C. Chang, Guangwei Su, Haimei Cen, Jiuchun Jiang, Aina Tian, Yang Gao, Tiezhou Wu
With the development of electric vehicles, the demand for lithium-ion batteries has been increasing annually. Accurately estimating the State of Health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries is crucial for their efficient and reliable use. Most of the existing research on SOH estimation is based on parameters such as current, voltage, and temperature, which are prone to fluctuations. Estimating the SOH of lithium-ion batteries based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and data-driven approaches has been proven effective. In this paper, we explore a novel SOH estimation model for lithium batteries based on EIS and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-Vision Transformer (VIT). The EIS data is treated as a grayscale image, eliminating the need for manual feature extraction and simultaneously capturing both local and global features in the data. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed model, a series of simulation experiments are conducted, comparing it with various traditional machine learning models in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and Coefficient of Determination (R2). The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model performs best overall in the testing dataset at three different temperatures. This confirms that the model can accurately and stably estimate the SOH of lithium-ion batteries without requiring manual feature extraction and knowledge of battery aging temperature.
{"title":"Research on State of Health Estimation of Lithium Batteries Based on EIS and CNN-VIT Models","authors":"C. Chang, Guangwei Su, Haimei Cen, Jiuchun Jiang, Aina Tian, Yang Gao, Tiezhou Wu","doi":"10.1115/1.4064350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4064350","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With the development of electric vehicles, the demand for lithium-ion batteries has been increasing annually. Accurately estimating the State of Health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries is crucial for their efficient and reliable use. Most of the existing research on SOH estimation is based on parameters such as current, voltage, and temperature, which are prone to fluctuations. Estimating the SOH of lithium-ion batteries based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and data-driven approaches has been proven effective. In this paper, we explore a novel SOH estimation model for lithium batteries based on EIS and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-Vision Transformer (VIT). The EIS data is treated as a grayscale image, eliminating the need for manual feature extraction and simultaneously capturing both local and global features in the data. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed model, a series of simulation experiments are conducted, comparing it with various traditional machine learning models in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and Coefficient of Determination (R2). The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model performs best overall in the testing dataset at three different temperatures. This confirms that the model can accurately and stably estimate the SOH of lithium-ion batteries without requiring manual feature extraction and knowledge of battery aging temperature.","PeriodicalId":15579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138953586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chao Wang, Xiaohu Liu, Li Han, Tiezhou Wu, Xiangyu Wang
In order to improve the inconsistency of lithium-ion battery packs, an adaptive grouping supercapacitor voltage-doubling equalization circuit is proposed on the basis of capacitor equalization circuits, which combines switching arrays with clustering algorithms for grouping, and multiple batteries can be equalized at the same moment according to the energy state. The supercapacitor energy storage module can realize parallel energy storage and series energy release, which greatly improves the equalization speed and solves the problem of slowing down the equalization speed at the later stage of equalization. Build six series-connected battery simulation platform for experiments, the experimental data results show that the scheme proposed in this paper compared with the control group program equalization time is shortened by about 50%, has a faster equalization speed, and can effectively improve the inconsistency of the battery pack, effectively verifying the feasibility of the equalization program and superiority.
