Michail S Fountoulakis, Zuzana Frkova, Sébastien Lemaigre, Xavier Goux, Magdalena Calusinska, Jimmy Roussel
BACKGROUND
The addition of conductive materials or the application of external voltage is a promising novel methodology to enhance methane production in anaerobic digesters. However, there is limited knowledge about their individual or combined effects on the anaerobic digestion of dairy wastewater. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of granular activated carbon (GAC) or magnetite addition and external voltage application, both individually and in combination, for the anaerobic digestion of real, undiluted dairy wastewater.
RESULTS
The results showed that the estimated maximum methane production rate increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 143 ± 8 mL gVSadded−1 day−1 in the control reactors to 163 ± 11 mL gVSadded−1 day−1 and 166 ± 11 mL gVSadded−1 day−1 in the reactors containing GAC, with or without the combination of external voltage, respectively. The addition of GAC, in both cases, resulted in higher consumption rate of acetate, indicating a promotion of the methanogenesis step. By contrast, the application of external voltage or the addition of magnetite had no significant effect on either methane production rate nor methane yield. Moreover, the analysis of the microbial community showed that the addition of GAC resulted in the enrichment of Desulfobacterota, Methanosarcina, Candidatus Methanofastidiosum and Methanolinea.
In this work, a process development study for the crystallization step of dexlansoprazole API has been demonstrated under the Quality-by-Design (QbD) paradigm. Dexlansoprazole (crystalline) samples prepared under different crystallization conditions of reactor temperature and addition time of anti-solvent were subjected to solid-state characterization with variety of analytical techniques, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic vapour sorption (DVS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution (PSD) by laser diffraction and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR).
RESULTS
The crystalline samples were observed to have identical polymorphic phase integrity but differed in their physical characteristics. The particle size distribution and microscopy data collectively elucidated the particle growth kinetics and the extent of agglomeration could be correlated to crystallization conditions, namely reactor temperature and addition time of anti-solvent. The intrinsic dissolution rate of samples was in good agreement with the morphological properties.
Nurul Syazana Fuzil, Nur Hidayati Othman, Nur Hashimah Alias, Muhammad Shafiq Mat Shayuti, Munawar Zaman Shahruddin, Fauziah Marpani, Woei Jye Lau, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Tutuk Djoko Kusworo, Sumaiya Zainal Abidin, Anwar Ul-Hamid, Norazah Abd Rahman
BACKGROUND
Membrane distillation (MD) for desalination encounters significant hurdles as a result of pore wetting, leading to reduced permeate flux or deterioration in permeate quality over time. Therefore, membranes used in MD must be highly hydrophobic to prevent liquid from entering the pores and contaminating the permeate stream. In this study, a thin layer of MoS2-TiO2 composite was coated using poly (DOPA) as an adhesive to enhance attachment. Two coating methods, interlinking and layering, were compared to determine the most effective method for forming a thin hydrophobic coating layer onto PVDF-PES hollow fiber membrane.
RESULTS
Interestingly, this study revealed that increasing the number of dipping cycles led to higher flux, defying conventional expectations. This unexpected outcome is likely to have resulted from the thicker coatings creating a more hydrophobic surface, reducing water molecule adhesion and preventing wetting. Consequently, the membrane demonstrated enhanced flux despite its increased thickness. Among the membranes tested, the MoS2-TiO2/PVDF-PES membrane coated using the layering method exhibited the best performance, leading to a flux of 2.06 kg m−2 h−1 and 99.99% salt rejection. This superior performance can also be attributed to the membrane's hydrophobic properties, evident in its water contact angle (WCA) of 99°. By contrast, the interlinking method resulted in lower performance, with a permeate flux of 1.70 kg m−2 h−1 and 99.96% salt rejection, which is likely to have resulted from its lower WCA of 86°.
Rui Zhu, Rui Zhang, Yuting He, Can Zhu, Yu Jiang, Yuming Ni, Minghui Fan, Quanxin Li
BACKGROUND
The development of efficient and green pretreatment pathway is of great significance for promoting biofuel production from lignocellulosic waste. The purpose of this work was to evaluate that iron ion-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide pretreatment can be used as an environmentally friendly pretreatment way for bio-jet fuel production using straw.
RESULTS
The effects of iron ion-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide pretreatment (Fe-HP) on the enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation and bio-jet fuel production using straw were investigated. It was found that the iron ion-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide pretreatment significantly improved the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation efficiency of straw biomass. Subsequently, the directional catalytic transformation of straw-derived fermentation broth to bio-jet fuels was achieved using a dual functional catalyst (HSAPO34/NiHBET). High conversion (94.9%) and good jet-fuel selectivity (77.3%) were obtained in the conversion process of straw. On account of the biomass characterization and the analysis of reactive oxygen species during the Fe-HP pretreatment, the role and mechanism of the Fe-HP pretreatment was addressed.
