Pub Date : 2024-05-28DOI: 10.1177/00219983241254889
Lasse Malaske, Lucian-Attila Blaga, Luciano Bermann, Bilal Ahmad, Xiang Zhang, Benjamin Klusemann
During the last decades, environmental concerns and limited resources have set focus of research on lightweight, mechanically high-performing structures for the transportation industry, in order to reduce fuel consumptions and CO2 emissions. Friction Stir Joining (FSJ), as a variant of the Friction Stir Welding (FSW), is an innovative friction-based joining technique for metal-composite hybrid structures. Joining in the plasticized state below the melting temperature of the metal leads to a comparatively small heat-affected zone, so that only minor metallurgical changes occur. Additionally, only a short processing time and no additional weight in form of fasteners is needed. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of metal-composite structures via FSJ, intending to enable a macro-mechanical interlocking bonding mechanism. Main focus was given to the integration of an aluminium nub inserted in a carbon fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (CF-PPS) sheet, to ensure sufficient plasticization of the aluminium part and no degradation in the polymer part. Residual stress arising from the friction stir joining process was also characterised using the Contour method. In this study, aluminium alloy 6082-T6 and CF-PPS composite sheets were used to produce long lap joints. Results have shown that the joints were created at almost constant peak temperature slightly above the melting temperature of the PPS but no physical-chemical changes were detected in the PPS. In addition, the influence of a PPS film as interlayer between the sheets was investigated in order to explore a method for preventing galvanic corrosion. Preliminary results indicate that it is not possible to integrate a metal nub to the CF-PPS without interrupting the PPS film. However, it is possible to create a nub within the PPS film.
{"title":"Feasibility study of friction stir joining of aluminium with carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic composite","authors":"Lasse Malaske, Lucian-Attila Blaga, Luciano Bermann, Bilal Ahmad, Xiang Zhang, Benjamin Klusemann","doi":"10.1177/00219983241254889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241254889","url":null,"abstract":"During the last decades, environmental concerns and limited resources have set focus of research on lightweight, mechanically high-performing structures for the transportation industry, in order to reduce fuel consumptions and CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> emissions. Friction Stir Joining (FSJ), as a variant of the Friction Stir Welding (FSW), is an innovative friction-based joining technique for metal-composite hybrid structures. Joining in the plasticized state below the melting temperature of the metal leads to a comparatively small heat-affected zone, so that only minor metallurgical changes occur. Additionally, only a short processing time and no additional weight in form of fasteners is needed. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of metal-composite structures via FSJ, intending to enable a macro-mechanical interlocking bonding mechanism. Main focus was given to the integration of an aluminium nub inserted in a carbon fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (CF-PPS) sheet, to ensure sufficient plasticization of the aluminium part and no degradation in the polymer part. Residual stress arising from the friction stir joining process was also characterised using the Contour method. In this study, aluminium alloy 6082-T6 and CF-PPS composite sheets were used to produce long lap joints. Results have shown that the joints were created at almost constant peak temperature slightly above the melting temperature of the PPS but no physical-chemical changes were detected in the PPS. In addition, the influence of a PPS film as interlayer between the sheets was investigated in order to explore a method for preventing galvanic corrosion. Preliminary results indicate that it is not possible to integrate a metal nub to the CF-PPS without interrupting the PPS film. However, it is possible to create a nub within the PPS film.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141171081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-27DOI: 10.1177/00219983241257665
Muhammet Mevlüt Karaca, Safa Polat, İsmail Esen
Aluminium alloys are preferred in various fields, especially in the aviation and automotive sectors, due to their lightweight and durable nature. However, their usage is limited due to weak tribological properties such as low hardness and high adhesion tendency against steel. In order to overcome this deficiency, this study aimed to develop AA7075 matrix composites reinforced with BN and MXene. The productions were conducted by powder metallurgy method with these reinforcements in different ratios, both together and separately. The produced composites were characterized primarily by XRD and SEM analyses, followed by measurement of density and porosity values. Wear tests were conducted using the reciprocating ball-on-flat method, at a frequency of 3 Hz, a sliding distance of 100 m, and a stroke distance of 5 mm, with Inox steel ball. The highest improvement in wear rate was realized under 5 N load at 5 wt.% reinforcement ratios of 48% and 42% for BN and MXene, respectively. When 2 wt% BN and MXene reinforcements were applied together, the improvement rate remained around 34%. It can be said that BN and MXene show promising results by providing significant improvements compared to their counterparts in the literature, with MXene especially warranting further investigation.
