Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-10-27DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100678
Luz Gabriela Pulido Bonilla , Jerry W. King , Iván D. Gil Chaves
This comprehensive review provides a critical analysis of the integrated cannabis processing chain, from post-harvest handling to the final purification of high-value extracts, addressing the technical challenges and engineering trade-offs inherent in each stage. Pre-processing stages, including drying and decarboxylation, are evaluated based on their profound impact on the preservation of volatile terpenes versus the efficient conversion of acidic cannabinoids to their neutral, more bioavailable forms. Extraction techniques are systematically compared, with a focus on how solvent selection—guided by Solubility Parameter Theory (SPT) and empirical solubility data for supercritical CO₂—dictates selectivity, yield, and the need for subsequent purification. Downstream unit operations, encompassing winterization, filtration, and distillation, are examined as a multi-stage process designed to remove impurities like waxes and pigments, a workflow often characterized by a critical trade-off between achieving high purity and maximizing process yield. Finally, the review details advanced remediation and purification technologies, such as industrial-scale chromatography and crystallization, which are essential for producing compliant, pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoid isolates and precisely formulated distillates. By synthesizing current practices with fundamental engineering principles, this work provides an essential resource for process optimization and sustainable innovation in the rapidly evolving cannabis industry.
{"title":"Comprehensive review of cannabis processing stages: A comparison of techniques for obtaining high-quality extracts","authors":"Luz Gabriela Pulido Bonilla , Jerry W. King , Iván D. Gil Chaves","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This comprehensive review provides a critical analysis of the integrated cannabis processing chain, from post-harvest handling to the final purification of high-value extracts, addressing the technical challenges and engineering trade-offs inherent in each stage. Pre-processing stages, including drying and decarboxylation, are evaluated based on their profound impact on the preservation of volatile terpenes versus the efficient conversion of acidic cannabinoids to their neutral, more bioavailable forms. Extraction techniques are systematically compared, with a focus on how solvent selection—guided by Solubility Parameter Theory (SPT) and empirical solubility data for supercritical CO₂—dictates selectivity, yield, and the need for subsequent purification. Downstream unit operations, encompassing winterization, filtration, and distillation, are examined as a multi-stage process designed to remove impurities like waxes and pigments, a workflow often characterized by a critical trade-off between achieving high purity and maximizing process yield. Finally, the review details advanced remediation and purification technologies, such as industrial-scale chromatography and crystallization, which are essential for producing compliant, pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoid isolates and precisely formulated distillates. By synthesizing current practices with fundamental engineering principles, this work provides an essential resource for process optimization and sustainable innovation in the rapidly evolving cannabis industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100678"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tribulus terrestris L., a key component of several herbal formulations, particularly "Dashmula" in Ayurveda, is a plant of notable medicinal importance. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry in India and several other countries. The leaves and fruits are traditionally employed in the treatment of cough, kidney disorders, sexual dysfunction, and rheumatic arthritis. Protodioscin, the primary saponin in the plant, is largely responsible for its broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. Although not extensively cultivated, T. terrestris is grown in Rajasthan, India, and a few other countries. In the present study, the genetic diversity of T. terrestris was evaluated in North Indian populations using SSR markers. A total of 30 SSR primers amplified 169 alleles with size ranging from 80 to 600 bp. Primer TTMS-30 produced the highest number of fragments (11). The mean PIC value was 0.581, indicating a high level of informativeness and the ability of the markers to detect genetic variation among the accessions. The average MI value was 3.367, further supporting the effectiveness of the selected primers in assessing genetic diversity. Both expected and observed heterozygosity values indicated substantial genetic diversity. Cluster analysis revealed three major groups in dendrogram, a pattern further supported by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). STRUCTURE revealed the presence of three distinct genetic stocks among the analysed accessions. The results of the present study provides valuable insights into the underlying genetic structure of the populations. The diverse stocks represent a valuable resource for the selection and conservation. Diverse accessions identified can be utilized in future breeding and improvement programs to meet growing industrial demands.
