Past research has focused on emotion regulation (ER) as an intrapersonal endeavor (managing one's own emotions), leaving many questions unanswered about interpersonal emotion regulation (IER; receiving support from another person to regulate one's emotions). This study sought to understand the effects of two common IER strategies (corumination, codistraction) by comparing them with each other and their intrapersonal counterparts (rumination, distraction) on negative and positive affect, relationship quality and closeness, and biological stress responses (i.e., cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase [sAA]). Participants completed the Fast Friends paradigm and then privately recalled a stressful event. Participants were then randomized into one of four ER groups: rumination, distraction, corumination, or codistraction. Affect, relationship quality, closeness, cortisol, and sAA were measured throughout the study session and during a 40-min post-ER recovery period. Interestingly, the ER groups differed in affect and biological recovery from stress, but not in relationship quality or closeness. Specifically, distraction facilitated the greatest decline in negative affect during the ER induction, but negative affect decline was greater in rumination and corumination than in distraction during the recovery period. Additionally, both IER groups showed increased sAA levels during the ER induction, but sAA levels showed a greater decline in the IER than in intrapersonal ER groups during the recovery period. This study highlights the nuanced effects of intrapersonal versus IER strategies and thus informs approaches to modulate negative affect and biological markers of stress when facing stressful events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Intra- versus interpersonal emotion regulation: Associations with affect, relationship quality and closeness, and biological markers of stress.","authors":"Ashley M Battaglini,Bita Zareian,Joelle LeMoult","doi":"10.1037/xge0001757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001757","url":null,"abstract":"Past research has focused on emotion regulation (ER) as an intrapersonal endeavor (managing one's own emotions), leaving many questions unanswered about interpersonal emotion regulation (IER; receiving support from another person to regulate one's emotions). This study sought to understand the effects of two common IER strategies (corumination, codistraction) by comparing them with each other and their intrapersonal counterparts (rumination, distraction) on negative and positive affect, relationship quality and closeness, and biological stress responses (i.e., cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase [sAA]). Participants completed the Fast Friends paradigm and then privately recalled a stressful event. Participants were then randomized into one of four ER groups: rumination, distraction, corumination, or codistraction. Affect, relationship quality, closeness, cortisol, and sAA were measured throughout the study session and during a 40-min post-ER recovery period. Interestingly, the ER groups differed in affect and biological recovery from stress, but not in relationship quality or closeness. Specifically, distraction facilitated the greatest decline in negative affect during the ER induction, but negative affect decline was greater in rumination and corumination than in distraction during the recovery period. Additionally, both IER groups showed increased sAA levels during the ER induction, but sAA levels showed a greater decline in the IER than in intrapersonal ER groups during the recovery period. This study highlights the nuanced effects of intrapersonal versus IER strategies and thus informs approaches to modulate negative affect and biological markers of stress when facing stressful events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Terrorism represents one of the most commonly studied types of threat in the social and political psychology literature. Of particular note, many studies (along with national polls) have shown that the threat of Islamist fundamentalism increases the appeal of conservativism. However, there are some important-and unresolved-questions regarding these threat-driven "shifts to the right." Our primary focus was on the role of emotion. Are these conservative shifts due to the activation of fear, as long assumed by researchers in this area? Or might other emotions, such as anger, play the more central role? We also sought additional clarity on the relative breadth of these ideological shifts. When such threats are salient, is their impact relatively narrow, that is, constrained to political preferences specifically linked to terrorism? Or do these effects generalize to relatively distal political preferences, such as those related to abortion or affirmative action? This article proposes and tests an integrative model stipulating that (a) anger plays the primary role in driving these shifts and that (b) these anger-driven shifts are relatively narrow. Across three experiments, two of which were preregistered (total N = 2,395), we found strong support for both predictions. We discuss the implications of these findings for several well-known models in the social and political psychology literature. Our work also considers contrasts between the dynamics triggered by these acts of terrorism and their relation to other threats, including environmental disasters as well as mass shootings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"An anger-based framework for understanding terrorism-driven \"shifts to the right\": How and why Islamist-focused threats produce narrow changes in political preferences.","authors":"Fade R Eadeh,Alan J Lambert","doi":"10.1037/xge0001737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001737","url":null,"abstract":"Terrorism represents one of the most commonly studied types of threat in the social and political psychology literature. Of particular note, many studies (along with national polls) have shown that the threat of Islamist fundamentalism increases the appeal of conservativism. However, there are some important-and unresolved-questions regarding these threat-driven \"shifts to the right.