Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100663
Rong Chen , Wenjun Song , Hongling Chen , Tongyi Peng , Huilin Li , Sheng Ding
Background
Herbal materials and botanical supplements are widely consumed for health benefits, yet concerns persist due to prevalent adulteration, highlighting the need for reliable authentication methods.
Scope and approach
This review examines DNA identification techniques for quality control of both botanical dietary supplements and their constituent raw materials. The methods relevant to this field are split into two categories: mainstream analytical and emerging detection techniques. The focus is on their applicability for detecting raw and multi-ingredient processed products, quantification potential, and on-site testing suitability.
Key findings and conclusions
DNA identification methods, such as PCR variants like TaqMan and high-resolution melting (HRM), as well as DNA barcoding, have been effectively applied by enterprises and regulatory bodies for authenticating herbal materials, addressing many quality control challenges. Emerging technologies, including LAMP, RPA and digital PCR, combined with tools like microfluidics, lateral flow assays, and CRISPR/Cas systems, hold great potential for rapid, on-site testing. However, practical challenges such as cost, accessibility, and stability remain significant barriers, requiring further research to enable their widespread application in real-world scenarios.
{"title":"Recent progress in DNA-based approaches for authenticating herbal materials and botanical dietary supplements","authors":"Rong Chen , Wenjun Song , Hongling Chen , Tongyi Peng , Huilin Li , Sheng Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Herbal materials and botanical supplements are widely consumed for health benefits, yet concerns persist due to prevalent adulteration, highlighting the need for reliable authentication methods.</div></div><div><h3>Scope and approach</h3><div>This review examines DNA identification techniques for quality control of both botanical dietary supplements and their constituent raw materials. The methods relevant to this field are split into two categories: mainstream analytical and emerging detection techniques. The focus is on their applicability for detecting raw and multi-ingredient processed products, quantification potential, and on-site testing suitability.</div></div><div><h3>Key findings and conclusions</h3><div>DNA identification methods, such as PCR variants like TaqMan and high-resolution melting (HRM), as well as DNA barcoding, have been effectively applied by enterprises and regulatory bodies for authenticating herbal materials, addressing many quality control challenges. Emerging technologies, including LAMP, RPA and digital PCR, combined with tools like microfluidics, lateral flow assays, and CRISPR/Cas systems, hold great potential for rapid, on-site testing. However, practical challenges such as cost, accessibility, and stability remain significant barriers, requiring further research to enable their widespread application in real-world scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100663"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100665
Shivashish Gulabrao Sonone, Dattatraya Dinkar Gore, Inder Pal Singh
Crocus sativus L. (saffron) is the most valuable spice worldwide, yet its limited production and high market value make it highly susceptible to adulteration with plant substitutes and synthetic dyes. In this study, 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied as a rapid, non-destructive technique for saffron authentication and detection of eight plant adulterants and one synthetic dye in a single experiment. Methanolic and hexane extracts were prepared to capture a broad polarity range of metabolites from authentic saffron, known adulterants, and commercial brands. Spectral comparison targeted key saffron markers, including picrocrocin, crocin, and crocetin. Most brand samples closely matched the authentic reference, with minor variations that can attributed to seasonal and geographical factors, whereas the ZK sample lacked diagnostic saffron peaks and instead displayed resonances consistent with Sudan IV and Arnica montana, confirming adulteration. Quantitative NMR (qNMR) was further employed for picrocrocin determination, and the method was validated in terms of selectivity, specificity, linearity (R² > 0.998), precision (intra- and inter-day RSD < 5.5 %), robustness (consistent results across varied scan numbers and relaxation delays). The method demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.443 µg/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.342 µg/mL for picrocrocin, indicating high sensitivity and suitability for reliable quantification. Overall, these findings establish 1H NMR spectroscopy as a robust qualitative analytical platform for both authentication and detection of adulteration of saffron. Its integration into routine quality control and regulatory frameworks could strengthen consumer protection and ensure the integrity of high-value herbal and food products.