{"title":"SSR based genetic diversity and population structure of important Herb Tribulus terrestris L. from North India","authors":"Neha Chaudhary , Diksha Chaudhary , Rakesh Kumar , Kanika Aggarwal , Himanshu Sharma , Joy Roy , Raghbir Chand Gupta , Vikas Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Tribulus terrestris</em> L., a key component of several herbal formulations, particularly \"Dashmula\" in Ayurveda, is a plant of notable medicinal importance. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry in India and several other countries. The leaves and fruits are traditionally employed in the treatment of cough, kidney disorders, sexual dysfunction, and rheumatic arthritis. Protodioscin, the primary saponin in the plant, is largely responsible for its broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. Although not extensively cultivated, <em>T. terrestris</em> is grown in Rajasthan, India, and a few other countries. In the present study, the genetic diversity of <em>T. terrestris</em> was evaluated in North Indian populations using SSR markers. A total of 30 SSR primers amplified 169 alleles with size ranging from 80 to 600 bp. Primer TTMS-30 produced the highest number of fragments (11). The mean PIC value was 0.581, indicating a high level of informativeness and the ability of the markers to detect genetic variation among the accessions. The average MI value was 3.367, further supporting the effectiveness of the selected primers in assessing genetic diversity. Both expected and observed heterozygosity values indicated substantial genetic diversity. Cluster analysis revealed three major groups in dendrogram, a pattern further supported by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). STRUCTURE revealed the presence of three distinct genetic stocks among the analysed accessions. The results of the present study provides valuable insights into the underlying genetic structure of the populations. The diverse stocks represent a valuable resource for the selection and conservation. Diverse accessions identified can be utilized in future breeding and improvement programs to meet growing industrial demands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100675"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing need for sustainable and efficient extraction methods has led to interest in green technologies for the extraction of bioactive compounds from agricultural waste. Orange peel, a rich of polyphenols and flavonoids, offers significant potential for sustainable application. This research formulated a novel multi-task optimization approach combining the Mantis Search Algorithm (MSA) with hybrid machine learning models to extract bioactive compounds from orange peel waste using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The holistic strategy employed a multi-task optimization approach that concurrently optimized four key components: feature selection, model hyperparameters, ensemble weights, and process parameters. The process parameters investigated included microwave power (302–495 W), extraction temperature (31–59 °C), extraction time (5.2–30 min), and mass-to-solvent ratio (41–80 mg/mL). Three machine learning models were developed and systematically compared: CatBoost, Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), and their weighted ensemble fusion. The ensemble MSA-hybrid model exhibited the best predictive performance with R² of 0.656, 0.981, and 0.990 for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity, respectively. Temperature was found to be the most significant process parameter for all response variables, followed by extraction time and mass-to-solvent ratio. The multi-task optimization approach successfully developed robust predictive models capable of guiding extraction parameter selection for improved bioactive compound yields. Extensive validation using thorough residual analysis, stability testing, and confidence interval analysis reaffirmed model reliability and generalizability. This novel study was successful in offering valuable industry-ready solutions for sustainable bioactive compound extraction while supporting agricultural waste valorization and circular economy concepts.
{"title":"Green extraction of bioactive compounds from orange peel waste using NADES and microwave-assisted technique: A CatBoost-GMDH ensemble optimized by mantis search algorithm","authors":"Mostafa Khajeh , Mansour Ghaffari-Moghaddam , Jamshid Piri , Afsaneh Barkhordar , Didem Saloglu","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing need for sustainable and efficient extraction methods has led to interest in green technologies for the extraction of bioactive compounds from agricultural waste. Orange peel, a rich of polyphenols and flavonoids, offers significant potential for sustainable application. This research formulated a novel multi-task optimization approach combining the Mantis Search Algorithm (MSA) with hybrid machine learning models to extract bioactive compounds from orange peel waste using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The holistic strategy employed a multi-task optimization approach that concurrently optimized four key components: feature selection, model hyperparameters, ensemble weights, and process parameters. The process parameters investigated included microwave