{"title":"Reciprocating dry sliding wear behaviour of BN@MXene@AA7075 composites","authors":"Muhammet Mevlüt Karaca, Safa Polat, İsmail Esen","doi":"10.1177/00219983241257665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241257665","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminium alloys are preferred in various fields, especially in the aviation and automotive sectors, due to their lightweight and durable nature. However, their usage is limited due to weak tribological properties such as low hardness and high adhesion tendency against steel. In order to overcome this deficiency, this study aimed to develop AA7075 matrix composites reinforced with BN and MXene. The productions were conducted by powder metallurgy method with these reinforcements in different ratios, both together and separately. The produced composites were characterized primarily by XRD and SEM analyses, followed by measurement of density and porosity values. Wear tests were conducted using the reciprocating ball-on-flat method, at a frequency of 3 Hz, a sliding distance of 100 m, and a stroke distance of 5 mm, with Inox steel ball. The highest improvement in wear rate was realized under 5 N load at 5 wt.% reinforcement ratios of 48% and 42% for BN and MXene, respectively. When 2 wt% BN and MXene reinforcements were applied together, the improvement rate remained around 34%. It can be said that BN and MXene show promising results by providing significant improvements compared to their counterparts in the literature, with MXene especially warranting further investigation.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141171072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hybridizing the natural fibers with stronger synthetic fibers could significantly improve the properties of the natural fiber-reinforced composites. The improved mechanical capabilities of fiber reinforced polymers result from the fiber’s capacity for withstanding a more substantial portion of the mechanical load compared to the matrix it replaces. In order to guarantee the efficient transfer of the mechanical load from the matrix to the reinforcement, it is necessary to incorporate a fibrous filler. Transference takes place when the length of the fiber is longer than a specific critical length. Fibers which are shorter than the critical length will pull out from the matrix when tested to a tensile load. In some cases, complete transfer of the load is not performed. The goal of this study is to learn more about flax (FF), glass (GF), and mixtures of flax and glass (FF + GF) short fiber-reinforced PLA-PBS composites. This is performed to find out how the flax/glass combination affects the mechanical properties of PLA-PBS-reinforced short fiber composites. In order to extend their use for industrial applications, these composites were manufactured via extrusion and, afterward, injection molding. Fiber aspect ratios were followed after compounding and injection processing. The analysis of fiber lengths reveals a noteworthy observation: the proportion of fibers exceeding their critical length of 531 µm and 772 µm for FF and GF, respectively, is more significant when flax fibers (FF) and glass fibers (GF) are combined compared to when they reinforce the composite individually. Specifically, the composite containing both FF and GF exhibits a higher percentage of fibers surpassing their critical length, compared to their individual reinforcement in the composite. The results reveal that 27% of individually extracted single FF exceed their critical length, whereas a higher proportion, at 34%, is observed when FF is part of the composite mixture. In contrast, the critical length is surpassed by only 4% of individually extracted single GF, whereas the combined presence of GF in the composite results in a notably higher percentage, at 19%. The tensile properties of these composites were investigated considering the effect of the hybridization by flax/glass short fibers. It was noted that the tensile properties of the hybrid composites increase comparing to the flax composites from 42.4 MPa to 53 MPa for the tensile strength and from 4.9 GPa to 5.4 GPa for the tensile modulus. In contrast, the elongation at break of the hybrid composites decreases from 1.7% to 1.5% with the incorporation of glass fibers. The experimental results were compared with the predictions of the mixture law and the Cox-Krenchel model. The findings indicate that mixing synthetic fibers with natural fibers is an excellent approach to enhancing mechanical properties.
