Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1177/00219983241271035
Abdelmalek Elhadi, Salah Amroune, Mohamed Slamani, Mohammad Jawaid, Ugur Koklu, Tarek Bidi
Studying the drilling of a hybrid jute/palm composite material offers significant contributions to sustainable material development. Incorporating renewable jute and palm fibers represents an innovative, eco-friendly approach compared to synthetic composites. This research aims to optimize drilling parameters to reduce defects and evaluate the performance of different drilling tools, crucial for industrial applications. Drilling is performed via three different types of drills bit: High-Speed Steel, HSS-Co5 coated high-speed steel with 5% cobalt, and carbide. The drilling process involves adjusting the feed and rotational speed. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to select drilling settings by validating experimentally obtained data and predicting the behavior of the structure based on cutting circumstances. The findings indicated that the most effective cutting parameters for minimizing delamination are achieved using the HSS drill bit, namely at lower feed and rotational speeds. Delamination remains below the threshold of 1.106 when the feed is 0.04 mm/rev and the rotational speed is 1592 rpm. The analysis of the results obtained using the response surface methodology indicates that the R2 coefficient for cylindricity is 0.96%. In contrast, the rate of delamination is 0.79% and the rate of circularity is 0.89%.
{"title":"Evaluation of drilling by induced delamination of hybrid biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: A statistical analysis by RSM","authors":"Abdelmalek Elhadi, Salah Amroune, Mohamed Slamani, Mohammad Jawaid, Ugur Koklu, Tarek Bidi","doi":"10.1177/00219983241271035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241271035","url":null,"abstract":"Studying the drilling of a hybrid jute/palm composite material offers significant contributions to sustainable material development. Incorporating renewable jute and palm fibers represents an innovative, eco-friendly approach compared to synthetic composites. This research aims to optimize drilling parameters to reduce defects and evaluate the performance of different drilling tools, crucial for industrial applications. Drilling is performed via three different types of drills bit: High-Speed Steel, HSS-Co5 coated high-speed steel with 5% cobalt, and carbide. The drilling process involves adjusting the feed and rotational speed. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to select drilling settings by validating experimentally obtained data and predicting the behavior of the structure based on cutting circumstances. The findings indicated that the most effective cutting parameters for minimizing delamination are achieved using the HSS drill bit, namely at lower feed and rotational speeds. Delamination remains below the threshold of 1.106 when the feed is 0.04 mm/rev and the rotational speed is 1592 rpm. The analysis of the results obtained using the response surface methodology indicates that the R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> coefficient for cylindricity is 0.96%. In contrast, the rate of delamination is 0.79% and the rate of circularity is 0.89%.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141933166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1177/00219983241266928
Rishad Rayyaan, Zeshan Yousaf, Mahmudul Akonda, Prasad Potluri, William Richard Kennon
Flax reinforced composites are becoming popular in automotive and civil industries due to their green production and recycling, and for good specific strength. To manufacture composites, firstly a multi-layer of flax preforms undergo compressive pressure before resin impregnation that causes nesting, wherein, fibres of one layer fit into the adjacent layers. This debulking of the preforms under compression is an important feature that determines the fibre volume fraction of composites. In this study, four flax structures such as: nonwoven tapes, unidirectional fabric, hopsack fabric, and nonwoven tape with glass veils were investigated for compaction behaviour under pressures between 1 and 10 bars, in single and multi-layer states, in dry and wet states, under different loading cycles, and in different ply orientations (0°/0° and 0°/90°). Nesting has been calculated for single- and multi-layer stacks. It was observed that the nonwoven structures shown greater thickness reduction compared to woven structures. Nesting factor was found to be higher than 1 for the nonwoven structures under compaction, indicating lower nesting, compared to the woven structures. In terms of thickness under repeated compaction, the reduction was the highest during first compressions, compared to the 2nd and 3rd compressions, for all the structures. When wettability was examined, thickness reduction for wet plies was higher for all the structures, compared to the dry phase. Finally, a comparative study was shown to evaluate fibre volume fractions of the composites.