power (302–495 W), extraction temperature (31–59 °C), extraction time (5.2–30 min), and mass-to-solvent ratio (41–80 mg/mL). Three machine learning models were developed and systematically compared: CatBoost, Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), and their weighted ensemble fusion. The ensemble MSA-hybrid model exhibited the best predictive performance with R² of 0.656, 0.981, and 0.990 for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity, respectively. Temperature was found to be the most significant process parameter for all response variables, followed by extraction time and mass-to-solvent ratio. The multi-task optimization approach successfully developed robust predictive models capable of guiding extraction parameter selection for improved bioactive compound yields. Extensive validation using thorough residual analysis, stability testing, and confidence interval analysis reaffirmed model reliability and generalizability. This novel study was successful in offering valuable industry-ready solutions for sustainable bioactive compound extraction while supporting agricultural waste valorization and circular economy concepts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100670
Yog Raj , Nilofer Ali , Aparna Maitra Pati , Rakshak Kumar , Rakesh Kumar
Reintroducing beneficial rhizosphere microbes associated with wild medicinal plants back into the rhizosphere during cultivation is expected to increase the efficacy of herbal medicine. However, the effectiveness of this approach for St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) has not been explored, nor has it been evaluated alongside other plant biostimulants, such as seaweed extract and non-host-specific plant-beneficial rhizobacteria, that may also impact plant growth and specialized metabolites. To fill these knowledge gaps, in present study a two-year factorial randomized block design experiment was conducted using vermicompost amendment and plant biostimulants, derived from microbial origin (consortia of host plant-associated and non-host-specific plant-beneficial rhizobacteria) and macroalgae-based (seaweed extract). Dry biomass yield of main medicinal material (Hyperici herba) significantly (P = 0.05) influenced by the interaction effect; while contents of specialized metabolites by individual treatments. Seaweed extract significantly maximized the contents of specialized metabolites, particularly pseudohypericin and hypericin; however, it substantially reduced the biomass yield. In both year, biomass yield was not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by the individual treatment of non-host-specific plant-beneficial rhizobacteria; however, in combination with vermicompost amendment at 5 Mg ha⁻¹ the biomass yield numerically increased compared to the seaweed extract treatment. Nevertheless, specialized metabolites were minimally increased by non-host-specific plant-beneficial rhizobacteria. Unlike seaweed extract and non-host-specific plant-beneficial rhizobacteria, host plant-associated rhizobacteria simultaneously enhanced specialized metabolites, especially hyperforin, and the biomass yield either alone or in combination. Across both years, the maximum biomass yield was achieved under the combined application of host plant-associated plant-beneficial rhizobacteria and vermicompost amendment at 5 Mg ha⁻¹. This treatment also improved net photosynthetic rate, internal water use efficiency, soil microbial biomass carbon, and respiration compared to control and rest of the treatments. Thus, the integrating host plant-associated plant-beneficial rhizobacteria with vermicompost amendment offers a sustainable approach to increase the efficacy of St. John’s wort herbal medicine without compromising the biomass yield.
{"title":"St. John's wort root-associated beneficial bacteria with vermicompost augment specialized metabolites without penalizing biomass yield by improving photosynthesis and soil microbial properties","authors":"Yog Raj , Nilofer Ali , Aparna Maitra Pati , Rakshak Kumar , Rakesh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reintroducing beneficial rhizosphere microbes associated with wild medicinal plants back into the rhizosphere during cultivation is expected to increase the efficacy of herbal medicine. However, the effectiveness of this approach for St. John’s wort (<em>Hypericum perforatum</em> L.) has not been explored, nor has it been evaluated alongside other plant biostimulants, such as seaweed extract and non-host-specific plant-beneficial rhizobacteria, that may also impact plant growth and specialized metabolites. To fill these knowledge gaps, in present study a two-year factorial randomized block design experiment was conducted using vermicompost amendment and plant biostimulants, derived from microbial origin (consortia of host plant-associated and non-host-specific plant-beneficial rhizobacteria) and macroalgae-based (seaweed extract). Dry biomass yield of main medicinal material (<em>Hyperici herba</em>) significantly (<em>P = 0.05</em>) influenced by the interaction effect; while contents of specialized metabolites by individual treatments. Seaweed extract significantly maximized the contents of specialized metabolites, particularly pseudohypericin and hypericin; however, it substantially reduced the biomass yield. In both