Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.012
A.F. Machado , S. Valadas , P. Vandenabeele , A.T. Caldeira , L. Piorro , T. Reis , A. Candeias
The Vice-Roy's Portraits Gallery hosted at the Old Goa Museum of the Archaeological Survey of India in Goa, India, is a unique panel painting collection, spanning from the 16th till the 18th centuries, and representing the Portuguese Viceroys and Governors who administrated the Portuguese provinces in the coastal region of the Indian Ocean. During the Old Goa Revelations project (a collaborative inter-institutional consortium between Evora University HERCULES Lab, Lisbon University Fine Arts Faculty, Archaeological Survey of India and Ghent University), this important collection of panel paintings was examined in-situ using a non-invasive approach with mobile analytical instrumentation. Next to a series of imaging techniques, point analysis has been performed, using both, elemental and molecular spectroscopic methods. On the one hand, handheld X-ray fluorescence analysis and macro X-ray fluorescence imaging was used to obtain the elemental composition and its distribution on pictorial support, while on the other hand mobile Raman spectroscopy was implemented to obtain molecular information. These non-invasive techniques were used to determine the composition of the paint layers and to study the different treatments (e.g. overpainting, changes in compositions, etc.) that the artworks have witnessed since their creation.
位于印度果阿的印度考古调查局旧果阿博物馆(Old Goa Museum of the Archaeological Survey of India)内的副总督肖像画廊(Vice-Roy's Portraits Gallery)是一个独特的板画收藏馆,收藏时间跨度从 16 世纪到 18 世纪,代表了管理印度洋沿岸地区葡萄牙省份的葡萄牙总督和省长。在 "古老果阿的启示 "项目(埃武拉大学 HERCULES 实验室、里斯本大学美术学院、印度考古调查局和根特大学之间的跨机构合作联盟)期间,使用移动分析仪器,以非侵入式方法对这一重要的板画收藏进行了现场研究。除了一系列成像技术外,还使用元素和分子光谱方法进行了点分析。一方面,利用手持式 X 射线荧光分析和宏观 X 射线荧光成像来获取元素组成及其在图像支持物上的分布,另一方面,利用移动拉曼光谱来获取分子信息。这些非侵入性技术用于确定颜料层的成分,并研究艺术品自创作以来所经历的不同处理方式(如覆盖颜料、改变成分等)。
{"title":"Combining in situ elemental and molecular analysis: The Viceroys portraits in Old Goa, India","authors":"A.F. Machado , S. Valadas , P. Vandenabeele , A.T. Caldeira , L. Piorro , T. Reis , A. Candeias","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Vice-Roy's Portraits Gallery hosted at the Old Goa Museum of the Archaeological Survey of India in Goa, India, is a unique panel painting collection, spanning from the 16th till the 18th centuries, and representing the Portuguese Viceroys and Governors who administrated the Portuguese provinces in the coastal region of the Indian Ocean. During the Old Goa Revelations project (a collaborative inter-institutional consortium between Evora University HERCULES Lab, Lisbon University Fine Arts Faculty, Archaeological Survey of India and Ghent University), this important collection of panel paintings was examined in-situ using a non-invasive approach with mobile analytical instrumentation. Next to a series of imaging techniques, point analysis has been performed, using both, elemental and molecular spectroscopic methods. On the one hand, handheld X-ray fluorescence analysis and macro X-ray fluorescence imaging was used to obtain the elemental composition and its distribution on pictorial support, while on the other hand mobile Raman spectroscopy was implemented to obtain molecular information. These non-invasive techniques were used to determine the composition of the paint layers and to study the different treatments (e.g. overpainting, changes in compositions, etc.) that the artworks have witnessed since their creation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141250005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.006
Anna Piccirillo , Paola Buscaglia , Claudia Caliri , Francesco Paolo Romano , Danilo Paolo Pavone , Eva Luna Ravan , Michela Botticelli , Claudia Conti , Maria Catrambone , Costanza Miliani , Ilaria Degano , Alessia Andreotti , Federica Nardella , Marco Samadelli , Alice Paladin , Roberta Genta , Michela Cardinali , Federica Pozzi , Daniela Picchi