{"title":"Detection of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) adulteration using 1H NMR spectroscopy","authors":"Shivashish Gulabrao Sonone, Dattatraya Dinkar Gore, Inder Pal Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Crocus sativus</em> L. (saffron) is the most valuable spice worldwide, yet its limited production and high market value make it highly susceptible to adulteration with plant substitutes and synthetic dyes. In this study, <sup>1</sup>H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied as a rapid, non-destructive technique for saffron authentication and detection of eight plant adulterants and one synthetic dye in a single experiment. Methanolic and hexane extracts were prepared to capture a broad polarity range of metabolites from authentic saffron, known adulterants, and commercial brands. Spectral comparison targeted key saffron markers, including picrocrocin, crocin, and crocetin. Most brand samples closely matched the authentic reference, with minor variations that can attributed to seasonal and geographical factors, whereas the ZK sample lacked diagnostic saffron peaks and instead displayed resonances consistent with Sudan IV and <em>Arnica montana</em>, confirming adulteration. Quantitative NMR (qNMR) was further employed for picrocrocin determination, and the method was validated in terms of selectivity, specificity, linearity (R² > 0.998), precision (intra- and inter-day RSD < 5.5 %), robustness (consistent results across varied scan numbers and relaxation delays). The method demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.443 µg/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.342 µg/mL for picrocrocin, indicating high sensitivity and suitability for reliable quantification. Overall, these findings establish <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy as a robust qualitative analytical platform for both authentication and detection of adulteration of saffron. Its integration into routine quality control and regulatory frameworks could strengthen consumer protection and ensure the integrity of high-value herbal and food products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100665"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100664
Junhao Deng , Ning Tang , Li Xu , Feiyue Chen , Xiang Zhou , Weizhuo Tang , Xiongzhuo Tang
In this work, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method was performed to obtain the total flavonoids (TF) from Aquilaria sinensis (A. sinensis) leaves, followed by optimization of the extraction factors by using a single-factor experiments combined with Box–Behnken response surface methodology to enhance the TF yield. Subsequently, the composition of the two representative flavonoids, mangiferin and genkwanin, were quantitatively determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Finally, the antioxidant activity of the TF was evaluated using an H2O2-induced oxidative stress model in intestinal porcine epithelial cells-jejunum (IPEC-J2) cells. The results demonstrated that under the optimized UAE conditions (70 % of ethanol concentration, liquid-to-material ratio at 40:1, 45 min of ultrasonic time, and 400 w of ultrasonic extraction power), the extraction rate of the TF reached 5.73 %, which was significantly higher than that achieved by conventional extraction. The HPLC analysis of mangiferin and genkwanin revealed well linearity and stability, with their content level to be 16.9 and 0.204 mg/g, respectively. Additionally, the TF extract significantly alleviated H2O2-induced cell death in IPEC-J2 cells by inhibiting the NF-kB/NLRP3/IL-18 signaling pathway. This study provides valuable information for the development and utilization of TF from A. sinensis leaves as a functional ingredient in feed and nutritional health products.
{"title":"Ultrasound extraction, quantification, and antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Aquilaria sinensis leaves","authors":"Junhao Deng , Ning Tang , Li Xu , Feiyue Chen , Xiang Zhou , Weizhuo Tang , Xiongzhuo Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method was performed to obtain the total flavonoids (TF) from <em>Aquilaria sinensis</em> (<em>A. sinensis</em>) leaves, followed by optimization of the extraction factors by using a single-factor experiments combined with Box–Behnken response surface methodology to enhance the TF yield. Subsequently, the composition of the two representative flavonoids, mangiferin and genkwanin, were quantitatively determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Finally, the antioxidant activity of the TF was evaluated using an H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced oxidative stress model in intestinal porcine epithelial cells-jejunum (IPEC-J2) cells. The results demonstrated that under the optimized UAE conditions (70 % of ethanol concentration, liquid-to-material ratio at 40:1, 45 min of ultrasonic time, and 400 w of ultrasonic extraction power), the extraction rate of the TF reached 5.73 %, which was significantly higher than that achieved by conventional extraction. The HPLC analysis of mangiferin and genkwanin revealed well linearity and stability, with their content level to be 16.9 and 0.204 mg/g, respectively. Additionally, the TF extract significantly alleviated H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced cell death in IPEC-J2 cells by inhibiting the NF-kB/NLRP3/IL-18 signaling pathway. This study provides valuable information for the development and utilization of TF from <em>A. sinensis</em> leaves as a functional ingredient in feed and nutritional health products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study employed natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Dalbergia benthami Prain. Through single-factor experiments and response surface optimization, the optimal extraction conditions were determined as: Optimal NADES-11, composed of betaine and urea (molar ratio 1:2, 42 % moisture content), solid-liquid ratio 1:30 g/mL, extraction temperature 64°C, and an ultrasound duration of 41 min. Under these conditions, the total flavonoid yield reached 202.04 mg/g. Infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the successful preparation of NADES, and scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that NADES exhibited enhanced penetration and erosion capabilities, which facilitated the extraction of total flavonoids. Further studies found that the total flavonoids from Dalbergia benthami Prain had significant in vitro antioxidant activity, with the highest DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging rates reaching 92.02 % and 94.79 %, respectively. In addition, the total flavonoids in NADES-11 showed a highly significant synergistic antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This study demonstrates that NADES-11 exhibits a higher extraction efficiency for the total flavonoids from Dalbergia benthami Prain than traditional organic solvents. It also boasts advantages like environmental friendliness. This research provides novel ideas and methods for the exploitation and utilization of Dalbergia benthami Prain, a precious and rare traditional Chinese medicine resource, and paves the way for its further comprehensive development and application.