year, biomass yield was not significantly (<em>P > 0.05</em>) influenced by the individual treatment of non-host-specific plant-beneficial rhizobacteria; however, in combination with vermicompost amendment at 5 Mg ha⁻¹ the biomass yield numerically increased compared to the seaweed extract treatment. Nevertheless, specialized metabolites were minimally increased by non-host-specific plant-beneficial rhizobacteria. Unlike seaweed extract and non-host-specific plant-beneficial rhizobacteria, host plant-associated rhizobacteria simultaneously enhanced specialized metabolites, especially hyperforin, and the biomass yield either alone or in combination. Across both years, the maximum biomass yield was achieved under the combined application of host plant-associated plant-beneficial rhizobacteria and vermicompost amendment at 5 Mg ha⁻¹. This treatment also improved net photosynthetic rate, internal water use efficiency, soil microbial biomass carbon, and respiration compared to control and rest of the treatments. Thus, the integrating host plant-associated plant-beneficial rhizobacteria with vermicompost amendment offers a sustainable approach to increase the efficacy of St. John’s wort herbal medicine without compromising the biomass yield.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100670"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100667
Lucia Nedorost Ragasová, Jarmila Neugebauerová, Tomáš Kopta, Robert Pokluda
In the context of increasing popularity of alternative sources of food such as edible flowers the chemical composition of edible flowers of Bellis perennis L. was evaluated in this study. Common daisy, widely spread across the world, contains many bioactive compounds including ones with strong antioxidant activity, such as L-ascorbic acid or polyphenols. B. perennis flowers were sampled monthly during 2016–2023 have been analysed for chemical composition. Ascorbic acid content (AA) was monitored for eight years, and the rest of chemical assays including total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was determined for 3 years. Out of 8-year monitoring of L-ascorbic acid content, significantly highest content was detected in February and March (768.5 ± 36 mg/kg FW in March 2017; 673.6 ± 18.9 mg/kg FW in Feb. 2017; 429.6 ± 1.6 mg/kg FW in Feb. 2022; 414.4 ± 11.2 mg/kg FW in Feb. 2019 and 412.2 ± 2.4 mg/kg FW in March 2018). The small mostly irregular fluctuations in TFC, TPC and TAC were determined, however for phenolic and flavonoid content the gradual increase from February till June was observed. Total antioxidant capacity in B. perennis ranged from 1.7 to 3.6 g TE/100 g DW. Despite these monthly fluctuations in bioactive compound content, the widespread availability of a common daisy throughout the year makes it a promising and accessible source of health-beneficial nutrients.
{"title":"Seasonal changes in chemical content of edible flowers of common daisy (Bellis perennis L.)","authors":"Lucia Nedorost Ragasová, Jarmila Neugebauerová, Tomáš Kopta, Robert Pokluda","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of increasing popularity of alternative sources of food such as edible flowers the chemical composition of edible flowers of <em>Bellis perennis</em> L. was evaluated in this study. Common daisy<em>,</em> widely spread across the world, contains many bioactive compounds including ones with strong antioxidant activity, such as L-ascorbic acid or polyphenols. <em>B. perennis</em> flowers were sampled monthly during 2016–2023 have been analysed for chemical composition. Ascorbic acid content (AA) was monitored for eight years, and the rest of chemical assays including total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was determined for 3 years. Out of 8-year monitoring of L-ascorbic acid content, significantly highest content was detected in February and March (768.5 ± 36 mg/kg FW in March 2017; 673.6 ± 18.9 mg/kg FW in Feb. 2017; 429.6 ± 1.6 mg/kg FW in Feb. 2022; 414.4 ± 11.2 mg/kg FW in Feb. 2019 and 412.2 ± 2.4 mg/kg FW in March 2018). The small mostly irregular fluctuations in TFC, TPC and TAC were determined, however for phenolic and flavonoid content the gradual increase from February till June was observed. Total antioxidant capacity in <em>B. perennis</em> ranged from 1.7 to 3.6 g TE/100 g DW. Despite these monthly fluctuations in bioactive compound content, the widespread availability of a common daisy throughout the year makes it a promising and accessible source of health-beneficial nutrients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100667"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100666
Jun Luo , Xiaoyong Dai , Bing Yang , Jin Chen , Shuang He
