{"title":"Conditioning of masked nonwords generalizes to new targets and responses but not to evaluative measures.","authors":"Philine Thomasius, Christoph Stahl","doi":"10.1037/xge0001878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001878","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"275 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146101606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rethinking the roles of language and task for spatial–numerical associations: Commentary on Hochman et al. (2025).","authors":"Martin H. Fischer, Paria Ahookhosh, Samuel Shaki","doi":"10.1037/xge0001866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001866","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146101608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veronica Derricks, Eva S. Pietri, India R. Johnson, Leslie Ashburn-Nardo
{"title":"Missing the target: Evaluating the ironic consequences of identity-targeted recruitment advertisements on Black Americans’ anticipated tokenism and organizational identity safety.","authors":"Veronica Derricks, Eva S. Pietri, India R. Johnson, Leslie Ashburn-Nardo","doi":"10.1037/xge0001882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001882","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146101607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Your research is public engagement: A case for more intentional science communication in research with human subjects.","authors":"Charlotte Vaughn","doi":"10.1037/xge0001897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001897","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146101609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-23DOI: 10.1037/xge0001856
Zhengtai Liu, Joris Lammers
When distributing resources, people often experience a conflict between two fundamental moral principles: The equality principle prescribes that all recipients receive the same, while the proportionality principle prescribes that allocations should be in proportion to the contribution of each recipient. We propose that if people consider recipient units of distributions in hierarchies as categories, rather than individuals, seeking categorical equality leads to individual inequality, because in most hierarchical groups there are fewer higher ranked (e.g., management) than lower ranked members (e.g., workers). Ten preregistered experiments conducted in the United States and China (N = 4,902) confirm this idea and show that participants who focus on categorical (vs. individual) recipients perceive unequal distributions as fairer (Experiment 1) and create more unequal distributions (Experiments 2a-2d), even when this reduces their own payoffs (Experiment 3). This effect occurs because when construing recipient units as categories (vs. individuals), people seek equality at a categorical level, without sufficiently correcting for differences in group size. Supporting this theoretical explanation, this effect is eliminated when thinking of individual-level equality (Experiments 4a-4b). Furthermore, this effect exists only when the higher ranked group is smaller sized, as is often the case in hierarchies (Experiment 5), and only when inequality is consistent with proportionality (Experiment 6). Combined, our results show that when people perceive a hierarchy in categorical (rather than individual) terms, this increases distributive inequality between its higher and lower ranked members. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
在分配资源时，人们经常会遇到两种基本道德原则之间的冲突：平等原则要求所有接受者得到相同的东西，而比例原则要求分配应与每个接受者的贡献成比例。我们建议，如果人们将等级分配的接收单位视为类别，而不是个人，寻求类别平等会导致个人不平等，因为在大多数等级群体中，排名较高的成员（例如，管理人员）少于排名较低的成员（例如，工人）。在美国和中国进行的10个预先注册的实验（N = 4,902）证实了这一观点，并表明关注分类（与个人）接受者的参与者认为不平等分配更公平（实验1），并创造了更多的不平等分配（实验2a-2d），即使这减少了他们自己的收益（实验3）。之所以会产生这种效应，是因为当将接受者单位视为类别（相对于个人）时，人们在类别层面上寻求平等，而没有充分纠正群体规模的差异。支持这一理论解释，当考虑个人层面的平等时，这种影响就被消除了（实验4a-4b）。此外，只有当排名较高的群体规模较小时，这种效应才存在，就像在等级制度中经常出现的情况一样（实验5），而且只有当不平等与比例性一致时（实验6）。综上所述，我们的研究结果表明，当人们以分类（而不是个人）的角度来看待等级制度时，这增加了等级较高和较低成员之间的分配不平等。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"A desire for equality produces inequality in social hierarchies when people focus on categories of recipients rather than individuals.","authors":"Zhengtai Liu, Joris Lammers","doi":"10.1037/xge0001856","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When distributing resources, people often experience a conflict between two fundamental moral principles: The equality principle prescribes that all recipients receive the same, while the proportionality principle prescribes that allocations should be in proportion to the contribution of each recipient. We propose that if people consider recipient units of distributions in hierarchies as categories, rather than individuals, seeking categorical equality leads to individual inequality, because in most hierarchical groups there are fewer higher ranked (e.g., management) than lower ranked members (e.g., workers). Ten preregistered experiments conducted in the United States and China (<i>N</i> = 4,902) confirm this idea and show that participants who focus on categorical (vs. individual) recipients perceive unequal distributions as fairer (Experiment 1) and create more unequal distributions (Experiments 2a-2d), even when this reduces their own payoffs (Experiment 3). This effect occurs because when construing recipient units as categories (vs. individuals), people seek equality at a categorical level, without sufficiently correcting for differences in group size. Supporting this theoretical explanation, this effect is eliminated when thinking of individual-level equality (Experiments 4a-4b). Furthermore, this effect exists only when the higher ranked group is smaller sized, as is often the case in hierarchies (Experiment 5), and only when inequality is consistent with proportionality (Experiment 6). Combined, our results show that when people perceive a hierarchy in categorical (rather than individual) terms, this increases distributive inequality between its higher and lower ranked members. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"499-517"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145354961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Conditioning of Masked Nonwords Generalizes to New Targets and Responses but Not to Evaluative Measures","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xge0001878.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001878.