A. Lawson, S. Steckel, Matthew T. Williams, J. Adamczyk, H. Kelly, S. Stewart
The control of target pests and impact on non-target arthropods, including pollinators, is affected by the persistence of pesticides on plants following an application. A study was conducted in Tennessee to investigate the levels of pesticide residues on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and soybean, Glycine max (L.), following a foliar application made during early flowering. Residues of four classes of insecticides and three classes of fungicides were assessed at 1, 24, 72, 144, and 216 h after application on cotton leaves, anthers of cotton flowers, and soybean flowers. Active ingredients included acephate, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin, and propiconazole. Initial pesticide residues on cotton leaves were many times greater than those on cotton anthers or soybean flowers. With the exception of chlorantraniliprole on cotton leaves, fungicide residues persisted longer than insecticides. Also, pesticide residues on soybean flowers degraded more slowly than those on cotton leaves or anthers. For cotton leaves, insecticide residues decreased sharply within 24 h after application except for chlorantraniliprole. All pesticide residues on cotton anthers were dramatically lower 24 h after application, indicating little systemic movement to pollen. By 216 h after application, and considerably sooner in most scenarios, pesticide residues on cotton and soybean had diminished by 90% or more. The implications of these results on pest management and pollinator safety are discussed.
对目标害虫的控制和对非目标节肢动物(包括传粉昆虫)的影响受到施用后农药在植物上的持久性的影响。在田纳西州进行了一项研究，调查了棉花棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)和大豆(Glycine max (L.))在开花早期叶面施用农药后的农药残留水平。分别于施药后1、24、72、144和216 h对4类杀虫剂和3类杀菌剂在棉花叶片、棉花花花药和大豆花上的残留量进行了测定。有效成分包括乙酰甲胺磷、吡虫啉、高效氯氰菊酯、氯虫腈、氟吡虫沙、吡氯菌酯和丙环唑。棉花叶片上的初始农药残留量是棉花花药或大豆花上农药残留量的数倍。除氯虫腈在棉花叶片上残留外，杀菌剂的残留时间比杀虫剂长。此外，大豆花上的农药残留降解速度比棉花叶和花药上的农药残留降解速度慢。除氯虫腈外，棉花叶片的农药残留量在施用后24 h内急剧下降。施用24 h后，所有农药残留在棉花花药上的残留量均显著降低，表明对花粉的系统运动很少。施用后216小时，在大多数情况下，棉花和大豆上的农药残留减少了90%或更多。讨论了这些结果对害虫管理和传粉者安全的意义。
{"title":"Insecticide and Fungicide Residues Following Foliar Application to Cotton and Soybean","authors":"A. Lawson, S. Steckel, Matthew T. Williams, J. Adamczyk, H. Kelly, S. Stewart","doi":"10.56454/nqnr7253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/nqnr7253","url":null,"abstract":"The control of target pests and impact on non-target arthropods, including pollinators, is affected by the persistence of pesticides on plants following an application. A study was conducted in Tennessee to investigate the levels of pesticide residues on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and soybean, Glycine max (L.), following a foliar application made during early flowering. Residues of four classes of insecticides and three classes of fungicides were assessed at 1, 24, 72, 144, and 216 h after application on cotton leaves, anthers of cotton flowers, and soybean flowers. Active ingredients included acephate, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin, and propiconazole. Initial pesticide residues on cotton leaves were many times greater than those on cotton anthers or soybean flowers. With the exception of chlorantraniliprole on cotton leaves, fungicide residues persisted longer than insecticides. Also, pesticide residues on soybean flowers degraded more slowly than those on cotton leaves or anthers. For cotton leaves, insecticide residues decreased sharply within 24 h after application except for chlorantraniliprole. All pesticide residues on cotton anthers were dramatically lower 24 h after application, indicating little systemic movement to pollen. By 216 h after application, and considerably sooner in most scenarios, pesticide residues on cotton and soybean had diminished by 90% or more. The implications of these results on pest management and pollinator safety are discussed.