{"title":"Optimization of natural deep eutectic solvent extraction process and activity study of total flavonoids from Dalbergia benthami prain","authors":"Bingyou Luo, Haiyu Yang, Jianwei Luo, Kunying Yu, Peiyuan Li, Jianhua Wei, Haiyi Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employed natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from <em>Dalbergia benthami</em> Prain. Through single-factor experiments and response surface optimization, the optimal extraction conditions were determined as: Optimal NADES-11, composed of betaine and urea (molar ratio 1:2, 42 % moisture content), solid-liquid ratio 1:30 g/mL, extraction temperature 64°C, and an ultrasound duration of 41 min. Under these conditions, the total flavonoid yield reached 202.04 mg/g. Infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the successful preparation of NADES, and scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that NADES exhibited enhanced penetration and erosion capabilities, which facilitated the extraction of total flavonoids. Further studies found that the total flavonoids from <em>Dalbergia benthami</em> Prain had significant in vitro antioxidant activity, with the highest DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging rates reaching 92.02 % and 94.79 %, respectively. In addition, the total flavonoids in NADES-11 showed a highly significant synergistic antibacterial effect on <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. This study demonstrates that NADES-11 exhibits a higher extraction efficiency for the total flavonoids from <em>Dalbergia benthami</em> Prain than traditional organic solvents. It also boasts advantages like environmental friendliness. This research provides novel ideas and methods for the exploitation and utilization of <em>Dalbergia benthami</em> Prain, a precious and rare traditional Chinese medicine resource, and paves the way for its further comprehensive development and application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100662"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100657
Rakesh Kumar , Vikas Sharma
Viola canescens is an important medicinal herb that belongs to family Violaceae. In the current study cross-transferred simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were employed to examine the genetic diversity of 96 accessions of V. canescens. These accessions represented various locations of Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh. Overall 99 alleles with an average of 5.82 alleles were observed using 17 SSR primers. Four primers, namely, SLM6–3, SLM6–4, SLM6–7, and SLM6–10 detected the maximum number (8) of alleles, while the lowest numbers (3) of alleles were observed by three primers, WMC149–6D, TGSSR-7, and BUMS-30. PIC values ranged from 0.466 to 0.810 with a mean value 0.672. The maximum observed heterozygosity (0.906) was recorded in primer BUMS-34, while lowermost (0.396) was obtained by primer GPW4372–6D, with a mean value 0.702. Whereas, the maximum (0.834) expected heterozygosity was recorded in primer SLM6–7 and lowest (0.499) in primer GPW4372–6D, with a mean value of 0.718. Similarly, primers SLM6–7 (6.48) and BUMS-30 (1.791) have shown the greatest and lowest marker index values, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed 26 % variance among the population and 74 % within the populations. Dendrogram divided all accessions into three groups. PCoA analyses also showed three groups in correspondence to dendrogram. Three clusters were obtained from the STRUCTURE analysis using Bayesian clustering. Overall, these preliminary results obtained using cross-transferred SSR markers indicates higher level of genetic diversity in V. canescens accessions. The insights gained from this study provide a valuable foundation for breeding programs by utilizing diverse accessions of V. canescens. Furthermore, the detected diverse accessions can be targeted for conservation strategies to support the sustainable cultivation and genetic improvement of this important medicinal plant.