{"title":"Investigation of the hybridization effect on mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced biosourced composites","authors":"Nihel Ketata, Mohsen Ejday, Yves Grohens, Bastien Seantier, Noamen Guermazi","doi":"10.1177/00219983241255751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241255751","url":null,"abstract":"Hybridizing the natural fibers with stronger synthetic fibers could significantly improve the properties of the natural fiber-reinforced composites. The improved mechanical capabilities of fiber reinforced polymers result from the fiber’s capacity for withstanding a more substantial portion of the mechanical load compared to the matrix it replaces. In order to guarantee the efficient transfer of the mechanical load from the matrix to the reinforcement, it is necessary to incorporate a fibrous filler. Transference takes place when the length of the fiber is longer than a specific critical length. Fibers which are shorter than the critical length will pull out from the matrix when tested to a tensile load. In some cases, complete transfer of the load is not performed. The goal of this study is to learn more about flax (FF), glass (GF), and mixtures of flax and glass (FF + GF) short fiber-reinforced PLA-PBS composites. This is performed to find out how the flax/glass combination affects the mechanical properties of PLA-PBS-reinforced short fiber composites. In order to extend their use for industrial applications, these composites were manufactured via extrusion and, afterward, injection molding. Fiber aspect ratios were followed after compounding and injection processing. The analysis of fiber lengths reveals a noteworthy observation: the proportion of fibers exceeding their critical length of 531 µm and 772 µm for FF and GF, respectively, is more significant when flax fibers (FF) and glass fibers (GF) are combined compared to when they reinforce the composite individually. Specifically, the composite containing both FF and GF exhibits a higher percentage of fibers surpassing their critical length, compared to their individual reinforcement in the composite. The results reveal that 27% of individually extracted single FF exceed their critical length, whereas a higher proportion, at 34%, is observed when FF is part of the composite mixture. In contrast, the critical length is surpassed by only 4% of individually extracted single GF, whereas the combined presence of GF in the composite results in a notably higher percentage, at 19%. The tensile properties of these composites were investigated considering the effect of the hybridization by flax/glass short fibers. It was noted that the tensile properties of the hybrid composites increase comparing to the flax composites from 42.4 MPa to 53 MPa for the tensile strength and from 4.9 GPa to 5.4 GPa for the tensile modulus. In contrast, the elongation at break of the hybrid composites decreases from 1.7% to 1.5% with the incorporation of glass fibers. The experimental results were compared with the predictions of the mixture law and the Cox-Krenchel model. The findings indicate that mixing synthetic fibers with natural fibers is an excellent approach to enhancing mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141152730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-21DOI: 10.1177/00219983241256335
Paolo Vannucci
The problem of obtaining anisotropic auxetic composite laminates, i.e. having a negative Poisson’s ratio for at least some directions, is examined in this paper. In particular, the possibility of obtaining auxeticity stacking uni-directional identical plies is considered. It is shown that if the ply is composed by isotropic matrix and fibers, then it is impossible to obtain totally auxetic orthotropic laminates, i.e. auxeticity for each direction, unless at least one among matrix and fibers is auxetic itself. Moreover, it is shown what are the conditions, in terms of the mechanical properties of the constituents and of the volume fraction of the fibers, to fabricate uni-directional plies with which to realize laminates having a negative Poisson’s ratio for some directions. Several existing materials are also examined. All the analysis is done using the polar formalism, very effective for the study of plane anisotropic problems.