{"title":"Supercapacitor voltage doubling equalization method based on adaptive grouping","authors":"Chao Wang, Xiaohu Liu, Li Han, Tiezhou Wu, Xiangyu Wang","doi":"10.1115/1.4064351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4064351","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In order to improve the inconsistency of lithium-ion battery packs, an adaptive grouping supercapacitor voltage-doubling equalization circuit is proposed on the basis of capacitor equalization circuits, which combines switching arrays with clustering algorithms for grouping, and multiple batteries can be equalized at the same moment according to the energy state. The supercapacitor energy storage module can realize parallel energy storage and series energy release, which greatly improves the equalization speed and solves the problem of slowing down the equalization speed at the later stage of equalization. Build six series-connected battery simulation platform for experiments, the experimental data results show that the scheme proposed in this paper compared with the control group program equalization time is shortened by about 50%, has a faster equalization speed, and can effectively improve the inconsistency of the battery pack, effectively verifying the feasibility of the equalization program and superiority.","PeriodicalId":15579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138948601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To facilitate the large-scale application of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), the issue of low Pt/C durability due to Pt degradation and carbon corrosion in harsh DMFC operating conditions must be addressed. A promising strategy is to hybridize metal oxides with carbon materials, resulting in a durable and conductive support that exhibits a strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) effect on platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs). In this study, we introduced a TiO2 coating on carbon black, creating a TiO2 nanolayer between Pt and carbon black. The nanolayer not only protects the carbon black but also activates the SMSI effect on Pt. The resulting Pt/C@TiO2 electrocatalyst exhibits superior durability than commercial Pt/C. After the accelerated durability test, the mass activity loss of the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) of Pt/C@TiO2 (32%) is significantly lower than that of Pt/C (46.8%). Moreover, the MOR activity of Pt/C@TiO2 is higher than Pt/C as well. It suggests that Pt/C@TiO2 shows great potential as a highly durable and active electrocatalyst for DMFCs.
{"title":"TiO2 nanolayer coated carbon as Pt support for enhanced methanol oxidation reaction","authors":"Weiqi Zhang, Yuan Jin, Meihui Tan, Huiyuan Liu, Qiang Ma, Qian Xu, Huaneng Su","doi":"10.1115/1.4064290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4064290","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To facilitate the large-scale application of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), the issue of low Pt/C durability due to Pt degradation and carbon corrosion in harsh DMFC operating conditions must be addressed. A promising strategy is to hybridize metal oxides with carbon materials, resulting in a durable and conductive support that exhibits a strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) effect on platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs). In this study, we introduced a TiO2 coating on carbon black, creating a TiO2 nanolayer between Pt and carbon black. The nanolayer not only protects the carbon black but also activates the SMSI effect on Pt. The resulting Pt/C@TiO2 electrocatalyst exhibits superior durability than commercial Pt/C. After the accelerated durability test, the mass activity loss of the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) of Pt/C@TiO2 (32%) is significantly lower than that of Pt/C (46.8%). Moreover, the MOR activity of Pt/C@TiO2 is higher than Pt/C as well. It suggests that Pt/C@TiO2 shows great potential as a highly durable and active electrocatalyst for DMFCs.","PeriodicalId":15579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139002026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a novel technique based on an adaptive approach of Redacted Extended Kalman Filter (REKF) assimilating features of fuzzy logic for measuring the State-of-charge (SoC) for lithium-ion batteries. Accurately determining SoC is crucial for maximizing battery capacity and performance. However, existing extended Kalman filtering algorithms suffer from issues such as inadequate noise resistance and noise sensitivity, as well as difficulties in selecting the forgetting factor. Aforesaid REKF technique address these challenges adequately for parameter extraction.The proposed method involves establishing a Thevenin equivalent circuit model and using the Recursive Least Squares with Forgetting Factor (RLSFF) to identify model parameters.Further, an evaluation factor is established, and to adaptively adjust the value of the forgetting factor, fuzzy control is utilized to estimate the SoC accurately, which enhances the extended Kalman filtering algorithm with noise-adaptive algorithm features. This modified algorithm considers the identification results from the parameter estimation step and executes them circularly to achieve precise SoC estimation. Results demonstrate that the proposed method has excellent robustness and estimation accuracy compared to other filtering algorithms, even under variable working conditions including a wide range of State-of-Health (SOH) and temperature. The proposed method is expected to enhance the performance of battery management systems for various applications.