In order to reveal the phenotypic variation degree and variation pattern of the natural population of Gleditsia sinensis in Guizhou Province, and lay a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement, germplasm identification and variety breeding of G. sinensis. This study measured 12 phenotypic traits of seeds and pods in 180 individual trees from 17 natural G. sinensis populations in Guizhou Province and detected rich phenotypic diversity. The results suggest that the phenotypic variation of G. sinensis seeds and pods in Guizhou is extremely rich, with intrapopulation variation being the primary source of variation. The average phenotypic differentiation coefficient is 23.87 %, and the average coefficient of variation is 11.59 %. The variation in phenotypic traits of G. sinensis seeds and pods is geographically discontinuous. Generally, pods show north-south variation along the same longitude, while seeds exhibit east-west variation along the same latitude. Inter-population variability in pods (14.67 %) is higher than in seeds (8.96 %), suggesting greater variability in pod traits and higher stability in seed traits. This multi-level variation provides a scientific basis for the innovative utilization of high-quality genetic resources of G. sinensis. Principal component analysis shows that the first three principal components (size of pods, size and weight of seeds, weight of pods) account for 81.9 % of the cumulative contribution, essentially reflecting most of the information on phenotypic traits of G. sinensis. A comprehensive evaluation of the natural populations of G. sinensis based on 12 pods and seeds traits finds that the CeHeng (CH) population has the best overall performance, followed by WangMo (WM), DeJiang (DJ), and Weng'an (WA) populations. Suitable breeding materials can be selected from these four populations based on breeding objectives. This research findings lay a crucial foundation for advancing the genetic improvement of G. sinensis and provide a scientific underpinning for the development of breeding strategies and management practices.
{"title":"Analysis of phenotypic diversity in pods and seeds traits of natural populations of Gleditsia sinensis in Guizhou Province, China","authors":"Jun Luo , Xiaoyong Dai , Bing Yang , Jin Chen , Shuang He","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to reveal the phenotypic variation degree and variation pattern of the natural population of Gleditsia sinensis in Guizhou Province, and lay a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement, germplasm identification and variety breeding of <em>G. sinensis</em>. This study measured 12 phenotypic traits of seeds and pods in 180 individual trees from 17 natural <em>G. sinensis</em> populations in Guizhou Province and detected rich phenotypic diversity. The results suggest that the phenotypic variation of <em>G. sinensis</em> seeds and pods in Guizhou is extremely rich, with intrapopulation variation being the primary source of variation. The average phenotypic differentiation coefficient is 23.87 %, and the average coefficient of variation is 11.59 %. The variation in phenotypic traits of <em>G. sinensis</em> seeds and pods is geographically discontinuous. Generally, pods show north-south variation along the same longitude, while seeds exhibit east-west variation along the same latitude. Inter-population variability in pods (14.67 %) is higher than in seeds (8.96 %), suggesting greater variability in pod traits and higher stability in seed traits. This multi-level variation provides a scientific basis for the innovative utilization of high-quality genetic resources of <em>G. sinensis</em>. Principal component analysis shows that the first three principal components (size of pods, size and weight of seeds, weight of pods) account for 81.9 % of the cumulative contribution, essentially reflecting most of the information on phenotypic traits of <em>G. sinensis</em>. A comprehensive evaluation of the natural populations of <em>G. sinensis</em> based on 12 pods and seeds traits finds that the CeHeng (CH) population has the best overall performance, followed by WangMo (WM), DeJiang (DJ), and Weng'an (WA) populations. Suitable breeding materials can be selected from these four populations based on breeding objectives. This research findings lay a crucial foundation for advancing the genetic improvement of <em>G. sinensis</em> and provide a scientific underpinning for the development of breeding strategies and management practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In alignment with green chemistry principles, this study presents an eco-friendly method for extracting bioactive compounds from Butea monosperma flowers using natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES). Lactic acid (LA) was combined with various hydrogen bond acceptors, sodium acetate (SA), glucose (Glu), and fructose (Fru) to prepare NaDES. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed as a green and efficient extraction technique. Extraction efficiency was optimized based on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity, evaluated using both DPPH and ABTS assays. Optimal conditions were achieved using LA:SA (3:1, 20 % water) for 45 min (LS-1) and LA:Glu (9:1, 40 % water) (LG-1) for 60 min, yielding high TPC values (1069.49 ± 12.39 and 1064.93 ± 15.33 mg GAE/L) with strong DPPH scavenging activity (0.089 ± 0.005 and 0.055 ± 0.005 %v/v). ABTS assay further confirmed such antioxidant activity of these extracts. The crude extracts were characterized using UV and NMR spectroscopy. Two major flavonoids, isobutrin (1) and butrin (2), were successfully isolated and structurally confirmed using UV, IR, and NMR techniques. Their antioxidant activities were also confirmed by the DPPH and ABTS assays. Finally, the most potent extract, prepared using LS-1, was successfully incorporated into a water-based cosmetic formulation, demonstrating its potential for sustainable cosmetic applications.