{"title":"Anisotropic auxetic composite laminates: A polar approach","authors":"Paolo Vannucci","doi":"10.1177/00219983241256335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241256335","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of obtaining anisotropic auxetic composite laminates, i.e. having a negative Poisson’s ratio for at least some directions, is examined in this paper. In particular, the possibility of obtaining auxeticity stacking uni-directional identical plies is considered. It is shown that if the ply is composed by isotropic matrix and fibers, then it is impossible to obtain totally auxetic orthotropic laminates, i.e. auxeticity for each direction, unless at least one among matrix and fibers is auxetic itself. Moreover, it is shown what are the conditions, in terms of the mechanical properties of the constituents and of the volume fraction of the fibers, to fabricate uni-directional plies with which to realize laminates having a negative Poisson’s ratio for some directions. Several existing materials are also examined. All the analysis is done using the polar formalism, very effective for the study of plane anisotropic problems.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141152735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-10DOI: 10.1177/00219983241251917
Mohammad Hassan Shaki, Yasser Rostamiyan, Seyed Masuod Seyedi
For the first time in this paper, a composite sandwich panel with a novel circular-shaped core reinforced with silica nanoparticles (SNPs) is designed and fabricated using the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) method. Carbon fibers and epoxy resin are utilized to construct the composite sandwich panels, followed by polyurethane foam injection. After fabrication, the sandwich panels undergo uniform compression testing to examine their mechanical behavior and properties. In this study, the effects of various parameters, such as core length, core height, weight percentage (wt.%) of SNPs, and polyurethane foam, on the compressive strength of the structure are evaluated. To validate the results, a finite element simulation of the sandwich panel compression test is performed using ABAQUS software, and the results obtained are compared with experimental data, showing good agreement. The results of this research demonstrate that adding SNPs within a specific range results in a considerable enhancement of the structural strength. Adding SNPs up to 3% leads to approximately a 19% increase in the compressive strength of the structure. However, adding 4 wt.% SNPs results in a decrease of about 12% in the strength of the sandwich panel. Additionally, the core’s geometry significantly influences the control of compressive strength and rigidity of the sandwich panel. In other words, by increasing the core length, the compressive strength increases by 38%, while increasing the core height decreases compressive strength by about 30%. Also, it is found that adding polyurethane foam to the sandwich panel, despite a slight increase in weight, leads to a significant increase in compressive strength by about 32% and postpones its ultimate failure. Eventually, the hybrid specimen exhibits a strength approximately 57% greater than that of the pure foamless sandwich panel.
本文首次采用真空辅助树脂传递模塑（VARTM）方法，设计并制造了一种以二氧化硅纳米颗粒（SNPs）为增强材料的新型圆形芯材复合夹层板。碳纤维和环氧树脂被用于制造复合夹层板，然后注入聚氨酯泡沫。制作完成后，对夹层板进行均匀压缩测试，以检验其机械行为和性能。本研究评估了芯材长度、芯材高度、SNPs 重量百分比和聚氨酯泡沫等各种参数对结构抗压强度的影响。为验证结果，使用 ABAQUS 软件对夹芯板压缩试验进行了有限元模拟，并将所得结果与实验数据进行了比较，结果显示两者吻合良好。研究结果表明，在特定范围内添加 SNP 可显著提高结构强度。添加多达 3% 的 SNP 可使结构的抗压强度提高约 19%。然而，添加 4 重量百分比的 SNP 会导致夹芯板强度降低约 12%。此外，夹芯的几何形状对夹芯板抗压强度和刚度的控制也有很大影响。换句话说，增加夹芯长度，抗压强度会增加 38%，而增加夹芯高度，抗压强度会降低约 30%。此外，研究还发现，在夹芯板中加入聚氨酯泡沫，尽管重量略有增加，但抗压强度却显著提高了约 32%，并推迟了最终失效时间。最终，混合试样的强度比纯无泡沫夹芯板高出约 57%。
{"title":"Effects of core geometry, silica nanoparticles, and polyurethane foam on the mechanical properties of a novel circular-shaped core sandwich panels under compression test: Experimental study","authors":"Mohammad Hassan Shaki, Yasser Rostamiyan, Seyed Masuod Seyedi","doi":"10.1177/00219983241251917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241251917","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time in this paper, a composite sandwich panel with a novel circular-shaped core reinforced with silica nanoparticles (SNPs) is designed and fabricated using the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) method. Carbon fibers and epoxy resin are utilized to construct the composite sandwich panels, followed by polyurethane foam injection. After fabrication, the sandwich panels undergo uniform compression testing to examine their mechanical behavior and properties. In this study, the effects of various parameters, such as core length, core height, weight percentage (wt.