This article describes a multi-analytical technical study of a rare painted shroud still wrapped around a female Egyptian mummy (MCABo EG 1974) in the collection of the Museo Civico Archeologico of Bologna, Italy. Long stored in the museum's warehouses, these mummified human remains were recently rediscovered within the Bologna Mummy Project (BOmp), an interdisciplinary endeavor promoted by the Museo Civico Archeologico and the Institute for Mummy Studies of Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy. Dating to the Roman period (1st-2nd century C.E.), as confirmed by radiocarbon dating, this mummy displays a unique series of technical features, including the exceptional finding of a colorful painted shroud still preserved in its original location around the wrapped body, to which it is secured with textile straps and resin. In this context, scientific analysis aimed to deepen our current knowledge of the artistic practices of Roman Egypt through an in-depth study of the painting technique, context of production, and possible provenance of the mummy, while promoting a science-informed, enhanced approach to the preservation of the mummified human remains. This research relied on an integrated analytical protocol based on the combined use of imaging and mapping techniques, non-invasive point analysis, and micro-invasive investigation of minute samples, each carried out at the different partnering institutions. Computed tomography (CT) highlighted varying radio-densities for some of the flesh tones and red decorations. Visible photography and multiband imaging provided information on the nature and distribution of various materials on the surface. Fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy contributed to the characterization of the shroud's color palette along with optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), as well as high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC/DAD and HPLC/MS). Materials detected include a limited number of mineral pigments and plant-derived dyes such as red lead, red ocher, madder, an unknown yellow dye, Egyptian blue and green, and a carbon-based black. Through access to MOLAB equipment and expertise, macro-XRF (MA-XRF), as well as combined X-ray diffraction (XRD) spot analysis and mapping, enhanced pigment identification. A combination of transmission Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the paint binders and any additional organic substances possibly involved in embalming practices and ritual traditions, including animal fat, plant lipid, Pinaceae resin, gum, and beeswax. Mineralogical data gathered by XRD on surface deposits and soil residues collected from within the shroud's inner folds was crucial to put forward hypotheses, in support of the stylistic study of the
本文介绍了对意大利博洛尼亚市政考古博物馆收藏的一具仍包裹着埃及女性木乃伊(MCABo EG 1974)的罕见彩绘裹尸布进行的多重分析技术研究。这些木乃伊遗骸长期存放在博物馆的仓库中,最近在博洛尼亚木乃伊项目(BOmp)中被重新发现,该项目是由博洛尼亚市政考古博物馆和意大利博尔扎诺的欧拉克研究木乃伊研究所共同推动的一项跨学科工作。经放射性碳测年确认,这具木乃伊的年代为罗马时期(公元前 1-2 世纪),它展示了一系列独特的技术特征,其中包括发现了一块色彩斑斓的彩绘裹尸布,该裹尸布仍保存在包裹尸体的原处,并用纺织带和树脂固定。在这种情况下,科学分析的目的是通过深入研究木乃伊的绘画技术、制作背景和可能的来源,加深我们目前对罗马埃及艺术实践的了解,同时促进以科学为依据的、更好的保存木乃伊遗骸的方法。这项研究依赖于一个综合分析方案,该方案基于成像和绘图技术、非侵入性点分析以及对微小样本的微侵入性调查的结合使用,每项工作都在不同的合作机构进行。计算机断层扫描(CT)突出显示了一些肉色和红色装饰的不同放射性密度。可见光摄影和多波段成像提供了有关表面各种材料的性质和分布的信息。光纤反射光谱法 (FORS)、X 射线荧光光谱法 (XRF) 和拉曼光谱法,以及光学显微镜 (OM)、扫描电子显微镜与能量色散 X 射线光谱法 (SEM/EDS)、高效液相色谱法与二极管阵列检测和质谱法 (HPLC/DAD 和 HPLC/MS),都有助于确定裹尸布的色调特征。检测到的材料包括数量有限的矿物颜料和植物染料,如红铅、红赭石、茜草、一种未知的黄色染料、埃及蓝和埃及绿以及一种碳基黑色。通过使用 MOLAB 的设备和专业知识,宏 XRF(MA-XRF)以及 X 射线衍射(XRD)点分析和制图相结合的方法增强了颜料鉴定能力。透射傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)与气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)相结合,用于鉴定颜料粘合剂以及可能与防腐做法和仪式传统有关的其他有机物质,包括动物脂肪、植物脂质、松脂、树胶和蜂蜡。通过 XRD 对表面沉积物和从裹尸布内部褶皱中采集的土壤残留物收集的矿物学数据,对于提出裹尸布可能来自上埃及(很可能是西底比斯)的假设至关重要,以支持对裹尸布的风格研究。研究发现,裹尸布和内绷带都是用 OM 亚麻布制作的。经过科学分析和保护处理后,这具木乃伊在 "木乃伊。揭开过去的面纱 "展览,并在 2022 年秋季在博尔扎诺举行的第十届世界木乃伊研究大会上展出。