{"title":"A Novel Redacted Extended Kalman Filter and Fuzzy Logic based technique for measurement of State-of-charge of Lithium-ion battery","authors":"Chinmay Behra, R. Mandal, Amitesh Kumar","doi":"10.1115/1.4064096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4064096","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel technique based on an adaptive approach of Redacted Extended Kalman Filter (REKF) assimilating features of fuzzy logic for measuring the State-of-charge (SoC) for lithium-ion batteries. Accurately determining SoC is crucial for maximizing battery capacity and performance. However, existing extended Kalman filtering algorithms suffer from issues such as inadequate noise resistance and noise sensitivity, as well as difficulties in selecting the forgetting factor. Aforesaid REKF technique address these challenges adequately for parameter extraction.The proposed method involves establishing a Thevenin equivalent circuit model and using the Recursive Least Squares with Forgetting Factor (RLSFF) to identify model parameters.Further, an evaluation factor is established, and to adaptively adjust the value of the forgetting factor, fuzzy control is utilized to estimate the SoC accurately, which enhances the extended Kalman filtering algorithm with noise-adaptive algorithm features. This modified algorithm considers the identification results from the parameter estimation step and executes them circularly to achieve precise SoC estimation. Results demonstrate that the proposed method has excellent robustness and estimation accuracy compared to other filtering algorithms, even under variable working conditions including a wide range of State-of-Health (SOH) and temperature. The proposed method is expected to enhance the performance of battery management systems for various applications.","PeriodicalId":15579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139263395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is necessary to quickly release the heat generated by power batteries under high discharge rate and ensure the safe operation of electric vehicles. Inspired by the biomimetic structure in nature, a novel liquid cooling BTMS with a cooling plate based on biomimetic fractal structure was proposed. By developing the physical model of the BTMS, numerical calculations were conducted to analyze the impacts of the structural parameters of the cooling plate and the inlet velocity of the coolant on the thermal performance of the batteries. The results showed that the cooling plate can meet the heat dissipation requirements of high temperature uniformity for the batteries under high discharge rate, especially under the extreme uniform channel distribution mode for the adjacent fractal branch at the same level. Moreover, the increase of the group number of fractal branches can improve the cooling capacity of the cooling plate and reduce the pressure drop of the coolant. The increase of the level number of channels, the length ratio, and the inlet velocity of the coolant can enhance the cooling capacity. However, these methods of enhancing heat transfer require more pump power consumption. When the group number of fractal branches is 4, the level number of channels is 3, the length ratio is 1 and the inlet velocity of the coolant is 0.5 m/s, the BTMS can control the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference of the batteries under 4C-rate discharge within 31.68 °C and 4.15 °C, respectively. Finally, orthogonal test was conducted on four factors: the group number of fractal branches, the level number of channels, the length ratio and the inlet velocity of the coolant. The results showed that the level number of branches is the most important structural parameter.
{"title":"A novel liquid cooling battery thermal management system with a cooling plate based on biomimetic fractal channels","authors":"Zhiguo Tang, Yi Xiang, Man Li, Jianping Cheng","doi":"10.1115/1.4064095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4064095","url":null,"abstract":"An effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is necessary to quickly release the heat generated by power batteries under high discharge rate and ensure the safe operation of electric vehicles. Inspired by the biomimetic structure in nature, a novel liquid cooling BTMS with a cooling plate based on biomimetic fractal structure was proposed. By developing the physical model of the BTMS, numerical calculations were conducted to analyze the impacts of the structural parameters of the cooling plate and the inlet velocity of the coolant on the thermal performance of the batteries. The results showed that the cooling plate can meet the heat dissipation requirements of high temperature uniformity for the batteries under high discharge rate, especially under the extreme uniform channel distribution mode for the adjacent fractal branch at the same level. Moreover, the increase of the group number of fractal branches can improve the cooling capacity of the cooling plate and reduce the pressure drop of the coolant. The increase of the level number of channels, the length ratio, and the inlet velocity of the coolant can enhance the cooling capacity. However, these methods of enhancing heat transfer require more pump power consumption. When the group number of fractal branches is 4, the level number of channels is 3, the length ratio is 1 and the inlet velocity of the coolant is 0.5 m/s, the BTMS can control the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference of the batteries under 4C-rate discharge within 31.68 °C and 4.15 °C, respectively. Finally, orthogonal test was conducted on four factors: the group number of fractal branches, the level number of channels, the length ratio and the inlet velocity of the coolant. The results showed that the level number of branches is the most important structural parameter.","PeriodicalId":15579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139263475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Li Liao, Xuantong Hu, Hongguang Li, Shu Sun, Jiuchun Jiang