{"title":"Compaction behaviour of flax-preforms during forming for composites","authors":"Rishad Rayyaan, Zeshan Yousaf, Mahmudul Akonda, Prasad Potluri, William Richard Kennon","doi":"10.1177/00219983241266928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241266928","url":null,"abstract":"Flax reinforced composites are becoming popular in automotive and civil industries due to their green production and recycling, and for good specific strength. To manufacture composites, firstly a multi-layer of flax preforms undergo compressive pressure before resin impregnation that causes nesting, wherein, fibres of one layer fit into the adjacent layers. This debulking of the preforms under compression is an important feature that determines the fibre volume fraction of composites. In this study, four flax structures such as: nonwoven tapes, unidirectional fabric, hopsack fabric, and nonwoven tape with glass veils were investigated for compaction behaviour under pressures between 1 and 10 bars, in single and multi-layer states, in dry and wet states, under different loading cycles, and in different ply orientations (0°/0° and 0°/90°). Nesting has been calculated for single- and multi-layer stacks. It was observed that the nonwoven structures shown greater thickness reduction compared to woven structures. Nesting factor was found to be higher than 1 for the nonwoven structures under compaction, indicating lower nesting, compared to the woven structures. In terms of thickness under repeated compaction, the reduction was the highest during first compressions, compared to the 2nd and 3rd compressions, for all the structures. When wettability was examined, thickness reduction for wet plies was higher for all the structures, compared to the dry phase. Finally, a comparative study was shown to evaluate fibre volume fractions of the composites.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141933242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1177/00219983241271054
Carlos Matos, Simão Santos, Isabel Duarte, Susana M Olhero, Georgina Miranda
Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are unleashing the restrictions imposed by conventional manufacturing, allowing the production of innovative designs tailored to improve properties or performance. AM techniques in ceramic production allow the application of novel designs to ceramic parts, opening new opportunities for combining technologies aiming to obtain architected interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs). In this study, alumina structures with different architectures and Computer Aided Design (CAD) structure porosity oriented unidirectionally or bidirectionally, were fabricated by vat photopolymerization technique, namely Digital Light Processing. Afterwards, these structures were infiltrated with an aluminum alloy through investment casting, thus obtaining aluminum-alumina IPCs. Under compression, the IPCs presented a ductile behavior, conversely to the fragile ceramic counterparts. The IPCs compressive strength and absorbed energy were expressively higher than their ceramic counterparts. Comparing the bidirectional IPCs with the unidirectional ones, a significant increase in compressive strength and absorbed energy was observed, from 36.2% to 42.3% and from 164.8% to 358.1%, respectively, due to the greater amount and interconnection of the metal inside the ceramic structure. This study demonstrates the feasibility of this manufacturing route, combining two distinctive technologies, for the fabrication of metal-ceramic architected IPCs, allowing to tailor their mechanical properties and energy absorption capacity for a given application.
