Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112483
Ian A. Carr , Sailahari V. Ponnaluri , Andreu Badal , Jackson Hair , P.F. Adrian Magee , Brent A. Craven , Prasanna Hariharan
Medical image-based diagnostic techniques have become increasingly common in the clinic. Estimating fractional flow reserve in coronary stenoses from medical image data is among the most prominent examples. The modeling techniques used in these clinical tools require rigorous experimental validation yet there is currently no standardized, public toolset to help assess model credibility. In this study, we present a generic coronary artery lumen geometry which will form the basis for a future publicly available validation database. We characterize the geometry using proximal and distal diameters along with the mean curvature, total curvature, total torsion, and tortuosity index. The coronary lumen geometry balances anatomic fidelity and simplicity with integration into a future experimental mock circulatory loop in mind. The lumen geometry, along with the data produced by our future work, will be made available for public use in FDA’s Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories Regulatory Science Tool Catalog.
{"title":"Toward non-clinical validation of fractional flow reserve simulation software: A generic coronary artery geometry","authors":"Ian A. Carr , Sailahari V. Ponnaluri , Andreu Badal , Jackson Hair , P.F. Adrian Magee , Brent A. Craven , Prasanna Hariharan","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Medical image-based diagnostic techniques have become increasingly common in the clinic. Estimating fractional flow reserve in coronary stenoses from medical image data is among the most prominent examples. The modeling techniques used in these clinical tools require rigorous experimental validation yet there is currently no standardized, public toolset to help assess model credibility. In this study, we present a generic coronary artery lumen geometry which will form the basis for a future publicly available validation database. We characterize the geometry using proximal and distal diameters along with the mean curvature, total curvature, total torsion, and tortuosity index. The coronary lumen geometry balances anatomic fidelity and simplicity with integration into a future experimental mock circulatory loop in mind. The lumen geometry, along with the data produced by our future work, will be made available for public use in FDA’s Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories Regulatory Science Tool Catalog.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 112483"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142949337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112521
Quinn Yetman, Aidan Shimizu, Michael Rainbow
Analysis of the power produced by the foot and ankle during locomotion can provide insights into their function. Foot power is often quantified by applying the unified deformable (UD) power model to the hindfoot while ankle power is quantified by performing three or six degree-of-freedom joint power calculations. These measurements are possible with optical motion capture. Biplanar videoradiography (BVR) provides new opportunities for quantifying foot and ankle power as it provides highly accurate measurements of the individual foot bones that are not possible with optical motion capture. In this paper, we apply the UD power model to the talus to quantify foot power. This novel application of the UD power model also allows us to quantify talocrural joint power. We compared this new method of calculating foot and ankle power with the methods possible with optical motion capture. We found similar trends between the two methods, suggesting that applying the UD power model to the talus can quantify foot and talocrural power. Key differences between the two methods included the magnitude of power and work, as well as the timing of the power curves. These findings support the idea that the foot can actively produce power during propulsion and that the timing of arch and ankle mechanics, and their synchronization, is important for propulsion across locomotor modes.
