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Towards sustainable composites: Evaluation of mechanical properties, erosion behavior and applications of natural fiber-epoxy composites 实现可持续复合材料:天然纤维-环氧树脂复合材料的机械性能、侵蚀行为和应用评估
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241260880
M. Zolfakkar, Nabil El-Tayeb, Taher Halawa
Sustainable production and consumption, carried to materials and engineering applications, translates to a need for recyclable, reusable, and/or biodegradable materials. With its lower cost, lighter weight, and less carbon footprint compared to traditional glass and carbon fiber composites, natural fiber-reinforced composites are drawing more attention from the scientific community and the industrial sector. The natural fiber’s high variability and relatively inferior mechanical properties necessitate comprehensive characterization for accurate evaluation of their properties and fitness for different applications. In this research, various locally grown natural fibers (Flax, Jute, and Luffa) were sourced, characterized, and used to synthesize natural fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. The tensile, flexural, impact properties, and erosion resistance of the composites was evaluated. Compared to the other natural fiber composites, the Jute-Epoxy composite achieved the highest tensile strength and tensile modulus with 31 MPa and 4.8 GPa respectively; Jute-Epoxy also achieved the highest flexural strength and flexural modulus, with and 60 MPa and 2.4 GPa respectively. This superior mechanical performance is due to the relatively high strength of the Jute fiber and its high adhesion to the matrix, which is supported by fractographic evidence. Luffa-Epoxy composites in general had the lowest properties of all the tested materials. The erosion test results showed that the Jute-Epoxy composites had the highest erosion resistance of all the tested materials; with 30% more erosion resistance compared to glass-fiber epoxy composites. Based on the experimental results of the investigation and similar previous research, the current and potential applications of natural fiber composites were discussed.
在材料和工程应用领域,可持续生产和消费意味着需要可回收、可重复使用和/或可生物降解的材料。与传统的玻璃纤维和碳纤维复合材料相比,天然纤维增强复合材料成本更低、重量更轻、碳足迹更少,因此正吸引着科学界和工业界越来越多的关注。天然纤维变异性大,机械性能相对较差,因此有必要对其进行全面表征,以准确评估其性能和在不同应用中的适用性。在这项研究中,我们采购了各种当地生长的天然纤维(亚麻、黄麻和丝瓜),对其进行了表征,并将其用于合成天然纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料。对复合材料的拉伸、弯曲、冲击性能和抗侵蚀性进行了评估。与其他天然纤维复合材料相比,黄麻-环氧树脂复合材料的拉伸强度和拉伸模量最高,分别达到 31 兆帕和 4.8 千兆帕;黄麻-环氧树脂复合材料的弯曲强度和弯曲模量也最高,分别达到 60 兆帕和 2.4 千兆帕。这种优异的机械性能得益于黄麻纤维相对较高的强度及其与基体的高粘附性,这一点也得到了断裂学证据的支持。在所有测试材料中,丝麻-环氧树脂复合材料的性能普遍最低。侵蚀测试结果表明,黄麻-环氧复合材料的抗侵蚀性是所有测试材料中最高的;与玻璃纤维环氧复合材料相比,黄麻-环氧复合材料的抗侵蚀性高出 30%。根据此次调查的实验结果和之前的类似研究,讨论了天然纤维复合材料的当前和潜在应用。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of periodic sequential arrangement of subscale miura-foldcore under quasi-static compression 准静态压缩条件下亚尺度 miura-foldcore 周期性顺序排列的影响
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241257666
Chase Mortensen, Devin Nielsen, Syed Zulfiqar Hussain Shah, Juhyeong Lee
This study presents experimental and numerical investigations on the quasi-static compressive responses of various subscale Miura-foldcore composites. A series of quasi-static compression tests were conducted on standard Miura foldcore specimens fabricated using carbon/epoxy woven fabric prepregs. Representative volume element (RVE) models, incorporating periodic boundary conditions (PBCs), were developed to predict the size-dependent compressive response of subscale Miura foldcores. The effective properties of the carbon/epoxy woven fabric composite used in this study were calculated using the NASA multiscale analysis tool (NASMAT) via two-step homogenization process. The FE model exhibited comparable agreement with experimental results, showcasing variations of less than 7% and 12% in maximum compressive load and compressive stiffness, respectively. The implementation of PBC in the foldcore RVE models improved modeling accuracy by <4%, but drastically increased total computational time (>50%). The periodic pattern of foldcore unit-cells, where two single foldcore unit-cells were placed in parallel or perpendicular, imposed geometric constraints, resulting in small variations in predicted stress and strain distribution contours. The key findings highlighted in this study suggest that a 1 × 1 foldcore unit-cell model without PBC is sufficient to predict accurate quasi-static compressive responses of foldcore composites. This study advances the understanding of subscale Miura-foldcore composites and provides valuable insights into the limitations associated with the use of PBC in foldcore RVE models. The findings also offer a practical guide for fabricating and analyzing traditional Miura folding patterns, promoting a more efficient and accurate approach for optimizing foldcore composite designs considering both structural performance and manufacturability.