{"title":"Insights into morphology and mechanical properties of architected interpenetrating aluminum-alumina composites","authors":"Carlos Matos, Simão Santos, Isabel Duarte, Susana M Olhero, Georgina Miranda","doi":"10.1177/00219983241271054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241271054","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are unleashing the restrictions imposed by conventional manufacturing, allowing the production of innovative designs tailored to improve properties or performance. AM techniques in ceramic production allow the application of novel designs to ceramic parts, opening new opportunities for combining technologies aiming to obtain architected interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs). In this study, alumina structures with different architectures and Computer Aided Design (CAD) structure porosity oriented unidirectionally or bidirectionally, were fabricated by vat photopolymerization technique, namely Digital Light Processing. Afterwards, these structures were infiltrated with an aluminum alloy through investment casting, thus obtaining aluminum-alumina IPCs. Under compression, the IPCs presented a ductile behavior, conversely to the fragile ceramic counterparts. The IPCs compressive strength and absorbed energy were expressively higher than their ceramic counterparts. Comparing the bidirectional IPCs with the unidirectional ones, a significant increase in compressive strength and absorbed energy was observed, from 36.2% to 42.3% and from 164.8% to 358.1%, respectively, due to the greater amount and interconnection of the metal inside the ceramic structure. This study demonstrates the feasibility of this manufacturing route, combining two distinctive technologies, for the fabrication of metal-ceramic architected IPCs, allowing to tailor their mechanical properties and energy absorption capacity for a given application.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141933244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-04DOI: 10.1177/00219983241270958
Fuhong Yang, Hong Xiao, Yugang Duan, Feng Wang, Jiahua Lou, Feng Yang, Shanshan Tang, Haojun Wang
Complex curved composite components often rely on multiple reference curve algorithms for path planning in automated fiber placement. However, the reference curves are typically manually drawn. Moreover, designing the reference curves follows an iterative planning-analysis-improvement process, which can be inefficient. A new approach for the automatic pre-analysis and optimized generation of reference curves for fiber placement is proposed in this paper to enhance the efficiency of reference curve analysis and generation. Firstly, a pre-analysis algorithm for reference curves based on triangular meshes is proposed. This algorithm analyzes the theoretical geodesic curvature and angular deviation of the path before its planning. Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation index for reference curve generation is formulated based on the pre-analysis algorithm, and the reference curve is optimized using genetic algorithms. The results demonstrate that the pre-analysis algorithm accurately computes the steering radius distribution of the path. Areas with over-limit steering radius can be eliminated while maintaining angular deviations within 10° by utilizing optimized reference curves for path planning.
{"title":"An efficient pre-analysis and optimization generation method for reference curves of automated fiber placement path planning","authors":"Fuhong Yang, Hong Xiao, Yugang Duan, Feng Wang, Jiahua Lou, Feng Yang, Shanshan Tang, Haojun Wang","doi":"10.1177/00219983241270958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241270958","url":null,"abstract":"Complex curved composite components often rely on multiple reference curve algorithms for path planning in automated fiber placement. However, the reference curves are typically manually drawn. Moreover, designing the reference curves follows an iterative planning-analysis-improvement process, which can be inefficient. A new approach for the automatic pre-analysis and optimized generation of reference curves for fiber placement is proposed in this paper to enhance the efficiency of reference curve analysis and generation. Firstly, a pre-analysis algorithm for reference curves based on triangular meshes is proposed. This algorithm analyzes the theoretical geodesic curvature and angular deviation of the path before its planning. Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation index for reference curve generation is formulated based on the pre-analysis algorithm, and the reference curve is optimized using genetic algorithms. The results demonstrate that the pre-analysis algorithm accurately computes the steering radius distribution of the path. Areas with over-limit steering radius can be eliminated while maintaining angular deviations within 10° by utilizing optimized reference curves for path planning.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141933417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1177/00219983241271004
Mohamed Slamani, Hamza Chafai, Jean-François Chatelain
Flax/epoxy composites are recognized as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fibers in engineering. Understanding how fiber orientation affects cutting forces and surface characteristics is essential for machining these materials. This study investigates the relationship between fiber orientation and cutting forces (feed, normal, passive) as well as surface roughness in flax/epoxy composites. Results show that fiber orientation significantly impacts cutting forces. Cutting parallel to fibers (0° and 90° orientations) generally requires less force, with 0° needing higher normal force. At 0° orientation, feed force is 46.47 N, normal force is 58.86 N, and passive force is 54.44 N. At 90° orientation, feed force is 56.66 N, normal force is 44.68 N, and passive force is 50.95 N. Oblique orientations (45° and −45°) require higher forces, especially 45°, with the highest normal force of 77.95 N. Surface roughness analysis shows 90° orientation results in the lowest average roughness (Ra) of 10.97 µm but the highest surface roughness (Sa) of 34.25 µm. Conversely, 45° orientation has the highest Ra of 14.2 µm but lower Sa of 22.6 µm. Ra and Sa values for 0° orientation are 13.72 µm and 24.6 µm, and for −45° orientation, they are 12.3 µm and 21.8 µm. Correlation analysis reveals significant relationships between cutting parameters and surface quality, with higher feed rates correlating with smoother surfaces (lower Sa and Ra values). Fiber orientation also significantly influences fluffing defects, with 0° orientation minimizing these defects, while 45° and −45° orientations result in varied patterns.