{"title":"Coupling biplanar videoradiography with the unified deformable power model to quantify foot and talocrural joint power","authors":"Quinn Yetman, Aidan Shimizu, Michael Rainbow","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Analysis of the power produced by the foot and ankle during locomotion can provide insights into their function. Foot power is often quantified by applying the unified deformable (UD) power model to the hindfoot while ankle power is quantified by performing three or six degree-of-freedom joint power calculations. These measurements are possible with optical motion capture. Biplanar videoradiography (BVR) provides new opportunities for quantifying foot and ankle power as it provides highly accurate measurements of the individual foot bones that are not possible with optical motion capture. In this paper, we apply the UD power model to the talus to quantify foot power. This novel application of the UD power model also allows us to quantify talocrural joint power. We compared this new method of calculating foot and ankle power with the methods possible with optical motion capture. We found similar trends between the two methods, suggesting that applying the UD power model to the talus can quantify foot and talocrural power. Key differences between the two methods included the magnitude of power and work, as well as the timing of the power curves. These findings support the idea that the foot can actively produce power during propulsion and that the timing of arch and ankle mechanics, and their synchronization, is important for propulsion across locomotor modes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 112521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143005234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112496
Andrew Strong, Jonas L. Markström
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reinjury rates among athletes remain very high despite screening protocols designed to assess readiness for return to sport. To better identify biomechanical risk factors for ACL injury, combining neurocognitive challenges and high-impact tasks would more closely resemble sporting demands. We investigated the influence of secondary cognitive tasks on landing mechanics during bilateral drop vertical jumps (DVJs) among athletes following ACL reconstruction and whether sex affected these results. We also assessed whether adding secondary cognitive tasks to DVJs influenced loading asymmetries. Forty individuals (20 males) performed three DVJ conditions: (1) without secondary cognitive tasks (DVJ), (2) with secondary cognitive tasks targeting fast decision-making and inhibitory control of the motor action (DVJmot), and (3) with secondary cognitive tasks targeting fast decision-making, inhibitory control, attention, and short-term memory (DVJcogmot). We collected movement mechanics time-series data during the first 100 ms of landing using a motion capture system and force plates and compared outcomes between the three DVJs using functional t-tests. Secondary cognitive tasks altered trunk, hip, knee, and ankle landing mechanics (adjusted p-values < 0.05), representing more upright and stiffer landings. Loading asymmetries were increased by unloading the injured limb (adjusted p-values < 0.05). We found no differences between DVJmot and DVJcogmot or between males and females. Adding secondary cognitive tasks to DVJs better identifies landing mechanics associated with an increased ACL injury risk and inadequate rehabilitation. Future research should focus on optimizing the challenge point of the cognitive and motor tasks and how to best integrate them in RTS testing.
{"title":"Adding secondary cognitive tasks to drop vertical jumps alters the landing mechanics of athletes with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","authors":"Andrew Strong, Jonas L. Markström","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reinjury rates among athletes remain very high despite screening protocols designed to assess readiness for return to sport. To better identify biomechanical risk factors for ACL injury, combining neurocognitive challenges and high-impact tasks would more closely resemble sporting demands. We investigated the influence of secondary cognitive tasks on landing mechanics during bilateral drop vertical jumps (DVJs) among athletes following ACL reconstruction and whether sex affected these results. We also assessed whether adding secondary cognitive tasks to DVJs influenced loading asymmetries. Forty individuals (20 males) performed three DVJ conditions: (1) without secondary cognitive tasks (DVJ), (2) with secondary cognitive tasks targeting fast decision-making and inhibitory control of the motor action (DVJmot), and (3) with secondary cognitive tasks targeting fast decision-making, inhibitory control, attention, and short-term memory (DVJcogmot). We collected movement mechanics time-series data during the first 100 ms of landing using a motion capture system and force plates and compared outcomes between the three DVJs using functional t-tests. Secondary cognitive tasks altered trunk, hip, knee, and ankle landing mechanics (adjusted p-values < 0.05), representing more upright and stiffer landings. Loading asymmetries were increased by unloading the injured limb (adjusted p-values < 0.05). We found no differences between DVJmot and DVJcogmot or between males and females. Adding secondary cognitive tasks to DVJs better identifies landing mechanics associated with an increased ACL injury risk and inadequate rehabilitation. Future research should focus on optimizing the challenge point of the cognitive and motor tasks and how to best integrate them in RTS testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 112496"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142931799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112504
Mariana R.C. Aquino , Richard E.A. van Emmerik , Priscila Albuquerque de Araújo , Thales R. Souza , Luciano Sales Prado , Carlos Marcelo Pastre , Juliana M. Ocarino , Sérgio T. Fonseca
Runners who experience insufficient recovery time after training demands may have increased injury risk. Training and exercises can induce fatigue and altered movement patterns, which may best be assessed by examining the dynamics of the movement structure during a sports-related task. This crossover experimental study investigated the immediate and prolonged effects of exercise at different intensities on lower-limb joints and coordinative patterns during a 60-second single-leg squat task in 30 healthy runners. Joints (ankle, knee, hip) and coordination (ankle-knee, knee-hip continuous relative phase) angles were assessed between measurement times (pre, post, post24h, post48h) and protocols (moderate- and high-intensity run, control). A Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) one-way repeated measures ANOVA analyzed the joints and coordination time-normalized curves. Additionally, the entropy (i.e., regularity) of the entire time series was assessed by a two-way ANOVA. Lower ankle-knee coordination entropy was observed immediately after running protocols (moderate-intensity, −17.6 %, p = 0.003, η2p = 0.21; high-intensity, −18.6 %, p = 0.001, η2p = 0.22) and was also observed individually on the ankle and knee at post48h (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.10). . No time or protocol effects were observed for SPM analysis. Runners demonstrated more regular (lower entropy) ankle-knee coordination after running protocols, which is related to a less adaptative pattern. In addition, increased regularity was observed on ankle and knee joint angles 48 h after protocols, suggesting an ongoing recovery process. The analysis of time-normalized kinematics was not sensitive to detect the effect of running on movement. Therefore, evaluating the coordination regularity during a single-leg test helped track the effect of exercise and fatigue, even without maximal effort.
