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Micromechanics-based multi-scale framework with strain-rate effects for the simulation of ballistic impact on composite laminates 基于微观力学的多尺度框架,利用应变率效应模拟复合材料层压板受到的弹道冲击
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241283618
Christoforos Rekatsinas, Theodosios Theodosiou, Dimitrios Siorikis, Konstantinos Tsiaktanis, Nikolaos Chrysochoidis, Christos Nastos, Dimitris Saravanos
The performance of composite materials and structures at high-velocity impacts reaching or exceeding their ballistic limit is crucial for assessing their strength and safety in aerospace applications. In this highly transient impact regime, composite materials are subject to multiple complex failure modes and their properties are susceptible to strain rate effects, making very challenging the simulation and understanding of their ballistic impact performance. This study presents: (1) a multi-scale computational framework for predicting the ballistic limit of composite plates, and (2) experimental results of ballistic impacts on carbon/epoxy plates. The multi-scale model uses a micromechanical approach to account for strain-rate dependency, to calculate micro-stress effects on the matrix and fiber properties, and to predict their coupled effect on effective composite properties. Intralaminar damage initiation and evolution are identified using the maximum stress criterion, but the degradation of properties in the matrix and fibers is predicted with the micromechanics model. Mixed-mode damage laws are implemented to simulate delamination, which guarantees accurate and reliable results. The proposed multi-scale model has been implemented and integrated into ABAQUS/Explicit (VUMAT). Experimental results from high-velocity steel ball impacts on woven IM-65 Carbon/RTM6 epoxy composite plates conducted on a high-speed impact test bench are also presented including non-destructive evaluation of the types of damage and failure. The experimental results are finally used to validate the model predictions for the ballistic limit and the predicted types of damage and failure.
复合材料和结构在达到或超过弹道极限的高速冲击下的性能对于评估其在航空航天应用中的强度和安全性至关重要。在这种高度瞬态的撞击状态下,复合材料会出现多种复杂的失效模式,其特性也容易受到应变率效应的影响,因此对其弹道撞击性能的模拟和理解极具挑战性。本研究提出了(1) 预测复合材料板弹道极限的多尺度计算框架,以及 (2) 碳/环氧板弹道冲击的实验结果。多尺度模型采用微机械方法来考虑应变速率依赖性,计算微应力对基体和纤维性能的影响,并预测它们对有效复合材料性能的耦合影响。使用最大应力准则确定层内损伤的发生和演变,但使用微观力学模型预测基体和纤维性能的退化。采用混合模式损伤法则来模拟分层,从而保证了结果的准确性和可靠性。提出的多尺度模型已经实现并集成到 ABAQUS/Explicit (VUMAT) 中。此外,还介绍了在高速冲击试验台上对 IM-65 碳/RTM6 环氧树脂编织复合材料板进行高速钢球冲击的实验结果,包括对损伤和失效类型的非破坏性评估。实验结果最终用于验证模型对弹道极限的预测以及对损坏和失效类型的预测。
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引用次数: 0
Recycling catfish bone for additive manufacturing of silicone composite structures 回收鲶鱼骨用于硅树脂复合材料结构的增材制造
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241283607
Saad Aqerrout, Di Wu, Fei Yu, Wenbo Liu, Yuke Han, Jiaqi Lyu, Yi Jing, Xiaoran Yang
As a notable commercial aquaculture species, channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) in US faces challenges including the global market competition and enhanced feed costs. Since fish bone waste is a major source of calcium and hydroxyapatite, re-utilization gives birth to several advanced products in the development of animal feed, fertilizers, and nutrition supplements. Recent research findings introduce fish bone powder (FBP) reinforcement in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) of plastic composites. However, FBP so far has not been widely utilized for Direct Ink Writing (DIW) 3D printing of silicone composite. In this paper, catfish bone waste has been recycled and processed with a thermal procedure. FBP reinforced silicone composite structures have been developed and manufactured using low-viscosity DIW 3D printing. Morphological and chemical structures of FBPs were analyzed and compared before and after calcination. The rheological and mechanical characterization have indicated the potential of calcinated FBP in advancing the silicone composites. With 0%–50% weight percentages of FBP, composite samples can be designed to get any specified mechanical response (0.5–1.4 MPa in 50% tension strain and 150–550 N in 30% compression strain). The shape holding, overhang, and dimensional accuracy of FBP reinforced silicone composites in single (DIW) and dual (FDM + DIW) 3D printing processes have been demonstrated and summarized. With appropriate adjustments, this FBP-based 3D printing technology can be applied to byproduct recycling of all the US food-fish species, poultry, and livestock.
