. The six SSR markers identified as a core set represent a valuable resource for various applications, including cultivar identification and seed purity assessment within Polygonatum populations. These markers will play a significant role in supporting tasks such as varietal differentiation, genetic diversity studies, and the analysis of inter-species transferability across Polygonatum germplasm.
{"title":"Development of polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers for assessing genetic diversity and cross-species transferability in Polygonatum species","authors":"Raveendar Sebastin , Ki Hyun Kim , Hye Ran Shin , Yumi Kim , Sewon Oh , Ick Hyun Jo , Ju-Kyung Yu , Yi Lee , Yoon-Sup So , Jong-Wook Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genus <em>Polygonatum</em> holds significant value due to its numerous species with medicinal and edible properties. Comprising approximately 60 species, this genus is predominantly found in the boreal regions of the northern hemisphere. East Asia, with around 50 species, serves as the primary center of diversification for <em>Polygonatum</em>. The genetic diversity of <em>Polygonatum</em> germplasm resources has been assessed by using three <em>Polygonatum</em> species, which includes cultivar varieties and landraces. We have used 100 pairs of SSRs primers and selected 54 polymorphic SSRs markers. The results showed that the number of alleles (NA) ranged from 2 to 11, with a mean alleles number of 5.2. The major allele frequency (MAF) ranged from 0.15 to 0.80, observed heterozygosity (HO) ranged from 0 to 0.80, and the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.27 to 0.89. The unweighted pair group mean algorithm (UPGMA) dendrograms with all 54 SSR markers revealed that three groups among the <em>Polygonatum</em> populations. Furthermore, minimum markers set (combination of 6 markers) combinations was identified and proved to be useful for variety identification. The six SSR markers identified as a core set represent a valuable resource for various applications, including cultivar identification and seed purity assessment within <em>Polygonatum</em> populations. These markers will play a significant role in supporting tasks such as varietal differentiation, genetic diversity studies, and the analysis of inter-species transferability across <em>Polygonatum</em> germplasm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100681"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100676
Chen Zhong , Li Li , Yuan-Zhong Wang
Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (PPVY) is a perennial herb with important medicinal value, and its growth and quality are closely linked to its environment. So far, it is unclear whether PPVY from different climatic zones differs, though studies have shown that its flavonoids have significant pharmacological effects. This research aims to explore how geographical origin and climate affect PPVY’s flavonoids: using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), 62 flavonoids were identified from PPVY samples collected in four climatic zones; to assess the quality of PPVY from diverse climatic zones, five key quality markers identified via chemometric methods were used. Leveraging Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy, a grid search-support vector machine (GS-SVM) model was constructed, attaining an accuracy rate of 100 % for both the training and test sets. Additionally, partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis showed the optimal prediction model for the five key quality markers exhibited R2p values close to 1, and RPDs all exceeding 5.3. The technique proposed in this study provides a basis for the quality control and rational utilization of PPVY, offering new insights into the effects of geographical origin and climatic characteristics on its flavonoid composition.
云南多叶巴黎（Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis， PPVY）是一种具有重要药用价值的多年生草本植物，其生长和品质与其生长环境密切相关。到目前为止，尚不清楚来自不同气候带的PPVY是否不同，尽管研究表明其类黄酮具有显着的药理作用。利用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾电离-串联质谱（UPLC-ESI-MS/MS）技术，从4个气化带的PPVY样品中鉴定出62种黄酮类化合物；为了评估不同气候带PPVY的质量，使用了化学计量学方法鉴定的5个关键质量标记。利用傅里叶变换近红外（FT-NIR）光谱，构建网格搜索-支持向量机（GS-SVM）模型，训练集和测试集的准确率均达到100% %。此外，偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）分析表明，5个关键品质指标的最优预测模型R2p值接近1，rpd值均超过5.3。本研究为PPVY的质量控制和合理利用提供了依据，为了解地理产地和气候特征对PPVY黄酮成分的影响提供了新的认识。
{"title":"Comparative analysis of flavonoids in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis under different climatic zones using FT-NIR spectroscopy, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, and chemometrics","authors":"Chen Zhong , Li Li , Yuan-Zhong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Paris polyphylla</em> var. <em>yunnanensis</em> (PPVY) is a perennial herb with important medicinal value, and its growth and quality are closely linked to its environment. So far, it is unclear whether PPVY from different climatic zones differs, though studies have shown that its flavonoids have significant pharmacological effects. This research aims to explore how geographical origin and climate affect PPVY’s flavonoids: using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), 62 flavonoids were identified from PPVY samples collected in four climatic zones; to assess the quality of PPVY from diverse climatic zones, five key quality markers identified via chemometric methods were used. Leveraging Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy, a grid search-support