{"title":"Immediate and prolonged effects of different exercise intensities on the regularity of joint and coordinative patterns in runners","authors":"Mariana R.C. Aquino , Richard E.A. van Emmerik , Priscila Albuquerque de Araújo , Thales R. Souza , Luciano Sales Prado , Carlos Marcelo Pastre , Juliana M. Ocarino , Sérgio T. Fonseca","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Runners who experience insufficient recovery time after training demands may have increased injury risk. Training and exercises can induce fatigue and altered movement patterns, which may best be assessed by examining the dynamics of the movement structure during a sports-related task. This crossover experimental study investigated the immediate and prolonged effects of exercise at different intensities on lower-limb joints and coordinative patterns during a 60-second single-leg squat task in 30 healthy runners. Joints (ankle, knee, hip) and coordination (ankle-knee, knee-hip continuous relative phase) angles were assessed between measurement times (pre, post, post24h, post48h) and protocols (moderate- and high-intensity run, control). A Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) one-way repeated measures ANOVA analyzed the joints and coordination time-normalized curves. Additionally, the entropy (i.e., regularity) of the entire time series was assessed by a two-way ANOVA. Lower ankle-knee coordination entropy was observed immediately after running protocols (moderate-intensity, −17.6 %, p = 0.003, η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.21; high-intensity, −18.6 %, p = 0.001, η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.22) and was also observed individually on the ankle and knee at post48h (p < 0.001, η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.10)<em>.</em> . No time or protocol effects were observed for SPM analysis. Runners demonstrated more regular (lower entropy) ankle-knee coordination after running protocols, which is related to a less adaptative pattern. In addition, increased regularity was observed on ankle and knee joint angles 48 h after protocols, suggesting an ongoing recovery process. The analysis of time-normalized kinematics was not sensitive to detect the effect of running on movement. Therefore, evaluating the coordination regularity during a single-leg test helped track the effect of exercise and fatigue, even without maximal effort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 112504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142965126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112495
Anna C. Render , Joseph P. Cusumano , Jonathan B. Dingwell
Most often, gait biomechanics is studied during straight-ahead walking. However, real-life walking imposes various lateral maneuvers people must navigate. Such maneuvers challenge people’s lateral balance and can induce falls. Determining how people regulate their stepping movements during such complex walking tasks is therefore essential. Here, 24 adults (12F/12M; Age 25.8±3.5yrs) walked on wide or narrow virtual paths that were either straight, slowly-winding, or quickly-winding. From each trial, we computed time series of participants’ step widths and their lateral body positions relative to their path. We applied our Goal Equivalent Manifold framework – an analysis of how task-level redundancy impacts motor regulation – to quantify how participants adjusted their step width and lateral position from step to step as they walked on these paths. On the narrower paths, participants walked with narrower steps and less lateral position and step width variability. They did so by correcting step-to-step deviations in lateral position more, while correcting step-to-step deviations in step width less. On the winding paths, participants took both narrower and more variable steps. Interestingly, on slowly-winding paths, participants corrected step-to-step deviations in step width more by correcting step-to-step deviations in lateral position less: i.e., they prioritized maintaining step width over position. Conversely, on quickly-winding paths, participants strongly corrected step-to-step deviations in both step width and lateral position: i.e., they prioritized maintaining both approximately equally, consistent with trying to maximize their maneuverability. These findings have important implications for persons who have elevated fall risk.