\" Our primary focus was on the role of emotion. Are these conservative shifts due to the activation of fear, as long assumed by researchers in this area? Or might other emotions, such as anger, play the more central role? We also sought additional clarity on the relative breadth of these ideological shifts. When such threats are salient, is their impact relatively narrow, that is, constrained to political preferences specifically linked to terrorism? Or do these effects generalize to relatively distal political preferences, such as those related to abortion or affirmative action? This article proposes and tests an integrative model stipulating that (a) anger plays the primary role in driving these shifts and that (b) these anger-driven shifts are relatively narrow. Across three experiments, two of which were preregistered (total N = 2,395), we found strong support for both predictions. We discuss the implications of these findings for several well-known models in the social and political psychology literature. Our work also considers contrasts between the dynamics triggered by these acts of terrorism and their relation to other threats, including environmental disasters as well as mass shootings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jake R Embrey,Alice Mason,Chris Donkin,Ben R Newell
While trying to complete arduous tasks (e.g., emails, grading), our attention is often mired by the desire to disengage. Opportunity cost theories of mental effort argue that rather than our "sense of effort" being a cognitive limitation, it is an adaptive signal which repels us from unrewarding tasks toward worthwhile alternatives; in short, this signal ensures our cognitive resources are not spent on fruitless pursuits. The current work tests the primary predictions of the opportunity cost theory of effort: That our phenomenology during a cognitively demanding task (sense of effort and boredom), and subsequent on-task behavior (response times and accuracy), are affected by the value of the available alternatives. Over three experiments, manipulating both the extrinsic value (i.e., monetary reward) and intrinsic value of alternative tasks (i.e., how enjoyable the task is), we find no strong evidence in favor of opportunity cost theories. In Experiment 1, we observe no effect of the extrinsic value of an alternative on participants' subjective ratings or behavior during a primary task. In Experiments 2 and 3, while participants' subjective ratings of a primary task (e.g., sense of effort and boredom) may be affected by the intrinsic value of an alternative, we observe no commensurate changes in participants' performance, as measured by accuracy and response times. We explore the consequences of these results for theories of cognitive effort aversion and detail plausible alternative models, such as error aversion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"On-task errors drive effort avoidance more than opportunity costs.","authors":"Jake R Embrey,Alice Mason,Chris Donkin,Ben R Newell","doi":"10.1037/xge0001752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001752","url":null,"abstract":"While trying to complete arduous tasks (e.g., emails, grading), our attention is often mired by the desire to disengage. Opportunity cost theories of mental effort argue that rather than our \"sense of effort\" being a cognitive limitation, it is an adaptive signal which repels us from unrewarding tasks toward worthwhile alternatives; in short, this signal ensures our cognitive resources are not spent on fruitless pursuits. The current work tests the primary predictions of the opportunity cost theory of effort: That our phenomenology during a cognitively demanding task (sense of effort and boredom), and subsequent on-task behavior (response times and accuracy), are affected by the value of the available alternatives. Over three experiments, manipulating both the extrinsic value (i.e., monetary reward) and intrinsic value of alternative tasks (i.e., how enjoyable the task is), we find no strong evidence in favor of opportunity cost theories. In Experiment 1, we observe no effect of the extrinsic value of an alternative on participants' subjective ratings or behavior during a primary task. In Experiments 2 and 3, while participants' subjective ratings of a primary task (e.g., sense of effort and boredom) may be affected by the intrinsic value of an alternative, we observe no commensurate changes in participants' performance, as measured by accuracy and response times. We explore the consequences of these results for theories of cognitive effort aversion and detail plausible alternative models, such as error aversion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noam Siegelman,Blair C Armstrong,Yaakov Raz,Ram Frost
