Pub Date : 2024-08-17DOI: 10.1177/00219983241274552
Canan Saricam, Nazan Okur
This study deals with the development of interlayer hybrid composites with improved low-velocity impact response. In the composites produced using the hand lay-up technique, glass, carbon, and Kevlar woven fabrics were used as reinforcement materials and epoxy resin was used as the matrix material. Shear thickening fluid (STF) was impregnated into the fabric for enhancing their performance. The effect of hybridization with different stacking sequences and the impregnation of STF on the peak load, deflection at peak load, energy absorption, impact strength, and damage degree were investigated. All samples were subjected to 3.12 m/s and 4.42 m/s impact velocities using a drop-weight impact tester applying 200J and 400J impact energy levels, respectively. The results revealed that in samples containing neat fabrics, the performances of the pure Kevlar samples were much better in comparison to hybrid samples, especially under high impact energy. However, STF significantly improved the impact strength and energy absorption (up to 30 times) of all samples, including hybrid ones. On the other hand, as the impact energy increased, the use of a Kevlar reinforced plate on the impact surface was crucial, providing higher energy absorption, and no perforation was observed since most of the energy was required to initiate the damage. In the samples with Kevlar in the intermediate layer, however, the majority of the impact energy caused propagation and expansion of the damage. According to the findings, up to 50% cost savings were achieved in STF-impregnated hybrid samples containing Kevlar.
{"title":"Investigation of shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated interlayer hybrid composites under low-velocity impact loading","authors":"Canan Saricam, Nazan Okur","doi":"10.1177/00219983241274552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241274552","url":null,"abstract":"This study deals with the development of interlayer hybrid composites with improved low-velocity impact response. In the composites produced using the hand lay-up technique, glass, carbon, and Kevlar woven fabrics were used as reinforcement materials and epoxy resin was used as the matrix material. Shear thickening fluid (STF) was impregnated into the fabric for enhancing their performance. The effect of hybridization with different stacking sequences and the impregnation of STF on the peak load, deflection at peak load, energy absorption, impact strength, and damage degree were investigated. All samples were subjected to 3.12 m/s and 4.42 m/s impact velocities using a drop-weight impact tester applying 200J and 400J impact energy levels, respectively. The results revealed that in samples containing neat fabrics, the performances of the pure Kevlar samples were much better in comparison to hybrid samples, especially under high impact energy. However, STF significantly improved the impact strength and energy absorption (up to 30 times) of all samples, including hybrid ones. On the other hand, as the impact energy increased, the use of a Kevlar reinforced plate on the impact surface was crucial, providing higher energy absorption, and no perforation was observed since most of the energy was required to initiate the damage. In the samples with Kevlar in the intermediate layer, however, the majority of the impact energy caused propagation and expansion of the damage. According to the findings, up to 50% cost savings were achieved in STF-impregnated hybrid samples containing Kevlar.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1177/00219983241271007
Adam Fisher, Arjun Radhakrishnan, Arthur Levy, Julie Teuwen, James Kratz
This study considered adhesion between thermoplastic and thermoset laminates through interdiffusion at the interface. The influence of the degree of cure of the thermoset at the start of the process was investigated through mechanical testing and microscopy. Increasing the initial degree of cure decreased both interlaminar fracture toughness and interphase thickness. Fracture toughness decreased disproportionately to interphase thickness, attributed to changes in interphase morphology and decreasing surface contact at the interface. A simplified model was developed using gel layer thickness measurement data to predict the level of interdiffusion with increasing initial degree of cure. Compared to thermoset-thermoset co-curing, there was superior bond strength at low initial degrees of cure and a predicted increased sensitivity to the initial degree of cure, suggesting a greater influence of process variability. Hence, for specific property critical applications, the trade-off between the potential manufacturing efficiency gains from semi-curing and the reduced performance would be an important consideration.