{"title":"Adapting lateral stepping control to walk on winding paths","authors":"Anna C. Render , Joseph P. Cusumano , Jonathan B. Dingwell","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most often, gait biomechanics is studied during straight-ahead walking. However, real-life walking imposes various lateral maneuvers people must navigate. Such maneuvers challenge people’s lateral balance and can induce falls. Determining how people regulate their stepping movements during such complex walking tasks is therefore essential. Here, 24 adults (12F/12M; Age 25.8±3.5yrs) walked on wide or narrow virtual paths that were either straight, slowly-winding, or quickly-winding. From each trial, we computed time series of participants’ step widths and their lateral body positions relative to their path. We applied our Goal Equivalent Manifold framework – an analysis of how task-level redundancy impacts motor regulation – to quantify how participants adjusted their step width and lateral position from step to step as they walked on these paths. On the narrower paths, participants walked with narrower steps and less lateral position and step width variability. They did so by correcting step-to-step deviations in lateral position more, while correcting step-to-step deviations in step width less. On the winding paths, participants took both narrower and more variable steps. Interestingly, on slowly-winding paths, participants corrected step-to-step deviations in step width more by correcting step-to-step deviations in lateral position less: i.e., they prioritized maintaining step width over position. Conversely, on quickly-winding paths, participants strongly corrected step-to-step deviations in both step width <em>and</em> lateral position: i.e., they prioritized maintaining both approximately equally, consistent with trying to maximize their maneuverability. These findings have important implications for persons who have elevated fall risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 112495"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142970744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112500
Itziar Ríos-Ruíz , Miguel A. Martínez , Estefanía Peña
Understanding the physiological behaviour of arteries in the radial direction is crucial for establishing a reference point to detect and analyse pathological changes. In this study, the influence of the radial component of the aorta will be investigated by performing experimental tests on porcine aortic tissue in the three main directions of the aorta: circumferential, longitudinal and radial. The results obtained in all directions will be analysed and compared in order to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the healthy behaviour of the vessel.
Our results demonstrate that the aorta exhibits nonlinear behaviour under compression and tensile loading in the radial direction. Moreover, tissue stiffening progresses more prominently under compression compared to tensile loading. We have found that the tensile stiffness in the ATA is higher compared to the other two regions examined. The Neo-Hookean and Demiray models were selected to describe the isotropic contribution when fitting the uniaxial response of the circumferential and longitudinal samples using the GOH model. Neo-Hookean model fall short () in accurately replicating the observed behaviour of the aorta in the radial direction and Demiray model showing better fitting results ().
{"title":"What about the mechanical behaviour and modelling of arteries in radial direction?","authors":"Itziar Ríos-Ruíz , Miguel A. Martínez , Estefanía Peña","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the physiological behaviour of arteries in the radial direction is crucial for establishing a reference point to detect and analyse pathological changes. In this study, the influence of the radial component of the aorta will be investigated by performing experimental tests on porcine aortic tissue in the three main directions of the aorta: circumferential, longitudinal and radial. The results obtained in all directions will be analysed and compared in order to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the healthy behaviour of the vessel.</div><div>Our results demonstrate that the aorta exhibits nonlinear behaviour under compression and tensile loading in the radial direction. Moreover, tissue stiffening progresses more prominently under compression compared to tensile loading. We have found that the tensile stiffness in the ATA is higher compared to the other two regions examined. The Neo-Hookean and Demiray models were selected to describe the isotropic contribution when fitting the uniaxial response of the circumferential and longitudinal samples using the GOH model. Neo-Hookean model fall short (<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>235</mn></mrow></math></span>) in accurately replicating the observed behaviour of the aorta in the radial direction and Demiray model showing better fitting results (<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>994</mn></mrow></math></span>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 112500"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143210027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112491
Fábio Juner Lanferdini , Heinrich Leon Souza Viera , Lucas Gidiel-Machado , Tiago Dutra Leite-Nunes , Isadora Miotto Soldatelli , Lauren Benetti Porporatti , Silvana Correa Matheus , Daniela Lopes dos Santos , Michele Forgiarini Saccol , Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