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Estimating what others know is essential for effective communication, yet people often misjudge their audience's knowledge, increasing the risk of miscommunication. This challenge is heightened in bilingual contexts, where vocabulary knowledge can vary widely, and inaccurate estimations may lead to communication breakdowns. Despite its importance, little is known about how bilinguals estimate others' vocabulary knowledge. Study 1 investigated how bilinguals estimated their own and others' second language vocabulary when the language background of the others was similar (Experiment 1.1), unknown (Experiment 1.2), or different (Experiment 1.3) from their own. Study 2 examined whether providing objective information influenced these estimations. Results revealed consistent biases, shaped by similarity in language background. Confidence in self-knowledge emerged as a key factor in estimating others' knowledge, and objective information did not affect the estimation. By integrating metacognition and knowledge estimation theories, the study sheds light on vocabulary estimation and offers insights into knowledge estimation processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Biases in estimating self and others' second language vocabulary knowledge.","authors":"Dorit Segal,Yael Sidi","doi":"10.1037/xge0001909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001909","url":null,"abstract":"Estimating what others know is essential for effective communication, yet people often misjudge their audience's knowledge, increasing the risk of miscommunication. This challenge is heightened in bilingual contexts, where vocabulary knowledge can vary widely, and inaccurate estimations may lead to communication breakdowns. Despite its importance, little is known about how bilinguals estimate others' vocabulary knowledge. Study 1 investigated how bilinguals estimated their own and others' second language vocabulary when the language background of the others was similar (Experiment 1.1), unknown (Experiment 1.2), or different (Experiment 1.3) from their own. Study 2 examined whether providing objective information influenced these estimations. Results revealed consistent biases, shaped by similarity in language background. Confidence in self-knowledge emerged as a key factor in estimating others' knowledge, and objective information did not affect the estimation. By integrating metacognition and knowledge estimation theories, the study sheds light on vocabulary estimation and offers insights into knowledge estimation processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Missing the Target: Evaluating the Ironic Consequences of Identity-Targeted Recruitment Advertisements on Black Americans’ Anticipated Tokenism and Organizational Identity Safety","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xge0001882.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001882.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People often search for objects distinctive from other objects in the scene along multiple feature dimensions like color and shape. A target distinctive in more than one dimension can lead to an easier search, but it also increases the complexity of modeling search behaviors. Building upon previous research on how people search using information along two feature dimensions, we explored how search unfolds when the target and distractors differ along the dimensions of color, shape, and texture (a tridimensional search). Using a behavioral-computational approach, we found that the target-distractor distinctiveness signal along each dimension combines in a weighted orthogonal way to guide tridimensional searches. Additionally, across two sets of experiments, we demonstrated that the weight assigned to each dimension varied according to its relative usefulness. When the color distinctiveness was most pronounced (Set 1), there was a much stronger prioritization of color information over information carried by shape and texture. When the distinctiveness along individual dimensions was more balanced (Set 2), the weights were distributed more evenly across the three dimensions, but a color prioritization remained. These results have broad implications for cognitive neuroscience, as they place constraints on how visual information from different dimensions is integrated to produce an overall guidance signal, and demonstrate how attention might be flexibly allocated across channels in response to the ecological aspects of the environment. This study should also interest modelers in cognitive science because it demonstrates an approach to understand behavior in complex scenarios based on performance indices estimated under simpler conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Toward a better understanding of target distinctiveness in visual search: How color, shape, and texture information combine to guide search.","authors":"Zoe Jing Xu,Alejandro Lleras,Simona Buetti","doi":"10.1037/xge0001895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001895","url":null,"abstract":"People often search for objects distinctive from other objects in the scene along multiple feature dimensions like color and shape. A target distinctive in more than one dimension can lead to an easier search, but it also increases the complexity of modeling search behaviors. Building upon previous research on how people search using information along two feature dimensions, we explored how search unfolds when the target and distractors differ along the dimensions of color, shape, and texture (a tridimensional search). Using a behavioral-computational approach, we found that the target-distractor distinctiveness signal along each dimension combines in a weighted orthogonal way to guide tridimensional searches. Additionally, across two sets of experiments, we demonstrated that the weight assigned to each dimension varied according to its relative usefulness. When the color distinctiveness was most pronounced (Set 1), there was a much stronger prioritization of color information over information carried by shape and texture. When the distinctiveness along individual dimensions was more balanced (Set 2), the weights were distributed more evenly across the three dimensions, but a color prioritization remained. These results have broad implications for cognitive neuroscience, as they place constraints on how visual information from different dimensions is integrated to produce an overall guidance signal, and demonstrate how attention might be flexibly allocated across channels in response to the ecological aspects of the environment. This study should also interest modelers in cognitive science because it demonstrates an approach to understand behavior in complex scenarios based on performance indices estimated under simpler conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"180 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Systematic Variation in Proportion Judgments: Spatial Features Impact Adults’ Strategies and Decisions","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xge0001903.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001903.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"378 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146032981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号