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70804943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cotton fiber mutants are useful tools for understanding the genetics and physiology of cotton fiber development. Currently, there are two naturally occurring, dominant lintless mutant lines, Ligon-lintless-1 (Li1) and Ligon-lintless-2 (Li2), and one man-made mutant line, Ligon-lintless-x (Lix), that exhibit extremely short lint fibers. Here we report a new lintless mutant that is the result of artificial chemical mutagenesis. In 2008, the cotton line MD 15 (PI 642769) was mutagenized with 3.2% v/v ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). In 2010, a single Ligon-lintless-type plant was identified among the 2,000 M2 mutant progeny plants and was designated liy. This plant was crossed with the wild-type MD 15 with the objective of determining the genetic control of the lintless trait. Unlike Li1, Li2, and Lix, which are controlled by a single dominant gene, this new lintless trait is controlled by a monogenic recessive gene designated as liy. The liy plant is short and stunted and has an okra-leaf phenotype. The liy gene is not allelic to either Li1 or Li2. The genetic loci controlling these four Ligon-lintless mutations are located on four different chromosomes. This new lintless mutant will be useful in further investigating fiber elongation in cotton.
{"title":"A New Ligon-Lintless Mutant (liy) in Upland Cotton","authors":"E. Bechere, D. Fang, Marina Naoumkina","doi":"10.56454/aiwp9261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/aiwp9261","url":null,"abstract":"Cotton fiber mutants are useful tools for understanding the genetics and physiology of cotton fiber development. Currently, there are two naturally occurring, dominant lintless mutant lines, Ligon-lintless-1 (Li1) and Ligon-lintless-2 (Li2), and one man-made mutant line, Ligon-lintless-x (Lix), that exhibit extremely short lint fibers. Here we report a new lintless mutant that is the result of artificial chemical mutagenesis. In 2008, the cotton line MD 15 (PI 642769) was mutagenized with 3.2% v/v ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). In 2010, a single Ligon-lintless-type plant was identified among the 2,000 M2 mutant progeny plants and was designated liy. This plant was crossed with the wild-type MD 15 with the objective of determining the genetic control of the lintless trait. Unlike Li1, Li2, and Lix, which are controlled by a single dominant gene, this new lintless trait is controlled by a monogenic recessive gene designated as liy. The liy plant is short and stunted and has an okra-leaf phenotype. The liy gene is not allelic to either Li1 or Li2. The genetic loci controlling these four Ligon-lintless mutations are located on four different chromosomes. This new lintless mutant will be useful in further investigating fiber elongation in cotton.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70803170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shawn A. Butler, T. Raper, M. Buschermohle, L. Tran, Lori A. Duncan
One proposed use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in crop production is to produce quantitative data to support replant decisions by assessing plant stands. Theoretically, analysis of UAS imagery could quickly determine plant populations across large areas. The objective of this research was to investigate the ability of UAS to quantify accurately varying plant populations of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Field studies were conducted in Jackson, Milan, and Grand Junction, Tennessee in three consecutive growing seasons. Treatments included five seeding rates ranging from 8,500 to 118,970 seed ha-1. After emergence, cotton plants were manually counted and images were collected in 2016 and 2017 with a MicaSense RedEdge multispectral sensor and in 2018 with a Sentera Double 4K multispectral sensor. Sensors were mounted to a quad-copter UAS flying at altitudes of 30, 60, 75, and 120 m above ground level. Spectral properties were assessed to generate normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) thresholds that were used to limit the analysis to only plant material. Images were processed and analyzed to estimate number of plants and compared to actual plant populations within each plot. Images obtained from lower altitudes proved to be more accurate, with greatest correlations to actual ground-truthed plant populations from data collected at an altitude of 30 m. The utilization of the described novel method of estimating cotton plant population from NDVI-calculated UAS imagery might improve upon spatial and temporal efficiency in comparison to current methodology of estimation.