Understanding intrinsic muscular adaptations more deeply can help clarify their relationships with sports performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if vastus lateralis muscle architecture, quality and stiffness can explain knee extensor maximal torque and countermovement and squat jump performance of athletes. One hundred and two athletes were evaluated based on the architecture, quality and stiffness of the vastus lateralis at rest. Furthermore, the knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contraction and maximal concentric contraction at 60°/s and vertical jumps countermovement and squat jump performance were measured. Stepwise linear regression showed vastus lateralis echo intensity and muscle thickness determine knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contraction (r2 = 0.435) and knee extensor maximal concentric contraction at 60°/s (r2 = 0.400) in athletes. Moreover, vastus lateralis echo intensity, muscle thickness and pennation angle can determine athletes’ performance during countermovement (r2 = 0.439–0.578) and squat-jump (r2 = 0.459–0.570). The findings emphasize that vastus lateralis muscle architecture and quality is an important determinant of maximal knee extensor torque (40–44 %) and countermovement (44–58 %) and squat-jump (46–57 %) performance. Our results demonstrate that the muscle architecture and quality of the vastus lateralis are important determinants of torque and power output performance across various sports disciplines.
{"title":"Vastus lateralis muscle architecture, quality, and stiffness are determinants of maximal performance in athletes?","authors":"Fábio Juner Lanferdini , Heinrich Leon Souza Viera , Lucas Gidiel-Machado , Tiago Dutra Leite-Nunes , Isadora Miotto Soldatelli , Lauren Benetti Porporatti , Silvana Correa Matheus , Daniela Lopes dos Santos , Michele Forgiarini Saccol , Luiz Fernando Freire Royes","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding intrinsic muscular adaptations more deeply can help clarify their relationships with sports performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if vastus lateralis muscle architecture, quality and stiffness can explain knee extensor maximal torque and countermovement and squat jump performance of athletes. One hundred and two athletes were evaluated based on the architecture, quality and stiffness of the vastus lateralis at rest. Furthermore, the knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contraction and maximal concentric contraction at 60°/s and vertical jumps countermovement and squat jump performance were measured. Stepwise linear regression showed vastus lateralis echo intensity and muscle thickness determine knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contraction (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.435) and knee extensor maximal concentric contraction at 60°/s (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.400) in athletes. Moreover, vastus lateralis echo intensity, muscle thickness and pennation angle can determine athletes’ performance during countermovement (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.439–0.578) and squat-jump (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.459–0.570). The findings emphasize that vastus lateralis muscle architecture and quality is an important determinant of maximal knee extensor torque (40–44 %) and countermovement (44–58 %) and squat-jump (46–57 %) performance. Our results demonstrate that the muscle architecture and quality of the vastus lateralis are important determinants of torque and power output performance across various sports disciplines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 112491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142931888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112515
Ben. D.M. Jones , Jon Wheat , Kane Middleton , David L. Carey , Ben Heller
Changes to the variability within biomechanical signals may reflect a change in the health of the human system. However, for running gait variability measures calculated from wearable device data, it is unknown whether a between-day difference reflects a shift in system dynamics reflective of a change in human health or is a result of poor between-day reliability of the measurement device or the biomechanical signal. This study investigated the reliability of stride time and sacral acceleration variability measures calculated from inertial measurement units (IMUs). Nineteen runners completed six treadmill running trials on two occasions seven days apart. Stride time and sacral acceleration signals were obtained using IMUs. Stride time variability and complexity were calculated using the coefficient of variation (CV) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), respectively. Sacral acceleration regularity was quantified using sample entropy with a range of input parameters m (vector length) and r (similarity threshold). Between-day reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change. Stride time CV displayed moderate relative reliability (ICC = 0.672), but with a large absolute minimum detectable change = 0.525 %, whilst stride time DFA-α displayed poor relative reliability (ICC = 0.457) and yielded large minimum detectable changes (≥ 0.208). Sample entropy displayed good relative reliability in mediolateral and resultant sacral acceleration signals for certain combinations of the parameters m and r, although again with large minimum detectable changes. Researchers should be cognisant of these reliability metrics when interpreting changes in running gait variability measures in clinical contexts.