vector machine (GS-SVM) model was constructed, attaining an accuracy rate of 100 % for both the training and test sets. Additionally, partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis showed the optimal prediction model for the five key quality markers exhibited R<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> values close to 1, and RPDs all exceeding 5.3. The technique proposed in this study provides a basis for the quality control and rational utilization of PPVY, offering new insights into the effects of geographical origin and climatic characteristics on its flavonoid composition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100676"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Baicalein and wogonin, the active components of Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi, exhibit antioxidant and anticancer activities, respectively. However, their similar structures present challenges for separation. Supercritical fluid-simulated moving bed (SF-SMB) chromatography emerges as a promising, solvent-free, environmentally friendly, and efficient approach for the separation of natural drugs. To develop an SF-SMB process with strong multi-parameter coupling characteristics, computer-assisted design is an attractive strategy. Based on the adsorption equilibrium and diffusion coefficients previously obtained by our group, a single-column model for SFC was established. The relative deviation between the calculated and experimental results was 4.94 %, validating the reliability of the calculation. Subsequently, the single-column model was extended to the SF-SMB separation process model, and eluent flow rate QD, extract flow rate QE, raffinate flow rate QR, and switching time ts, were optimized. Under the conditions of QF= 1000.0 L/h, QD= 2677.5 L/h, QE = 3098.7 L/h, QR= 578.8 L/h, and ts= 7.4 min, the purities of baicalein and wogonin products reached 99.1 wt% and 99.3 wt% respectively, with yields of 99.8 % and 83.5 %. This not only meets the purity requirements of traditional Chinese medicine active components but also attains high yields, providing valuable guidance and data support for large-scale industrial separation of natural product active components.
黄芩的活性成分黄芩苷和黄芩苷分别具有抗氧化和抗癌活性。然而，它们相似的结构给分离带来了挑战。超临界流体模拟移动床（SF-SMB）色谱是一种很有前途的、无溶剂的、环保的、高效的天然药物分离方法。为了开发具有强多参数耦合特性的SF-SMB工艺，计算机辅助设计是一种有吸引力的策略。基于本课组之前得到的吸附平衡和扩散系数，建立了SFC的单柱模型。计算结果与实验结果的相对偏差为4.94 %，验证了计算的可靠性。随后，将单柱模型扩展到SF-SMB分离过程模型，并对洗脱液流量QD、萃取液流量QE、萃余液流量QR、切换时间ts进行优化。条件下的《= 1000.0 L / h, QD = 2677.5 L / h,量化宽松= 3098.7 L / h, QR = 578.8 L / h,和ts = 7.4 min,黄芩黄素和汉黄芩素产品纯度达到99.1 99.3 wt %和 wt %,分别与收益率 83.5 99.8 %和%。既满足了中药活性成分的纯度要求，又获得了较高的收率，为天然产物活性成分的大规模工业分离提供了有价值的指导和数据支持。
{"title":"Supercritical fluid-simulated moving bed for baicalein and wogonin separation: A promising, environmentally-friendly and solvent-free approach","authors":"Zhongfeng Geng , Mingyu Yan , Yongxin Feng , Huisheng Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Baicalein and wogonin, the active components of <em>Scutellaria Baicalensis</em> Georgi, exhibit antioxidant and anticancer activities, respectively. However, their similar structures present challenges for separation. Supercritical fluid-simulated moving bed (SF-SMB) chromatography emerges as a promising, solvent-free, environmentally friendly, and efficient approach for the separation of natural drugs. To develop an SF-SMB process with strong multi-parameter coupling characteristics, computer-assisted design is an attractive strategy. Based on the adsorption equilibrium and diffusion coefficients previously obtained by our group, a single-column model for SFC was established. The relative deviation between the calculated and experimental results was 4.94 %, validating the reliability of the calculation. Subsequently, the single-column model was extended to the SF-SMB separation process model, and eluent flow rate Q<sub>D</sub>, extract flow rate Q<sub>E</sub>, raffinate flow rate Q<sub>R</sub>, and switching time t<sub>s</sub>, were optimized. Under the conditions of Q<sub>F</sub>= 1000.0 L/h, Q<sub>D</sub>= 2677.5 L/h, Q<sub>E</sub> = 3098.7 L/h, Q<sub>R</sub>= 578.8 L/h, and t<sub>s</sub>= 7.4 min, the purities of baicalein and wogonin products reached 99.1 wt% and 99.3 wt% respectively, with yields of 99.8 % and 83.5 %. This not only meets the purity requirements of traditional Chinese medicine active components but also attains high yields, providing valuable guidance and data support for large-scale industrial separation of natural product active components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100677"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145462773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100679
Xin-yue Zhang , Wen-zhang Qian , Shi-mei Zhao , Shao-jun Fan , Guo-xing Cao , Kuang-ji Zhao , Peter A. Bowler , Shun Gao