本研究通过实验和数值计算研究了各种小尺寸三浦折芯复合材料的准静态压缩响应。对使用碳/环氧编织物预浸料制作的标准三浦折芯试样进行了一系列准静态压缩试验。开发了包含周期性边界条件(PBC)的代表性体积元素(RVE)模型,以预测与尺寸相关的亚尺度 Miura 折叠芯的压缩响应。本研究中使用的碳/环氧编织物复合材料的有效特性是通过两步均质化过程使用 NASA 多尺度分析工具 (NASMAT) 计算得出的。有限元模型与实验结果相当吻合,最大压缩载荷和压缩刚度的变化分别小于 7% 和 12%。在折芯 RVE 模型中实施 PBC 后,建模精度提高了 50%)。折芯单元单元的周期性模式,即两个单折芯单元单元平行或垂直放置,施加了几何约束,导致预测的应力和应变分布轮廓变化较小。本研究强调的主要发现表明,不含 PBC 的 1 × 1 折芯单元单元模型足以准确预测折芯复合材料的准静态压缩响应。这项研究加深了人们对亚尺度三浦-折芯复合材料的理解,并就折芯 RVE 模型中使用 PBC 的相关限制提供了宝贵的见解。研究结果还为制造和分析传统的三浦折叠模式提供了实用指南,促进采用更高效、更准确的方法来优化折叠芯复合材料设计,同时考虑结构性能和可制造性。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanical strength and low-velocity impact behavior of glass fiber reinforced filament wound pipes with different number of layers after hydrothermal aging 水热老化后不同层数玻璃纤维增强长丝缠绕管的机械强度和低速冲击行为
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241260881
Yasin Akın, Memduh Kara
Composite pipe is preferred over metal and other materials for water supply, liquid chemical transport, and fuel and gas transport. This is because composite pipes are more corrosion resistant, have a high strength/density ratio, high stiffness/density ratio, and more durable than metal pipes. The properties of the composite pipes employed may differ based on the operating environment. Therefore, determining the properties of the composite pipe according to the working environment is extremely important for its lifespan. The thickness of the samples is increased in line with different needs (such as increased strength). Increasing the thickness of samples, especially those exposed to different environmental conditions, and investigating the changes that will occur in the physical and mechanical properties of the samples are another important situation. In this investigation, glass fiber (GFRP) reinforced epoxy composite pipes have been examined, which were manufactured using the filament winding method with different layers [±55°]. To determine their properties in different working environments, the GFRP composite pipes were subjected to hydrothermal aging in pure water at 80°C for several days (7, 14, 21, and 28). The changes in their mechanical properties under working conditions were determined through hoop tensile strength tests and low velocity impact tests applied at different energy levels. The experimental results show that the tangential stress values increased by 10.59% as the number of layers increased. As the aging time increased, the durability of the 6-layer composite pipe decreased by 17.69%. Furthermore, the ability of the aged pipes to withstand damage was evaluated, revealing that the aging process exacerbated the damage within the pipes.