{"title":"Reliability of running gait variability measures calculated from inertial measurement units","authors":"Ben. D.M. Jones , Jon Wheat , Kane Middleton , David L. Carey , Ben Heller","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Changes to the variability within biomechanical signals may reflect a change in the health of the human system. However, for running gait variability measures calculated from wearable device data, it is unknown whether a between-day difference reflects a shift in system dynamics reflective of a change in human health or is a result of poor between-day reliability of the measurement device or the biomechanical signal. This study investigated the reliability of stride time and sacral acceleration variability measures calculated from inertial measurement units (IMUs). Nineteen runners completed six treadmill running trials on two occasions seven days apart. Stride time and sacral acceleration signals were obtained using IMUs. Stride time variability and complexity were calculated using the coefficient of variation (CV) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), respectively. Sacral acceleration regularity was quantified using sample entropy with a range of input parameters <em>m</em> (vector length) and <em>r</em> (similarity threshold). Between-day reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change. Stride time CV displayed moderate relative reliability (ICC = 0.672), but with a large absolute minimum detectable change = 0.525 %, whilst stride time DFA-α displayed poor relative reliability (ICC = 0.457) and yielded large minimum detectable changes (≥ 0.208). Sample entropy displayed good relative reliability in mediolateral and resultant sacral acceleration signals for certain combinations of the parameters <em>m</em> and <em>r</em>, although again with large minimum detectable changes. Researchers should be cognisant of these reliability metrics when interpreting changes in running gait variability measures in clinical contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 112515"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142970749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112517
Yang Song , Xuanzhen Cen , Meizi Wang , Kovács Bálint , Qitao Tan , Dong Sun , Shunxiang Gao , Fengping Li , Yaodong Gu , Yan Wang , Ming Zhang
This study explored how systematic changes in running shoe degradation and foot inversion alter the distribution and peak value of heel pressure and calcaneus stress, as well as the total stress-concentration exposure (TSCE) within the calcaneal bone. A foot-shoe finite element model was employed and three shoe wear conditions (new shoe (CON), moderate worn shoe (MWSC), excessive worn shoe (EWSC)) coupled with three foot inversion angles (0°, 10°, 20°) were further modulated. Simulations were conducted at the impact peak instant during running. Compared to CON0, heel pressure during neutral landings shifted medially and increased with progressive shoe wear, peaking under EWSC0. This shift expanded the high-pressure area by 1.333 cm2 and raised peak pressure by 24.42 %. Foot inversion landings exhibited an opposite trend: increased shoe wear promoted balanced pressure distribution, centralizing the load and eliminating high-pressure areas under EWSC10, where peak pressure was 11.36 % lower than CON10. Calcaneus stress during neutral landings, initially concentrated on the medial calcaneal surface and inferior tuberosity, intensified with wear, expanding high-stress area by 5.276 cm2 and increasing peak stress by 22.79 % under EWSC0. For foot inversion, the high-stress region shifted to the inferior tuberosity, with wear reducing peak stress by 10.41 % and eliminating high-stress area in EWSC10 compared to CON10. TSCE analysis revealed that EWSC10 had the lowest stress exposure (0 %kPa) across all conditions. Worn-out shoes would exacerbate heel internal biomechanics, while these effects may be mitigated by foot inversion, likely due to the formation of a relatively flat and larger contact area between the lateral sole and the ground.