{"title":"Making the Cotton Replant Decision: A Novel and Simplistic Method to Estimate Cotton Plant Population from UAS-calculated NDVI","authors":"Shawn A. Butler, T. Raper, M. Buschermohle, L. Tran, Lori A. Duncan","doi":"10.56454/cdkg1931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/cdkg1931","url":null,"abstract":"One proposed use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in crop production is to produce quantitative data to support replant decisions by assessing plant stands. Theoretically, analysis of UAS imagery could quickly determine plant populations across large areas. The objective of this research was to investigate the ability of UAS to quantify accurately varying plant populations of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Field studies were conducted in Jackson, Milan, and Grand Junction, Tennessee in three consecutive growing seasons. Treatments included five seeding rates ranging from 8,500 to 118,970 seed ha-1. After emergence, cotton plants were manually counted and images were collected in 2016 and 2017 with a MicaSense RedEdge multispectral sensor and in 2018 with a Sentera Double 4K multispectral sensor. Sensors were mounted to a quad-copter UAS flying at altitudes of 30, 60, 75, and 120 m above ground level. Spectral properties were assessed to generate normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) thresholds that were used to limit the analysis to only plant material. Images were processed and analyzed to estimate number of plants and compared to actual plant populations within each plot. Images obtained from lower altitudes proved to be more accurate, with greatest correlations to actual ground-truthed plant populations from data collected at an altitude of 30 m. The utilization of the described novel method of estimating cotton plant population from NDVI-calculated UAS imagery might improve upon spatial and temporal efficiency in comparison to current methodology of estimation.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70803327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The adoption of round module cotton pickers expanded rapidly in Australia after their introduction in 2008. The objective of this study was to monitor changes in fibre quality as a result of storage time and changes in conditions within modules. Temperature, relative humidity and moisture content of seed cotton in plastic-wrapped round modules, and the resulting fibre quality, were monitored for extended periods of time across three locations over three seasons. All modules observed across seasons and locations had initial moisture contents of less than 12%, which was consistent with recommended practice. Moisture levels and temperature in the modules during storage closely followed but trailed changes in ambient weather conditions. With modules typically picked during late summer through to mid-autumn, conditions inside the modules typically cooled and dried during storage. The direction of the open module face affected the rate of drying and/or cooling, as did covering modules with a tarpaulin. Fibre quality was largely stable across storage periods of up to three months, although colour (yellowness) and fibre elongation consistently degraded, even after one month of storage. Over longer periods properties such as length and strength were negatively affected although changes, whilst statistically significant, were often small or inconsequential in terms of the commercial premium paid for these properties. From this study we conclude current guidelines for cotton harvesting and storage are applicable to these new round modules. Interestingly, the ‘negative’ changes in fibre yellowness often increased the value of cotton in terms of its USDA colour grade.