{"title":"Elucidation of genetic diversity and population structure in medicinal plant Viola canescens from North Western Himalayas","authors":"Rakesh Kumar , Vikas Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Viola canescens</em> is an important medicinal herb that belongs to family Violaceae. In the current study cross-transferred simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were employed to examine the genetic diversity of 96 accessions of <em>V. canescens.</em> These accessions represented various locations of Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh. Overall 99 alleles with an average of 5.82 alleles were observed using 17 SSR primers. Four primers, namely, SLM6–3, SLM6–4, SLM6–7, and SLM6–10 detected the maximum number (8) of alleles, while the lowest numbers (3) of alleles were observed by three primers, WMC149–6D, TGSSR-7, and BUMS-30. PIC values ranged from 0.466 to 0.810 with a mean value 0.672. The maximum observed heterozygosity (0.906) was recorded in primer BUMS-34, while lowermost (0.396) was obtained by primer GPW4372–6D, with a mean value 0.702. Whereas, the maximum (0.834) expected heterozygosity was recorded in primer SLM6–7 and lowest (0.499) in primer GPW4372–6D, with a mean value of 0.718. Similarly, primers SLM6–7 (6.48) and BUMS-30 (1.791) have shown the greatest and lowest marker index values, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed 26 % variance among the population and 74 % within the populations. Dendrogram divided all accessions into three groups. PCoA analyses also showed three groups in correspondence to dendrogram. Three clusters were obtained from the STRUCTURE analysis using Bayesian clustering. Overall, these preliminary results obtained using cross-transferred SSR markers indicates higher level of genetic diversity in <em>V. canescens</em> accessions. The insights gained from this study provide a valuable foundation for breeding programs by utilizing diverse accessions of <em>V. canescens</em>. Furthermore, the detected diverse accessions can be targeted for conservation strategies to support the sustainable cultivation and genetic improvement of this important medicinal plant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100657"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100661
Hildegard Witbooi, Sabeliwe Langa
Agathosma betulina (P.J.Bergius) Pillans, commonly known as buchu, is a medicinally and commercially important shrub endemic to South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region. Although valued for its essential oils rich in diosphenol and sulfur compounds, cultivation remains limited by agronomic challenges, sustaining reliance on unsustainable wild harvesting. This review synthesizes current research on buchu’s ecological adaptations, propagation issues, and cultivation constraints, drawing from scientific databases and ecologically similar fynbos species. Buchu thrives in acidic (pH 4.0–6.5), nutrient-poor soils. However, domestication is limited by low seed germination, poor transplant survival (<10 %), and inconsistent essential oil profiles in cultivated plants. These challenges intensify outside its native range, where poor establishment and susceptibility to root pathogens like Phytophthora spp. severely limit ex situ cultivation. Conventional propagation (seeds, cuttings) is unreliable, while micropropagation, though promising, requires optimization to preserve bioactive compound integrity. Postharvest knowledge gaps persist, especially in harvesting timing (to reduce toxic pulegone), drying, and storage. Emerging solutions include seed priming, microbial inoculants (e.g., Cryptococcus laurentii), and precision agriculture techniques. Bridging traditional practices with innovative technologies may address propagation and yield challenges. However, urgent advances in propagation and soil management are vital for sustainable commercialization and conservation of this culturally and ecologically significant species.