%) of SNPs, and polyurethane foam, on the compressive strength of the structure are evaluated. To validate the results, a finite element simulation of the sandwich panel compression test is performed using ABAQUS software, and the results obtained are compared with experimental data, showing good agreement. The results of this research demonstrate that adding SNPs within a specific range results in a considerable enhancement of the structural strength. Adding SNPs up to 3% leads to approximately a 19% increase in the compressive strength of the structure. However, adding 4 wt.% SNPs results in a decrease of about 12% in the strength of the sandwich panel. Additionally, the core’s geometry significantly influences the control of compressive strength and rigidity of the sandwich panel. In other words, by increasing the core length, the compressive strength increases by 38%, while increasing the core height decreases compressive strength by about 30%. Also, it is found that adding polyurethane foam to the sandwich panel, despite a slight increase in weight, leads to a significant increase in compressive strength by about 32% and postpones its ultimate failure. Eventually, the hybrid specimen exhibits a strength approximately 57% greater than that of the pure foamless sandwich panel.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140938210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.1177/00219983241253818
Anton Mostovoy, Amirbek Bekeshev, Andrey Shcherbakov, Ainagul Apendina, Raigul Orynbassar, Victoria Svitkina, Marina Lopukhova
This article presents a methodology for functionalization of silicon carbide (SiC) through chemical modification using γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and its subsequent dispersion in an epoxy composition. The research revealed that functionalizing SiC particles with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (SiC(APTES)) enhanced their chemical compatibility with the epoxy composition, facilitating the dispersion of SiC particles. Furthermore, it was observed that the functionalization of the filler had a profound impact on the structure, curing kinetics, and physical and mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites. The addition of SiC(APTES) into the epoxy composition resulted in a significant reinforcement of the material. Specifically, the flexural stress and flexural modulus of elasticity increased by 179% and 74%, respectively, while the impact strength experienced a remarkable improvement of 462%. Additionally, the tensile strength and tensile modulus of elasticity increased by 83% and 70%, respectively, compared to the epoxy composite without SiC. The application of SiC(APTES) also played a crucial role in initiating the polymerization process through the involvement of reactive amino groups, leading to a reduction in the initial curing temperature and an amplification of the thermal effects of the polymerization reaction. Moreover, the presence of functionalized SiC significantly influenced the structure of the epoxy composite, thereby contributing to its enhanced strength. In summary, the inclusion of SiC in the epoxy composition not only bolstered the material but also improved its thermal stability.
本文介绍了一种通过使用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APTES）进行化学改性使碳化硅（SiC）功能化并随后将其分散在环氧组合物中的方法。研究发现，用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（SiC(APTES)）对 SiC 颗粒进行官能化处理可增强其与环氧组合物的化学相容性，从而促进 SiC 颗粒的分散。此外，还观察到填料的官能化对环氧纳米复合材料的结构、固化动力学以及物理和机械性能都有深远的影响。在环氧树脂成分中加入 SiC（APTES）后，材料得到了显著增强。具体而言，弯曲应力和弯曲弹性模量分别提高了 179% 和 74%，而冲击强度则显著提高了 462%。此外，与不含 SiC 的环氧树脂复合材料相比，拉伸强度和拉伸弹性模量分别提高了 83% 和 70%。通过活性氨基的参与，SiC（APTES）的应用在启动聚合过程中也发挥了关键作用，从而降低了初始固化温度，放大了聚合反应的热效应。此外，官能化 SiC 的存在极大地影响了环氧树脂复合材料的结构，从而有助于增强其强度。总之，在环氧树脂成分中加入 SiC 不仅能增强材料的强度，还能提高其热稳定性。
{"title":"Investigating of epoxy nanocomposites structure and properties that contain both pristine and aminosilane-treated silicon carbide (SiC) particles","authors":"Anton Mostovoy, Amirbek Bekeshev, Andrey Shcherbakov, Ainagul Apendina, Raigul Orynbassar, Victoria Svitkina, Marina Lopukhova","doi":"10.1177/00219983241253818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241253818","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a methodology for functionalization of silicon carbide (SiC) through chemical modification using γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and its subsequent dispersion in an epoxy composition. The research revealed that functionalizing SiC particles with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (SiC<jats:sub>(APTES)</jats:sub>) enhanced their chemical compatibility with the epoxy composition, facilitating the dispersion of SiC particles. Furthermore, it was observed that the functionalization of the filler had a profound impact on the structure, curing kinetics, and physical and mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites. The addition of SiC<jats:sub>(APTES)</jats:sub> into the epoxy composition resulted in a significant reinforcement of the material. Specifically, the flexural stress and flexural modulus of elasticity increased by 179% and 74%, respectively, while the impact strength experienced a remarkable improvement of 462%. Additionally, the tensile strength and tensile modulus of elasticity increased by 83% and 70%, respectively, compared to the epoxy composite without SiC. The application of SiC<jats:sub>(APTES)</jats:sub> also played a crucial role in initiating the polymerization process through the involvement of reactive amino groups, leading to a reduction in the initial curing temperature and an amplification of the thermal effects of the polymerization reaction. Moreover, the presence of functionalized SiC significantly influenced the structure of the epoxy composite, thereby contributing to its enhanced strength. In summary, the inclusion of SiC in the epoxy composition not only bolstered the material but also improved its thermal stability.