作为一种著名的商业水产养殖品种,美国的斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)面临着全球市场竞争和饲料成本增加等挑战。由于鱼骨废料是钙和羟基磷灰石的主要来源,对其进行再利用可在动物饲料、肥料和营养补充剂的开发中催生出多种先进产品。最近的研究成果在塑料复合材料的熔融沉积建模(FDM)中引入了鱼骨粉(FBP)增强技术。然而,迄今为止,FBP 还未被广泛用于硅树脂复合材料的直接墨水写入(DIW)3D 打印。在本文中,鲶鱼骨废料被回收并经过热处理。利用低粘度 DIW 三维打印技术开发并制造了 FBP 增强硅树脂复合材料结构。对煅烧前后 FBP 的形态和化学结构进行了分析和比较。流变学和机械特性分析表明,煅烧后的 FBP 具有提高硅树脂复合材料性能的潜力。当 FBP 的重量百分比为 0%-50% 时,复合材料样品可以设计成获得任何指定的机械响应(50% 拉伸应变下为 0.5-1.4 MPa,30% 压缩应变下为 150-550 N)。我们对 FBP 增强硅树脂复合材料在单(DIW)和双(FDM + DIW)三维打印工艺中的形状保持、悬伸和尺寸精度进行了演示和总结。经过适当调整,这种基于 FBP 的三维打印技术可应用于美国所有食品--鱼类、家禽和家畜的副产品回收。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanical performances of unsatured polyester composite reinforced by OleaEuropea var. Sylvestris fibers: Characterization, modeling and optimization of fiber textural properties 油橄榄变种纤维增强的未成熟聚酯复合材料的机械性能:纤维纹理特性的表征、建模和优化
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241276934
Kamal Saidani, Djamel Nibou, Hadda Aya Hammoudi
A mechanical performance of synthesizedunsatured polyester (UP) composite reinforced by OleaEuropea var. Sylvestris fibers was studied by applying the complete 23 factorial plan of experience. The variables orientation angle (V1), length (V2) and ratio (V3) of these fibers have been investigated. The experimental design was used to evaluate these factors on the Young’s modulus and the maximum stress. The textural properties of the fibers were highlighted by XRD, SEM, EDS and FTIR. According to the experimental designresults, the V1 and V2 factors are the most influential and the V1V2/V2V1 and V1V3/V3V1 interactions are the most significant. The significance Student’s tests of all effects were found non negligible and significant and the validation of the proposed linear models was verified by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The study of the fracture facies of specimens of various experimental configurations by SEM showed the direct dependence of factors V1, V2 and V3 and their interactions on the improvement of the mechanical properties. Five deterioration zones were detected and identified as matrix cracking, longitudinal intra fiber cracking, fiber-matrix decohesion, fiber-matrix loosening and strong fiber-matrix cohesion.