{"title":"Unraveling the mummy's shroud: A multi-analytical study of a rare painted textile from Roman Egypt","authors":"Anna Piccirillo , Paola Buscaglia , Claudia Caliri , Francesco Paolo Romano , Danilo Paolo Pavone , Eva Luna Ravan , Michela Botticelli , Claudia Conti , Maria Catrambone , Costanza Miliani , Ilaria Degano , Alessia Andreotti , Federica Nardella , Marco Samadelli , Alice Paladin , Roberta Genta , Michela Cardinali , Federica Pozzi , Daniela Picchi","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article describes a multi-analytical technical study of a rare painted shroud still wrapped around a female Egyptian mummy (MCABo EG 1974) in the collection of the Museo Civico Archeologico of Bologna, Italy. Long stored in the museum's warehouses, these mummified human remains were recently rediscovered within the Bologna Mummy Project (BOmp), an interdisciplinary endeavor promoted by the Museo Civico Archeologico and the Institute for Mummy Studies of Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy. Dating to the Roman period (1st-2nd century C.E.), as confirmed by radiocarbon dating, this mummy displays a unique series of technical features, including the exceptional finding of a colorful painted shroud still preserved in its original location around the wrapped body, to which it is secured with textile straps and resin. In this context, scientific analysis aimed to deepen our current knowledge of the artistic practices of Roman Egypt through an in-depth study of the painting technique, context of production, and possible provenance of the mummy, while promoting a science-informed, enhanced approach to the preservation of the mummified human remains. This research relied on an integrated analytical protocol based on the combined use of imaging and mapping techniques, non-invasive point analysis, and micro-invasive investigation of minute samples, each carried out at the different partnering institutions. Computed tomography (CT) highlighted varying radio-densities for some of the flesh tones and red decorations. Visible photography and multiband imaging provided information on the nature and distribution of various materials on the surface. Fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy contributed to the characterization of the shroud's color palette along with optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), as well as high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC/DAD and HPLC/MS). Materials detected include a limited number of mineral pigments and plant-derived dyes such as red lead, red ocher, madder, an unknown yellow dye, Egyptian blue and green, and a carbon-based black. Through access to MOLAB equipment and expertise, macro-XRF (MA-XRF), as well as combined X-ray diffraction (XRD) spot analysis and mapping, enhanced pigment identification. A combination of transmission Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the paint binders and any additional organic substances possibly involved in embalming practices and ritual traditions, including animal fat, plant lipid, Pinaceae resin, gum, and beeswax. Mineralogical data gathered by XRD on surface deposits and soil residues collected from within the shroud's inner folds was crucial to put forward hypotheses, in support of the stylistic study of the","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141239015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.002
Eliana Siotto, Paolo Cignoni
The digital technologies employed in archaeology since the 1990s have progressively and experimentally been utilized over the last two decades to document and re-present the ancient polychromy of Greek and Roman marble artworks. Given that this remains a developing field of investigation and application, this study offers, for the first time, a systematic review of the endeavours undertaken thus far in implementing information technology for the documentation, analysis, reconstruction, visualization, and presentation of ancient polychromy. This overview is supported by a literature review and existing implementations, organized into methods and techniques employed for 3D colour preservation, analysis, and reconstruction, as well as those used for the visualization and dissemination of findings. The goal is to identify gaps and provide intriguing insights for future research concerning the use of digital technologies as an essential tool in the stages of documenting and disseminating ancient polychromy in architecture and archaeological artefacts. This, in turn, aims to encourage data sharing, contribute to the dissemination of science-based knowledge and resolve substantial barriers associated with the long-term retention of digital data.