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140829121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.1177/00219983241253028
Sepanta Mandegarian, Mehdi Hojjati
This study aims to assess the hybridization effect on the perforation threshold of Low-Velocity Impact (LVI) in thermoplastic glass composite laminates, incorporating layers of resin-impregnated stainless-steel mesh. Reinforcing methodologies such as hybridization are recently being adopted as a practical approach to increasing the energy-absorbing capacity of polymer composites. In the current paper, a multi-step hot press lamination method has been employed to fabricate the hybrid composite laminates strengthened with stainless-steel mesh layers. Several stacking sequences, metal mesh wire sizes, orientation and position relative to the impactor have been examined under various LVI energies. It was revealed that the LVI penetration energy was increased for the thermoplastic-based composite laminates reinforced with stainless-steel mesh layers. Furthermore, the LVI penetration energy threshold was significantly influenced by the metal mesh wire size, orientation and stacking sequence. Finally, the backlight method capability was assessed to detect the after-impact interlaminar damages.
{"title":"Experimental investigation on the effects of stainless-steel mesh reinforcing layers on low-velocity impact response of hybrid thermoplastic glass fiber composites","authors":"Sepanta Mandegarian, Mehdi Hojjati","doi":"10.1177/00219983241253028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241253028","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to assess the hybridization effect on the perforation threshold of Low-Velocity Impact (LVI) in thermoplastic glass composite laminates, incorporating layers of resin-impregnated stainless-steel mesh. Reinforcing methodologies such as hybridization are recently being adopted as a practical approach to increasing the energy-absorbing capacity of polymer composites. In the current paper, a multi-step hot press lamination method has been employed to fabricate the hybrid composite laminates strengthened with stainless-steel mesh layers. Several stacking sequences, metal mesh wire sizes, orientation and position relative to the impactor have been examined under various LVI energies. It was revealed that the LVI penetration energy was increased for the thermoplastic-based composite laminates reinforced with stainless-steel mesh layers. Furthermore, the LVI penetration energy threshold was significantly influenced by the metal mesh wire size, orientation and stacking sequence. Finally, the backlight method capability was assessed to detect the after-impact interlaminar damages.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140829197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-02DOI: 10.1177/00219983241249526
Menna A Saleh, Sinan Olcun, Mohamed Karam, Roger Kempers, Garrett W Melenka
This study presents a method for 3D printing very high stiffness pitch-based carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites using a modified open-source 3D printer. The fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique was used to fabricate the samples with alternating layers of PLA and PLA-coated pitch CF. The tensile Young’s modulus of the 3D-printed composite samples was measured to characterize the effect of different grades and volume fractions of pitch CF on the behaviour of the printed composites. Three grades of pitch CF which have different Young’s modulus were used with volume fractions ranging from 2.4 to 8.4%. Tensile tests showed that the K1392U CF reinforced composite with a 7.3% volume fraction demonstrated the highest improvement in Young’s modulus of 850% compared to neat 3D-printed PLA. This improvement is notably higher than any previous 3D-printed carbon-based composites at a relatively low volume fraction of CF. Statistical analysis showed increased Young’s modulus in all of 3D-printed composite samples tested. The experimental values were compared to the Halpin-Tsai model and suggest that some degree of fibre breakage occurred during the 3D printing process owing to the relative stiffness of the pitch-based fibers. Future directions and suggestions for process improvements are discussed.