{"title":"Agronomic practices and challenges in cultivating Agathosma betulina (P.J.Bergius) Pillans: A review","authors":"Hildegard Witbooi, Sabeliwe Langa","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Agathosma betulina</em> (P.J.Bergius) Pillans, commonly known as buchu, is a medicinally and commercially important shrub endemic to South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region. Although valued for its essential oils rich in diosphenol and sulfur compounds, cultivation remains limited by agronomic challenges, sustaining reliance on unsustainable wild harvesting. This review synthesizes current research on buchu’s ecological adaptations, propagation issues, and cultivation constraints, drawing from scientific databases and ecologically similar fynbos species. Buchu thrives in acidic (pH 4.0–6.5), nutrient-poor soils. However, domestication is limited by low seed germination, poor transplant survival (<10 %), and inconsistent essential oil profiles in cultivated plants. These challenges intensify outside its native range, where poor establishment and susceptibility to root pathogens like <em>Phytophthora</em> spp. severely limit <em>ex situ</em> cultivation. Conventional propagation (seeds, cuttings) is unreliable, while micropropagation, though promising, requires optimization to preserve bioactive compound integrity. Postharvest knowledge gaps persist, especially in harvesting timing (to reduce toxic pulegone), drying, and storage. Emerging solutions include seed priming, microbial inoculants (e.g., <em>Cryptococcus laurentii</em>), and precision agriculture techniques. Bridging traditional practices with innovative technologies may address propagation and yield challenges. However, urgent advances in propagation and soil management are vital for sustainable commercialization and conservation of this culturally and ecologically significant species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100661"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100656
Natalija Čutović , Petar Batinić , Ana Žugić , Vanja Tadić , Tatjana Marković , Aleksandra A. Jovanović
Satureja montana (SM), an aromatic species of the Lamiaceae family, exhibits notable chemical polymorphism in its essential oil (EO) composition, primarily characterized by two dominant chemotypes: the carvacrol chemotype (carvacrol 50–70 %), predominant in Mediterranean regions, and the thymol chemotype (thymol 30–60 %), common in the Balkan Peninsula. A mixed carvacrol–thymol chemotype (both compounds 20–40 %) is frequently found in transitional zones between these areas. The chemotype-specific composition influences biological activity and sensory properties, guiding the selection of plant material for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food applications. However, it remains unclear whether such chemotypic variation extends to plant extracts, particularly those obtained using different extraction techniques. This study investigated how three extraction methods—maceration (M), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)—affected the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and yield of bioactive compounds in SM extracts derived from these chemotypes cultivated in South Banat, Serbia. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified key phenolic compounds, including thymol, carvacrol, rosmarinic acid, rutin, and caffeic acid. MAE extracts exhibited the highest total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), with SM (T) extracted by MAE consistently showing the greatest concentrations of rosmarinic acid and rutin, along with superior antioxidant activity measured by ion exchange-based antioxidant assays (FRAP and CUPRAC). UAE was particularly efficient in extracting thymol and carvacrol, especially in the SM (T) chemotype, leading to higher activity in radical scavenging antioxidant assays (ABTS and DPPH). These results underscore the significant impact of both chemotype and extraction technique on the bioactive profile of SM extracts. Optimizing extraction based on chemotype is thus crucial for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and industrial value of S. montana.
{"title":"Impact of extraction techniques on antioxidant properties and phenolic composition of extracts from different Satureja montana chemotypes cultivated in Serbia","authors":"Natalija Čutović , Petar Batinić , Ana Žugić , Vanja Tadić , Tatjana Marković , Aleksandra A. Jovanović","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Satureja montana</em> (SM), an aromatic species of the Lamiaceae family, exhibits notable chemical polymorphism in its essential oil (EO) composition, primarily characterized by two dominant chemotypes: the carvacrol chemotype (carvacrol 50–70 %), predominant in Mediterranean regions, and the thymol chemotype (thymol 30–60 %), common in the Balkan Peninsula. A mixed carvacrol–thymol chemotype (both compounds 20–40 %) is frequently found in transitional zones between these areas. The chemotype-specific composition influences biological activity and sensory properties, guiding the selection of plant material for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food applications. However, it remains unclear whether such chemotypic variation extends to plant extracts, particularly those obtained using different extraction techniques. This study investigated how three extraction methods—maceration (M), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)—affected the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and yield of bioactive compounds in SM extracts derived from these chemotypes cultivated in South Banat, Serbia. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified key phenolic compounds, including thymol, carvacrol, rosmarinic acid, rutin, and caffeic acid. MAE extracts exhibited the highest total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), with SM (T) extracted by MAE consistently showing the greatest concentrations of rosmarinic acid and rutin, along with superior antioxidant activity measured by ion exchange-based antioxidant assays (FRAP and CUPRAC). UAE was particularly efficient in extracting thymol and carvacrol, especially in the SM (T) chemotype, leading to higher activity in radical scavenging antioxidant assays (ABTS and DPPH). These results underscore the significant impact of both chemotype and extraction technique on the bioactive profile of SM extracts. Optimizing extraction based on chemotype is thus crucial for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and industrial value of <em>S. montana</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100656"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100659