{"title":"Digital methods and techniques for reconstructing and visualizing ancient 3D polychromy – An overview","authors":"Eliana Siotto, Paolo Cignoni","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The digital technologies employed in archaeology since the 1990s have progressively and experimentally been utilized over the last two decades to document and re-present the ancient polychromy of Greek and Roman marble artworks. Given that this remains a developing field of investigation and application, this study offers, for the first time, a systematic review of the endeavours undertaken thus far in implementing information technology for the documentation, analysis, reconstruction, visualization, and presentation of ancient polychromy. This overview is supported by a literature review and existing implementations, organized into methods and techniques employed for 3D colour preservation, analysis, and reconstruction, as well as those used for the visualization and dissemination of findings. The goal is to identify gaps and provide intriguing insights for future research concerning the use of digital technologies as an essential tool in the stages of documenting and disseminating ancient polychromy in architecture and archaeological artefacts. This, in turn, aims to encourage data sharing, contribute to the dissemination of science-based knowledge and resolve substantial barriers associated with the long-term retention of digital data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207424001006/pdfft?md5=b8fcb7c84a3c0689345d31cca7a8c2ae&pid=1-s2.0-S1296207424001006-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141250004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-31DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.009
Narges Karimi, Mayank Mishra, Paulo B. Lourenço
A prominent feature in Portuguese historic architecture is Portugal’s azulejos or tiles that cover cultural heritage buildings with colorful patterns. However, tiles are prone to deterioration due to the quality of masonry materials, exposure over time, and natural and human factors. A careful approach is necessary to detect and assess tile damage in time to conserve cultural heritage. Deep learning (DL) methods are applied to detect deterioration and damage by automating vision-based monitoring. This study uses the You Only Look Once (YOLO), method to detect deterioration in tiles automatically. To obtain the initial dataset, over 5000 images of damage were collected, including cracks, craters, glaze detachment, and tile lacunae, as well as images with no defects. Additionally, a MobileNet model was used for binary classification of damaged and intact tiles to compare classification and detection approaches. Through the fine-tuning of hyperparameters and updating the dataset, an overall accuracy of over 72% for YOLO (multiple classification) and 97% accuracy for binary classification was achieved, demonstrating the adequacy of the tool for real-world applications.
{"title":"Deep learning-based automated tile defect detection system for Portuguese cultural heritage buildings","authors":"Narges Karimi, Mayank Mishra, Paulo B. Lourenço","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A prominent feature in Portuguese historic architecture is Portugal’s azulejos or tiles that cover cultural heritage buildings with colorful patterns. However, tiles are prone to deterioration due to the quality of masonry materials, exposure over time, and natural and human factors. A careful approach is necessary to detect and assess tile damage in time to conserve cultural heritage. Deep learning (DL) methods are applied to detect deterioration and damage by automating vision-based monitoring. This study uses the You Only Look Once (YOLO), method to detect deterioration in tiles automatically. To obtain the initial dataset, over 5000 images of damage were collected, including cracks, craters, glaze detachment, and tile lacunae, as well as images with no defects. Additionally, a MobileNet model was used for binary classification of damaged and intact tiles to compare classification and detection approaches. Through the fine-tuning of hyperparameters and updating the dataset, an overall accuracy of over 72% for YOLO (multiple classification) and 97% accuracy for binary classification was achieved, demonstrating the adequacy of the tool for real-world applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207424001067/pdfft?md5=dd50077783083e12e7f3f4ad6600bb0f&pid=1-s2.0-S1296207424001067-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141241039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-31DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.011
Sorin Hermon , Rahaf Orabi , Valentina Vassallo , Martina Polig , Joseph Alexander MacGillivray , Jan Driessen
A unique anthropomorphic statue, representing a young man standing tall ca. 50 cm. and primarily made of ivory and with gold decorative elements, was discovered heavily fragmented and burnt during the extensive excavations at the Bronze Age site of Palaikastro in Crete, Greece in 1987, 1988 and 1990. Through a painstaking restoration process of nearly a decade long, the statue was brought back to its original shape from ca. 200 recovered fragments and it is now exhibited in the Siteia Archaeological Museum in East Crete. The statue and the remaining fragments that the conservators were not able to refit on the statue were recently 3D documented by means of a high-precision optical scanner, resulting in the virtual re-positioning of many remaining fragments, correction of the statue's right foot orientation and its overall posture, and a better understanding of its assembly technique. This article presents these results and the digital processes that lead to them.