{"title":"Ultrasound-assisted NaDES extraction of phenolics from Butea monosperma flowers: Optimization and cosmetic applications","authors":"Kullapon Kesonkan , Liudmila Yarovaya , Anupong Joompang , Panatorn Puwanatanaboon , Nicha Kanpakdee , Chanikan Sonklin , Supachai Jadsadajerm , Prasat Kittakoop , Awat Wisetsai","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In alignment with green chemistry principles, this study presents an eco-friendly method for extracting bioactive compounds from <em>Butea monosperma</em> flowers using natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES). Lactic acid (LA) was combined with various hydrogen bond acceptors, sodium acetate (SA), glucose (Glu), and fructose (Fru) to prepare NaDES. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed as a green and efficient extraction technique. Extraction efficiency was optimized based on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity, evaluated using both DPPH and ABTS assays. Optimal conditions were achieved using LA:SA (3:1, 20 % water) for 45 min (<strong>LS-1</strong>) and LA:Glu (9:1, 40 % water) (<strong>LG-1</strong>) for 60 min, yielding high TPC values (1069.49 ± 12.39 and 1064.93 ± 15.33 mg GAE/L) with strong DPPH scavenging activity (0.089 ± 0.005 and 0.055 ± 0.005 %v/v). ABTS assay further confirmed such antioxidant activity of these extracts. The crude extracts were characterized using UV and NMR spectroscopy. Two major flavonoids, isobutrin (<strong>1</strong>) and butrin (<strong>2</strong>), were successfully isolated and structurally confirmed using UV, IR, and NMR techniques. Their antioxidant activities were also confirmed by the DPPH and ABTS assays. Finally, the most potent extract, prepared using <strong>LS-1</strong>, was successfully incorporated into a water-based cosmetic formulation, demonstrating its potential for sustainable cosmetic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100672"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is an aromatic plant widely used in traditional medicine, food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. However, unfavorable climatic conditions resulting from global warming negatively affect its productivity. This challenge may be addressed by developing more tolerant cultivars. To support this, the present study evaluated the efficacy of colchicine for inducing polyploidy in sweet marjoram, with the aim of facilitating cultivar improvement. Seeds were treated with colchicine at concentrations of 0.000 %, 0.025 %, 0.050 %, 0.100 %, 0.200 %, 0.400 %, and 0.800 % for 24 h. Treated seeds were germinated in vitro, and surviving seedlings were established under greenhouse conditions. The ploidy status of all greenhouse plants was initially screened by stomatal assay and subsequently confirmed by flow cytometry. Results showed that seed germination percentages (30 %-46 %) did not differ significantly among treatments; however, seedling survival declined as colchicine concentration increased, with no seedlings surviving at 0.400 % and 0.800 %. Seventeen putative polyploids were identified, of which fourteen were confirmed as true polyploids and three as mixoploids. The fourteen true polyploids included two triploids, ten tetraploids, and two pentaploids. The efficiencies of polyploid induction were 11.1 % at 0.025 %, 40 % at 0.050 %, 75 % at 0.100 %, and 80 % at 0.200 % colchicine. Compared with diploids, polyploid plants exhibited wider leaves, larger stomata, and reduced stomatal density. The true polyploid plants represent valuable genetic resources for breeding new sweet marjoram cultivars.