Recent statistical learning views of reading posit that writing systems present to their readers a wide range of statistical regularities which are leveraged to process printed texts. While substantial research has focused on the "vertical" correlations between orthographic, phonological, and semantic units in a given writing system, here we employ information-theoretic measures to further consider "horizontal" regularities-the extent to which printed units predict and are predicted by other printed units, in one writing system compared to another. As a first step, we present a novel information-theoretic measure that captures how horizontal regularities constrain lexical access given the distribution of orthographic information in a writing system and considering realistic retinal and cognitive constraints. We then present a series of empirical studies serving as proof of concept, from both single-word reading experiments and analyses of eye movements during naturalistic reading, which examine how a reader who has internalized these regularities could leverage them for efficient uncertainty reduction regarding printed information while reading on-the-fly. Our findings converge on high-order general principles fleshed out in terms of explicit computational mechanisms that simultaneously apply to a wide range of writing systems and that can potentially explain behavioral outcomes across the trajectory of reading development and reading skill. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"The statistical reader: The role of orthographic regularities in reading.","authors":"Noam Siegelman,Blair C Armstrong,Yaakov Raz,Ram Frost","doi":"10.1037/xge0001775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001775","url":null,"abstract":"Recent statistical learning views of reading posit that writing systems present to their readers a wide range of statistical regularities which are leveraged to process printed texts. While substantial research has focused on the \"vertical\" correlations between orthographic, phonological, and semantic units in a given writing system, here we employ information-theoretic measures to further consider \"horizontal\" regularities-the extent to which printed units predict and are predicted by other printed units, in one writing system compared to another. As a first step, we present a novel information-theoretic measure that captures how horizontal regularities constrain lexical access given the distribution of orthographic information in a writing system and considering realistic retinal and cognitive constraints. We then present a series of empirical studies serving as proof of concept, from both single-word reading experiments and analyses of eye movements during naturalistic reading, which examine how a reader who has internalized these regularities could leverage them for efficient uncertainty reduction regarding printed information while reading on-the-fly. Our findings converge on high-order general principles fleshed out in terms of explicit computational mechanisms that simultaneously apply to a wide range of writing systems and that can potentially explain behavioral outcomes across the trajectory of reading development and reading skill. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the influence of scene-object semantic congruency on object perception is well established, the direction of the influence remains controversial. We address this issue by presenting an innovative approach that uses a vector-space semantic model to quantify scene-object congruency as a continuous variable. By exploring a wide range of congruency values and using multiple experimental tasks, we aimed to comprehensively investigate the relationship between scene-object congruency and object perception across four experiments (N = 543). We found a robust positive U-shaped relationship between scene-object congruency and accuracy in an exemplar identification task (Experiment 1), which persisted across different stimulus sets (reanalysis of the previous data set) and scene presentation times (Experiment 2). To explore the mechanisms underlying the U-shaped relationship, we propose that scene-object congruency affects object perception in two ways: by influencing attention and thus processing amount and by directly influencing processing efficiency. In Experiment 3, a change detection task emphasizing attentional processes revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between congruency and reaction times, suggesting that both congruent and incongruent contexts improve object perception by increasing attention. Experiment 4 introduced a cue to neutralize congruency-based attention, focusing on processing efficiency in an identification task. Notably, only a congruency benefit emerged, while an incongruency benefit was absent, suggesting that congruency uniquely facilitates processing efficiency to improve object perception. In summary, our study provides compelling evidence for the coexistence of congruency and incongruency benefits, reconciling previous contradictions and providing a unifying framework for understanding the relationship between scene-object congruency and object perception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Unifying scene-object congruency and incongruency benefits in object perception.","authors":"Zhou Su,Yuyang Qiu,Xiaowei Ding","doi":"10.1037/xge0001761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001761","url":null,"abstract":"While the influence of scene-object semantic congruency on object perception is well established, the direction of the influence remains controversial. We address this issue by presenting an innovative approach that uses a vector-space semantic model to quantify scene-object congruency as a continuous variable. By exploring a wide range of congruency values and using multiple experimental tasks, we aimed to comprehensively investigate the relationship between scene-object congruency and object perception across four experiments (N = 543). We found a robust positive U-shaped relationship between scene-object congruency and accuracy in an exemplar identification task (Experiment 1), which persisted across different stimulus sets (reanalysis of the previous data set) and scene presentation times (Experiment 2). To explore the mechanisms underlying the U-shaped relationship, we