Abstract In order to solve the problem of lower available capacity and shorter cycle life due to the barrel effect of series-connected batteries, as well as the problem of pseudo-equalization caused by battery aging, this paper proposes a modified modular multilevel converter (MMC) reconfigurable equalization scheme with difference of voltage variation (DOVV) as the equalization variable. The equalization topology consists of an MMC circuit and a voltage regulator, which effectively solves the problems of low total available capacity, inefficient energy transfer, and slow equalization by reducing the number of switches and achieving independent control of the equalization and voltage regulator modules. A control strategy based on the Oxford aging dataset is proposed with DOVV as the equalization variable, and a fuzzy logic control algorithm is introduced according to the distribution characteristics of DOVV data. This equalization control strategy overcomes the pseudo-equalization phenomenon due to battery aging. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional DC–DC energy transfer equalization topology, the energy transfer efficiency of the proposed equalization topology is improved by 62.15% and the equalization time is reduced by about 16.36%, and the pseudo-equalization phenomenon caused by the aging of the battery pack during the equalization process is well overcome. The feasibility of the proposed equalization scheme is verified.
{"title":"Design of an improved modular multilevel converter reconfigurable equalization scheme based on difference of voltage variation","authors":"Li Liao, Xuantong Hu, Hongguang Li, Shu Sun, Jiuchun Jiang","doi":"10.1115/1.4063847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4063847","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In order to solve the problem of lower available capacity and shorter cycle life due to the barrel effect of series-connected batteries, as well as the problem of pseudo-equalization caused by battery aging, this paper proposes a modified modular multilevel converter (MMC) reconfigurable equalization scheme with difference of voltage variation (DOVV) as the equalization variable. The equalization topology consists of an MMC circuit and a voltage regulator, which effectively solves the problems of low total available capacity, inefficient energy transfer, and slow equalization by reducing the number of switches and achieving independent control of the equalization and voltage regulator modules. A control strategy based on the Oxford aging dataset is proposed with DOVV as the equalization variable, and a fuzzy logic control algorithm is introduced according to the distribution characteristics of DOVV data. This equalization control strategy overcomes the pseudo-equalization phenomenon due to battery aging. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional DC–DC energy transfer equalization topology, the energy transfer efficiency of the proposed equalization topology is improved by 62.15% and the equalization time is reduced by about 16.36%, and the pseudo-equalization phenomenon caused by the aging of the battery pack during the equalization process is well overcome. The feasibility of the proposed equalization scheme is verified.","PeriodicalId":15579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135293131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The rise of electric vehicles has driven the extensive adoption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their favorable attributes—compactness, low resistance, high power density, and minimal self-discharge. To enhance LIB reliability, an efficient battery thermal management system is imperative. This paper introduces a finite volume-based aerothermal analysis framework for a 32-cell high-energy density LIB pack. We also explore the effectiveness of various turbulence models in capturing local hotspots, discharge rates, and current levels across different geometries and inlet velocities. Our approach involves modeling the battery using Simcenter Battery Design Studio and importing it into Simcenter star-ccm+ for aerothermal simulations in which temperature distribution, discharge rates, current levels, and maximum temperature across are monitored for aligned, cross, and staggered configurations of the battery pack under varying inlet velocities. Our findings highlight the significant impact of boundary condition modeling on simulation stability. Also we observed that the standard k–ε model provides the most accurate predictions, with prediction accuracy within 3–10% of experimental data. Moreover, we identify substantial dependencies between heat generation and discharge current, as well as thermal gradients and inlet velocity. Finally, we conclude that the aligned cell arrangement offers the best thermal uniformity and cooling efficiency.