{"title":"Colchicine induces polyploidization in sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana)","authors":"Emmanuel Nkosinathi Kunene , Jian-Zhi Huang , Jong-Yi Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sweet marjoram (<em>Origanum majorana</em> L<em>.</em>) is an aromatic plant widely used in traditional medicine, food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. However, unfavorable climatic conditions resulting from global warming negatively affect its productivity. This challenge may be addressed by developing more tolerant cultivars. To support this, the present study evaluated the efficacy of colchicine for inducing polyploidy in sweet marjoram, with the aim of facilitating cultivar improvement. Seeds were treated with colchicine at concentrations of 0.000 %, 0.025 %, 0.050 %, 0.100 %, 0.200 %, 0.400 %, and 0.800 % for 24 h. Treated seeds were germinated <em>in vitro</em>, and surviving seedlings were established under greenhouse conditions. The ploidy status of all greenhouse plants was initially screened by stomatal assay and subsequently confirmed by flow cytometry. Results showed that seed germination percentages (30 %-46 %) did not differ significantly among treatments; however, seedling survival declined as colchicine concentration increased, with no seedlings surviving at 0.400 % and 0.800 %. Seventeen putative polyploids were identified, of which fourteen were confirmed as true polyploids and three as mixoploids. The fourteen true polyploids included two triploids, ten tetraploids, and two pentaploids. The efficiencies of polyploid induction were 11.1 % at 0.025 %, 40 % at 0.050 %, 75 % at 0.100 %, and 80 % at 0.200 % colchicine. Compared with diploids, polyploid plants exhibited wider leaves, larger stomata, and reduced stomatal density. The true polyploid plants represent valuable genetic resources for breeding new sweet marjoram cultivars.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100669"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100674
Yuhang Jiang , Yuanyuan Wu , Wenying Wang , Jinhui Cai , Xiaoqin Lin , Wenxiong Lin
Tea quality, particularly in varieties like Shui Xian Yan, is complexly influenced by plant age, altitude, and soil properties. This study investigated their collective impact on secondary metabolite composition and aroma characteristics in fresh tea leaves, aiming to identify key biochemical markers and optimize cultivation. Utilizing GC-MS metabolomics, fresh leaves from young and old tea plants across varying altitudes (200–800 m) in Wuyishan were analyzed. Soil physicochemical properties were also assessed, with multivariate statistics employed for metabolic profiling. Results showed young tea plants possessed higher volatile terpenoids, aromatic alcohols (e.g., benzyl alcohol, linalool oxides), and alkaloids (e.g., caffeine), contributing to floral-green aromas. Conversely, old tea plants accumulated saturated fatty acids and antioxidant phenolics (e.g., sesamol), yielding fruity-woody notes. Altitudinal effects were age-dependent; high elevations boosted stress-protective volatiles (e.g., trans-furan linalool oxide) in young plants, while old plants exhibited metabolic stability. Soil pH, organic matter, and nutrients (N, P) significantly correlated with aroma profiles (P < 0.05), with lower pH favoring fruity esters and higher nutrients promoting fatty aromas. This metabolic shift from defense-oriented volatiles in young plants to structural/antioxidant compounds in mature plants reflects ontogenetic resource allocation. Altitude-induced stress responses were pronounced in younger, more plastic plants. Soil properties modulate aroma pathways, likely via microbial and enzymatic interactions. These findings align with ecological trade-off and stress-induced secondary metabolism theories. In conclusion, tea quality is dynamically regulated by plant age, altitude, and soil factors. Young tea leaves are optimal for floral-green aromas, while older leaves offer antioxidant-rich profiles. Altitude-specific cultivation and soil management (e.g., pH adjustment, organic matter enrichment) can precisely target desired aroma traits, bridging ecological theory with agricultural practice for enhanced tea quality and bioactive properties.
