Phycocyanin (PC), a natural blue photosynthetic pigment found in cyanobacteria, rhodophyta and cryptophyta has numerous applications in biotechnology and the food industry. The phycocyanin extraction method has a significant impact on its bioactivities, purity index, cost and potential applications; thus, the development of an efficient extraction strategy continues to be a primary research goal.
RESULTS
This study evaluated the efficacy of different methods for the extraction of cyanobacterial phycocyanin (C-PC) from three marine cyanobacterial isolates, namely Arthrospira platensis, Phormidium sp. and Pseudoscillatoria sp. wet biomass. The pretreatment step of soaking biomass in extraction buffer for 60 min, followed by a combination of freeze–thaw (one cycle; 2 h) and sonication (2 min) treatment was found to be the most effective extraction strategy, producing the highest C-PC yield (16.19 ± 0.34%, 15.89 ± 0.61% and 15.56 ± 0.69% dry cell weight for strains A. platensis, Phormidium sp. and Pseudoscillatoria sp., respectively). Furthermore, a biomass-to-solvent ratio of 0.02 g mL−1 was optimal to attain food-grade purity ((A620/A280) ≥ 0.7). Bioactivity evaluation of crude and purified C-PC exhibited its potential as antioxidant compounds and as an antimicrobial agent with significant inhibitory effects against various pathogenic microorganisms.
Iron overload in the body generates free radicals through the Fenton reaction, leading to adverse effects on various organs. Several antioxidants have been recommended to treat iron-related diseases effectively. N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, was investigated in this study for its potential to mitigate iron overload-induced cell death. A liposomal formulation was developed to encapsulate NAC, employing the reverse phase evaporation method, to enhance its delivery and effectiveness. The liposomal NAC was characterized by evaluating its size, zeta potential, morphology and release profiles.
RESULTS
The protective effect of liposomal NAC against iron overload-induced toxicity was assessed in human kidney 2 (HK-2) cells. Cell viability assays (Cell Counting Kit 8) and reactive oxygen species assays (DCFDA assay) confirmed the effectiveness of liposomal NAC in inhibiting ferroptosis induced by slow iron uptake (1 mmol L−1 ferric ammonium citrate). Additionally, liposomal NAC protected cells from toxicity resulting from rapid iron uptake (50 μmol L−1 ferric ammonium citrate, 20 μmol L−1 8-hydroxyquinoline). The liposomal formulation demonstrated an enhanced protective effect compared to free NAC.
High water consumption and the toxic pollutants found in industrial wastewater are key challenges in achieving a more sustainable development. In this sense, it is crucial to develop sustainable ways to reduce the organic pollutants found in wastewater and to promote its reuse.
RESULTS
In this study, a simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly path for dairy wastewater decontamination through photocatalysis using rod-shaped α-Fe2O3/TiO2 type II heterojunctions is reported. The photoreaction of the model solution was evaluated under UVA-visible irradiation with different amounts of α-Fe2O3 over TiO2, lactose as pollutant concentrations, Cl− and SO42− anions effects, and oxidant ambient showing up to 42% lactose degradation without the addition of oxidant ambient. Optimized parameters (1.0%wt α-Fe2O3/TiO2, [catalyst] = 0.5 g L−1, [lactose] = 0.7 g L−1, [H2O2] = 10 mM, [O2] = constant) were used on dairy wastewater, which showed a 63% total organic carbon reduction and a 56% chemical oxygen demand reduction. The composite was easily recovered by decantation with a turbidity reduction of ~ 99%. The photocatalyst reusability was assessed over three successive uses and it maintained its activity with a loss of only 10%.
Zhenzhao Pei, Haiyang Zhao, Haipeng Wang, Zhuyue Fu, Kanghua Yang, Kang Mao, Yan Liu
BACKGROUND
Manganese-based catalysts were considered the most promising catalysts for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) reactions. In this work, a series of Mn3Fe2NbyOx catalysts were synthesized by co-precipitation method for low-temperature NH3-SCR and SO2 tolerance tests.
RESULTS
The catalysts were characterized by BET, SEM, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, and NH3-TPD. Mn3Fe2Nb0.01Ox exhibited exceptionally high activity with a conversion of almost 100% from 80°C to 240°C, and a NO conversion of more than 75% at 40°C, while the NO conversion at 140°C in the presence of 100 ppm SO2 remained above 90% for 4 h.
Nuclear energy has brought immense benefits while also generating a large amount of wastewater that urgently needs to be processed. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) technology serves as an efficient method for wastewater treatment. In this study, a SCWO experiment was carried out with organic solvent of 30% tributyl phosphate (TBP) and 70% n-dodecane. This study investigated the operating parameters and the effects of enhanced oxidation techniques on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency. An organic solvent SCWO process was developed, and its energy and exergy efficiencies were assessed using Aspen Plus.
RESULTS
The COD removal was about 96.18% at the experimental parameters of 500 °C, 10 min, 25 MPa, oxidation coefficient of 1.5 and material concentration of 4 wt%. COD removal increased by 3.09% with the addition of CeO2. Finally, the overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the SCWO system were found to be 58.8% and 9.1% respectively by Aspen Plus.