{"title":"The death and the (digital) re-birth of a god – 3D virtual refitting of the Palaikastro Kouros","authors":"Sorin Hermon , Rahaf Orabi , Valentina Vassallo , Martina Polig , Joseph Alexander MacGillivray , Jan Driessen","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A unique anthropomorphic statue, representing a young man standing tall ca. 50 cm. and primarily made of ivory and with gold decorative elements, was discovered heavily fragmented and burnt during the extensive excavations at the Bronze Age site of Palaikastro in Crete, Greece in 1987, 1988 and 1990. Through a painstaking restoration process of nearly a decade long, the statue was brought back to its original shape from ca. 200 recovered fragments and it is now exhibited in the Siteia Archaeological Museum in East Crete. The statue and the remaining fragments that the conservators were not able to refit on the statue were recently 3D documented by means of a high-precision optical scanner, resulting in the virtual re-positioning of many remaining fragments, correction of the statue's right foot orientation and its overall posture, and a better understanding of its assembly technique. This article presents these results and the digital processes that lead to them.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141243174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.001
Ekaterina Pasnak , Jasna Malešič , Sílvia O. Sequeira
The Norwegian Sea Trade Archive (NST Archive) from the University of Bergen Library, Norway, is part of the UNESCO documentary heritage and contains unique documentation of the activity of companies that traded in stock fish in Norway and Europe (16th-20th century). The archive consists primarily of bound paper manuscripts written mostly in brown ink. We have surveyed this collection using a multi-analytical approach focused on the material characterization and condition of the paper carrier and inks. Our main aim was to support decision-making on establishing storage conditions, digitisation priorities, and type and extent of conservation treatments necessary to make the collection accessible.
After a first visual examination to detect and quantify damages, for the paper support analysis we measured surface pH, paper thickness and water absorbency. Additionally, on a quarter of all tested materials, we performed a SurveNIR analysis, providing information regarding paper pulp type, lignin, protein and rosin content, degree of polymerization, and mechanical properties. The archival material was grouped into three periods characterising the three milestones in paper production: handmade gelatine-sized rag papers, machine-made rag papers with gelatine and rosin sizing, and papers made from processed wood pulp.
Regarding the manuscripts’ inks, we used iron and copper tests to determine the presence of Fe2, Cu2+ and Cu+ions, respectively. For the visual characterization and condition rating of the inks, we used the protocols described by the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage. The variety of ink colours and thickness of the inked lines encountered in each document was noted down. Thus specific tendencies present in each historical period became apparent. Results of the solubility of ink in water and alcohol significantly narrowed treatment options.
General tendencies of paper and ink degradation based on differences in papermaking were observed. Surface pH measurement, SurveNIR pH, rosin and protein concentration data showed that most rag papers were of poor to fair quality (pH ≤ 6.0 and low protein content (< 5 %)). Rosin-sized papers dated after 1840 had a lower pH (from 3.3 ± 0.2 to 5.0 ± 0.2) compared to gelatine-sized ones. Based on the obtained results, the overall condition of all the papers is good – slightly damaged but stable. The inks are not severely corroded, and there is no loss of text, although 20 % of the collection does show signs of iron-gall ink (IGI) corrosion. A limited number of documents, mostly before 1800, would require local antioxidative treatment. Due to the low pH of all the papers and the detection of ink corrosion, the collection should be stored in a cool environment, with low relative humidity.
After the survey, digitisation priorities were also established.