亚麻/环氧复合材料被认为是工程领域合成纤维的环保替代品。了解纤维取向如何影响切削力和表面特性对加工这些材料至关重要。本研究调查了纤维取向与亚麻/环氧复合材料的切削力（进给力、法向力、被动力）以及表面粗糙度之间的关系。结果表明，纤维取向对切削力有很大影响。与纤维平行的切割（0° 和 90°）通常需要较小的力，0° 需要较大的法向力。表面粗糙度分析表明，90° 方向的平均粗糙度 (Ra) 最低，为 10.97 µm，但表面粗糙度 (Sa) 最高，为 34.25 µm。相反，45° 方向的 Ra 值最高，为 14.2 微米，但 Sa 值较低，为 22.6 微米。0° 方向的 Ra 值和 Sa 值分别为 13.72 微米和 24.6 微米，而 -45° 方向的 Ra 值和 Sa 值分别为 12.3 微米和 21.8 微米。相关分析表明，切削参数与表面质量之间存在显著关系，进给率越高，表面越光滑（Sa 和 Ra 值越低）。纤维取向对绒毛缺陷也有很大影响，0° 取向可将这些缺陷降至最低，而 45° 和 -45° 取向则会产生不同的缺陷。
{"title":"Impact of fiber orientation on cutting forces and surface quality in flax/epoxy composite machining","authors":"Mohamed Slamani, Hamza Chafai, Jean-François Chatelain","doi":"10.1177/00219983241271004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241271004","url":null,"abstract":"Flax/epoxy composites are recognized as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fibers in engineering. Understanding how fiber orientation affects cutting forces and surface characteristics is essential for machining these materials. This study investigates the relationship between fiber orientation and cutting forces (feed, normal, passive) as well as surface roughness in flax/epoxy composites. Results show that fiber orientation significantly impacts cutting forces. Cutting parallel to fibers (0° and 90° orientations) generally requires less force, with 0° needing higher normal force. At 0° orientation, feed force is 46.47 N, normal force is 58.86 N, and passive force is 54.44 N. At 90° orientation, feed force is 56.66 N, normal force is 44.68 N, and passive force is 50.95 N. Oblique orientations (45° and −45°) require higher forces, especially 45°, with the highest normal force of 77.95 N. Surface roughness analysis shows 90° orientation results in the lowest average roughness (Ra) of 10.97 µm but the highest surface roughness (Sa) of 34.25 µm. Conversely, 45° orientation has the highest Ra of 14.2 µm but lower Sa of 22.6 µm. Ra and Sa values for 0° orientation are 13.72 µm and 24.6 µm, and for −45° orientation, they are 12.3 µm and 21.8 µm. Correlation analysis reveals significant relationships between cutting parameters and surface quality, with higher feed rates correlating with smoother surfaces (lower Sa and Ra values). Fiber orientation also significantly influences fluffing defects, with 0° orientation minimizing these defects, while 45° and −45° orientations result in varied patterns.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141884968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1177/00219983241268895
Hong Ma, Robert S Pierce, Justine Beauson
To address the residual stress induced during the cure of fibre reinforced thermoset polymer composites, two different approaches were suggested for coupling a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with finite element (FE) simulations based on a viscoelastic constitutive law. These two approaches were proposed with consideration of different ways of integrating NSGA-II and the FE model. In Approach A, NSGA-II was performed based on results from a series of simulations under various combinations of cure variables. Alternatively, Approach B employed NSGA-II to iteratively update and optimise the cure profile for subsequent simulations. Results indicated that both approaches achieved simultaneous reductions in cure time and macroscale residual stress, with Approach B showing further improvements due to the direct coupling between the NSGA-II and simulations. Specifically, the maximum residual stress and cure time optimised by Approach A were reduced by 5%–9% and 22%–50% respectively, while those obtained by Approach B were reduced by 7%–10% and 32%–49% respectively, compared to those based on the manufacturer recommended cure profile. The evolution of stress in composites based on optimised cure profiles from these two approaches was also elucidated. Additionally, microscale modelling further revealed a 3%–5% reduction in the average residual stress within a representative volume element (RVE) model was also shown, depending upon the approach adopted. Ultimately, by combining a NSGA-II and FE simulations, the optimisation of cure time and residual stress at the macroscale and cure time together with a reduction of microscale stress could be realised.