通过应用完整的 23 因式经验计划,研究了油橄榄变种 Sylvestris 纤维增强的合成未成熟聚酯(UP)复合材料的机械性能。研究了这些纤维的取向角(V1)、长度(V2)和比率(V3)等变量。实验设计用于评估这些因素对杨氏模量和最大应力的影响。纤维的纹理特性通过 XRD、SEM、EDS 和 FTIR 得到了强调。根据实验设计结果,V1 和 V2 因子的影响最大,V1V2/V2V1 和 V1V3/V3V1 的相互作用最为显著。通过方差分析(ANOVA)验证了所提出的线性模型。通过扫描电子显微镜对不同实验结构试样的断裂面进行的研究表明,因素 V1、V2 和 V3 及其相互作用对机械性能的改善有直接的影响。检测并确定了五个劣化区,分别是基质开裂、纤维内纵向开裂、纤维-基质解粘连、纤维-基质松散和纤维-基质强内聚。
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引用次数: 0
Parametric process optimisation of automated fibre placement (AFP) based AS4/APC-2 composites for mode I and mode II fracture toughness 基于自动纤维铺放 (AFP) 的 AS4/APC-2 复合材料的模式 I 和模式 II 断裂韧度参数化工艺优化
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241283598
Shafaq Shafaq, Matthew J Donough, Ebrahim Oromiehie, Faisal Islam, Andrew W Phillips, Nigel A St John, B Gangadhara Prusty
In-situ consolidation of thermoplastic composites using Automated Fibre Placement (AFP) technology is an emerging manufacturing technique, offering tailored composite properties through customised processing parameters. Multiple competing parameters during AFP manufacturing influence the quality and mechanical performance of the laminates. These lay-up parameters are interrelated, and often require comprehensive experimental characterisation which is costly and time-intensive. This study aims to optimise the fracture toughness of in-situ consolidated thermoplastic composite (AS4/APC-2) and investigate the mechanisms that contribute to it. Taguchi’s method is employed to efficiently analyse the effect of various process parameters at multiple levels. Based on the obtained results, a considerable effect of process parameters on Mode I and II fracture toughness is observed. The statistical analysis reveals that the Hot Gas Torch (HGT) temperature required for AFP processing significantly affects the Mode I fracture toughness, contributing to 33.8%. Whereas, the consolidation force, another key processing parameter in AFP notably affects Mode II fracture toughness, with the contribution of 81.8%. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals interdependent processing parameter relations for both fracture modes. A validation test showed good agreement between the predicted fracture toughness and the experimental test.
使用自动纤维铺放(AFP)技术对热塑性复合材料进行原位加固是一种新兴的制造技术,可通过定制的加工参数提供量身定制的复合材料性能。AFP 制造过程中的多个竞争参数会影响层压板的质量和机械性能。这些铺层参数相互关联,通常需要进行全面的实验表征,成本高且耗时长。本研究旨在优化原位固结热塑性复合材料(AS4/APC-2)的断裂韧性,并研究其作用机制。研究采用了田口方法,在多个层面上有效地分析了各种工艺参数的影响。结果表明,工艺参数对模式 I 和模式 II 断裂韧性的影响相当大。统计分析显示,AFP 加工所需的热气喷枪 (HGT) 温度对模式 I 断裂韧性的影响很大,占 33.8%。而 AFP 的另一个关键加工参数--固结力对模式 II 断裂韧度的影响较大,占 81.8%。方差分析(ANOVA)揭示了两种断裂模式中相互依存的加工参数关系。验证测试表明,预测的断裂韧性与实验测试结果一致。
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引用次数: 0
Elastic properties identification of a bio-based material in tertiary packaging: Tools and methods development 三级包装中生物基材料的弹性特性鉴定:工具和方法开发
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241284038
Mohamed Hichem Saihi, Sonia Sassi, Francis Collombet, Yves-Henri Grunevald, Yves Davila, Redouane Zitoune