Cornus controversa Hemsl. (C. controversa), known as giant dogwood, is a medicinal and ornamental plant widely cultivated in China. Understanding its phenological rhythm is fundamental for optimizing resource utilization and ecological application. In this study, the phenological growth stages and development characteristics of C. controversa were systematically codified according to the extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale. Eight of ten principal growth stages (PGS) were accurately observed, encompassing bud development (PGS 0), leaf development (PGS 1), shoot development (PGS 3), inflorescence development (PGS 5), flowering (PGS 6), fruit development (PGS 7), fruit maturation (PGS 8), and senescence and dormancy (PGS 9), further subdivided into 46 secondary growth stages (SGS). The synchronous development of leaves and inflorescences supported early photosynthetic activity and efficient nutrient allocation for reproductive growth. During fruit development, crude oil content increased progressively, exceeding 20 % at full maturity, confirming its potential as an oil-rich plant resource. By linking each phenological stage with the corresponding environmental stress and adaptive management strategies, this study proposed a stage-specific framework for optimizing pruning, irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. These correlations improved growth stability and stress tolerance, supporting both agroforestry production and urban greening. Moreover, the alignment of phenological growth stages with seasonal ecological functions enhanced the ornamental and functional values of C. controversa. This work not only refined the phenological characterization of C. controversa but also integrated adaptive, ecological, and medicinal perspectives, providing a theoretical and practical foundation for its cultivation, breeding, and multifunctional landscape application.
{"title":"Phenological growth stages of Cornus controversa Hemsl.: Codification and description according to the extended BBCH scale","authors":"Xin-yue Zhang , Wen-zhang Qian , Shi-mei Zhao , Shao-jun Fan , Guo-xing Cao , Kuang-ji Zhao , Peter A. Bowler , Shun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cornus controversa</em> Hemsl. (<em>C. controversa</em>), known as giant dogwood, is a medicinal and ornamental plant widely cultivated in China<em>.</em> Understanding its phenological rhythm is fundamental for optimizing resource utilization and ecological application. In this study, the phenological growth stages and development characteristics of <em>C. controversa</em> were systematically codified according to the extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale. Eight of ten principal growth stages (PGS) were accurately observed, encompassing bud development (PGS 0), leaf development (PGS 1), shoot development (PGS 3), inflorescence development (PGS 5), flowering (PGS 6), fruit development (PGS 7), fruit maturation (PGS 8), and senescence and dormancy (PGS 9), further subdivided into 46 secondary growth stages (SGS). The synchronous development of leaves and inflorescences supported early photosynthetic activity and efficient nutrient allocation for reproductive growth. During fruit development, crude oil content increased progressively, exceeding 20 % at full maturity, confirming its potential as an oil-rich plant resource. By linking each phenological stage with the corresponding environmental stress and adaptive management strategies, this study proposed a stage-specific framework for optimizing pruning, irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. These correlations improved growth stability and stress tolerance, supporting both agroforestry production and urban greening. Moreover, the alignment of phenological growth stages with seasonal ecological functions enhanced the ornamental and functional values of <em>C. controversa</em>. This work not only refined the phenological characterization of <em>C. controversa</em> but also integrated adaptive, ecological, and medicinal perspectives, providing a theoretical and practical foundation for its cultivation, breeding, and multifunctional landscape application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100679"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tribulus terrestris L., a key component of several herbal formulations, particularly "Dashmula" in Ayurveda, is a plant of notable medicinal importance. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry in India and several other countries. The leaves and fruits are traditionally employed in the treatment of cough, kidney disorders, sexual dysfunction, and rheumatic arthritis. Protodioscin, the primary saponin in the plant, is largely responsible for its broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. Although not extensively cultivated, T. terrestris is grown in Rajasthan, India, and a few other countries. In the present study, the genetic diversity of T. terrestris was evaluated in North Indian populations using SSR markers. A total of 30 SSR primers amplified 169 alleles with size ranging from 80 to 600 bp. Primer TTMS-30 produced the highest number of fragments (11). The mean PIC value was 0.581, indicating a high level of informativeness and the ability of the markers to detect genetic variation among the accessions. The average MI value was 3.367, further supporting the effectiveness of the selected primers in assessing genetic diversity. Both expected and observed heterozygosity values indicated substantial genetic diversity. Cluster analysis revealed three major groups in dendrogram, a pattern further supported by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). STRUCTURE revealed the presence of three distinct genetic stocks among the analysed accessions. The results of the present study provides valuable insights into the underlying genetic structure of the populations. The diverse stocks represent a valuable resource for the selection and conservation. Diverse accessions identified can be utilized in future breeding and improvement programs to meet growing industrial demands.