{"title":"The Effect of Round Module Storage Time and Ambient Conditions On Cotton Quality","authors":"M. Miao, S. Gordon","doi":"10.56454/ifnv5835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/ifnv5835","url":null,"abstract":"The adoption of round module cotton pickers expanded rapidly in Australia after their introduction in 2008. The objective of this study was to monitor changes in fibre quality as a result of storage time and changes in conditions within modules. Temperature, relative humidity and moisture content of seed cotton in plastic-wrapped round modules, and the resulting fibre quality, were monitored for extended periods of time across three locations over three seasons. All modules observed across seasons and locations had initial moisture contents of less than 12%, which was consistent with recommended practice. Moisture levels and temperature in the modules during storage closely followed but trailed changes in ambient weather conditions. With modules typically picked during late summer through to mid-autumn, conditions inside the modules typically cooled and dried during storage. The direction of the open module face affected the rate of drying and/or cooling, as did covering modules with a tarpaulin. Fibre quality was largely stable across storage periods of up to three months, although colour (yellowness) and fibre elongation consistently degraded, even after one month of storage. Over longer periods properties such as length and strength were negatively affected although changes, whilst statistically significant, were often small or inconsequential in terms of the commercial premium paid for these properties. From this study we conclude current guidelines for cotton harvesting and storage are applicable to these new round modules. Interestingly, the ‘negative’ changes in fibre yellowness often increased the value of cotton in terms of its USDA colour grade.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70803789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hughs, G. Holt, C. B. Armijo, D. Whitelock, T. Valco
Cotton fiber was first used in 6000 B.C. The two New World cotton species that are most of today’s production include G. hirsutum (Upland) and G. barbadense (Extra Long Staple [ELS]). The first cotton gin existed by the 5th century A.D (single-roller gin). The next development was the churka gin (double-roller gin) which ginned cotton five times faster than the single-roller gin. The churka gin was widely used in North America by 1750 and ginned both Upland and Sea Island (ELS) cotton. The spike-tooth cotton gin was developed by Eli Whitney in 1794. Hodgen Holmes developed a continuous flow gin with toothed saw blades in 1796. These were a different concept than the double-roller gins. Holmes’ saw gin dominated the industry for Upland cotton (and still does), whereas double-roller gin use continued for Sea Island cotton. In 1840, Fones McCarthy developed a reciprocating-knife roller gin. The saw gin had a significantly higher ginning capacity than the McCarthy gin, so it was used with Upland cotton and the McCarthy roller gin was used with Sea Island cotton to preserve the long-staple cotton’s quality. Sea Island production ceased in 1923 because of the boll weevil, but Pima (ELS) cotton had developed by this time in the Southwest, so roller gin use continued. In 1963, a rotary-knife roller gin was developed that ginned at five times the rate of a reciprocating-knife gin. A high-speed roller gin was developed in 2005 with a ginning capacity, on a per-width basis, comparable to modern-day saw gins.
{"title":"COTTON GINNERS HANDBOOK: Development of the Cotton Gin","authors":"S. Hughs, G. Holt, C. B. Armijo, D. Whitelock, T. Valco","doi":"10.56454/medh2749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/medh2749","url":null,"abstract":"Cotton fiber was first used in 6000 B.C. The two New World cotton species that are most of today’s production include G. hirsutum (Upland) and G. barbadense (Extra Long Staple [ELS]). The first cotton gin existed by the 5th century A.D (single-roller gin). The next development was the churka gin (double-roller gin) which ginned cotton five times faster than the single-roller gin. The churka gin was widely used in North America by 1750 and ginned both Upland and Sea Island (ELS) cotton. The spike-tooth cotton gin was developed by Eli Whitney in 1794. Hodgen Holmes developed a continuous flow gin with toothed saw blades in 1796. These were a different concept than the double-roller gins. Holmes’ saw gin dominated the industry for Upland cotton (and still does), whereas double-roller gin use continued for Sea Island cotton. In 1840, Fones McCarthy developed a reciprocating-knife roller gin. The saw gin had a significantly higher ginning capacity than the McCarthy gin, so it was used with Upland cotton and the McCarthy roller gin was used with Sea Island cotton to preserve the long-staple cotton’s quality. Sea Island production ceased in 1923 because of the boll weevil, but Pima (ELS) cotton had developed by this time in the Southwest, so roller gin use continued. In 1963, a rotary-knife roller gin was developed that ginned at five times the rate of a reciprocating-knife gin. A high-speed roller gin was developed in 2005 with a ginning capacity, on a per-width basis, comparable to modern-day saw gins.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70804350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the southern U.S., rollers/crimpers are used to terminate cover crops approximately 3 weeks before planting cotton when the cover crop reaches > 90% termination. When spring is wet or cold, the 3-week period is reduced to keep recommended planting dates. A 3-year experiment was initiated in Alabama to determine the effectiveness of a 4-stage roller/crimper in increasing termination rates for cereal rye compared to 2-stage and spiral rollers/crimpers in rolling 1, 2, and 3 times over rye along with a single-pass smooth roller with glyphosate application. Effects of rye termination at 7, 14, and 21 days after rolling were assessed as were the effects on soil water conservation, cotton population, and yield. Seven days after rolling, the 4-stage, 2-stage, and spiral rollers rolling 3 times generated 96, 92, and 81% termination, respectively. Termination with the smooth roller with glyphosate was 94% and the control (no rolling) was 37%. At 14 days, termination among rollers was 91 to 98% and at 21 days no differences were found among rollers (99-100%). The 4-stage roller 3 times had the highest average soil volumetric water content (VWC) of 16.1%, whereas the spiral roller 1 time had the lowest (13.6%). Rolled rye had higher VWC content averaging 14.7% (12-cm surface layer) compared to the control (12.7%). Rolling treatments affected cotton emergence only in 2015; cotton population and yield were not affected. Seven days after rolling, the 4-stage and 2-stage roller/crimpers exceeded 90% rye termination making earlier cotton planting possible if required by climatic conditions.