<div> <section> <h3> BACKGROUND</h3> <p>Anthraquinone dyes have an anthraquinone structure as their nucleus, with one or more substituents forming different organic dyes. Anthraquinone dyes have a complex structure that allows them to exist stably in water environment, but also makes them more toxic than azo dyes. This results in varying degrees of harm to both humans and the environment as a result of residual dyes in the water or on the material’ surface. Sodium percarbonate (SPC) is a highly promising oxidant due to its green end product. Therefore, in this study, the catalytic performance and kinetic study of cobalt oxide (CoO) on SPC under different conditions were systematically investigated using RB19 as the target pollutant. The Box–Behnken Design (BBD) model was used to model the degradation of RB19 by CoO/SPC system, which gives the basis for practical application. The types of reactive oxygen species that effectively degrade RB19 and the potential degradation mechanism of the CoO/SPC system were revealed. At the same time, the CoO/SPC system was evaluated in terms of its practicality.</p> </section> <section> <h3> RESULTS</h3> <p>In this work, the activation of SPC using CoO towards reactive blue 19 (RB19) degradation was explored. Experimental results showed that nearly 93.8% of RB19 could be removed within 30 min using 1 mmol L<sup>−1</sup> SPC and 30 mg L<sup>−1</sup> CoO. The three-factor interaction effects of SPC concentration, CoO dosage and initial pH were investigated. The BBD model was set up to obtain the optimum working conditions of 1.039 mmol L<sup>−1</sup> SPC, 33.35 mg L<sup>−1</sup> CoO and the initial pH of 7.82, which gave a degradation rate of 95.372%. Additionally, it was confirmed that the solubility of Co<sup>2+</sup> is consistently <150 μg L<sup>−1</sup>, meeting the emission standard (1 ppm). The presence of Cl<sup>−</sup>, NO<sup>3–</sup>, and HA had a similar profile, with a slight promoting effect in small amounts and an inhibitory effect when introduced in excess. The introduction of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup> had a negligible effect on RB19 degradation, whereas the presence of HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> produced a slight inhibitory effect. Furthermore, the presence of PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3–</sup> showed a strong inhibitory effect. The CoO/SPC system is suitable for other organic dyes (32.7%–100%) and antibiotics (97.1–100%). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis and quenching experiments confirmed the presence and relative contribution of free radicals in the CoO/SPC system as CO<sub>3</sub>•- (88.12%) >O<sub>2</sub>•- (51.11%) >1O<sub>2</sub> (37.21%) >•OH (5.27%) > SPC (3.33%) >CoO (0.09%). It has been confirmed that CoO activates SPC through electron transfer.</p> </section> <section>
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The study focuses on developing a stable enantioselective matrix for the efficient chiral identification and enantioresolution of l-DOPA and (±)-DOPA. The matrix is derived from a copolymeric material made from poly[(vinylsulfonic acid)-co-(4-vinylpyridine)] crosslinked with divinylbenzene.
Results
l-DOPA-vinylsulfonamide was synthesized and characterized. This chiral sulfonamide was copolymerized with 4-vinylpyridine in the presence of a divinylbenzene crosslinker, using azobisisobutyronitrile as a thermal initiator. Post-polymerization, the polymeric particles were treated with NaOH and subsequently washed with acid to remove the integrated l-DOPA species. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the imprinted l-DOPA-IP particles. The manufactured l-DOPA-IP demonstrated a tenfold greater affinity for l-DOPA compared to d-DOPA. Langmuir adsorption experiments at pH 6 showed a maximum capacity of 162 mg g−1. Enantiomeric excess values for l- and d-DOPA, determined through optical separation using a column approach, were 94% and 82%, respectively, in the loading and recovery solutions.
The cover image is based on the Research Article Nutrient recovery from manure digestate by using waste magnesite powder and bone meal as sustainable substitutes for struvite precipitation by Feride Ece Kutlar et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.7661.
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Vrunda N Katagi, Roopashri N Arekal, M Somashekara Divyashree
BACKGROUND
Biodegradable polymers are gaining a reputation as demand is increasing globally. Amongst these Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are attracting market attention as a consequence of their properties similar to those of conventional plastics. PHA is a natural polyester that is stored as an intracellular carbon (C) energy reserve of bacteria. This biopolymer can be extracted and used in place of petrochemical plastic. Medium chain-length (mcl) PHA, specifically poly hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyhexanoate P (HB-co-HHx) copolymer produced by Bacillus, has gained practical attention owing to its superior physicochemical properties compared to the commonly synthesized PHB homopolymer. Co-polymer production is dependent on C sources provided in the growth medium. In the present study we have employed palm oil and palm oil effluent as C source.
RESULTS
In the current study, it was observed that a significant amount of PHA and biomass was produced when the effluent was prepared at a concentration of 100% instead of water for preparing the growth medium. The production of biomass and PHA showed a range of 4.8–8and 1.5–4 g L−1, respectively. This means that the PHA yield obtained using the effluent was 50–80% of the control, whereas the control yielded only 40–50%.
Yingtong Gao, Yunxin Zheng, Zixin Qi, Yufan Pan, Yu Zhou, Shengping You, Rongxin Su, Wei Qi, Mengfan Wang
BACKGROUND
Environmental and ecological hazards caused by the accumulation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are becoming a global concern. The use of enzymes to address the plastic crisis has achieved many successes, but the difficulty in degrading high-crystallinity PET has limited its application. Numerous studies have investigated the degradation of PET with arbitrary crystallinity to bis-2-(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) using chemical pre-treatment methods such as glycolysis, but few have tested its biocompatibility with enzymatic alliances.
RESULTS
Herein, we report the enzymatic characterization and subsequent engineering of the state-of-the-art IsPETasePA and MHETase (where MHET is mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate), a dual-enzyme system which can be used for the degradation from BHET to a single-product terephthalate (TPA). Modulators, including surfactants, organic solvents and metal ions, enhanced the enzyme activity of IsPETasePA and MHETase by up to 1.1-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively. 100% TPA yield (BHET of 25 g L−1) was achieved within 5 h. We also analyzed the mechanism of optimal ion modulator modification by dynamics simulation, and it synergistically achieved enhancement of MHET degradation ability by improving stability and binding energy.
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