为解决纤维增强热固性聚合物复合材料固化过程中引起的残余应力问题，建议采用两种不同的方法，将非优势排序遗传算法（NSGA-II）与基于粘弹性结构定律的有限元（FE）模拟相结合。提出这两种方法时，考虑了将 NSGA-II 与有限元模型相结合的不同方式。在方法 A 中，NSGA-II 是根据在各种固化变量组合下的一系列模拟结果来执行的。另外，方法 B 采用 NSGA-II 来迭代更新和优化后续模拟的固化曲线。结果表明，这两种方法都能同时减少固化时间和宏观残余应力，而方法 B 则由于 NSGA-II 与模拟之间的直接耦合而有了进一步的改进。具体来说，与制造商推荐的固化曲线相比，方法 A 优化的最大残余应力和固化时间分别减少了 5%-9%和 22%-50%，而方法 B 获得的最大残余应力和固化时间分别减少了 7%-10%和 32%-49%。根据这两种方法优化的固化曲线，复合材料的应力演变也得到了阐明。此外，微观建模进一步显示，根据所采用的方法，代表性体积元素（RVE）模型内的平均残余应力也降低了 3%-5%。最终，通过将 NSGA-II 和 FE 模拟相结合，可以优化宏观尺度的固化时间和残余应力，并在减少微观应力的同时缩短固化时间。
{"title":"Optimisation of process-induced residual stresses in composite laminates by different genetic algorithm and finite element simulation coupling methods","authors":"Hong Ma, Robert S Pierce, Justine Beauson","doi":"10.1177/00219983241268895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241268895","url":null,"abstract":"To address the residual stress induced during the cure of fibre reinforced thermoset polymer composites, two different approaches were suggested for coupling a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with finite element (FE) simulations based on a viscoelastic constitutive law. These two approaches were proposed with consideration of different ways of integrating NSGA-II and the FE model. In Approach A, NSGA-II was performed based on results from a series of simulations under various combinations of cure variables. Alternatively, Approach B employed NSGA-II to iteratively update and optimise the cure profile for subsequent simulations. Results indicated that both approaches achieved simultaneous reductions in cure time and macroscale residual stress, with Approach B showing further improvements due to the direct coupling between the NSGA-II and simulations. Specifically, the maximum residual stress and cure time optimised by Approach A were reduced by 5%–9% and 22%–50% respectively, while those obtained by Approach B were reduced by 7%–10% and 32%–49% respectively, compared to those based on the manufacturer recommended cure profile. The evolution of stress in composites based on optimised cure profiles from these two approaches was also elucidated. Additionally, microscale modelling further revealed a 3%–5% reduction in the average residual stress within a representative volume element (RVE) model was also shown, depending upon the approach adopted. Ultimately, by combining a NSGA-II and FE simulations, the optimisation of cure time and residual stress at the macroscale and cure time together with a reduction of microscale stress could be realised.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141863999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1177/00219983241270992
Hamzeh Shahrajabian, Hosein Vaezzadeh
More than 50% of the flame retardants used in the polymer and plastic industries are metal hydroxides. Among them, aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) is the most widely used due to its low toxicity and corrosiveness and its cost-effectiveness. The use of high-volume ATH in polymers reduces the mechanical properties. In this work, clay nanoparticles were added into epoxy/glass fiber/ATH hybrid composites to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. The effect of nano-clay content (1, 3, and 5 phr) on mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural strength and modulus, and thermal properties was investigated. Thermal properties were evaluated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The result of mechanical tests showed that adding 3 phr of clay nanoparticles increases tensile and flexural strength by 10% and 9.2%, respectively. The flammability of the composites was measured in horizontal mode. The flammability results revealed that introducing 3 phr of nano-clay improves the flammability of the composites by 41%.