{"title":"Effects of Different Rollers and Rye Termination Methods on Soil Moisture and Cotton Production in a No-Till System","authors":"T. Kornecki","doi":"10.56454/oiqc6221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/oiqc6221","url":null,"abstract":"In the southern U.S., rollers/crimpers are used to terminate cover crops approximately 3 weeks before planting cotton when the cover crop reaches > 90% termination. When spring is wet or cold, the 3-week period is reduced to keep recommended planting dates. A 3-year experiment was initiated in Alabama to determine the effectiveness of a 4-stage roller/crimper in increasing termination rates for cereal rye compared to 2-stage and spiral rollers/crimpers in rolling 1, 2, and 3 times over rye along with a single-pass smooth roller with glyphosate application. Effects of rye termination at 7, 14, and 21 days after rolling were assessed as were the effects on soil water conservation, cotton population, and yield. Seven days after rolling, the 4-stage, 2-stage, and spiral rollers rolling 3 times generated 96, 92, and 81% termination, respectively. Termination with the smooth roller with glyphosate was 94% and the control (no rolling) was 37%. At 14 days, termination among rollers was 91 to 98% and at 21 days no differences were found among rollers (99-100%). The 4-stage roller 3 times had the highest average soil volumetric water content (VWC) of 16.1%, whereas the spiral roller 1 time had the lowest (13.6%). Rolled rye had higher VWC content averaging 14.7% (12-cm surface layer) compared to the control (12.7%). Rolling treatments affected cotton emergence only in 2015; cotton population and yield were not affected. Seven days after rolling, the 4-stage and 2-stage roller/crimpers exceeded 90% rye termination making earlier cotton planting possible if required by climatic conditions.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70805069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years cottonseed size has been reduced as a result of the substantial fiber yield increases cotton breeders have made. Small cottonseed size has been associated with reduced germination, low seedling vigor and stand establishment, and has created production problems for downstream whole seed users. The potential loss in revenue to the cotton industry due to small seed size is substantial and has prompted a renewed effort by breeders to generate high-yielding, high-quality varieties with increased seed size. To aid these efforts and enable a better understanding of the effects of seed characteristics on fiber, a fuzzy-seed imaging method was developed. The method utilizes inexpensive, off-the-shelf equipment and an open source image processing pipeline to derive the number of seeds, seed index, and seed area, height, width, and perimeter. The time to image the seed and process the image takes less than three minutes per sample on average. The seed counts and seed index were strongly correlated with manual measurements at r = 0.967 and 0.693, respectively. Associations among seed characteristics and fiber indicate seed area, when used to calculate lint density, could be a useful selection criterion for breeders to increase both yield and seed size.