在供水、液体化学品运输以及燃料和气体运输方面,复合材料管道比金属和其他材料更受欢迎。这是因为与金属管道相比,复合管道更耐腐蚀、强度/密度比高、刚度/密度比高、更耐用。根据使用环境的不同,所使用的复合管道的性能也可能不同。因此,根据工作环境确定复合管道的特性对其使用寿命极为重要。根据不同的需要(如增加强度)增加样品的厚度。增加试样的厚度,尤其是那些暴露在不同环境条件下的试样,并调查试样的物理和机械性能将发生的变化是另一种重要情况。在这项研究中,对玻璃纤维(GFRP)增强环氧树脂复合材料管道进行了研究,这些管道是采用不同层[±55°]的长丝缠绕法制造的。为了确定它们在不同工作环境下的性能,GFRP 复合管道在 80°C 的纯水中进行了数天(7、14、21 和 28 天)的水热老化。通过环向拉伸强度试验和不同能量水平的低速冲击试验,确定了它们在工作条件下的机械性能变化。实验结果表明,随着层数的增加,切向应力值增加了 10.59%。随着老化时间的延长,6 层复合管道的耐久性降低了 17.69%。此外,还对老化管道抵御损坏的能力进行了评估,结果表明老化过程加剧了管道内部的损坏。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of relaxation behaviour of CF/PEKK aerospace composites using the time-temperature-crystallinity superposition principle 利用时间-温度-结晶度叠加原理表征 CF/PEKK 航空航天复合材料的弛豫行为
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241260555
Mariam A. Al-Dhaheri, Wesley J. Cantwell, Imad Barsoum, Rehan Umer
In this study, the Time-Temperature-Crystallinity Superposition Principle (TTCSP) was applied to determine the viscoelastic behavior of Thermo-rheological Complex Materials (TCM), specifically Carbon fibre/Poly-Ether-Ketone-Ketone (CF/PEKK) composites. The study investigated the effects of various parameters on the viscoelastic behavior of the composites, such as the degree of crystallinity after different melting temperatures, relaxation, and crystallization times. The TTCSP was utilized on the relaxation data to generate great-grand master curves for the degree of crystallinity for different laminate lay-ups. Hot press forming was employed to manufacture samples under different processing conditions, including various melting and cold crystallization temperatures. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was employed to calculate the degree of crystallinity of CF/PEKK composites, while the Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) was used to obtain the relaxation data. The generated great-grand master curves proved effective in predicting the relaxation behavior of the composites consolidated using single and double hold cycles at different melting temperatures and crystallization times, respectively. The great-grand master curves presented in this study can serve as valuable tool to calibrate key viscoelastic and/or thermo-viscoelastic material models for aerospace-grade CF/PEKK composites. These models are crucial for simulations aimed at predicting residual stresses and process-induced deformations during the thermoforming process.