{"title":"The nano-clay effect on the improvement of the thermal, flammability, and mechanical behavior of epoxy/glass fiber/ATH hybrid composites","authors":"Hamzeh Shahrajabian, Hosein Vaezzadeh","doi":"10.1177/00219983241270992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241270992","url":null,"abstract":"More than 50% of the flame retardants used in the polymer and plastic industries are metal hydroxides. Among them, aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) is the most widely used due to its low toxicity and corrosiveness and its cost-effectiveness. The use of high-volume ATH in polymers reduces the mechanical properties. In this work, clay nanoparticles were added into epoxy/glass fiber/ATH hybrid composites to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. The effect of nano-clay content (1, 3, and 5 phr) on mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural strength and modulus, and thermal properties was investigated. Thermal properties were evaluated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The result of mechanical tests showed that adding 3 phr of clay nanoparticles increases tensile and flexural strength by 10% and 9.2%, respectively. The flammability of the composites was measured in horizontal mode. The flammability results revealed that introducing 3 phr of nano-clay improves the flammability of the composites by 41%.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1177/00219983241268861
Norbert Geier, Gergely Magyar, Jakob Giner, Tamás Lukács, György Póka
Mechanical and thermodynamical properties and thus machinability of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites significantly depend on the fibre orientation relative to the load direction. However, the orientations of the fibre groups in polymer composites reinforced by chopped carbon fibres are stochastic; therefore, the properties and machinability of such composites are challenging to plan, predict and optimise. We developed four different and novel approaches for fibre detection in polymer composites reinforced by chopped carbon fibres: (i) detecting the fibres through naked eye supported manual drawing, (ii) digital image processing of optical images, (iii) machine learning-based fibre detection, and (iv) rectangle fitting on the outputs of the automated processes using the Chaudhuri and Samal method. The applicability of the novel approaches was tested through optically captured images of polymer composites reinforced by chopped carbon fibres. The developed methods are each capable of detecting fibre groups at the top and bottom of the composite plate with certain limitations. The rectangle fitting approaches performed the best from the point of view of correctly identifying of fibre groups, followed by the machine learning-based and the conventional digital image processed, respectively. As a result of this study, the machining process planning and condition monitoring of polymer composites reinforced by chopped carbon fibres is more deeply supported.
碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料的机械性能和热力学性能以及加工性能在很大程度上取决于纤维相对于载荷方向的取向。然而，切碎碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料中纤维组的取向是随机的；因此，规划、预测和优化此类复合材料的性能和可加工性具有挑战性。我们开发了四种不同的新型方法，用于检测用切碎碳纤维增强的聚合物复合材料中的纤维：(i) 通过肉眼检测纤维，支持手工绘图；(ii) 光学图像的数字图像处理；(iii) 基于机器学习的纤维检测；(iv) 使用 Chaudhuri 和 Samal 方法对自动化流程的输出进行矩形拟合。通过光学捕捉到的切碎碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料图像，测试了这些新方法的适用性。所开发的方法都能检测到复合板顶部和底部的纤维组，但有一定的局限性。从正确识别纤维组的角度来看，矩形拟合方法的效果最好，其次分别是基于机器学习的方法和传统的数字图像处理方法。这项研究为切碎碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料的加工工艺规划和状态监测提供了更深入的支持。
{"title":"Carbon fibre detection in polymer composites reinforced by chopped carbon fibres through digital image processing and machine learning","authors":"Norbert Geier, Gergely Magyar, Jakob Giner, Tamás Lukács, György Póka","doi":"10.1177/00219983241268861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241268861","url":null,"abstract":"Mechanical and thermodynamical properties and thus machinability of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites significantly depend on the fibre orientation relative to the load direction. However, the orientations of the fibre groups in polymer composites reinforced by chopped carbon fibres are stochastic; therefore, the properties and machinability of such composites are challenging to plan, predict and optimise. We developed four different and novel approaches for fibre detection in polymer composites reinforced by chopped carbon fibres: (i) detecting the fibres through naked eye supported manual drawing, (ii) digital image processing of optical images, (iii) machine learning-based fibre detection, and (iv) rectangle fitting on the outputs of the automated processes using the Chaudhuri and Samal method. The applicability of the novel approaches was tested through optically captured images of polymer composites reinforced by chopped carbon fibres. The developed methods are each capable of detecting fibre groups at the top and bottom of the composite plate with certain limitations. The rectangle fitting approaches performed the best from the point of view of correctly identifying of fibre groups, followed by the machine learning-based and the conventional digital image processed, respectively. As a result of this study, the machining process planning and condition monitoring of polymer composites reinforced by chopped carbon fibres is more deeply supported.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1177/00219983241268898
Soma A. El Mogy, Hanan Mohamed Eyssa, Rasha Mohammad Fathy, Mahmoud Hamdi Sanad
Infective diseases are becoming more popular, and managing them has become a great worry for humanity. A rubber nanocomposite based on nitrile butadiene rubber with graphene oxide (NBR/GO) and GO/nanoclay (montmorillonite, MMT) (NBR/GO/MMT) was fabricated by a simple technique, roll milling. The synergistic influence of the existence of GO, clay, and electron beam (EB)-radiation on the NBR nanocomposites was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT–IR) techniques to study the mechanical, thermal, and antibacterial properties. The antibacterial activity of the prepared rubber nanocomposites was estimated via the disk diffusion process against Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus lentus, and Gram-negative bacteria ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. The results demonstrated that the physico-mechanical performance was significantly reinforced by incorporating nano GO (6 phr) and clay with GO (3 phr/6 phr. NBR films have no antibacterial potential. GO increases the antibacterial efficiency of the NBR films. NBR/3% GO/3% clay film is the most effective in reducing bacterial growth and B. subtilis was the most sensitive bacteria for rubber treatments. The inhibition zone diameters of the un-irradiated and irradiated NBR/3% GO/3% clay films for B. subtilis were 18.03 ± 0.59 and 25.63 ± 0.98 mm, respectively. It could be concluded that because of its outstanding flexibility and human-body compatibility penetration, rubber in corporation with antimicrobial agents can be utilized for manufacturing medical and environmental products.