propose that scene-object congruency affects object perception in two ways: by influencing attention and thus processing amount and by directly influencing processing efficiency. In Experiment 3, a change detection task emphasizing attentional processes revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between congruency and reaction times, suggesting that both congruent and incongruent contexts improve object perception by increasing attention. Experiment 4 introduced a cue to neutralize congruency-based attention, focusing on processing efficiency in an identification task. Notably, only a congruency benefit emerged, while an incongruency benefit was absent, suggesting that congruency uniquely facilitates processing efficiency to improve object perception. In summary, our study provides compelling evidence for the coexistence of congruency and incongruency benefits, reconciling previous contradictions and providing a unifying framework for understanding the relationship between scene-object congruency and object perception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Holly R Engstrom,Kristin Laurin,David C Zuroff,Toni Schmader
Leaders' behavior can powerfully alter group outcomes. In a programmatic series of preregistered studies, we provide the first rigorous test of whether and why leaders behave differently toward groups of men versus women. In a within-subjects pilot study (N = 336) and in between-subjects Study 1 (N = 368), American adults said they would lead groups of men (vs. women) in a more dominant (e.g., intimidating, controlling) manner. Study 2 (N = 361) replicated this pattern and found that people lead mixed-gender groups similarly to how they lead groups of all women. In Study 3 (N = 314), coaches of boys' (vs. girls') sports teams-real leaders of gender-segregated groups-also said that they led more dominantly. In Study 4 (N = 161), students who believed that they would be leading men (vs. women) were rated by trained coders as more dominant in a videotaped introduction to their group. The pilot study and Studies 1, 2, and 4 all tested for and found evidence suggesting that the underlying mechanism was related to leaders' stereotypes about their followers' communion. In Study 5 (N = 844), men evaluated dominant leaders more positively than women, suggesting that followers may reinforce leaders' tendency to lead men with more dominance. Leaders are likely to treat-and be reinforced for treating-groups of men in a more dominant way, with implications for group outcomes and group members' well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Do people lead men and women differently? Multimethod evidence that group gender affects leaders' dominance.","authors":"Holly R Engstrom,Kristin Laurin,David C Zuroff,Toni Schmader","doi":"10.1037/xge0001735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001735","url":null,"abstract":"Leaders' behavior can powerfully alter group outcomes. In a programmatic series of preregistered studies, we provide the first rigorous test of whether and why leaders behave differently toward groups of men versus women. In a within-subjects pilot study (N = 336) and in between-subjects Study 1 (N = 368), American adults said they would lead groups of men (vs. women) in a more dominant (e.g., intimidating, controlling) manner. Study 2 (N = 361) replicated this pattern and found that people lead mixed-gender groups similarly to how they lead groups of all women. In Study 3 (N = 314), coaches of boys' (vs. girls') sports teams-real leaders of gender-segregated groups-also said that they led more dominantly. In Study 4 (N = 161), students who believed that they would be leading men (vs. women) were rated by trained coders as more dominant in a videotaped introduction to their group. The pilot study and Studies 1, 2, and 4 all tested for and found evidence suggesting that the underlying mechanism was related to leaders' stereotypes about their followers' communion. In Study 5 (N = 844), men evaluated dominant leaders more positively than women, suggesting that followers may reinforce leaders' tendency to lead men with more dominance. Leaders are likely to treat-and be reinforced for treating-groups of men in a more dominant way, with implications for group outcomes and group members' well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"249 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The central tendency effect emphasizes the use of priors by the brain for perceptual optimization within a Bayesian framework. This study explores the impact of blindness on central tendency and prior utilization in a distance estimation auditory task by testing a group of early blinds, late blinds, and sighted participants. The results showed that early blind individuals exhibit a general impairment compared to sighted controls and late blind participants. Notably, although all groups showed the central tendency effect, it was almost complete in the early blind group. Bayesian modeling reveals suboptimal prior utilization in sighted controls and late blind but not in early blind. Our findings highlight the influence of contextual information in early blind individuals but their failure to optimize prior utilization. These results allow further exploration into the impact of context dependence on sensory processing in blindness. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for refining models of perceptual processing, which has implications for developing interventions to enhance sensory processing in blindness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"The influence of blindness on auditory context dependency.","authors":"Alessia Tonelli,Carlo Mazzola,Alessandra Sciutti,Monica Gori","doi":"10.1037/xge0001734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001734","url":null,"abstract":"The central tendency effect emphasizes the use of priors by the brain for perceptual optimization within a Bayesian framework. This study explores the impact of blindness on central tendency and prior utilization in a distance estimation auditory task by testing a group of early blinds, late blinds, and sighted participants. The results showed that early blind individuals exhibit a general impairment compared to sighted controls and late blind participants. Notably, although all groups showed the central tendency effect, it was almost complete in the early blind group. Bayesian modeling reveals suboptimal prior utilization in sighted controls and late blind but not in early blind. Our findings highlight the influence of contextual information in early blind individuals but their failure to optimize prior utilization. These results allow further exploration into the impact of context dependence on sensory processing in blindness. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for refining models of perceptual processing, which has implications for developing interventions to enhance sensory processing in blindness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motor planning forms a critical bridge between psycholinguistic and motoric models of word production. While syllables are often considered the core speech motor planning unit, growing evidence hints at suprasyllabic planning that may correspond to words, but firm experimental support is still lacking. We use differential adaptation to altered auditory feedback to provide novel, straightforward evidence for word-level planning. By introducing opposing perturbations to shared segmental content in near real time during speaking (e.g., raising the first vowel formant of "ped" in "pedigree" but lowering it in "pedicure," so speakers hear something akin to "padigree" and "pidicure"), we assess whether participants can use the larger word context to separately oppose the two perturbations (i.e., by producing "pidigree" and "padicure"). Critically, limb control research shows that such differential learning is possible only when the shared movement forms part of distinct motor plans, allowing a straightforward assay of the scope of planning in multisyllabic words. We found differential adaptation in multisyllabic words but of smaller size relative to monosyllabic words. Our results strongly suggest that speech relies on an interactive motor planning process encompassing both syllables and words. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Simultaneous acquisition of multiple auditory-motor transformations reveals suprasyllabic motor planning in speech production.","authors":"Yuyu Zeng,Caroline A Niziolek,Benjamin Parrell","doi":"10.1037/xge0001744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001744","url":null,"abstract":"Motor planning forms a critical bridge between psycholinguistic and motoric models of word production. While syllables are often considered the core speech motor planning unit, growing evidence hints at suprasyllabic planning that may correspond to words, but firm experimental support is still lacking. We use differential adaptation to altered auditory feedback to provide novel, straightforward evidence for word-level planning. By introducing opposing perturbations to shared segmental content in near real time during speaking (e.g., raising the first vowel formant of \"ped\" in \"pedigree\" but lowering it in \"pedicure,\" so speakers hear something akin to \"padigree\" and \"pidicure\"), we assess whether participants can use the larger word context to separately oppose the two perturbations (i.e., by producing \"pidigree\" and \"padicure\"). Critically, limb control research shows that such differential learning is possible only when the shared movement forms part of distinct motor plans, allowing a straightforward assay of the scope of planning in multisyllabic words. We found differential adaptation in multisyllabic words but of smaller size relative to monosyllabic words. Our results strongly suggest that speech relies on an interactive motor planning process encompassing both syllables and words. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"29 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russell J Boag,Luke Strickland,Andrew Heathcote,Shayne Loft
Managing the trade-off between stability (robustness to interference) and flexibility (readiness to adapt to change) places considerable demands on human attention, cognitive control, and meta-control processes. However, little is known about the cognitive mechanisms driving stability-flexibility adaptation in multitasking contexts, and such mechanisms have implications for effective task completion in everyday life and in complex work settings, particularly when individuals enter performance "red zones" where task demands exceed capacity to manage them. We present a computational model that explains how individuals, in a cognitively demanding prospective memory (PM) paradigm, cognitively adapt to the relative prevalence of competing task responses to achieve more stable or more flexible performance under conditions in and out of the "red zone" (high vs. low time pressure). The model explained observed ongoing- and PM-task performance in terms of the quality and quantity of attentional capacity directed to each task and context-sensitive differences in proactive and reactive cognitive control. The results are consistent with a view of stability and flexibility as potentially independent dimensions of control, the management of which is subject to human processing/capacity constraints. The model furthers understanding of human cognitive flexibility, with potential implications for humans working in dynamic, information-rich settings requiring behavioral flexibility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