{"title":"Integrated metabolomics reveals age-specific volatile signatures and soil–aroma correlations via altitudinal and developmental modulation of phytochemical profiles in Camellia sinensis","authors":"Yuhang Jiang , Yuanyuan Wu , Wenying Wang , Jinhui Cai , Xiaoqin Lin , Wenxiong Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tea quality, particularly in varieties like Shui Xian Yan, is complexly influenced by plant age, altitude, and soil properties. This study investigated their collective impact on secondary metabolite composition and aroma characteristics in fresh tea leaves, aiming to identify key biochemical markers and optimize cultivation. Utilizing GC-MS metabolomics, fresh leaves from young and old tea plants across varying altitudes (200–800 m) in Wuyishan were analyzed. Soil physicochemical properties were also assessed, with multivariate statistics employed for metabolic profiling. Results showed young tea plants possessed higher volatile terpenoids, aromatic alcohols (e.g., benzyl alcohol, linalool oxides), and alkaloids (e.g., caffeine), contributing to floral-green aromas. Conversely, old tea plants accumulated saturated fatty acids and antioxidant phenolics (e.g., sesamol), yielding fruity-woody notes. Altitudinal effects were age-dependent; high elevations boosted stress-protective volatiles (e.g., trans-furan linalool oxide) in young plants, while old plants exhibited metabolic stability. Soil pH, organic matter, and nutrients (N, P) significantly correlated with aroma profiles (<em>P</em> < 0.05), with lower pH favoring fruity esters and higher nutrients promoting fatty aromas. This metabolic shift from defense-oriented volatiles in young plants to structural/antioxidant compounds in mature plants reflects ontogenetic resource allocation. Altitude-induced stress responses were pronounced in younger, more plastic plants. Soil properties modulate aroma pathways, likely via microbial and enzymatic interactions. These findings align with ecological trade-off and stress-induced secondary metabolism theories. In conclusion, tea quality is dynamically regulated by plant age, altitude, and soil factors. Young tea leaves are optimal for floral-green aromas, while older leaves offer antioxidant-rich profiles. Altitude-specific cultivation and soil management (e.g., pH adjustment, organic matter enrichment) can precisely target desired aroma traits, bridging ecological theory with agricultural practice for enhanced tea quality and bioactive properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100674"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145359254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100664
Junhao Deng , Ning Tang , Li Xu , Feiyue Chen , Xiang Zhou , Weizhuo Tang , Xiongzhuo Tang
In this work, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method was performed to obtain the total flavonoids (TF) from Aquilaria sinensis (A. sinensis) leaves, followed by optimization of the extraction factors by using a single-factor experiments combined with Box–Behnken response surface methodology to enhance the TF yield. Subsequently, the composition of the two representative flavonoids, mangiferin and genkwanin, were quantitatively determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Finally, the antioxidant activity of the TF was evaluated using an H2O2-induced oxidative stress model in intestinal porcine epithelial cells-jejunum (IPEC-J2) cells. The results demonstrated that under the optimized UAE conditions (70 % of ethanol concentration, liquid-to-material ratio at 40:1, 45 min of ultrasonic time, and 400 w of ultrasonic extraction power), the extraction rate of the TF reached 5.73 %, which was significantly higher than that achieved by conventional extraction. The HPLC analysis of mangiferin and genkwanin revealed well linearity and stability, with their content level to be 16.9 and 0.204 mg/g, respectively. Additionally, the TF extract significantly alleviated H2O2-induced cell death in IPEC-J2 cells by inhibiting the NF-kB/NLRP3/IL-18 signaling pathway. This study provides valuable information for the development and utilization of TF from A. sinensis leaves as a functional ingredient in feed and nutritional health products.
{"title":"Ultrasound extraction, quantification, and antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Aquilaria sinensis leaves","authors":"Junhao Deng , Ning Tang , Li Xu , Feiyue Chen , Xiang Zhou , Weizhuo Tang , Xiongzhuo Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method was performed to obtain the total flavonoids (TF) from <em>Aquilaria sinensis</em> (<em>A. sinensis</em>) leaves, followed by optimization of the extraction factors by using a single-factor experiments combined with Box–Behnken response surface methodology to enhance the TF yield. Subsequently, the composition of the two representative flavonoids, mangiferin and genkwanin, were quantitatively determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Finally, the antioxidant activity of the TF was evaluated using an H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced oxidative stress model in intestinal porcine epithelial cells-jejunum (IPEC-J2) cells. The results demonstrated that under the optimized UAE conditions (70 % of ethanol concentration, liquid-to-material ratio at 40:1, 45 min of ultrasonic time, and 400 w of ultrasonic extraction power), the extraction rate of the TF reached 5.73 %, which was significantly higher than that achieved by conventional extraction. The HPLC analysis of mangiferin and genkwanin revealed well linearity and stability, with their content level to be 16.9 and 0.204 mg/g, respectively. Additionally, the TF extract significantly alleviated H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced cell death in IPEC-J2 cells by inhibiting the NF-kB/NLRP3/IL-18 signaling pathway. This study provides valuable information for the development and utilization of TF from <em>A. sinensis</em> leaves as a functional ingredient in feed and nutritional health products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15136,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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