本研究采用时间-温度-结晶度叠加原理(TTCSP)来确定热流变复合材料(TCM)的粘弹性行为,特别是碳纤维/聚醚酮酮复合材料(CF/PEKK)。研究调查了各种参数对复合材料粘弹性行为的影响,如不同熔化温度、松弛和结晶时间后的结晶度。在松弛数据上利用 TTCSP 生成了不同层压板铺设时结晶度的极大主曲线。在不同的加工条件(包括不同的熔化和冷结晶温度)下,采用热压成型制造样品。差示扫描量热仪(DSC)用于计算 CF/PEKK 复合材料的结晶度,而动态机械分析仪(DMA)用于获取松弛数据。事实证明,生成的极大主曲线可有效预测分别在不同熔化温度和结晶时间下使用单保持周期和双保持周期固化的复合材料的松弛行为。本研究提出的极大主曲线可作为校准航空航天级 CF/PEKK 复合材料的关键粘弹性和/或热粘弹性材料模型的重要工具。这些模型对于模拟预测热成型过程中的残余应力和工艺引起的变形至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Static and fatigue behavior of double-double glass/epoxy laminates 双层玻璃/环氧树脂层压板的静态和疲劳行为
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241261065
Tomás Barros Vasconcelos, José Leandro Correia Alves, Evans Paiva da Costa Ferreira, Raimundo Carlos Silverio Freire Júnior, José Daniel Diniz Melo
Double-double (DD) configuration has been proposed as a new concept in which a double set of double helix [±ϕ/± ψ]n angles are stacked up to form a composite laminate. This concept promises significant advantages over conventional layups for composite design optimization and manufacturing. This experimental study evaluated the performance of two elastically in-plane equivalent glass/epoxy laminates suited for wind turbine blade applications: a quadriaxial (Quad) [±45/(0/90)3]s and a double-double (DD) [±15/±75]4T. Mechanical tests were performed under cyclic uniaxial tensile-tensile load using unnotched and open hole specimens. Delamination initiating from the free edges resulted in premature failure of the unnotched DD specimens. For open hole specimens, fatigue tests results obtained from both stacking sequences showed similar performance. Ultimately, the study presented constitutes a valuable contribution to the understanding of fatigue behavior of double-double glass/epoxy laminates subjected to tensile cyclic loading.
双层双(DD)配置作为一种新概念被提出来,即双组双螺旋[±j/± ψ]n角叠加形成复合材料层压板。在复合材料设计优化和制造方面,这一概念比传统的层压方式具有显著优势。本实验研究评估了适合风力涡轮机叶片应用的两种弹性面内等效玻璃/环氧层压板的性能:四轴(Quad)[±45/(0/90)3]s 和双双(DD)[±15/±75]4T。在循环单轴拉伸-拉伸载荷下,使用无缺口和开孔试样进行了机械测试。从自由边缘开始的分层导致无缺口 DD 试样过早失效。对于开孔试样,两种堆叠顺序得到的疲劳测试结果显示出相似的性能。最终,该研究为了解承受拉伸循环载荷的双层玻璃/环氧树脂层压板的疲劳行为做出了宝贵贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Role of particle material and geometry in the ballistic performance of nanoparticle-impregnated Kevlar fabric 颗粒材料和几何形状对纳米颗粒浸渍凯夫拉纤维弹道性能的影响
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241259130
Muhammad Ali Bablu, Nicholas E Nowak, James M Manimala
The possibility of enhancing the ballistic performance of aramid fabrics such as Kevlar through the impregnation of nanoparticles is well established. In this study, the influence of the nanoparticle’s specifications such as size, shape, and material on the underlying mechanisms is investigated. A colloid-based treatment process is used to impregnate dry nanoparticles into Kevlar fabric. Using a customized gas gun rig, neat and treated samples are tested to determine the kinetic energy absorbed. Silica, alumina, and zinc oxide nanoparticles ranging from 10 to 125 nm, with spherical or cylindrical shape are considered. Silica treated samples perform significantly better (83% increase in energy absorbed vs neat fabric) than alumina or zinc oxide treated samples, likely due to greater agglomeration between yarn interfaces leading to enhanced frictional mechanisms. The exit-face damaged zone area acts as a surrogate for energy absorbed as it correlates well across all samples. Compared to samples with three layers treated individually, samples with three layers treated together display a 21% enhancement in the energy absorbed. Specific energy absorbed for three layers treated together with 80-nm silica is nearly 3 times higher than that for the neat fabric. Samples with three layers treated together with 80-nm silica provide the same performance as the neat fabric for a projectile that is nearly 70 m/s faster. Hybrid structural materials such as nanoparticle-fabric composites offer a promising route to enhance ballistic performance without weight penalty, while being amenable to multifunctional applications.