{"title":"Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Fuzzy-Seed Counting by Image Analysis","authors":"M. Herritt, Don C. Jones, A. Thompson","doi":"10.56454/yhkd3150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/yhkd3150","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years cottonseed size has been reduced as a result of the substantial fiber yield increases cotton breeders have made. Small cottonseed size has been associated with reduced germination, low seedling vigor and stand establishment, and has created production problems for downstream whole seed users. The potential loss in revenue to the cotton industry due to small seed size is substantial and has prompted a renewed effort by breeders to generate high-yielding, high-quality varieties with increased seed size. To aid these efforts and enable a better understanding of the effects of seed characteristics on fiber, a fuzzy-seed imaging method was developed. The method utilizes inexpensive, off-the-shelf equipment and an open source image processing pipeline to derive the number of seeds, seed index, and seed area, height, width, and perimeter. The time to image the seed and process the image takes less than three minutes per sample on average. The seed counts and seed index were strongly correlated with manual measurements at r = 0.967 and 0.693, respectively. Associations among seed characteristics and fiber indicate seed area, when used to calculate lint density, could be a useful selection criterion for breeders to increase both yield and seed size.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70806122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. V. D. VAN DER SLUIJS, J. Wanjura, R. Boman, G. Holt, M. Pelletier
On spindle type cotton harvesters, spindles are attached to bars which are arranged on rotating drums. Opposed drum harvesting units position one drum on each side of the row, whereas harvesting units with an in-line drum arrangement position both drums on the right side of the plant row. Two studies conducted in Australia and the United States focused on comparing drum arrangements in regard to harvesting efficiency and fiber quality as there has been no recent published research using high yielding commercial varieties. These studies concluded that there were slight, but insignificant differences among opposed and in-line drum arrangements in terms of harvesting efficiency and lint turn out. Although only statistically significant for the work conducted in the US, lint ginned from seed cotton harvested by the opposed drum arrangement contained more trash than that harvested by the in-line arrangement. In both countries there were small insignificant differences in terms of fiber color (both Rd and +b), length, and micronaire, after ginning and lint cleaning. Although not observed in Australia, small significant differences in length uniformity and strength were observed in favor of the opposed drum arrangement in the US. Measured only in Australia, there were no significant differences between the two drum arrangements in terms of short fiber index, fineness, and maturity. There was also no significant difference between the two drum arrangements in terms of total, fibrous and seed-coat nep content, and size.
{"title":"Assessing the Influence of Spindle Harvester Drum Arrangement on Fiber Quality and Yield","authors":"M. V. D. VAN DER SLUIJS, J. Wanjura, R. Boman, G. Holt, M. Pelletier","doi":"10.56454/lzyk5974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/lzyk5974","url":null,"abstract":"On spindle type cotton harvesters, spindles are attached to bars which are arranged on rotating drums. Opposed drum harvesting units position one drum on each side of the row, whereas harvesting units with an in-line drum arrangement position both drums on the right side of the plant row. Two studies conducted in Australia and the United States focused on comparing drum arrangements in regard to harvesting efficiency and fiber quality as there has been no recent published research using high yielding commercial varieties. These studies concluded that there were slight, but insignificant differences among opposed and in-line drum arrangements in terms of harvesting efficiency and lint turn out. Although only statistically significant for the work conducted in the US, lint ginned from seed cotton harvested by the opposed drum arrangement contained more trash than that harvested by the in-line arrangement. In both countries there were small insignificant differences in terms of fiber color (both Rd and +b), length, and micronaire, after ginning and lint cleaning. Although not observed in Australia, small significant differences in length uniformity and strength were observed in favor of the opposed drum arrangement in the US. Measured only in Australia, there were no significant differences between the two drum arrangements in terms of short fiber index, fineness, and maturity. There was also no significant difference between the two drum arrangements in terms of total, fibrous and seed-coat nep content, and size.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70804652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shawn A. Butler, T. Raper, M. Buschermohle, M. McClure, D. Dodds, A. Jones
Cotton producers in the U.S. Mid-South often plant in cool, wet conditions to lengthen the growing season and maximize yield potential. Although multiple studies have been conducted to determine optimum planting windows and seeding rates, few studies have evaluated the interaction of these parameters. To make a replant decision, the yield potential of the current stand versus the yield potential of the replant must be estimated. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of plant population and planting date on lint yield and fiber quality. Field experiments were conducted in 10 site-years from 2016 to 2018 in Tennessee, Mississippi, and Missouri. Treatments included five seeding rates (10.5, 6.75, 3, 1.5, and 0.75 seeds m-1) and multiple planting dates (typically early May, mid-May, and early June). Although yields were lowest at later planting dates and low populations, results suggested a uniform population of 74,000 plants ha-1 will not warrant a replant at any date, and uniform populations as low as 49,000 plants ha-1 planted after 5 May also will not warrant replanting. Fiber quality was impacted by environment and planting date, with micronaire decreasing and length, strength, and uniformity increasing as planting date was delayed. These data will assist with replant decisions by providing estimates of the current stand relative to the yield potential of a successful (or unsuccessful) replant. Furthermore, results suggest producers could reduce seeding rates at later planting dates without reducing yield potential.