{"title":"The influence of simulated worn shoe and foot inversion on heel internal biomechanics during running impact: A subject-specific finite element analysis","authors":"Yang Song , Xuanzhen Cen , Meizi Wang , Kovács Bálint , Qitao Tan , Dong Sun , Shunxiang Gao , Fengping Li , Yaodong Gu , Yan Wang , Ming Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored how systematic changes in running shoe degradation and foot inversion alter the distribution and peak value of heel pressure and calcaneus stress, as well as the total stress-concentration exposure (TSCE) within the calcaneal bone. A foot-shoe finite element model was employed and three shoe wear conditions (new shoe (CON), moderate worn shoe (MWSC), excessive worn shoe (EWSC)) coupled with three foot inversion angles (0°, 10°, 20°) were further modulated. Simulations were conducted at the impact peak instant during running. Compared to CON0, heel pressure during neutral landings shifted medially and increased with progressive shoe wear, peaking under EWSC0. This shift expanded the high-pressure area by 1.333 cm<sup>2</sup> and raised peak pressure by 24.42 %. Foot inversion landings exhibited an opposite trend: increased shoe wear promoted balanced pressure distribution, centralizing the load and eliminating high-pressure areas under EWSC10, where peak pressure was 11.36 % lower than CON10. Calcaneus stress during neutral landings, initially concentrated on the medial calcaneal surface and inferior tuberosity, intensified with wear, expanding high-stress area by 5.276 cm<sup>2</sup> and increasing peak stress by 22.79 % under EWSC0. For foot inversion, the high-stress region shifted to the inferior tuberosity, with wear reducing peak stress by 10.41 % and eliminating high-stress area in EWSC10 compared to CON10. TSCE analysis revealed that EWSC10 had the lowest stress exposure (0 %kPa) across all conditions. Worn-out shoes would exacerbate heel internal biomechanics, while these effects may be mitigated by foot inversion, likely due to the formation of a relatively flat and larger contact area between the lateral sole and the ground.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 112517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143005545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112493
Sarah Campos, Firooz Salami, Marco Götze, Katharina Gather, Sebastian I. Wolf
In order to improve the understanding foot function in the presence of planovalgus foot deformity, functional joint center determination is applied to the ankle and midfoot for application in 3D-gait analysis. Gait data of 36 patients with planovalgus (PV) foot deformity as well as of 33 typically developing (TD) subjects were collected using foot markers according to the Heidelberg Foot Measurement method. During single-limb stance subjects performed a circular movement of the foot and ankle (CIR) by drawing a circle with the hallux in the air. Midfoot joint center location as well as kinematics was calculated based (a) on functional calibration, (b) via a simple midpoint approach, and (c) via linear regression. All typically developing participants were able to perform the CIR movement with sufficient ROM for calibration whereas 10 % of the participants with idiopathic PV foot deformity and 72 % of the participants with a neurogenic PV foot were not able to perform this movement adequately. Nevertheless, the regression approach led to almost the same location of the midfoot joint center compared to the functional method with similar kinematics. PV feet show substantially larger Forefoot/Hindfoot flexion and Forefoot/Hindfoot adduction in gait compared to TD feet. On top, feet with neurologic background show reduced ROM of these angles in gait. The CIR movement task may prove useful in future studies monitoring active ranges of ankle and midfoot motion since the kinematics of this task may also be directly assessed via the proposed regression approach.
{"title":"Using functional calibration methods to estimate the midfoot joint center in planovalgus feet","authors":"Sarah Campos, Firooz Salami, Marco Götze, Katharina Gather, Sebastian I. Wolf","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to improve the understanding foot function in the presence of planovalgus foot deformity, functional joint center determination is applied to the ankle and midfoot for application in 3D-gait analysis. Gait data of 36 patients with planovalgus (PV) foot deformity as well as of 33 typically developing (TD) subjects were collected using foot markers according to the Heidelberg Foot Measurement method. During single-limb stance subjects performed a circular movement of the foot and ankle (CIR) by drawing a circle with the hallux in the air. Midfoot joint center location as well as kinematics was calculated based (a) on functional calibration, (b) via a simple midpoint approach, and (c) via linear regression. All typically developing participants were able to perform the CIR movement with sufficient ROM for calibration whereas 10 % of the participants with idiopathic PV foot deformity and 72 % of the participants with a neurogenic PV foot were not able to perform this movement adequately. Nevertheless, the regression approach led to almost the same location of the midfoot joint center compared to the functional method with similar kinematics. PV feet show substantially larger Forefoot/Hindfoot flexion and Forefoot/Hindfoot adduction in gait compared to TD feet. On top, feet with neurologic background show reduced ROM of these angles in gait. The CIR movement task may prove useful in future studies monitoring active ranges of ankle and midfoot motion since the kinematics of this task may also be directly assessed via the proposed regression approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 112493"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142965128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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