{"title":"Dual influence of graphene oxide/clay and electron beam radiation on the structure, mechanical, thermal, and antimicrobial properties of nitrile butadiene rubber nanocomposite","authors":"Soma A. El Mogy, Hanan Mohamed Eyssa, Rasha Mohammad Fathy, Mahmoud Hamdi Sanad","doi":"10.1177/00219983241268898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241268898","url":null,"abstract":"Infective diseases are becoming more popular, and managing them has become a great worry for humanity. A rubber nanocomposite based on nitrile butadiene rubber with graphene oxide (NBR/GO) and GO/nanoclay (montmorillonite, MMT) (NBR/GO/MMT) was fabricated by a simple technique, roll milling. The synergistic influence of the existence of GO, clay, and electron beam (EB)-radiation on the NBR nanocomposites was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT–IR) techniques to study the mechanical, thermal, and antibacterial properties. The antibacterial activity of the prepared rubber nanocomposites was estimated via the disk diffusion process against Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus lentus, and Gram-negative bacteria ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. The results demonstrated that the physico-mechanical performance was significantly reinforced by incorporating nano GO (6 phr) and clay with GO (3 phr/6 phr. NBR films have no antibacterial potential. GO increases the antibacterial efficiency of the NBR films. NBR/3% GO/3% clay film is the most effective in reducing bacterial growth and B. subtilis was the most sensitive bacteria for rubber treatments. The inhibition zone diameters of the un-irradiated and irradiated NBR/3% GO/3% clay films for B. subtilis were 18.03 ± 0.59 and 25.63 ± 0.98 mm, respectively. It could be concluded that because of its outstanding flexibility and human-body compatibility penetration, rubber in corporation with antimicrobial agents can be utilized for manufacturing medical and environmental products.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-27DOI: 10.1177/00219983241268873
Ben Wang, Bing Zhao, Qi Zhang, Yangyang Zhao, Chang Song
Fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites (FRC) are extensively utilized in aerospace due to commendable mechanical properties. However, during the machining process, FRCs are vulnerable to the effects of cutting heat, resulting in a reduction of their mechanical properties. As a result, the quality and precision of molded parts may suffer. Therefore, to examine the removal mechanism and damage forms of FRC under varying temperatures, this study utilizes QFRP (Quartz fiber reinforced polyimide resin matrix composites) as a prime example. Scratch tests on QFRP employ identical scratching parameters at different heating temperatures. The results are analyzed, including scratch force characteristics, cross-section profile characteristics, surface damage, and material removal mechanism. The results show that, firstly, with the increasing heating temperature, the scratch force fluctuates in a small range and then decreases significantly. Compared with 25°C, scratch force Fy and Fz amplitude decreases by 36.8% and 44.6%, respectively, when the heating temperature is 425°C. Secondly, due to the increase in temperature, the mechanical properties of the matrix decreased, increasing the scratch damage width with the increase in temperature. Finally, combined with the scratch SEM photographs, this study indicated that when the temperature was much below the matrix’s Tg, the polyimide matrix and quartz fiber were removed by the indenter by shear fracture. In contrast, when the temperature was close to or exceeded the matrix’s Tg, the matrix showed enhanced plasticity and mobility, resulting in the matrix undergoing significant plastic deformation, and the indenter removed the quartz fiber by bending fracture.
{"title":"Investigation on scratching force and material removal mechanism in scratching of fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites considering the effect of temperature","authors":"Ben Wang, Bing Zhao, Qi Zhang, Yangyang Zhao, Chang Song","doi":"10.1177/00219983241268873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983241268873","url":null,"abstract":"Fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites (FRC) are extensively utilized in aerospace due to commendable mechanical properties. However, during the machining process, FRCs are vulnerable to the effects of cutting heat, resulting in a reduction of their mechanical properties. As a result, the quality and precision of molded parts may suffer. Therefore, to examine the removal mechanism and damage forms of FRC under varying temperatures, this study utilizes QFRP (Quartz fiber reinforced polyimide resin matrix composites) as a prime example. Scratch tests on QFRP employ identical scratching parameters at different heating temperatures. The results are analyzed, including scratch force characteristics, cross-section profile characteristics, surface damage, and material removal mechanism. The results show that, firstly, with the increasing heating temperature, the scratch force fluctuates in a small range and then decreases significantly. Compared with 25°C, scratch force Fy and Fz amplitude decreases by 36.8% and 44.6%, respectively, when the heating temperature is 425°C. Secondly, due to the increase in temperature, the mechanical properties of the matrix decreased, increasing the scratch damage width with the increase in temperature. Finally, combined with the scratch SEM photographs, this study indicated that when the temperature was much below the matrix’s Tg, the polyimide matrix and quartz fiber were removed by the indenter by shear fracture. In contrast, when the temperature was close to or exceeded the matrix’s Tg, the matrix showed enhanced plasticity and mobility, resulting in the matrix undergoing significant plastic deformation, and the indenter removed the quartz fiber by bending fracture.","PeriodicalId":15489,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141798292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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