{"title":"Improving access: Multi-analytical survey of the Norwegian Sea trade archive to establish storage conditions, digitisation priorities and conservation treatments","authors":"Ekaterina Pasnak , Jasna Malešič , Sílvia O. Sequeira","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Norwegian Sea Trade Archive (NST Archive) from the University of Bergen Library, Norway, is part of the UNESCO documentary heritage and contains unique documentation of the activity of companies that traded in stock fish in Norway and Europe (16th-20th century). The archive consists primarily of bound paper manuscripts written mostly in brown ink. We have surveyed this collection using a multi-analytical approach focused on the material characterization and condition of the paper carrier and inks. Our main aim was to support decision-making on establishing storage conditions, digitisation priorities, and type and extent of conservation treatments necessary to make the collection accessible.</p><p>After a first visual examination to detect and quantify damages, for the paper support analysis we measured surface pH, paper thickness and water absorbency. Additionally, on a quarter of all tested materials, we performed a SurveNIR analysis, providing information regarding paper pulp type, lignin, protein and rosin content, degree of polymerization, and mechanical properties. The archival material was grouped into three periods characterising the three milestones in paper production: handmade gelatine-sized rag papers, machine-made rag papers with gelatine and rosin sizing, and papers made from processed wood pulp.</p><p>Regarding the manuscripts’ inks, we used iron and copper tests to determine the presence of Fe<sup>2</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Cu<sup>+</sup>ions, respectively. For the visual characterization and condition rating of the inks, we used the protocols described by the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage. The variety of ink colours and thickness of the inked lines encountered in each document was noted down. Thus specific tendencies present in each historical period became apparent. Results of the solubility of ink in water and alcohol significantly narrowed treatment options.</p><p>General tendencies of paper and ink degradation based on differences in papermaking were observed. Surface pH measurement, SurveNIR pH, rosin and protein concentration data showed that most rag papers were of poor to fair quality (pH ≤ 6.0 and low protein content (< 5 %)). Rosin-sized papers dated after 1840 had a lower pH (from 3.3 ± 0.2 to 5.0 ± 0.2) compared to gelatine-sized ones. Based on the obtained results, the overall condition of all the papers is good – slightly damaged but stable. The inks are not severely corroded, and there is no loss of text, although 20 % of the collection does show signs of iron-gall ink (IGI) corrosion. A limited number of documents, mostly before 1800, would require local antioxidative treatment. Due to the low pH of all the papers and the detection of ink corrosion, the collection should be stored in a cool environment, with low relative humidity.</p><p>After the survey, digitisation priorities were also established.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207424000992/pdfft?md5=3c0fcf3ab80bf7f8e70968985c60a034&pid=1-s2.0-S1296207424000992-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141243258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.008
María Mercedes Morita , Daniel Alejando Loaiza Carvajal , Ivana Leticia González Bagur , Gabriel Mario Bilmes
One of the problems that arises when applying 3D Structure from Motion and Multi-View-Stereo photogrammetry to certain heritage objects characterized by minimal surface features and monochrome textures is that the obtained 3D models have low quality and accuracy. Within such scenarios, the smallest lengths that can be measured on it with high accuracy is usually one or more orders of magnitude worse than the maximum resolution of the input photographs. Additionally, when contrasted with outputs from scanning systems, these reconstructions tend to exhibit relatively lower quality. This article presents a simple approach wherein the incorporation of normal maps acquired through Reflectance Transformation Imaging technique improves the quality and accuracy of 3D photogrammetric reconstructions (mesh + texture). This enhancement also surpasses the capabilities of some commercial structured light scanning systems and reaches values that are in the order of magnitude of the maximum resolution of the photographs used.
{"title":"A combined approach of SFM-MVS photogrammetry and reflectance transformation imaging to enhance 3D reconstructions","authors":"María Mercedes Morita , Daniel Alejando Loaiza Carvajal , Ivana Leticia González Bagur , Gabriel Mario Bilmes","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One of the problems that arises when applying 3D Structure from Motion and Multi-View-Stereo photogrammetry to certain heritage objects characterized by minimal surface features and monochrome textures is that the obtained 3D models have low quality and accuracy. Within such scenarios, the smallest lengths that can be measured on it with high accuracy is usually one or more orders of magnitude worse than the maximum resolution of the input photographs. Additionally, when contrasted with outputs from scanning systems, these reconstructions tend to exhibit relatively lower quality. This article presents a simple approach wherein the incorporation of normal maps acquired through Reflectance Transformation Imaging technique improves the quality and accuracy of 3D photogrammetric reconstructions (mesh + texture). This enhancement also surpasses the capabilities of some commercial structured light scanning systems and reaches values that are in the order of magnitude of the maximum resolution of the photographs used.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141241038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-29DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2024.04.006
Elena Possenti , Maria Catrambone , Chiara Colombo , Marco Cantaluppi , Marco Merlini , Gavin B.M. Vaughan , Marco di Michiel , Nicoletta Marinoni
The present work describes the high potential of the recently developed synchrotron X-ray diffraction computed tomography (XRDCT) for 3D mapping of crystalline and amorphous phases in Geomaterials of Cultural Heritage (CHG). The paper critically discusses the promising results and limitations of XRDCT in Cultural Heritage applications. XRDCT has been applied herein to diverse CHG materials, spanning from archaeological ceramics, and stone conservation treatments to meteorites, at a microscale. Although these materials are very complex systems from a chemical, mineralogical and microstructural point of view, this innovative technique proves effective capability to access the real spatial distribution and semi-quantification of crystallographic phases within materials in a totally non-destructive and/or non-invasive way.