管理稳定性（对干扰的稳健性）和灵活性（适应变化的准备程度）之间的权衡对人类的注意力、认知控制和元控制过程提出了相当高的要求。然而，人们对多任务情境中驱动稳定性-灵活性适应的认知机制知之甚少，而这种机制对日常生活和复杂工作环境中有效完成任务具有重要影响，尤其是当个体进入任务要求超出管理能力的绩效 "红区 "时。我们提出了一个计算模型，该模型解释了在认知要求较高的前瞻性记忆（PM）范式中，个体如何在 "红区 "内外（高时间压力与低时间压力）的条件下，认知适应竞争性任务反应的相对普遍性，以获得更稳定或更灵活的表现。该模型从针对每项任务的注意能力的质和量以及主动和被动认知控制的情境敏感性差异的角度解释了观察到的进行中任务和下午任务的表现。研究结果与将稳定性和灵活性视为潜在的独立控制维度的观点是一致的，这两个维度的管理受到人类处理/能力的限制。该模型加深了人们对人类认知灵活性的理解，对在动态、信息丰富、需要行为灵活性的环境中工作的人类具有潜在影响。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)。
{"title":"The dynamics of stability and flexibility: How attentional and cognitive control support multitasking under time pressure.","authors":"Russell J Boag,Luke Strickland,Andrew Heathcote,Shayne Loft","doi":"10.1037/xge0001749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001749","url":null,"abstract":"Managing the trade-off between stability (robustness to interference) and flexibility (readiness to adapt to change) places considerable demands on human attention, cognitive control, and meta-control processes. However, little is known about the cognitive mechanisms driving stability-flexibility adaptation in multitasking contexts, and such mechanisms have implications for effective task completion in everyday life and in complex work settings, particularly when individuals enter performance \"red zones\" where task demands exceed capacity to manage them. We present a computational model that explains how individuals, in a cognitively demanding prospective memory (PM) paradigm, cognitively adapt to the relative prevalence of competing task responses to achieve more stable or more flexible performance under conditions in and out of the \"red zone\" (high vs. low time pressure). The model explained observed ongoing- and PM-task performance in terms of the quality and quantity of attentional capacity directed to each task and context-sensitive differences in proactive and reactive cognitive control. The results are consistent with a view of stability and flexibility as potentially independent dimensions of control, the management of which is subject to human processing/capacity constraints. The model furthers understanding of human cognitive flexibility, with potential implications for humans working in dynamic, information-rich settings requiring behavioral flexibility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tal Boger,Sami R Yousif,Samuel D McDougle,Robb B Rutledge
Whether it's choosing a tennis serve or escaping a predator, the ability to behave randomly provides a range of adaptive benefits. Decades of work explore how people both produce and detect randomness, revealing profound nonrandom biases and heuristics in our mental representations of randomness. But how is randomness realized in the mind? Do individuals have a "one-size-fits-all" conception of randomness that they employ across different tasks and time points? Or do they instead use simple context-specific strategies? Here, we develop a model that reveals individual differences in how humans attempt to generate random sequences. Then, in three experiments, we reveal that random behavior is stable across both tasks and time. In Experiment 1, participants generated sequences of random numbers and one-dimensional random locations. Behavior was remarkably consistent across the two tasks. In Experiment 2, we gave participants both a random-number-generation and a two-dimensional random-location-generation task, such that the tasks diverged in structure. We again observed stable individual differences across tasks. Finally, in Experiment 3, we collected data from the same participants as in Experiment 2, but 1 year later; we found stable individual differences across that span. Across all experiments, we find idiosyncratic behaviors that are stable across tasks and time. Thus, we suggest that a trait-like randomness generator exists in the mind. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Random behavior is stable across tasks and time.","authors":"Tal Boger,Sami R Yousif,Samuel D McDougle,Robb B Rutledge","doi":"10.1037/xge0001755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001755","url":null,"abstract":"Whether it's choosing a tennis serve or escaping a predator, the ability to behave randomly provides a range of adaptive benefits. Decades of work explore how people both produce and detect randomness, revealing profound nonrandom biases and heuristics in our mental representations of randomness. But how is randomness realized in the mind? Do individuals have a \"one-size-fits-all\" conception of randomness that they employ across different tasks and time points? Or do they instead use simple context-specific strategies? Here, we develop a model that reveals individual differences in how humans attempt to generate random sequences. Then, in three experiments, we reveal that random behavior is stable across both tasks and time. In Experiment 1, participants generated sequences of random numbers and one-dimensional random locations. Behavior was remarkably consistent across the two tasks. In Experiment 2, we gave participants both a random-number-generation and a two-dimensional random-location-generation task, such that the tasks diverged in structure. We again observed stable individual differences across tasks. Finally, in Experiment 3, we collected data from the same participants as in Experiment 2, but 1 year later; we found stable individual differences across that span. Across all experiments, we find idiosyncratic behaviors that are stable across tasks and time. Thus, we suggest that a trait-like randomness generator exists in the mind. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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