Anindita Kundu , Niladri Sett
Polyphenolic substances obtained from the leaves of Vitex negundo have gained attention for its therapeutic benefits. To obtain the maximized antioxidant-rich polyphenolic substances from the Vitex negundo leaves via microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to evaluate the influence of several variables of MAE on the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) as determined by Folin–Ciocalteu assay method and Aluminum Chloride assay method, and the antioxidant capacity as measured by DPPH and ABTS assay methods, respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for finding optimal extraction conditions. GC-MS analysis was conducted on the extract. The tocopherol content and anticancer potential were estimated using HPLC and MTT assay respectively. The ideal extraction parameters were found to be 14 min, 48 °C, 65 % (v/v) methanol concentration, and 14 ml of extraction solvent. The optimum experimental conditions produced the TPC and TFC values of 1.46 mg GAE/g of dried extract and 1.06 mg QE/g of dried extract respectively. Furthermore, the DPPH and ABTS assays results showed the optimum values of 53 % and 77 % respectively. 12 bioactive compounds were identified using GC-MS. The amount of tocopherol was found to be 414.87 µg/g. Lastly, the obtained leaf extract demonstrated its anticancer potential on PC3 cell lines. The findings demonstrated leaf extract's potential as a useful source of polyphenols with strong antioxidant qualities that can be used in a variety of pharmaceutical applications.
{"title":"Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from Vitex negundo leaves using response surface methodology","authors":"Anindita Kundu , Niladri Sett","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyphenolic substances obtained from the leaves of <em>Vitex negundo</em> have gained attention for its therapeutic benefits. To obtain the maximized antioxidant-rich polyphenolic substances from the <em>Vitex negundo</em> leaves via microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to evaluate the influence of several variables of MAE on the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) as determined by Folin–Ciocalteu assay method and Aluminum Chloride assay method, and the antioxidant capacity as measured by DPPH and ABTS assay methods, respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for finding optimal extraction conditions. GC-MS analysis was conducted on the extract. The tocopherol content and anticancer potential were estimated using HPLC and MTT assay respectively. The ideal extraction parameters were found to be 14 min, 48 °C, 65 % (v/v) methanol concentration, and 14 ml of extraction solvent. The optimum experimental conditions produced the TPC and TFC values of 1.46 mg GAE/g of dried extract and 1.06 mg QE/g of dried extract respectively. Furthermore, the DPPH and ABTS assays results showed the optimum values of 53 % and 77 % respectively. 12 bioactive compounds were identified using GC-MS. The amount of tocopherol was found to be 414.87 µg/g. Lastly, the obtained leaf extract demonstrated its anticancer potential on PC3 cell lines. The findings demonstrated leaf extract's potential as a useful source of polyphenols with strong antioxidant qualities that can be used in a variety of pharmaceutical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100659"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100660
Feng Jin , Honghong Jiao , Zhongxin Song , Mengyuan Zhang , Bo Li , Zhongyi Hua , Tianrui Liu , Pengjie Han , Zhishu Tang
Corydalis yanhusuo is a traditional analgesic herb, with alkaloids as its primary active compounds and quality markers. The quality of C. yanhusuo available in the market varies considerably and is often classified by tuber size. However, whether quality differs among tubers of different sizes, and the molecular mechanisms underlying such differences, remains unclear. Hence, we aimed to investigate the relationship between tuber size and alkaloid accumulation in C. yanhusuo using integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Targeted metabolomics and transcriptomic analyses were conducted on C. yanhusuo tubers of three different sizes. Differential alkaloid profiles and gene expression patterns were correlated, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment was used to assess transcription factor responses. The total alkaloid content in small tubers was higher than that in large tubers. Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed 481 alkaloids, predominantly isoquinoline alkaloids (41.58 %), most of which were more abundant in small tubers than in large ones. Combined with transcriptome data, our findings suggested that alkaloid accumulation in differently sized tubers might be related to environmental adaptation and trade-offs between tuber growth and development. Core transcription factors, including NAC, C3H, and GRAS, which are responsive to 50 μM ABA, may regulate the growth and development of C. yanhusuo. This regulation may contribute to differences in alkaloid content and morphology among tubers of varying sizes. Our study provides a reference for improved utilization of C. yanhusuo and offers scientific insights for future molecular breeding.