{"title":"Effect of pre-curing on thermoplastic-thermoset interphases","authors":"Adam Fisher, Arjun Radhakrishnan, Arthur Levy, Julie Teuwen, James Kratz","doi":"10.1177/00219983241271007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241271007","url":null,"abstract":"This study considered adhesion between thermoplastic and thermoset laminates through interdiffusion at the interface. The influence of the degree of cure of the thermoset at the start of the process was investigated through mechanical testing and microscopy. Increasing the initial degree of cure decreased both interlaminar fracture toughness and interphase thickness. Fracture toughness decreased disproportionately to interphase thickness, attributed to changes in interphase morphology and decreasing surface contact at the interface. A simplified model was developed using gel layer thickness measurement data to predict the level of interdiffusion with increasing initial degree of cure. Compared to thermoset-thermoset co-curing, there was superior bond strength at low initial degrees of cure and a predicted increased sensitivity to the initial degree of cure, suggesting a greater influence of process variability. Hence, for specific property critical applications, the trade-off between the potential manufacturing efficiency gains from semi-curing and the reduced performance would be an important consideration.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1177/00219983241276933
Segun I Talabi, Wonders Oladipo, Iyanuoluwa Odetoyinbo, Akash Phadatare, Sana Elyas, Uday Vaidya, Ahmed A Hassen
This article explores a novel method for enhancing the mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites by incorporating carbonized chicken feathers as a filler material. The fabrication process involves carbonizing chicken feathers at 600°C and incorporating 5-10 wt% of the fillers into an epoxy matrix. The composites showed enhanced mechanical properties and samples containing 10 wt% filler exhibit the best properties. The performance corresponds to 49% increase in tensile strength, 16% rise in Young’s modulus, 40% improvement in flexural modulus, and 57% in flexural strength. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy were employed to characterize the filler. This characterization provides valuable insights into the structure and chemical composition of the pulverized carbonized chicken feathers that contributed to the attained improvement in composites’ properties. Microstructural examination of the developed composite under scanning electron microscope also provides insights into matrix-filler interface and dispersion of the fillers within the composite matrix. The study not only highlights the unique combination of carbonized feathers’ inherent strength and compatibility with the epoxy matrix but also underscores the eco-friendly nature of utilizing agricultural waste. The findings suggest promising applications in industries demanding lightweight, high-strength materials, which can contribute to sustainable engineering solutions.
{"title":"Epoxy resin reinforced with carbonized chicken feathers: An innovative composite material with sustainable potentials","authors":"Segun I Talabi, Wonders Oladipo, Iyanuoluwa Odetoyinbo, Akash Phadatare, Sana Elyas, Uday Vaidya, Ahmed A Hassen","doi":"10.1177/00219983241276933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241276933","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores a novel method for enhancing the mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites by incorporating carbonized chicken feathers as a filler material. The fabrication process involves carbonizing chicken feathers at 600°C and incorporating 5-10 wt% of the fillers into an epoxy matrix. The composites showed enhanced mechanical properties and samples containing 10 wt% filler exhibit the best properties. The performance corresponds to 49% increase in tensile strength, 16% rise in Young’s modulus, 40% improvement in flexural modulus, and 57% in flexural strength. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy were employed to characterize the filler. This characterization provides valuable insights into the structure and chemical composition of the pulverized carbonized chicken feathers that contributed to the attained improvement in composites’ properties. Microstructural examination of the developed composite under scanning electron microscope also provides insights into matrix-filler interface and dispersion of the fillers within the composite matrix. The study not only highlights the unique combination of carbonized feathers’ inherent strength and compatibility with the epoxy matrix but also underscores the eco-friendly nature of utilizing agricultural waste. The findings suggest promising applications in industries demanding lightweight, high-strength materials, which can contribute to sustainable engineering solutions.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1177/00219983241270939
Mingming Xu, Elena Sitnikova, Weiyi Kong, Jian Zhang, Shoufeng Hu, Shuguang Li
Weft tows in 3D woven composites are commonly approximated as perfectly straight, but their undulations are inevitable in reality, although the extent of undulations in the weft tows is not as pronounced as in the warp tows. Such minor undulations in weft tows have been simulated in this paper. A previously established parametrised modelling and analysis tool for 3D woven composites has been extended to reproduce the varying geometry of the weft tows. Two novel models have been proposed to introduce the undulations, allowing their effects to be simulated. The analysis reveals that, compared to the model with straight weft tows, the effective elastic properties can be affected by the weft tow undulations. In addition, the procedure for defining varying intra-tow fibre orientation was formulated and implemented, addressing lack of consistent and robust functionalities of this kind in modern finite element solvers.