本论文介绍了最近开发的同步辐射 X 射线衍射计算机断层成像技术(XRDCT)在三维绘制文化遗产(CHG)地质材料中的晶体和非晶体相方面的巨大潜力。本文批判性地讨论了 XRDCT 在文化遗产应用中的良好效果和局限性。本文将 XRDCT 应用于各种文化遗产材料,从考古陶瓷、石材保护处理到陨石的微观层面。尽管从化学、矿物学和微观结构的角度来看,这些材料都是非常复杂的系统,但这一创新技术以完全无损和/或非侵入性的方式,证明了它能够有效地获取材料内部结晶相的真实空间分布和半定量化。
{"title":"Potential of synchrotron X-ray diffraction computed tomography (XRDCT) for a 3D non-destructive and/or non-invasive characterisation of cultural heritage geomaterials (CHG)","authors":"Elena Possenti , Maria Catrambone , Chiara Colombo , Marco Cantaluppi , Marco Merlini , Gavin B.M. Vaughan , Marco di Michiel , Nicoletta Marinoni","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2024.04.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present work describes the high potential of the recently developed synchrotron X-ray diffraction computed tomography (XRDCT) for 3D mapping of crystalline and amorphous phases in Geomaterials of Cultural Heritage (CHG). The paper critically discusses the promising results and limitations of XRDCT in Cultural Heritage applications. XRDCT has been applied herein to diverse CHG materials, spanning from archaeological ceramics, and stone conservation treatments to meteorites, at a microscale. Although these materials are very complex systems from a chemical, mineralogical and microstructural point of view, this innovative technique proves effective capability to access the real spatial distribution and semi-quantification of crystallographic phases within materials in a totally non-destructive and/or non-invasive way.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207424000876/pdfft?md5=417d95b74c2be73f00be905a786070ab&pid=1-s2.0-S1296207424000876-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141163385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.004
Ana Martínez-Arredondo , Victoria E. García-Vera , David Navarro-Moreno , Antonio J. Tenza-Abril , Marcos Lanzón
This paper studies the effectiveness of four consolidation treatments based on nanoparticles suspensions: calcium hydroxide (Ca-NP), magnesium hydroxide (Mg-NP), a treatment combining calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide (Ca/Mg-NP), and a treatment consisting of calcium hydroxide and silicon dioxide (Ca/Si-NP) that were both applied separately. The suspensions were sprayed on gypsum plasters and lime renders which are common substrates in historical constructions and show a high degree of similarity with the treatments. The consolidation efficiency was evaluated using non-destructive techniques, such as peeling test, Shore-D hardness, water flow using Karsten tube and water vapour permeability tests. In addition, TEM images and XRD tests demonstrated the formation of a new C-S-H cementing phase when Ca/Si-NPs were combined due to a reaction between Ca(OH)2 with SiO2. Colour tests (CIE-L*a*b*) showed the consolidants did not produce major colour alterations, although the Ca-NP treatment caused a slight lightness increase. The strengthening effect was greater in lime mortars and water flow was moderately reduced in all treatments, except in mortars coated with Ca/Mg-NP. Finally, the chemical nature of the treatments is similar to the substrates, and they did not significantly alter the water vapour permeability of the studied materials.