This study focuses on the use of bio-based materials for structural purposes in the packaging field, which requires the identification of their mechanical properties at a representative scale. The mechanical properties of bio-based materials are more variable than those of traditional composite materials. In a standard characterization approach using elemental coupons under uniaxial loading, the variability depends on the chosen representative elementary volume (REV), free edges, boundary conditions, etc. for elastic properties that are not identified for representative working conditions; this could lead to the ineligibility of these bio-based materials as structural materials. This paper contributes to the debate on how to study the response of bio-based materials within a structure, here a packaging structure as a logistic unit (LU) subjected to a compressive load simulating storage and stacking conditions. In the set of tools and methods for the design of packaging materials made of bio-based materials, an elastic nonlinear geometric finite element model (FEM) and an experimental approach are presented. The FEM allows the numerical identification of zones of interest within the LU. Inevitably, the FEM classically requires input data which are elastic properties of the equivalent homogeneous material. The design of the FEM is based on a calculation-test approach using an existing reference LU and it can be summarized in two main steps. The first step concerns the development of a FEM able to restore the experimental conditions of vertical compression imposed by transport standards for packaging. The second step is based on updating the input properties of the FEM by reverse identification, to achieve the representative working condition properties, using experimental results obtained on the existing reference LU. For the reverse identification a multi-scale investigation is mandatory. For this purpose, the linear elastic part of the load/vertical displacement curves (at the LU stiffness scale) and the displacement and strain fields measured (at the local LU scale) by 3D digital image correlation (3D DIC) are evaluated. Then, FEM property updating is carried out by reducing the deviation of displacement/strain fields between FEM and experimentally measured results (3D DIC). Finally, we explain how FEM and 3D DIC help in decision-making by allowing the recognition of zones of interest in a phase of design of new LUs with the concept of Multi-Instrumented Technological Evaluator (MITE).
本研究的重点是将生物基材料用于包装领域的结构目的,这就需要确定其具有代表性的机械性能。与传统复合材料相比,生物基材料的机械性能变化更大。在单轴加载下使用元素试样的标准表征方法中,可变性取决于所选的代表性基本体积 (REV)、自由边缘、边界条件等弹性属性,而这些属性在代表性工作条件下无法确定;这可能导致这些生物基材料无法用作结构材料。本文有助于讨论如何研究生物基材料在结构中的响应,这里的结构是指作为物流单元(LU)的包装结构,在模拟存储和堆叠条件下承受压缩载荷。在生物基材料包装材料设计工具和方法集中,介绍了弹性非线性几何有限元模型(FEM)和实验方法。有限元模型可以对 LU 内的相关区域进行数值识别。有限元模型不可避免地需要输入等效均质材料的弹性特性数据。有限元模型的设计基于使用现有参考 LU 的计算-测试方法,可归纳为两个主要步骤。第一步是开发一个能够还原包装运输标准规定的垂直压缩实验条件的有限元模型。第二步是通过反向识别更新有限元的输入属性,利用在现有参考 LU 上获得的实验结果实现具有代表性的工作条件属性。为了进行反向识别,必须进行多尺度调查。为此,需要评估荷载/垂直位移曲线的线性弹性部分(在路面刚度尺度上)以及通过三维数字图像相关(3D DIC)测量的位移和应变场(在局部路面尺度上)。然后,通过减少有限元分析与实验测量结果(3D DIC)之间的位移/应变场偏差,对有限元分析进行属性更新。最后,我们解释了有限元和三维数字图像相关性如何通过多仪器技术评估(MITE)的概念,在新 LU 的设计阶段识别感兴趣的区域,从而帮助决策。
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引用次数: 0
Enhanced mechanical, tribological and corrosion properties of graphite and carbon nanotube-reinforced copper-based hybrid composites 增强石墨和碳纳米管增强铜基混合复合材料的机械、摩擦和腐蚀特性
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241284015
Gamze Ispirlioglu Kara, Sinan Sezek, Bunyamin Aksakal