{"title":"Characterisation of 3D woven textile composites in presence of minor weft tow undulations and cross-section variations","authors":"Mingming Xu, Elena Sitnikova, Weiyi Kong, Jian Zhang, Shoufeng Hu, Shuguang Li","doi":"10.1177/00219983241270939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241270939","url":null,"abstract":"Weft tows in 3D woven composites are commonly approximated as perfectly straight, but their undulations are inevitable in reality, although the extent of undulations in the weft tows is not as pronounced as in the warp tows. Such minor undulations in weft tows have been simulated in this paper. A previously established parametrised modelling and analysis tool for 3D woven composites has been extended to reproduce the varying geometry of the weft tows. Two novel models have been proposed to introduce the undulations, allowing their effects to be simulated. The analysis reveals that, compared to the model with straight weft tows, the effective elastic properties can be affected by the weft tow undulations. In addition, the procedure for defining varying intra-tow fibre orientation was formulated and implemented, addressing lack of consistent and robust functionalities of this kind in modern finite element solvers.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1177/00219983241266931
Mehmet Korkmaz, R. Karakuzu, A. Labanieh, F. Boussu
Three-dimensional (3D) warp interlock woven composites (3DWIWC) are in demand in various industries due to their excellent delamination resistance, damage tolerance and fracture toughness properties. The 3D warp interlock woven fabric architecture can be defined by numerous fabric parameters such as: the binding and stuffer warp yarns, the woven pattern, the presence of yarn groups, etc. …. The effect of the fabric architecture on the impact behaviour of 3DWIWC made with carbon yarns has not been fully investigated. The binding warp yarns with the weave pattern play the main role in the arrangement of yarns within the final composite. In order to highlight their main influence, the 3D woven composites had been differentiated according to the main fabric architectural parameters, which are the angle and depth of binding warp yarn, presence of stuffer warp yarn and weave pattern of binding warp yarn. Afterward, their low velocity impact properties and damage mechanisms were examined. Thanks to the precise combination of these internal parameters of the fabric architecture, the contact force and absorbed energy values of 3DWIWC could be increased almost %50 and %15, respectively. Moreover, their damage mechanisms could be significantly improved.
{"title":"The low velocity impact properties of three- dimensional (3D) warp interlock woven composites according to the fabric architecture","authors":"Mehmet Korkmaz, R. Karakuzu, A. Labanieh, F. Boussu","doi":"10.1177/00219983241266931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241266931","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional (3D) warp interlock woven composites (3DWIWC) are in demand in various industries due to their excellent delamination resistance, damage tolerance and fracture toughness properties. The 3D warp interlock woven fabric architecture can be defined by numerous fabric parameters such as: the binding and stuffer warp yarns, the woven pattern, the presence of yarn groups, etc. …. The effect of the fabric architecture on the impact behaviour of 3DWIWC made with carbon yarns has not been fully investigated. The binding warp yarns with the weave pattern play the main role in the arrangement of yarns within the final composite. In order to highlight their main influence, the 3D woven composites had been differentiated according to the main fabric architectural parameters, which are the angle and depth of binding warp yarn, presence of stuffer warp yarn and weave pattern of binding warp yarn. Afterward, their low velocity impact properties and damage mechanisms were examined. Thanks to the precise combination of these internal parameters of the fabric architecture, the contact force and absorbed energy values of 3DWIWC could be increased almost %50 and %15, respectively. Moreover, their damage mechanisms could be significantly improved.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141922940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1177/00219983241274544
Kingsley Yeboah Gyabaah, John Konlan, Obed Tetteh, Maryam Jahan, Enrique Jackson, Patrick Mensah, Guoqiang Li
This study investigates a neoteric approach in manufacturing lunar regolith-filled shape memory vitrimer (SMV) composites for extraterrestrial applications. A SMV with robust mechanical properties was combined with locally available lunar regolith to form a composite material. Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used to characterize the resin, the regolith simulant, and the prepared SMV-regolith composites. We explored conventional synthesis as well as 3D printing methods for manufacturing the composite. Glass fabric-reinforced laminated composites were also prepared to evaluate the impact tolerance and damage healing efficiency. Compressive strength, flexural strength, and impact resistance of the composite were tested at both room and elevated temperatures. A compressive strength of 96.0 MPa and 5.4 MPa were recorded for composite with 40 wt% regolith ratio at room and elevated temperatures, respectively. The glass fabric reinforced SMV-regolith laminate exhibited a bending strength of 232.7 MPa, good impact tolerance under low-velocity impact test, and good healing efficiency up to two damage healing cycles. The 3D printed SMV-regolith composite using a liquid crystal display (LCD)-based printer exhibited a good thermomechanical property with a compressive and tensile strength of 139.16 MPa and 13.99 MPa, respectively, and a good shape memory effect. However, the LCD-based printing using vat-photopolymerization limits the size of the printed samples. Nonetheless, this study shows that utilization of regolith to form advanced composite is possible. SMV regolith composite is a promising material for lunar base applications due to its simple manufacturing process, excellent mechanical properties, and low energy consumption.