{"title":"Making the Replant Decision: Predicting Yield and Fiber Quality in the Mid-South from Planting Date and Population","authors":"Shawn A. Butler, T. Raper, M. Buschermohle, M. McClure, D. Dodds, A. Jones","doi":"10.56454/zsuq8949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/zsuq8949","url":null,"abstract":"Cotton producers in the U.S. Mid-South often plant in cool, wet conditions to lengthen the growing season and maximize yield potential. Although multiple studies have been conducted to determine optimum planting windows and seeding rates, few studies have evaluated the interaction of these parameters. To make a replant decision, the yield potential of the current stand versus the yield potential of the replant must be estimated. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of plant population and planting date on lint yield and fiber quality. Field experiments were conducted in 10 site-years from 2016 to 2018 in Tennessee, Mississippi, and Missouri. Treatments included five seeding rates (10.5, 6.75, 3, 1.5, and 0.75 seeds m-1) and multiple planting dates (typically early May, mid-May, and early June). Although yields were lowest at later planting dates and low populations, results suggested a uniform population of 74,000 plants ha-1 will not warrant a replant at any date, and uniform populations as low as 49,000 plants ha-1 planted after 5 May also will not warrant replanting. Fiber quality was impacted by environment and planting date, with micronaire decreasing and length, strength, and uniformity increasing as planting date was delayed. These data will assist with replant decisions by providing estimates of the current stand relative to the yield potential of a successful (or unsuccessful) replant. Furthermore, results suggest producers could reduce seeding rates at later planting dates without reducing yield potential.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70806266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Pelletier, C. B. Armijo, P. Funk, John C. Fabian, Robert G. Hardin IV
Automation provides key benefits to production plants: increased speed of production, improved quality control, enhanced worker safety, and reduced production costs. Numerous types of systems use automated control throughout the world; in cotton gins, there are a few main systems that rely on some form of control: material flow, fire suppression, dryer temperature, press operation, and moisture restoration systems. This chapter provides an overview of control systems in general along with key examples of control systems in use in U.S. cotton gins.
{"title":"COTTON GINNERS HANDBOOK: Gin Process Control","authors":"M. Pelletier, C. B. Armijo, P. Funk, John C. Fabian, Robert G. Hardin IV","doi":"10.56454/brfu4848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56454/brfu4848","url":null,"abstract":"Automation provides key benefits to production plants: increased speed of production, improved quality control, enhanced worker safety, and reduced production costs. Numerous types of systems use automated control throughout the world; in cotton gins, there are a few main systems that rely on some form of control: material flow, fire suppression, dryer temperature, press operation, and moisture restoration systems. This chapter provides an overview of control systems in general along with key examples of control systems in use in U.S. cotton gins.","PeriodicalId":15558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cotton science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70803132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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