本研究介绍了一种使用改进型开源三维打印机三维打印高刚度沥青基碳纤维（CF）增强聚乳酸（PLA）复合材料的方法。采用熔融长丝制造（FFF）技术制造样品，交替层叠聚乳酸和聚乳酸涂层沥青基碳纤维。测量了 3D 打印复合材料样品的拉伸杨氏模量，以确定不同等级和体积分数的沥青 CF 对打印复合材料性能的影响。使用了三种不同杨氏模量的沥青 CF，其体积分数从 2.4% 到 8.4%不等。拉伸试验显示，体积分数为 7.3% 的 K1392U CF 增强复合材料与纯 3D 打印聚乳酸相比，杨氏模量提高了 850%。在 CF 体积分数相对较低的情况下，这一改进明显高于以往任何 3D 打印碳基复合材料。统计分析显示，所有测试的三维打印复合材料样品的杨氏模量都有所增加。实验值与 Halpin-Tsai 模型进行了比较，结果表明，由于沥青基纤维的相对刚度，在三维打印过程中发生了一定程度的纤维断裂。本文讨论了未来的发展方向和工艺改进建议。
{"title":"High stiffness 3D-printed continuous pitch carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites","authors":"Menna A Saleh, Sinan Olcun, Mohamed Karam, Roger Kempers, Garrett W Melenka","doi":"10.1177/00219983241249526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241249526","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a method for 3D printing very high stiffness pitch-based carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites using a modified open-source 3D printer. The fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique was used to fabricate the samples with alternating layers of PLA and PLA-coated pitch CF. The tensile Young’s modulus of the 3D-printed composite samples was measured to characterize the effect of different grades and volume fractions of pitch CF on the behaviour of the printed composites. Three grades of pitch CF which have different Young’s modulus were used with volume fractions ranging from 2.4 to 8.4%. Tensile tests showed that the K1392U CF reinforced composite with a 7.3% volume fraction demonstrated the highest improvement in Young’s modulus of 850% compared to neat 3D-printed PLA. This improvement is notably higher than any previous 3D-printed carbon-based composites at a relatively low volume fraction of CF. Statistical analysis showed increased Young’s modulus in all of 3D-printed composite samples tested. The experimental values were compared to the Halpin-Tsai model and suggest that some degree of fibre breakage occurred during the 3D printing process owing to the relative stiffness of the pitch-based fibers. Future directions and suggestions for process improvements are discussed.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140829209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-27DOI: 10.1177/00219983241249237
Lais Kohan, Carlos A Fioroni, Adriano GDS Azevedo, Barbara Leonardi, Julia Baruque-Ramos, Raul Fangueiro, Holmer Savastano Junior
In fabric-cement composites, the limited impregnation of cementitious matrix products due to thick and twisted yarns leads to premature failure due to poor bonding strength. In addition, cellulosic textile reinforcements have many challenges about durability, appearance of voids at mortar-fiber interface, and rise of microcracks. Textile performances were evaluated in different conditions: coated with micro-silica powder, pretreated, and without any treatment. This study also assessed how textile weave structure and yarn geometry configuration affect the interactions of two different jute textiles (Close Weave Jute Fabric – CJF and Open Weave Jute Fabric - OJT) when used as reinforcement in mortar matrix. Textile characterization and composite analysis (by four-point bending tests, SEM/EDS, and physical tests) were conducted to assess the different textile reinforcements, the mechanical behavior of produced composites, and visual and chemical compounds analysis of the interfacial transition zone between textile and mortar matrix after silica coating. Micro silica powder coating was deemed necessary to address limited impregnation and to avoid telescope pull-off. Weave structure determined the difference between jute fabrics to reinforce mortar matrix, being only OJF (larger interstices in the weave structure) with micro silica coating allowed a better matrix interaction and stood out from the other textiles and achieved the best specific energy of all samples, (4.28 ± 0.91) kJ.m-2. Calcium and silicon inside the yarn interstices and textile-matrix interface indicate the formation of strong bonds by calcium-silicate-hydrate products. The silica coating treatment enhanced formation of strong bonds, which demonstrated future promise for natural fiber application.