{"title":"3D printable regolith filled shape memory vitrimer composite for extraterrestrial application","authors":"Kingsley Yeboah Gyabaah, John Konlan, Obed Tetteh, Maryam Jahan, Enrique Jackson, Patrick Mensah, Guoqiang Li","doi":"10.1177/00219983241274544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241274544","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates a neoteric approach in manufacturing lunar regolith-filled shape memory vitrimer (SMV) composites for extraterrestrial applications. A SMV with robust mechanical properties was combined with locally available lunar regolith to form a composite material. Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used to characterize the resin, the regolith simulant, and the prepared SMV-regolith composites. We explored conventional synthesis as well as 3D printing methods for manufacturing the composite. Glass fabric-reinforced laminated composites were also prepared to evaluate the impact tolerance and damage healing efficiency. Compressive strength, flexural strength, and impact resistance of the composite were tested at both room and elevated temperatures. A compressive strength of 96.0 MPa and 5.4 MPa were recorded for composite with 40 wt% regolith ratio at room and elevated temperatures, respectively. The glass fabric reinforced SMV-regolith laminate exhibited a bending strength of 232.7 MPa, good impact tolerance under low-velocity impact test, and good healing efficiency up to two damage healing cycles. The 3D printed SMV-regolith composite using a liquid crystal display (LCD)-based printer exhibited a good thermomechanical property with a compressive and tensile strength of 139.16 MPa and 13.99 MPa, respectively, and a good shape memory effect. However, the LCD-based printing using vat-photopolymerization limits the size of the printed samples. Nonetheless, this study shows that utilization of regolith to form advanced composite is possible. SMV regolith composite is a promising material for lunar base applications due to its simple manufacturing process, excellent mechanical properties, and low energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141921635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1177/00219983241270966
Oluwole I Oladele, A. Akinwekomi, J. G. Akinseye, Samuel O Falana, Samuel R Oke
This study focused on the development of environmentally friendly epoxy-based biocomposites by incorporating bamboo fiber (BF) and calcite particles (CP) as reinforcements. A total of 125 specimens were fabricated with different weight percentages of BF and CP ranging from 0% to 15% to the epoxy. The biobased reinforcements were processed before incorporation, and the hand layup technique was used to fabricate the composites, which were then cured at ambient temperature. Evaluations of selected properties were carried out to ascertain the most probable areas of application, while the fracture surfaces were examined using SEM. The results indicated that the inclusion of these hybrid bio-reinforcements significantly enhanced the properties of the biocomposites compared to unreinforced samples. The optimal composition was identified as 12 wt% BF/CP, which demonstrated the highest ultimate tensile strength (32.84 MPa) and tensile modulus (1.9 GPa), attributed to the strong interfacial bonding between the epoxy matrix and the BF/CP reinforcements. Additionally, the flexural strength (55.38 MPa) and modulus (2.72 GPa) were improved due to the effective load transfer and stiffening effect of the calcite particles. The hardness (67 HS) and wear index (0.015 mg) were enhanced by the toughening mechanism provided by the bamboo fibers, while the density (1.195 g/cm³) remained within a desirable range for lightweight applications. Composites with 9 wt% BF/CP exhibited the highest impact strength (22.66 J/m2), likely due to the optimal balance of fiber-matrix interaction and energy absorption capacity. These findings indicate that the developed hybrid-reinforced biocomposite compositions hold great promise with the improved physical and mechanical properties as seen and can be utilized for various applications, including automotive, aerospace, and other engineering applications.