Copper (Cu)-based hybrid composites were fabricated by powder metallurgy, incorporating Graphite (Gr) and Carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforcements at various fractions. The composites were formed using a cold pressing technique and subsequently sintered at various temperatures. The structural properties of the hybrid composites were evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersion Spectrum (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hardness, compression, wear and corrosion tests were performed to show the effect of the reinforcements. It was shown that the hardness of Gr and CNT reinforcements have significantly improved the properties of pure Cu. The Cu-Gr-2CNT hybrid composite, which was subjected to sintering at a temperature of 850°C, exhibited the highest level of hardness, showing a significant increase of 51.4% in comparison to the pure Cu sample. While the compressive stresses increased in the Cu matrix with the addition of Cu-Gr, it increased to 350 MPa with the addition of 2 wt% CNT. The hardness value exhibited a similar increase and was measured to be 122 HV in Cu-Gr-2CNT. During the wear tests, the coefficient of friction values fell by 9.2% for Cu-2CNT, by 3.88% for Cu-CNT, by 3.92% for Cu-Gr-2CNT, and by 5.27% for Cu-Gr-CNT, as compared to pure Cu. The comprehensive findings demonstrated that the tests and analyses yielded consistent results, and the utilization of various combinations of Gr and CNT reinforcements enhanced the mechanical, tribological, and corrosion resistance properties of the fabricated hybrid composites. Nevertheless, the combination of Cu-Gr-2CNT yielded the most advantageous outcomes.
铜(Cu)基混合复合材料是通过粉末冶金法制造的,其中加入了不同比例的石墨(Gr)和碳纳米管(CNT)增强材料。复合材料采用冷压技术成型,随后在不同温度下烧结。使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散谱(EDX)和 X 射线衍射(XRD)对混合复合材料的结构特性进行了评估。还进行了硬度、压缩、磨损和腐蚀测试,以显示增强材料的效果。结果表明,Gr 和 CNT 增强材料的硬度明显改善了纯铜的性能。在 850°C 温度下烧结的 Cu-Gr-2CNT 混合复合材料硬度最高,与纯铜样品相比,硬度大幅提高了 51.4%。虽然铜基体中的压缩应力随着铜-铬的添加而增加,但添加 2 wt% 的 CNT 后,压缩应力增加到 350 兆帕。Cu-Gr-2CNT 的硬度值也有类似的增加,测量结果为 122 HV。在磨损测试中,与纯铜相比,Cu-2CNT 的摩擦系数下降了 9.2%,Cu-CNT 下降了 3.88%,Cu-Gr-2CNT 下降了 3.92%,Cu-Gr-CNT 下降了 5.27%。综合结果表明,测试和分析得出的结果是一致的,利用 Gr 和 CNT 增强材料的不同组合提高了所制造混合复合材料的机械、摩擦学和耐腐蚀性能。然而,Cu-Gr-2CNT 的组合产生了最有利的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of mechanical and tribological properties of vacuum sintered hybrid reinforced Al-4Cu composites 测定真空烧结混合增强 Al-4Cu 复合材料的机械和摩擦学特性
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241283599
Üsame Ali Usca, Serhat Şap, Mahir Uzun, Ünal Değirmenci
This study aims to modernize commonly preferred hybrid aluminum composites in the automotive and defense industries. For this purpose, Al-4Cu/B4C-SiC hybrid composites were manufactured using the hot pressing method and their microstructure, mechanical, and tribological properties were investigated. SEM/EDS analyses of the samples were conducted to examine morphological characteristics. Hardness, relative density, and three-point bending tests were performed on the produced samples. Additionally, wear tests were conducted under dry sliding conditions and different loads (5-10-15 N) to investigate tribological properties. The addition of hybrid reinforcements resulted in high hardness (88.54 HB) and relative density (98.83%) values. The highest bending stress (556.9 MPa) was observed in sample AC-4 (Al-4Cu/2B4C-2SiC). The lowest mass loss (1.1 × 10−3 g) was encountered in sample AC-6 (Al-4Cu/6B4C-6SiC), where all reinforcements were present together. Plastic deformation, oxidation, and residual wear mechanisms were identified on the worn surfaces of the samples. Consequently, the addition of hybrid reinforcements to Al-4Cu composites shows promising potential in enhancing the mechanical and tribological performance of the composites.