{"title":"Calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, silicon dioxide nanoparticles and their combinations as consolidants for lime mortars and gypsum plasters","authors":"Ana Martínez-Arredondo , Victoria E. García-Vera , David Navarro-Moreno , Antonio J. Tenza-Abril , Marcos Lanzón","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper studies the effectiveness of four consolidation treatments based on nanoparticles suspensions: calcium hydroxide (Ca-NP), magnesium hydroxide (Mg-NP), a treatment combining calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide (Ca/Mg-NP), and a treatment consisting of calcium hydroxide and silicon dioxide (Ca/Si-NP) that were both applied separately. The suspensions were sprayed on gypsum plasters and lime renders which are common substrates in historical constructions and show a high degree of similarity with the treatments. The consolidation efficiency was evaluated using non-destructive techniques, such as peeling test, Shore-D hardness, water flow using Karsten tube and water vapour permeability tests. In addition, TEM images and XRD tests demonstrated the formation of a new C-S-H cementing phase when Ca/Si-NPs were combined due to a reaction between Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> with SiO<sub>2</sub>. Colour tests (CIE-L*a*b*) showed the consolidants did not produce major colour alterations, although the Ca-NP treatment caused a slight lightness increase. The strengthening effect was greater in lime mortars and water flow was moderately reduced in all treatments, except in mortars coated with Ca/Mg-NP. Finally, the chemical nature of the treatments is similar to the substrates, and they did not significantly alter the water vapour permeability of the studied materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S129620742400102X/pdfft?md5=4605251257dbc1b75aed638c2bcc398a&pid=1-s2.0-S129620742400102X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141095678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.005
Chaehoon Lee , Giacomo Fiocco , Barbara Vigani , Teresa Recca , Silvia Rossi , Maurizio Licchelli , Marco Malagodi , Maduka L. Weththimuni , Francesca Volpi
Aged animal glues degrade and weaken over time, resulting in flakes and cracks on the material employed by wooden manufacturers and luthiers. Because of this deterioration, conservators and restorers remove aged water-soluble glues with a water swab, smoothing enough to clean them mechanically and putting on new reversible glues. However, it raises the question of whether a water swab can control moisture delivery while removing glue from wood, a hygroscopic and water-sensitive material.
This study formulated a chemically crosslinked film-forming hydrogel based on sodium alginate (SA) with (3-Glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and calcium chloride, named as CA-GPTMS to construct a retentive gel. Synthesized gel materials were characterized using several methods: liquid state NMR, FTIR-ATR, and SEM-EDS analyses were involved in examining the cross-linking process, while moisture and mechanical properties were examined to understand its suitability for the cleaning application process. The strategies for applying the CA-GPTMS gel on wood surface were to selectively soften the glue and to remove it as well as leave no residues on the wood surface. The cleaning process was investigated by using different techniques, i.e., stereomicroscopy, reflection-FTIR, and SEM-EDS. Compared to traditional rigid Agar gel, the CA-GPTMS gel appeared successfully resistant to destruction and was suitable for application on highly water-sensitive surfaces.
{"title":"Retentive bio-based chemical gel for removing glues from water-sensitive wooden artworks","authors":"Chaehoon Lee , Giacomo Fiocco , Barbara Vigani , Teresa Recca , Silvia Rossi , Maurizio Licchelli , Marco Malagodi , Maduka L. Weththimuni , Francesca Volpi","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aged animal glues degrade and weaken over time, resulting in flakes and cracks on the material employed by wooden manufacturers and luthiers. Because of this deterioration, conservators and restorers remove aged water-soluble glues with a water swab, smoothing enough to clean them mechanically and putting on new reversible glues. However, it raises the question of whether a water swab can control moisture delivery while removing glue from wood, a hygroscopic and water-sensitive material.</p><p>This study formulated a chemically crosslinked film-forming hydrogel based on sodium alginate (SA) with (3-Glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and calcium chloride, named as CA-GPTMS to construct a retentive gel. Synthesized gel materials were characterized using several methods: liquid state NMR, FTIR-ATR, and SEM-EDS analyses were involved in examining the cross-linking process, while moisture and mechanical properties were examined to understand its suitability for the cleaning application process. The strategies for applying the CA-GPTMS gel on wood surface were to selectively soften the glue and to remove it as well as leave no residues on the wood surface. The cleaning process was investigated by using different techniques, i.e., stereomicroscopy, reflection-FTIR, and SEM-EDS. Compared to traditional rigid Agar gel, the CA-GPTMS gel appeared successfully resistant to destruction and was suitable for application on highly water-sensitive surfaces.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207424001031/pdfft?md5=ef2426245fbfac6400fa2b420b34f7a2&pid=1-s2.0-S1296207424001031-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141095681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}