{"title":"Evolution of bamboo derivative fiber-mollusk shell based calcite particulate hybrid reinforced epoxy bio-composites for sustainable applications","authors":"Oluwole I Oladele, A. Akinwekomi, J. G. Akinseye, Samuel O Falana, Samuel R Oke","doi":"10.1177/00219983241270966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241270966","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on the development of environmentally friendly epoxy-based biocomposites by incorporating bamboo fiber (BF) and calcite particles (CP) as reinforcements. A total of 125 specimens were fabricated with different weight percentages of BF and CP ranging from 0% to 15% to the epoxy. The biobased reinforcements were processed before incorporation, and the hand layup technique was used to fabricate the composites, which were then cured at ambient temperature. Evaluations of selected properties were carried out to ascertain the most probable areas of application, while the fracture surfaces were examined using SEM. The results indicated that the inclusion of these hybrid bio-reinforcements significantly enhanced the properties of the biocomposites compared to unreinforced samples. The optimal composition was identified as 12 wt% BF/CP, which demonstrated the highest ultimate tensile strength (32.84 MPa) and tensile modulus (1.9 GPa), attributed to the strong interfacial bonding between the epoxy matrix and the BF/CP reinforcements. Additionally, the flexural strength (55.38 MPa) and modulus (2.72 GPa) were improved due to the effective load transfer and stiffening effect of the calcite particles. The hardness (67 HS) and wear index (0.015 mg) were enhanced by the toughening mechanism provided by the bamboo fibers, while the density (1.195 g/cm³) remained within a desirable range for lightweight applications. Composites with 9 wt% BF/CP exhibited the highest impact strength (22.66 J/m2), likely due to the optimal balance of fiber-matrix interaction and energy absorption capacity. These findings indicate that the developed hybrid-reinforced biocomposite compositions hold great promise with the improved physical and mechanical properties as seen and can be utilized for various applications, including automotive, aerospace, and other engineering applications.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141928372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1177/00219983241274617
T. G. Targino, Rayane D Cunha, A. M. Medeiros, Cristiano Cardoso, Evans Paiva da Costa Ferreira, José Daniel Diniz Melo, Raimundo CS Freire Júnior
This article analyzes the damage tolerance after impact of an unconventional carbon/epoxy laminate (AS4/8552) of the Double-Double (DD) type tested with different impact energies and compares it to a traditional laminate with equivalent properties. Quadriaxial (QUAD) laminate has stacking sequence [03/90/±45]S and the DD equivalent laminate has stacking sequence [0/-55/0/+55]3T. These materials were subjected to the low velocity impact test (LVI) with three energy levels (30 J, 45 J and 74 J), the uniaxial compression test and the compression after impact (CAI). The objective of this article is to validate whether the proposed DD laminate can be a replacement for the QUAD presented, considering the behavior under impact. In addition to the comparative study, this article also has the objective of evaluating whether it is possible to relate the damage tolerance with the delaminated area, and for this purpose, X-ray computed tomography (CT) was performed, making it possible to measure and locate the damage found in the samples.
{"title":"Damage resistance and damage tolerance of a double-double fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminate to impact","authors":"T. G. Targino, Rayane D Cunha, A. M. Medeiros, Cristiano Cardoso, Evans Paiva da Costa Ferreira, José Daniel Diniz Melo, Raimundo CS Freire Júnior","doi":"10.1177/00219983241274617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241274617","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the damage tolerance after impact of an unconventional carbon/epoxy laminate (AS4/8552) of the Double-Double (DD) type tested with different impact energies and compares it to a traditional laminate with equivalent properties. Quadriaxial (QUAD) laminate has stacking sequence [03/90/±45]S and the DD equivalent laminate has stacking sequence [0/-55/0/+55]3T. These materials were subjected to the low velocity impact test (LVI) with three energy levels (30 J, 45 J and 74 J), the uniaxial compression test and the compression after impact (CAI). The objective of this article is to validate whether the proposed DD laminate can be a replacement for the QUAD presented, considering the behavior under impact. In addition to the comparative study, this article also has the objective of evaluating whether it is possible to relate the damage tolerance with the delaminated area, and for this purpose, X-ray computed tomography (CT) was performed, making it possible to measure and locate the damage found in the samples.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1177/00219983241274502
Amin Abdollahzadeh, Behrouz Bagheri Vanani, Abbas Masoudi Morghmaleki, Ahmad Ostovari Moghaddam, Ali Reza Eivani
In this article, dissimilar magnesium and aluminum alloys were welded with a Zn interlayer and TiC nanoparticles by friction stir welding. Optimal joining conditions were achieved by a combination of three traverse speeds (30, 45, and 60 mm/min) and constant rotational speeds (1050 rpm). The best microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were achieved for specimens joined at rotational and traverse speeds of 1050 rpm and 45 mm/min, respectively. The grain size decreases as the traverse speed increases from 30 to 45 mm/min due to a reduction in heat input, an improvement in reinforcing distribution, and high intermixing of materials, then increases from 45 to 60 mm/min due to inadequate heat input for recrystallization process. It was shown that the TiC particles play a prominent role in the microstructure modification and enhance mechanical properties of weld samples while the Zn foil interlayer plays a vital in avoiding the formation of Al-Mg IMC phases. The obtained result under optimal welding parameters indicates that MgZn2, Mg-Al-Zn compounds, Mg and Al solid solution, were the main detected common phases in the stir zone instead of the brittle and hard Al-Mg IMCs formation. The average hardness values of 232 Hv were achieved, while the strength of the weld specimen experiences the 189 MPa value. In addition, a combination of brittle and ductile modes was observed based on the fracture surface of the weld sample after the tensile test.