本研究旨在将汽车和国防工业中常用的混合铝复合材料现代化。为此,采用热压方法制造了 Al-4Cu/B4C-SiC 混合复合材料,并对其微观结构、机械和摩擦学性能进行了研究。对样品进行了 SEM/EDS 分析,以检查形态特征。对制备的样品进行了硬度、相对密度和三点弯曲测试。此外,还在干燥滑动条件和不同载荷(5-10-15 N)下进行了磨损测试,以研究摩擦学特性。添加混合增强剂后,硬度(88.54 HB)和相对密度(98.83%)值都很高。在样品 AC-4(Al-4Cu/2B4C-2SiC)中观察到了最高的弯曲应力(556.9 兆帕)。样品 AC-6(Al-4Cu/6B4C-6SiC)的质量损失最小(1.1 × 10-3 g),其中所有增强材料都一起存在。在样品的磨损表面发现了塑性变形、氧化和残余磨损机制。因此,在 Al-4Cu 复合材料中添加混合增强材料有望提高复合材料的机械和摩擦学性能。
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引用次数: 0
A physics-informed machine learning model for global-local stress prediction of open holes with finite-width effects in composite structures 用于预测复合材料结构中具有有限宽度效应的开孔的全局-局部应力的物理信息机器学习模型
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241281073
Omar Ahmed Imran Azeem, Silvestre T Pinho
Fast and accurate methods are required to predict stresses in the vicinity of open and closed holes in composite structures, especially in a global-local modelling context as applied during the design of airframe structures. Fast analytical solutions for infinite-width anisotropic plates with open holes do not consider finite-width effects. Heuristic methods and semi-analytical solutions can be used to towards addressing such effects. To improve the accuracy and speed of these respective methods, we use machine learning (ML) methods trained on high-fidelity finite element analyses to make finite-width corrections. However, such methods require large amounts of training data to reduce errors to satisfactory levels. Therefore, in this study, the fusion of analytical solutions with machine learning is performed. We develop an analytical solution-informed ML model that is as fast as an analytical solution and superior in accuracy to analytical solutions with heuristic finite-width scaling. Our informed ML model offers accuracies equal to analytical solutions for the infinite-width case, and it is capable for use in a global-local modelling context, under uniaxial and biaxial loading. Our informed ML model outperforms prediction accuracy across all cases compared to uninformed ML models and requires a significantly lower size training dataset size.
需要快速准确的方法来预测复合材料结构中开孔和闭孔附近的应力,特别是在机身结构设计中应用的全局局部建模环境下。对于具有开孔的无穷宽各向异性板材,快速分析解决方案并未考虑有限宽度效应。启发式方法和半解析解法可用于解决此类效应。为了提高这些方法的准确性和速度,我们使用在高保真有限元分析中训练的机器学习(ML)方法来进行有限宽度修正。然而,这些方法需要大量的训练数据才能将误差降低到令人满意的水平。因此,在本研究中,我们将分析求解与机器学习进行了融合。我们开发了一种以分析解决方案为基础的 ML 模型,其速度与分析解决方案不相上下,精度则优于采用启发式有限宽度缩放的分析解决方案。我们的知情 ML 模型在无限宽度情况下的精确度与分析解决方案相当,并且能够在单轴和双轴载荷条件下用于全局-局部建模。与无信息的 ML 模型相比,我们的有信息 ML 模型在所有情况下的预测精度都更高,而且所需的训练数据集规模也大大降低。
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引用次数: 0
Rapid identification of the coefficient of moisture expansion of polymer materials by the employment of plates with asymmetric concentration fields 利用非对称浓度场板快速确定聚合物材料的湿膨胀系数
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241268882
Marianne Beringhier, Marco Gigliotti, Paolo Vannucci
The paper pursues the development of a novel methodology for the rapid identification of the diffuso-mechanical properties of polymer materials based on the employment of plates subject to asymmetric moisture concentration fields. The study is carried out on epoxy plate samples equipped with a thin aluminium foil on a surface exposed to the environment to promote asymmetric moisture absorption. The asymmetric moisture fields promote deformations of the plate. Mass gain and plate curvatures are measured as a function of time during conditioning. By using a weakly coupled diffuso-mechanical model: 1D Fick’s diffusion model and 2D plane stress hygroelastic model the diffuso-mechanical properties of the material can be then identified. Due to the chosen size of the experimental samples the present study allows the identification of the coefficient of moisture expansion of the epoxy material. For the material under study, the following values can be identified for saturation mass gain, water diffusivity and coefficient of moisture expansion respectively: 1.67%, 0.025 mm2.h−1, 0.1628.