通过浸渍纳米粒子来提高芳纶织物(如凯夫拉)的防弹性能的可能性已经得到证实。本研究探讨了纳米粒子的规格(如尺寸、形状和材料)对其基本机制的影响。采用基于胶体的处理工艺将干纳米粒子浸渍到 Kevlar 织物中。使用定制的气枪钻机,对纯净样品和处理过的样品进行测试,以确定吸收的动能。测试对象包括二氧化硅、氧化铝和氧化锌纳米颗粒,粒径从 10 纳米到 125 纳米不等,形状为球形或圆柱形。二氧化硅处理过的样品比氧化铝或氧化锌处理过的样品性能要好得多(吸收的能量比纯净织物增加 83%),这可能是由于纱线界面之间的团聚作用更大,从而增强了摩擦机制。出口面受损区面积可作为吸收能量的替代值,因为它与所有样品都有很好的相关性。与三层单独处理的样品相比,三层一起处理的样品吸收的能量增加了 21%。用 80 纳米二氧化硅一起处理的三层样品吸收的特定能量比纯织物高出近 3 倍。使用 80 纳米二氧化硅同时处理三层的样品,在射速接近 70 米/秒的情况下,其性能与普通织物相同。纳米粒子-织物复合材料等混合结构材料为在不增加重量的情况下提高弹道性能提供了一条很有前景的途径,同时也适合多功能应用。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of interference installation method on interfacial properties and fatigue failure behavior of bolted composite joints 过盈安装方法对螺栓复合材料接头界面性能和疲劳破坏行为的影响
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241244565
Xiaohe Wang, Zengqiang Cao, Yingjiang Guo
A novel dynamic installation (DI) method is proposed to improve the problems of severe installation damage, small installable interference size, and low installation efficiency of traditional static installation (SI) methods for installing interference bolts in composite bolted structures. The stress distribution and CFRP damage around the hole wall due to interference fitting and subsequent cyclic loading were predicted by finite element simulations. In addition, the fatigue life of DI and SI specimens was evaluated and the fatigue failure mechanisms were discussed. The results showed that the DI method provides a visible improvement in fatigue life, which is about 4 times that of the SI interference specimens and 38 times that of the non-interference specimen. In addition, DI introduces relatively higher average residual compressive stresses than SI, especially at the inlet of the laminate, which also results in a more uniform distribution along the axial direction of DI specimens. Micromorphological analysis of the specimens after fatigue failure indicated that the uniform stress distribution and low initial installation damage at the assembly interface introduced by the DI method during interference fit prevents severe delamination and crack propagation in joints subjected to external cyclic loading, such as the SI specimen. Severe extrusion deformation of the hole wall and matrix crushing are the main failure modes of DI specimens. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the interference installation method of composite materials.
提出了一种新型动态安装(DI)方法,以改善传统静态安装(SI)方法在复合材料螺栓结构中安装过盈螺栓时存在的安装损伤严重、可安装过盈尺寸小和安装效率低等问题。通过有限元模拟预测了过盈配合和后续循环载荷导致的孔壁周围应力分布和 CFRP 损伤。此外,还评估了 DI 和 SI 试样的疲劳寿命,并讨论了疲劳失效机制。结果表明,DI 方法明显提高了疲劳寿命,约为 SI 过盈试样的 4 倍,非过盈试样的 38 倍。此外,DI 带来的平均残余压应力相对高于 SI,尤其是在层压板的入口处,这也导致 DI 试样沿轴向的分布更加均匀。疲劳失效后试样的微观形态分析表明,DI 方法在过盈配合过程中引入的均匀应力分布和装配界面上较低的初始安装损伤,可防止在承受外部循环载荷的接头(如 SI 试样)中出现严重的分层和裂纹扩展。孔壁的严重挤压变形和基体破碎是 DI 试样的主要失效模式。因此,有必要改进复合材料的过盈安装方法。
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引用次数: 0
Simulation and on-line monitoring using optical fiber Bragg grating sensors of temperature history during laser-assisted automated fiber placement 使用光纤布拉格光栅传感器模拟和在线监测激光辅助自动光纤铺放过程中的温度变化历史
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241259849
Dacheng Zhao, Weiping Liu, Jiping Chen, Songhao Zhu, Yang Yang, Guangquan Yue