{"title":"Size-dependent diversity and accumulation of isoquinoline alkaloids in Corydalis yanhusuo tubers","authors":"Feng Jin , Honghong Jiao , Zhongxin Song , Mengyuan Zhang , Bo Li , Zhongyi Hua , Tianrui Liu , Pengjie Han , Zhishu Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Corydalis yanhusuo</em> is a traditional analgesic herb, with alkaloids as its primary active compounds and quality markers. The quality of <em>C. yanhusuo</em> available in the market varies considerably and is often classified by tuber size. However, whether quality differs among tubers of different sizes, and the molecular mechanisms underlying such differences, remains unclear. Hence, we aimed to investigate the relationship between tuber size and alkaloid accumulation in <em>C. yanhusuo</em> using integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Targeted metabolomics and transcriptomic analyses were conducted on <em>C. yanhusuo</em> tubers of three different sizes. Differential alkaloid profiles and gene expression patterns were correlated, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment was used to assess transcription factor responses. The total alkaloid content in small tubers was higher than that in large tubers. Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed 481 alkaloids, predominantly isoquinoline alkaloids (41.58 %), most of which were more abundant in small tubers than in large ones. Combined with transcriptome data, our findings suggested that alkaloid accumulation in differently sized tubers might be related to environmental adaptation and trade-offs between tuber growth and development. Core transcription factors, including NAC, C3H, and GRAS, which are responsive to 50 μM ABA, may regulate the growth and development of <em>C. yanhusuo</em>. This regulation may contribute to differences in alkaloid content and morphology among tubers of varying sizes. Our study provides a reference for improved utilization of <em>C. yanhusuo</em> and offers scientific insights for future molecular breeding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100660"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100655
Sijie Zhang , Mingyang Qiu , Jiang Wan , Zheng Qian , Yingpeng Tong , Jin-Feng Hu
This study aimed to develop and validate a novel and robust strategy for the simultaneous extraction of the functional ingredients, including phenolic components, polysaccharides, saponins, and amino acids, from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua using ultrasound-assisted extraction based on quality by design principles. Critical process parameters determined using Ishikawa diagram and systematic risk analyses were investigated through a Box-Behnken design. A Monte-Carlo simulation was subsequently utilized to establish a design space. After verification experiments, chemometric analysis was eventually applied to evaluate the quality consistency of samples from different geographical regions. Models investigating the relationships between process parameters and indicators were successfully established, achieving R2 > 0.89. Furthermore, a hypercube design space for process control was successfully established based on constraints of the desired quality attributes. Verification experiments confirmed the accuracy and reliability of both the models and the design space. The validated method effectively extracted active ingredients from P. cyrtonema samples sourced from different geographical regions, allowing their differentiation. This study supports the application of the proposed quality-by-design-optimized extraction method for efficiently recovering active constituents from P. cyrtonema, thus facilitating quality control and providing valuable insights into the sustainable utilization of this traditional Chinese medicine.
{"title":"An effective optimization strategy for extracting functional ingredients from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua based on quality by design principles","authors":"Sijie Zhang , Mingyang Qiu , Jiang Wan , Zheng Qian , Yingpeng Tong , Jin-Feng Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to develop and validate a novel and robust strategy for the simultaneous extraction of the functional ingredients, including phenolic components, polysaccharides, saponins, and amino acids, from <em>Polygonatum cyrtonema</em> Hua using ultrasound-assisted extraction based on quality by design principles. Critical process parameters determined using Ishikawa diagram and systematic risk analyses were investigated through a Box-Behnken design. A Monte-Carlo simulation was subsequently utilized to establish a design space. After verification experiments, chemometric analysis was eventually applied to evaluate the quality consistency of samples from different geographical regions. Models investigating the relationships between process parameters and indicators were successfully established, achieving <em>R</em><sup>2</sup> > 0.89. Furthermore, a hypercube design space for process control was successfully established based on constraints of the desired quality attributes. Verification experiments confirmed the accuracy and reliability of both the models and the design space. The validated method effectively extracted active ingredients from <em>P. cyrtonema</em> samples sourced from different geographical regions, allowing their differentiation. This study supports the application of the proposed quality-by-design-optimized extraction method for efficiently recovering active constituents from <em>P. cyrtonema</em>, thus facilitating quality control and providing valuable insights into the sustainable utilization of this traditional Chinese medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100655"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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