Xinyu Han, Shiyu Yuan, Zhaolian Zhu, Jiawen Mei, Qiyuan Huang, Liya Ji, Hailing Wang
BACKGROUND
Surface properties and adsorption performance of carbon materials play a crucial role in the electrochemical two-electron oxygen reduction to produce H2O2. However, there is still a lack of in-depth research on commercial carbon blacks in this area. Herein, four typical commercial carbon blacks (Acetylene black (AB), Ketjen black EC 600JD, Vulcan XC 72 and Black Pearls 2000) were used as cathode catalysts to generate H2O2. Surface chemistry and pore structure of electrodes of the four carbon blacks were systematically characterized, and their effects on H2O2 adsorption, electrochemical generation and degradation were investigated.
RESULTS
Among the four carbon blacks, AB has the highest content of C–O–C/COOH and CO, which are active groups catalyzing the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction to generate H2O2. AB has the lowest level of defects and highest degree of graphitization, and AB-modified graphite felt electrode (AB-Ele) has the largest average pore diameter, smallest specific surface area and smaller charge transfer resistance. H2O2 production using AB-Ele is the largest and reaches 567.7 mg L−1 at 180 min under a current density of 5 mA cm−2, and only decreases by 17.6% after 10 repeated uses.
Woodfordia fruticosa is a well-known medicinal plant traditionally used for various treatment methods. Green synthesis of silver nanocomposite with woodfordia flower extract is well-investigated. However, the therapeutic potential of Woodfordia fruticosa leaf extract silver nanoparticles against various diseases has yet to be investigated.
RESULTS
Silver nanoparticles synthesized from Woodfordia fruticosa leaf extract (Wf-AgNPs) showed UV spectral peaks at 450 nm. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images, ranging from 20 to 50 nm, confirm the nanosynthesis. The average particle size of 39.63 nm with a zeta potential distribution value 17.0 was observed. Fourier transform infrared peaks ranging from 2942to 669 cm−1 confirm the amines, amides, carboxylic, aldehyde, alkane, phenolic and aliphatic bromo compounds involved in the synthesis of AgNPs. Wf-AgNPs showed higher antioxidant activity compared to the ascorbic acid and BHT. The phenolic and flavonoid content was 141.66 ± 8.50 mg GAE/100 g dry weight and 191.66 ± 5.6 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g dry weight, respectively. Wf-AgNPs showed a strong inverse relationship between the dose and viability of the cancer cells. The antibacterial properties of Wf-AgNPs were confirmed through the bacteria's SEM images. Increased wound healing potential, re-epithelization and elevation of the tensile strength of the infected skin tissue were observed after applying synthesized Wf-AgNPs.
Ana Caroline Raimundini Aranha, Rafael Oliveira Defendi, Maria Carolina Sérgi Gomes, Caroline Casagrande Sipoli, Danielli Andrea Nardino, Vitor Viganô Oliveira, Marcelo de Jesus Corte Rosalém, Rúbia Michele Suzuki
BACKGROUND
This article aims to fit kinetic models of the passion fruit seed drying process, in addition to mathematical modeling using traditional models and fractional calculus of the extraction of lipids from the seeds.
RESULTS
Regarding the drying process, it was found that the model that best suited the two drying temperatures employed was the fractional order one.
Saurav Mishra, Nandana Chakinala, Anand G. Chakinala, Praveen K. Surolia
BACKGROUND
Commercial TiO2 nanoparticles were subjected to modification through Bi and Zn metal doping. The resulting catalysts were comprehensively characterized, and their performance was then reviewed for removal of model pollutant nitrobenzene in water.
RESULTS
Amidst the synthesized catalysts, the co-doping of Bi/Zn (0.25:0.75 wt%) demonstrated the best photocatalytic degradation activity, achieving 95% degradation within 90 min of reaction time, with 2.99 × 10−2 min−1 rate constant value. The involvement of different radicals during the degradation process was elucidated by employing appropriate radical scavengers. Furthermore, the degradation results were investigated applying the first-order kinetic model, leading to the determination of reaction rate constants and initial rates of the degradation process.
Rajendiran Dhinesh, Satyapriyan Aruna, D. Manikandavelu, Krishnan Ravaneswaran, Subramoniapillai Sethulekshmi Kirthiga, Khalid A. Al-Ghanim, Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
BACKGROUND
The seafood processing industries are tremendously increasing in numbers which eventually discharge a large quantity of wastewater with a high range of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), directly into the aquatic environment. A high level of BOD and COD in wastewater pertains to a higher level of pollution which must be reduced to prevent hazardous impacts on ecosystems. The main objective of the research aimed to develop cost-effective biochar and to remove BOD and COD from processing wastewater using two natural biomasses: water hyacinth and sugarcane bagasse.
RESULTS
NaOH-treated and non-treated biochar for both water hyacinth as well as sugarcane bagasse were prepared through the process of pyrolysis carried out at 600 °C with three different residence times of 30, 45 and 60 min. The wastewater was initially analyzed for BOD and COD levels. The results showed that among all the groups of biochars, the water hyacinth NaOH-treated biochar pyrolyzed at 600 °C for 60 min exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of reduction in BOD (86.6 ± 0.03%) and COD (94.3 ± 0.05%) at a residence time of 60 min in D2 (0.5 g (250 mL)−1). The maximum removal efficiency was observed for water hyacinth NaOH-treated biochar pyrolyzed at 600 °C for 60 min.
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