Automated fiber placement (AFP) in situ consolidation (ISC) of thermoplastic composite possess the potential to reduce manufacturing costs and improve manufacturing efficiency. The properties of composite manufactured by the ISC are affected by several mechanisms including polymer degradation, crystallization, intimate contact, polymer healing and void dynamics. All these mechanisms are directly affected by the temperature history. Consequently, the control and accurate measurement of temperature history during ISC are particularly important for improving the properties of composite. In this study, a simplified three-dimensional transient heat transfer model was established. The effect of tool temperature and placement speed on the temperature history and peak temperature were predicted. Simultaneously, an online temperature monitoring system was built and the optical Fiber Bragg Grating sensors (FBGS) was used to measure the temperature history. The results indicated that the predicted results of the model were consistent with the measured results, the error was below 8%. In addition, the temperature history of layers was significantly affected by the tool temperature and placement speed. The temperature of the layers decreased to near the tool temperature after cooling, and a higher tool temperature increasing its peak temperature because of the reduce of the cooling rate. On the contrary, an increase in placement speed will reduce the peak temperature of the layers.
热塑性复合材料的自动纤维铺放(AFP)原位固结(ISC)具有降低制造成本和提高制造效率的潜力。通过 ISC 制造的复合材料的性能受多种机制的影响,包括聚合物降解、结晶、亲密接触、聚合物愈合和空隙动力学。所有这些机制都直接受到温度历史的影响。因此,控制和精确测量 ISC 过程中的温度变化对改善复合材料的性能尤为重要。本研究建立了一个简化的三维瞬态传热模型。预测了工具温度和贴片速度对温度历史和峰值温度的影响。同时,建立了在线温度监测系统,并使用光纤布拉格光栅传感器(FBGS)测量温度历史。结果表明,模型的预测结果与测量结果一致,误差低于 8%。此外,层的温度历史受工具温度和贴片速度的影响很大。层的温度在冷却后下降到接近工具温度,工具温度越高,峰值温度越高,因为冷却速度降低了。相反,贴装速度的增加会降低层的峰值温度。
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引用次数: 0
The investigation of deflection behavior in carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy composite laminates under low-velocity impact with small projectiles 碳/环氧和玻璃/环氧复合材料层压板在小弹丸低速冲击下的变形行为研究
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241256334
Mohammad Javad Ramezani
This study examined the impact behavior of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy composite laminates with 2, 4, and 6 mm thicknesses under low-velocity tests. The investigation involved subjecting the composite laminates under small-impact loads using spherical, cylindrical, and conical steel projectiles, each weighing 3 g. The impacts conducted at 29.5, 36.5, and 51 m/s velocities. This investigation modeled using finite element (FE) methods and analytical approaches. In the analytical method, the mass and spring model used for the impact of small projectiles. The research findings revealed that, in 2 mm thick carbon/epoxy composite laminates, the maximum deflection at the mid-point induced by a spherical projectile was 1.37 mm. This value exhibited a 48.91% and 19.13% increase compared to impacts with cylindrical and conical projectiles, respectively. Additionally, a comprehensive examination of delamination across all samples indicated the maximum delamination occurrence in glass/epoxy samples, showcasing lower impact resistance than carbon/epoxy laminates. Notably, with an increase in thickness, the delamination phenomenon in the samples exhibited a decreasing trend. In addition, the maximum value of delamination in the composite laminates were with spherical, conical, and cylindrical projectiles respectively, and also, there was an excellent convergence between FE and analytical results.