{"title":"Jute textiles with enhanced interfacial bonding as reinforcement for cementitious composites","authors":"Lais Kohan, Carlos A Fioroni, Adriano GDS Azevedo, Barbara Leonardi, Julia Baruque-Ramos, Raul Fangueiro, Holmer Savastano Junior","doi":"10.1177/00219983241249237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241249237","url":null,"abstract":"In fabric-cement composites, the limited impregnation of cementitious matrix products due to thick and twisted yarns leads to premature failure due to poor bonding strength. In addition, cellulosic textile reinforcements have many challenges about durability, appearance of voids at mortar-fiber interface, and rise of microcracks. Textile performances were evaluated in different conditions: coated with micro-silica powder, pretreated, and without any treatment. This study also assessed how textile weave structure and yarn geometry configuration affect the interactions of two different jute textiles (Close Weave Jute Fabric – CJF and Open Weave Jute Fabric - OJT) when used as reinforcement in mortar matrix. Textile characterization and composite analysis (by four-point bending tests, SEM/EDS, and physical tests) were conducted to assess the different textile reinforcements, the mechanical behavior of produced composites, and visual and chemical compounds analysis of the interfacial transition zone between textile and mortar matrix after silica coating. Micro silica powder coating was deemed necessary to address limited impregnation and to avoid telescope pull-off. Weave structure determined the difference between jute fabrics to reinforce mortar matrix, being only OJF (larger interstices in the weave structure) with micro silica coating allowed a better matrix interaction and stood out from the other textiles and achieved the best specific energy of all samples, (4.28 ± 0.91) kJ.m-2. Calcium and silicon inside the yarn interstices and textile-matrix interface indicate the formation of strong bonds by calcium-silicate-hydrate products. The silica coating treatment enhanced formation of strong bonds, which demonstrated future promise for natural fiber application.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140810215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1177/00219983241249234
Renyu He, Tao Yang, Sinan Liu, Pengchao Zhang, Chang Liu, Wenhui Yuan, Yu Du
Removable joint technology is commonly used in composite laminates for various load-bearing structures. However, existing research primarily focuses on bolted joints, there is relatively limited research on screwed joints in composite materials. This study investigates the influence of connected layer thickness and hole diameter on the tensile behavior of threaded joints in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. After fabricating different CFRP screwed joint specimens, tensile tests were conducted. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique captured the deformation process. The experiment results indicate a significant increase in load-bearing capacity with the increase in diameter. For instance, joints with an 8 mm diameter exhibited a load-bearing capacity of 10.82 kN. The increase in the connected layer thickness correspondingly enhanced the load-bearing capacity of the joint. The joint with a thickness of 7 mm had the highest load-bearing capacity of 8.83 kN. Besides, with the increase in the thickness of the connected layer, the failure mode transitioned from shear failure in the connected layer to screw pull-out. The tilt angle of the screw during the pull-out process also decreases with the increase in the connected layer thickness. Strain and out-of-plane displacement measurements under ultimate load conditions verify these observations.
{"title":"Study of the tensile mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of CFRP screwed joints","authors":"Renyu He, Tao Yang, Sinan Liu, Pengchao Zhang, Chang Liu, Wenhui Yuan, Yu Du","doi":"10.1177/00219983241249234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241249234","url":null,"abstract":"Removable joint technology is commonly used in composite laminates for various load-bearing structures. However, existing research primarily focuses on bolted joints, there is relatively limited research on screwed joints in composite materials. This study investigates the influence of connected layer thickness and hole diameter on the tensile behavior of threaded joints in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. After fabricating different CFRP screwed joint specimens, tensile tests were conducted. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique captured the deformation process. The experiment results indicate a significant increase in load-bearing capacity with the increase in diameter. For instance, joints with an 8 mm diameter exhibited a load-bearing capacity of 10.82 kN. The increase in the connected layer thickness correspondingly enhanced the load-bearing capacity of the joint. The joint with a thickness of 7 mm had the highest load-bearing capacity of 8.83 kN. Besides, with the increase in the thickness of the connected layer, the failure mode transitioned from shear failure in the connected layer to screw pull-out. The tilt angle of the screw during the pull-out process also decreases with the increase in the connected layer thickness. Strain and out-of-plane displacement measurements under ultimate load conditions verify these observations.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140660602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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