本文基于受非对称水分浓度场影响的板材,开发了一种快速识别聚合物材料扩散力学性能的新方法。研究对象是环氧树脂板样品,其表面装有薄铝箔,暴露在环境中,以促进非对称吸湿。非对称湿度场促进板材变形。在调节过程中,测量了质量增加和板的曲率随时间的变化。通过使用弱耦合扩散-机械模型:一维菲克扩散模型和二维平面应力湿弹性模型可以确定材料的扩散力学特性。由于所选实验样品的尺寸,本研究可以确定环氧树脂材料的湿膨胀系数。对于所研究的材料,可以分别确定以下饱和增重值、水扩散率和湿膨胀系数:1.67%、0.025 mm2.h-1、0.1628。
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引用次数: 0
Synthesis of polymeric microcapsules filled with castor oil to enhance tribological properties in epoxy resin 合成填充了蓖麻油的聚合物微胶囊以增强环氧树脂的摩擦学特性
IF 2.9 3区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1177/00219983241276932
Mariza Fernandes, Juliana Souza, Ana Leticia Santos, Pamella Medeiros, Mauricio Bomio, Maria Costa
The addition of microcapsules (MCs) to a polymer matrix has been gaining attention because it facilitates the attainment of composite materials with better mechanical, chemical and functional properties that enhance its tribological properties. In this work, poly (urea formaldehyde) (PUF) microcapsules filled with castor oil were synthesized using an in situ polymerization method and then added to the epoxy matrix at mass percentages of 2.5%, 5% and 10%. Spherical microcapsules were obtained with the desired composition, confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The surface of the composites was analyzed using the roughness parameters Ra, Rq, Rz, Rsk and Rku. The preliminary tribological properties were evaluated using tests with a pin-on-disk configuration. After the tribological tests, the wear track was characterized using SEM images. There was a reduction of approximately 50% in the coefficient of friction of the composites studied and the specimen with 2.5% microcapsules had the best self-lubricating performance, considering the characterizations of roughness and track sinking.
在聚合物基体中添加微胶囊(MCs)越来越受到关注,因为这有助于获得具有更好的机械、化学和功能特性的复合材料,从而提高其摩擦学特性。在这项工作中,采用原位聚合法合成了填充蓖麻油的聚(脲醛)(PUF)微胶囊,然后以 2.5%、5% 和 10%的质量百分比添加到环氧树脂基体中。经傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像确认,获得了具有所需成分的球形微胶囊。使用粗糙度参数 Ra、Rq、Rz、Rsk 和 Rku 对复合材料的表面进行了分析。使用针盘配置测试评估了初步的摩擦学特性。摩擦学测试后,使用 SEM 图像对磨损轨迹进行了表征。所研究的复合材料的摩擦系数降低了约 50%,考虑到粗糙度和轨迹下沉的特征,含有 2.5% 微胶囊的试样具有最佳的自润滑性能。
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Journal of Composite Materials
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