本研究考察了厚度为 2、4 和 6 毫米的碳/环氧和玻璃/环氧复合材料层压板在低速试验下的冲击行为。研究使用球形、圆柱形和圆锥形钢制弹丸(每个重 3 克)对复合材料层压板施加小冲击载荷,冲击速度分别为 29.5、36.5 和 51 米/秒。这项研究使用有限元(FE)方法和分析方法进行建模。在分析方法中,质量和弹簧模型用于小型弹丸的冲击。研究结果表明,在 2 毫米厚的碳/环氧复合材料层压板中,球形弹丸在中点引起的最大挠度为 1.37 毫米。与圆柱形和圆锥形弹丸相比,该值分别增加了 48.91% 和 19.13%。此外,对所有样品的分层情况进行的全面检查表明,玻璃/环氧样品的分层情况最为严重,其抗冲击性低于碳/环氧层压板。值得注意的是,随着厚度的增加,样品中的分层现象呈下降趋势。此外,复合材料层压板的最大分层值分别出现在球形、圆锥形和圆柱形弹丸上,而且 FE 与分析结果的收敛性非常好。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanical behavior of glass fiber-reinforced hollow glass particles filled epoxy composites under thermal loading 玻璃纤维增强中空玻璃颗粒填充环氧树脂复合材料在热负荷下的力学行为
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241259113
Anandakumar Paramasivam, Krishnan Kanny, Mohan Turup Pandurangan, Velmurugan Ramachandran
The use of hollow glass particle-filled fiber-reinforced composites for aircraft applications requires proper understanding of their behavior under in-service temperature conditions in order to exploit their usage in the exterior parts of aircraft and other space vehicles. In this study, the glass fiber reinforced composites containing 0–30 vol% of glass microspheres were subjected to testing for monotonic tensile and flexural loading from room temperature to the test temperature (40°C – 120°C). The evolution of microscopic damage under different temperatures was elucidated by digital image correlation (DIC) strain fields. The strain fields revealed a transition from homogeneous to non-homogeneous pattern as the temperature increases due to softening of the matrix. As the glass microsphere contents in the matrix increased, the tensile and flexural properties of the composites decreased, and their reduction was highest for the specimen containing a 30 vol% microsphere by volume. The tensile properties are slightly decreased by increasing the temperature. The tensile specimens tested at room temperature exhibited limited delamination and fiber pullout, while extensive delamination and fiber splitting occurred in the specimens tested at 120°C. The flexural results of the glass fiber reinforced composite specimens exposed at 120°C demonstrated a considerable decrease in flexural strength compared with room temperature for 0 vol%, 10 vol%, 20 vol% and 30 vol% glass microsphere volume fraction. Finally, the Weibull parametric investigation was performed to model the degradation of modulus for various GMS contents with temperature variations.
将空心玻璃微粒填充纤维增强复合材料应用于飞机需要正确理解其在使用温度条件下的行为,以便在飞机和其他太空飞行器的外部部件中加以利用。在这项研究中,对含有 0-30 Vol% 玻璃微球的玻璃纤维增强复合材料进行了从室温到测试温度(40°C - 120°C)的单调拉伸和弯曲负载测试。数字图像相关(DIC)应变场阐明了不同温度下微观损伤的演变。应变场显示,随着温度的升高,由于基体软化,应变场从均匀模式过渡到非均匀模式。随着基体中玻璃微球含量的增加,复合材料的拉伸和弯曲性能下降,其中微球含量占体积 30% 的试样拉伸和弯曲性能下降幅度最大。温度升高,拉伸性能略有下降。在室温下测试的拉伸试样表现出有限的分层和纤维拉出,而在 120°C 下测试的试样则出现了广泛的分层和纤维分裂。在 120°C 下暴露的玻璃纤维增强复合材料试样的抗弯结果表明,与室温相比,玻璃微球体积分数为 0vol%、10vol%、20vol% 和 30vol% 的玻璃纤维增强复合材料试样的抗弯强度大大降低。最后,对不同 GMS 含量的模量随温度变化的退化情况进行了 Weibull 参数研究。
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Journal of Composite Materials
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