{"title":"Advancements in joining Al-Zn-TiC-Mg composites using friction stir welding process: Influence of traverse speed","authors":"Amin Abdollahzadeh, Behrouz Bagheri Vanani, Abbas Masoudi Morghmaleki, Ahmad Ostovari Moghaddam, Ali Reza Eivani","doi":"10.1177/00219983241274502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241274502","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, dissimilar magnesium and aluminum alloys were welded with a Zn interlayer and TiC nanoparticles by friction stir welding. Optimal joining conditions were achieved by a combination of three traverse speeds (30, 45, and 60 mm/min) and constant rotational speeds (1050 rpm). The best microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were achieved for specimens joined at rotational and traverse speeds of 1050 rpm and 45 mm/min, respectively. The grain size decreases as the traverse speed increases from 30 to 45 mm/min due to a reduction in heat input, an improvement in reinforcing distribution, and high intermixing of materials, then increases from 45 to 60 mm/min due to inadequate heat input for recrystallization process. It was shown that the TiC particles play a prominent role in the microstructure modification and enhance mechanical properties of weld samples while the Zn foil interlayer plays a vital in avoiding the formation of Al-Mg IMC phases. The obtained result under optimal welding parameters indicates that MgZn<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, Mg-Al-Zn compounds, Mg and Al solid solution, were the main detected common phases in the stir zone instead of the brittle and hard Al-Mg IMCs formation. The average hardness values of 232 Hv were achieved, while the strength of the weld specimen experiences the 189 MPa value. In addition, a combination of brittle and ductile modes was observed based on the fracture surface of the weld sample after the tensile test.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141933243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1177/00219983241270999
Seyed Ali Hosseini Kordkheili, HR Jafari
This work aims to study thermal stability and ablative behaviors of Carbon/Phenolic composites containing nano clay, nano graphene oxide and hybrid additives. To this end a detailed explained and illustrated process is involved to synthesize factionalized graphene oxide based on Hummers method. The XRD test result shows a major shift in basal plane reflection to below 2θ = 20° in the provided spectrum, which indicates achievement in the functionalization process. Prepared nanoparticles suspensions are then mixed by resol resin with desire wt% to outcome nanocomposites. An in-depth analysis of SEM images with focus on the dispersion, morphology, and interaction of the nanofillers with the resin matrix reveals that nanoparticles are dispersed properly with no agglomeration. 200 gr/m2 carbon woven fabric is then impregnated with prepared nanocomposites employing an own made prepreg machine to use to construct standard flexural as well as oxy acetylene test specimens. Using bending test, thermogravimetric analysis and oxyacetylene torch test, effects of different percentages of considered nanoparticles on the mechanical properties, thermal stability and ablative of carbon/phenolic composites are assessed and the results are reported. According to the results, adding only 0.1 wt% of nano graphene oxide increases char yield around 5% and remain back surface temperature under 100°C during flame test. Moreover samples with 0.2 wt% of nano clay and hybrid (0.05 wt% nano graphene oxide and 0.1 wt% nano clay) additives provides best reaming amount of solid.
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