{"title":"Development of a CFD Simulation Framework for Aerothermal Analyses of Electric Vehicle Battery Packs","authors":"Adit Misar, Ayushi Jain, Jun Xu, Mesbah Uddin","doi":"10.1115/1.4063800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4063800","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The rise of electric vehicles has driven the extensive adoption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their favorable attributes—compactness, low resistance, high power density, and minimal self-discharge. To enhance LIB reliability, an efficient battery thermal management system is imperative. This paper introduces a finite volume-based aerothermal analysis framework for a 32-cell high-energy density LIB pack. We also explore the effectiveness of various turbulence models in capturing local hotspots, discharge rates, and current levels across different geometries and inlet velocities. Our approach involves modeling the battery using Simcenter Battery Design Studio and importing it into Simcenter star-ccm+ for aerothermal simulations in which temperature distribution, discharge rates, current levels, and maximum temperature across are monitored for aligned, cross, and staggered configurations of the battery pack under varying inlet velocities. Our findings highlight the significant impact of boundary condition modeling on simulation stability. Also we observed that the standard k–ε model provides the most accurate predictions, with prediction accuracy within 3–10% of experimental data. Moreover, we identify substantial dependencies between heat generation and discharge current, as well as thermal gradients and inlet velocity. Finally, we conclude that the aligned cell arrangement offers the best thermal uniformity and cooling efficiency.","PeriodicalId":15579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135293282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This research experimentally examines the thermal behaviour of an air-cooled Li-ion battery pack with triangular spoilers. The objective is to enhance temperature uniformity and reduce the maximum temperature of the battery pack by redirecting airflow towards regions of higher temperatures using triangular spoilers. The effects of spoiler angles (a) and spoiler positions (Ds) on the thermal performance of a 24V, 10Ah aligned battery pack are investigated. The parameters used to evaluate the thermal performance are; temperature variation along as well as transverse to the airflow direction and temperature variation around the circumference of the cell. The maximum temperature (Tmax), average temperature (Tavg.), maximum temperature difference (ΔTmax), and standard deviation of the temperature (σT) are the other performance parameters that are assessed. It is observed that the temperature of the battery pack decreases along the airflow direction with both the increase in α and Ds. It happens due to the enhancement in the heat transfer rate caused by higher turbulence kinetic energy. The non-uniformity in the cell temperature around the circumference improves by 0.4 K and 1.8 K with the change in α and Ds, respectively. It is found that Tmax and Tavg. of the battery pack are reduced by a maximum value of 2.5 K and 1.55 K, respectively, compared to the case when no spoiler is used. The maximum reduction in ΔTmax and σT is found to be 2.4 K and 1.02, respectively.
{"title":"Experimental study of the thermal management system of an air-cooled Li-ion battery pack with triangular spoilers","authors":"Satya Verma, Samir Saraswati","doi":"10.1115/1.4063998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4063998","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research experimentally examines the thermal behaviour of an air-cooled Li-ion battery pack with triangular spoilers. The objective is to enhance temperature uniformity and reduce the maximum temperature of the battery pack by redirecting airflow towards regions of higher temperatures using triangular spoilers. The effects of spoiler angles (a) and spoiler positions (Ds) on the thermal performance of a 24V, 10Ah aligned battery pack are investigated. The parameters used to evaluate the thermal performance are; temperature variation along as well as transverse to the airflow direction and temperature variation around the circumference of the cell. The maximum temperature (Tmax), average temperature (Tavg.), maximum temperature difference (ΔTmax), and standard deviation of the temperature (σT) are the other performance parameters that are assessed. It is observed that the temperature of the battery pack decreases along the airflow direction with both the increase in α and Ds. It happens due to the enhancement in the heat transfer rate caused by higher turbulence kinetic energy. The non-uniformity in the cell temperature around the circumference improves by 0.4 K and 1.8 K with the change in α and Ds, respectively. It is found that Tmax and Tavg. of the battery pack are reduced by a maximum value of 2.5 K and 1.55 K, respectively, compared to the case when no spoiler is used. The maximum reduction in ΔTmax and σT is found to be 2.4 K and 1.02, respectively.","PeriodicalId":15579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135634599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Swapnil Salvi, Bapiraju Surampudi, Andre Swarts, Jayant Sarlashkar, Ian Smith, Terry Alger, Ankur Jain
Abstract Overheating of Li-ion cells and battery packs is an ongoing technological problem for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices and systems, including in electric vehicles. Immersion cooling is a promising thermal management technique to address these challenges. This work presents experimental and theoretical analysis of the thermal and electrochemical impact of immersion cooling of a small module of Li-ion cells. Significant reduction in both surface and core temperature due to immersion cooling is observed, consistent with theoretical and simulation models developed here. However, immersion cooling is also found to result in a small but non-negligible increase in capacity fade of the cells. A number of hypotheses are formed and systematically tested through comparison of experimental measurements with theoretical modeling and simulations. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurements indicate that the accelerated cell aging due to immersion cooling is likely to be due to enhanced lithium plating. Therefore, careful consideration of the impact of immersion cooling on long-term performance may be necessary. The results presented in this work quantify both thermal and electrochemical impacts of an important thermal management technique for Li-ion cells. These results may be of relevance for design and optimization of electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems.