{"title":"SSR based genetic diversity and population structure of important Herb Tribulus terrestris L. from North India","authors":"Neha Chaudhary , Diksha Chaudhary , Rakesh Kumar , Kanika Aggarwal , Himanshu Sharma , Joy Roy , Raghbir Chand Gupta , Vikas Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Tribulus terrestris</em> L., a key component of several herbal formulations, particularly \"Dashmula\" in Ayurveda, is a plant of notable medicinal importance. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry in India and several other countries. The leaves and fruits are traditionally employed in the treatment of cough, kidney disorders, sexual dysfunction, and rheumatic arthritis. Protodioscin, the primary saponin in the plant, is largely responsible for its broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. Although not extensively cultivated, <em>T. terrestris</em> is grown in Rajasthan, India, and a few other countries. In the present study, the genetic diversity of <em>T. terrestris</em> was evaluated in North Indian populations using SSR markers. A total of 30 SSR primers amplified 169 alleles with size ranging from 80 to 600 bp. Primer TTMS-30 produced the highest number of fragments (11). The mean PIC value was 0.581, indicating a high level of informativeness and the ability of the markers to detect genetic variation among the accessions. The average MI value was 3.367, further supporting the effectiveness of the selected primers in assessing genetic diversity. Both expected and observed heterozygosity values indicated substantial genetic diversity. Cluster analysis revealed three major groups in dendrogram, a pattern further supported by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). STRUCTURE revealed the presence of three distinct genetic stocks among the analysed accessions. The results of the present study provides valuable insights into the underlying genetic structure of the populations. The diverse stocks represent a valuable resource for the selection and conservation. Diverse accessions identified can be utilized in future breeding and improvement programs to meet growing industrial demands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100675"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100678
Luz Gabriela Pulido Bonilla , Jerry W. King , Iván D. Gil Chaves
This comprehensive review provides a critical analysis of the integrated cannabis processing chain, from post-harvest handling to the final purification of high-value extracts, addressing the technical challenges and engineering trade-offs inherent in each stage. Pre-processing stages, including drying and decarboxylation, are evaluated based on their profound impact on the preservation of volatile terpenes versus the efficient conversion of acidic cannabinoids to their neutral, more bioavailable forms. Extraction techniques are systematically compared, with a focus on how solvent selection—guided by Solubility Parameter Theory (SPT) and empirical solubility data for supercritical CO₂—dictates selectivity, yield, and the need for subsequent purification. Downstream unit operations, encompassing winterization, filtration, and distillation, are examined as a multi-stage process designed to remove impurities like waxes and pigments, a workflow often characterized by a critical trade-off between achieving high purity and maximizing process yield. Finally, the review details advanced remediation and purification technologies, such as industrial-scale chromatography and crystallization, which are essential for producing compliant, pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoid isolates and precisely formulated distillates. By synthesizing current practices with fundamental engineering principles, this work provides an essential resource for process optimization and sustainable innovation in the rapidly evolving cannabis industry.
{"title":"Comprehensive review of cannabis processing stages: A comparison of techniques for obtaining high-quality extracts","authors":"Luz Gabriela Pulido Bonilla , Jerry W. King , Iván D. Gil Chaves","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This comprehensive review provides a critical analysis of the integrated cannabis processing chain, from post-harvest handling to the final purification of high-value extracts, addressing the technical challenges and engineering trade-offs inherent in each stage. Pre-processing stages, including drying and decarboxylation, are evaluated based on their profound impact on the preservation of volatile terpenes versus the efficient conversion of acidic cannabinoids to their neutral, more bioavailable forms. Extraction techniques are systematically compared, with a focus on how solvent selection—guided by Solubility Parameter Theory (SPT) and empirical solubility data for supercritical CO₂—dictates selectivity, yield, and the need for subsequent purification. Downstream unit operations, encompassing winterization, filtration, and distillation, are examined as a multi-stage process designed to remove impurities like waxes and pigments, a workflow often characterized by a critical trade-off between achieving high purity and maximizing process yield. Finally, the review details advanced remediation and purification technologies, such as industrial-scale chromatography and crystallization, which are essential for producing compliant, pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoid isolates and precisely formulated distillates. By synthesizing current practices with fundamental engineering principles, this work provides an essential resource for process optimization and sustainable innovation in the rapidly evolving cannabis industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100678"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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