{"title":"Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Immersion Cooling of a Li-Ion Battery Module","authors":"Swapnil Salvi, Bapiraju Surampudi, Andre Swarts, Jayant Sarlashkar, Ian Smith, Terry Alger, Ankur Jain","doi":"10.1115/1.4063914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4063914","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Overheating of Li-ion cells and battery packs is an ongoing technological problem for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices and systems, including in electric vehicles. Immersion cooling is a promising thermal management technique to address these challenges. This work presents experimental and theoretical analysis of the thermal and electrochemical impact of immersion cooling of a small module of Li-ion cells. Significant reduction in both surface and core temperature due to immersion cooling is observed, consistent with theoretical and simulation models developed here. However, immersion cooling is also found to result in a small but non-negligible increase in capacity fade of the cells. A number of hypotheses are formed and systematically tested through comparison of experimental measurements with theoretical modeling and simulations. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurements indicate that the accelerated cell aging due to immersion cooling is likely to be due to enhanced lithium plating. Therefore, careful consideration of the impact of immersion cooling on long-term performance may be necessary. The results presented in this work quantify both thermal and electrochemical impacts of an important thermal management technique for Li-ion cells. These results may be of relevance for design and optimization of electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems.","PeriodicalId":15579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136264063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Activated BCC was composed with NaFePO4 cathode material in two distinct ratios. XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and BET were used to examine the crystal structure, functional groups, morphological features and surface area of the composites. The material's surface characteristics, such as wettability, adhesion, and conductivity analysis was proved the energy storage capacity of the material and these characteristics were magnified by the exposure to DC glow discharge plasma. In this work, the NaFePO4/activated BCC was subjected to DC glow discharge plasma with various plasma producing gases. The electrochemical investigation shows that the air plasma treated composite produces the best results when compared to the untreated sample. The enhancement of the diffusivity of the composite reveals that the plasma treated materials are appropriate for energy storage devices.
{"title":"Dynamic electrochemical action of Low temperature Plasma exposed NaFePO4/activated BCC Nanocomposites in Cathode applications","authors":"S Saveetha, KA Vijayalakshmi","doi":"10.1115/1.4063909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4063909","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Activated BCC was composed with NaFePO4 cathode material in two distinct ratios. XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and BET were used to examine the crystal structure, functional groups, morphological features and surface area of the composites. The material's surface characteristics, such as wettability, adhesion, and conductivity analysis was proved the energy storage capacity of the material and these characteristics were magnified by the exposure to DC glow discharge plasma. In this work, the NaFePO4/activated BCC was subjected to DC glow discharge plasma with various plasma producing gases. The electrochemical investigation shows that the air plasma treated composite produces the best results when compared to the untreated sample. The enhancement of the diffusivity of the composite reveals that the plasma treated materials are appropriate for energy storage devices.","PeriodicalId":15579,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136262142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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