Birte Moeller, Christian Beste, Alexander Münchau, Christian Frings
How do we make sense of our surroundings? A widely recognized field in cognitive psychology suggests that many important functions like memory of incidents, reasoning, and attention depend on the way we segment the ongoing stream of perception (Zacks & Swallow, 2007). An open question still is, how the structure generated from a perceptual stream translates into behavior. To address this question, we combined the findings in event segmentation literature with another influential body of literature that analyzes mechanisms behind the control of individual actions (Frings et al., 2020). Specifically, we analyzed how two very basic mechanisms in action control (binding and retrieval) are affected by boundaries between events. Two comic scenarios with different characters were used to implement events and boundaries between events. In two experiments, we measured binding and retrieval between individually executed responses that could be part of the same or separate events. In Experiment 1, we found larger binding effects for responses that were integrated within an event than for responses that had to be integrated across an event boundary. In Experiment 2, we found that the effect of retrieval of a past response on further actions was hampered by an event boundary. Together, the experiments indicate that the structure we pick up from our environment can translate into ongoing action via modulation of the two basic mechanisms binding and retrieval. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
我们如何理解周围的环境?认知心理学中一个被广泛认可的领域表明,许多重要的功能,如事件记忆、推理和注意力,取决于我们对正在进行的感知流的分割方式(Zacks & Swallow, 2007)。一个悬而未决的问题是,由感知流产生的结构如何转化为行为。为了解决这个问题,我们将事件分割文献中的发现与另一篇分析个体行为控制背后机制的有影响力的文献相结合(Frings等人,2020)。具体来说,我们分析了动作控制中的两个非常基本的机制(绑定和检索)如何受到事件之间边界的影响。使用两个具有不同角色的喜剧场景来实现事件和事件之间的边界。在两个实验中,我们测量了单独执行的响应之间的绑定和检索,这些响应可能是相同或单独事件的一部分。在实验1中,我们发现在事件内集成的响应比必须跨事件边界集成的响应具有更大的绑定效应。在实验2中,我们发现事件边界阻碍了对过去反应的检索对进一步行动的影响。总之,实验表明,我们从环境中获取的结构可以通过两种基本机制的调节转化为持续的行动,结合和检索。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Large scale event segmentation affects the microlevel action control processes.","authors":"Birte Moeller, Christian Beste, Alexander Münchau, Christian Frings","doi":"10.1037/xge0001681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How do we make sense of our surroundings? A widely recognized field in cognitive psychology suggests that many important functions like memory of incidents, reasoning, and attention depend on the way we segment the ongoing stream of perception (Zacks & Swallow, 2007). An open question still is, how the structure generated from a perceptual stream translates into behavior. To address this question, we combined the findings in event segmentation literature with another influential body of literature that analyzes mechanisms behind the control of individual actions (Frings et al., 2020). Specifically, we analyzed how two very basic mechanisms in action control (binding and retrieval) are affected by boundaries between events. Two comic scenarios with different characters were used to implement events and boundaries between events. In two experiments, we measured binding and retrieval between individually executed responses that could be part of the same or separate events. In Experiment 1, we found larger binding effects for responses that were integrated within an event than for responses that had to be integrated across an event boundary. In Experiment 2, we found that the effect of retrieval of a past response on further actions was hampered by an event boundary. Together, the experiments indicate that the structure we pick up from our environment can translate into ongoing action via modulation of the two basic mechanisms binding and retrieval. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142971017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reward devaluation theory (RDT) posits that some depressed individuals may not only be biased toward negative material but also actively avoid positive material (i.e., devaluing reward). Although there are intuitive, everyday life consequences for individuals who "devalue reward" or positivity, prior work has not established if (and how) reward devaluation manifests in tasks that encompass aspects of our daily lives, such as reading. The current research thus assessed if devaluation presents in a novel Valence Selection Task, akin to a reading assignment. In three studies, participants read incomplete reading prompts and were instructed to choose between a positively valenced, negatively valenced, or neutral sentence ending-all of which were viable sentence endings. Study 1 demonstrated that participants exhibiting depressive symptoms (assessed via fear of happiness) were less likely to select the positive endings, in line with RDT predictions. Study 2 replicated these findings, regardless of who the "subject" of the reading prompt was (self vs. other). Finally, results from Study 3 suggest that participants who displayed depressive symptoms were less likely to choose the positively valenced response, even when it was manipulated to be the objectively correct answer. These findings underscore the relevance of RDT in novel contexts and highlight potential clinical and educational applications. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
奖励贬值理论(Reward devaluation theory, RDT)认为,一些抑郁个体不仅倾向于消极物质,还会主动回避积极物质(即奖励贬值)。虽然对于那些“贬低奖励”或积极态度的人来说,有直观的、日常生活的后果,但之前的工作并没有确定奖励贬值是否(以及如何)体现在我们日常生活的各个方面,比如阅读。因此,目前的研究评估了贬值是否出现在一种类似于阅读作业的新型效价选择任务中。在三项研究中,参与者阅读了不完整的阅读提示,并被要求在积极的句子结尾、消极的句子结尾和中性的句子结尾之间做出选择——所有这些都是可行的句子结尾。研究1表明,表现出抑郁症状的参与者(通过对幸福的恐惧来评估)不太可能选择积极的结局,这与RDT预测一致。研究2重复了这些发现,不管阅读提示的“主体”是谁(自我还是他人)。最后,研究3的结果表明,表现出抑郁症状的参与者不太可能选择积极的反应,即使它被操纵成客观上正确的答案。这些发现强调了RDT在新环境中的相关性,并强调了潜在的临床和教育应用。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Avoiding positivity at a cost: Evidence of reward devaluation in the novel valence selection task.","authors":"Mya Urena, E Samuel Winer, Caitlin Mills","doi":"10.1037/xge0001702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reward devaluation theory (RDT) posits that some depressed individuals may not only be biased toward negative material but also actively avoid positive material (i.e., devaluing reward). Although there are intuitive, everyday life consequences for individuals who \"devalue reward\" or positivity, prior work has not established if (and how) reward devaluation manifests in tasks that encompass aspects of our daily lives, such as reading. The current research thus assessed if devaluation presents in a novel Valence Selection Task, akin to a reading assignment. In three studies, participants read incomplete reading prompts and were instructed to choose between a positively valenced, negatively valenced, or neutral sentence ending-all of which were viable sentence endings. Study 1 demonstrated that participants exhibiting depressive symptoms (assessed via fear of happiness) were less likely to select the positive endings, in line with RDT predictions. Study 2 replicated these findings, regardless of who the \"subject\" of the reading prompt was (self vs. other). Finally, results from Study 3 suggest that participants who displayed depressive symptoms were less likely to choose the positively valenced response, even when it was manipulated to be the objectively correct answer. These findings underscore the relevance of RDT in novel contexts and highlight potential clinical and educational applications. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142971045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Prinzing, David Rose, Siying Zhang, Eric Tu, Abigail Concha, Michael Rea, Jonathan Schaffer, Tobias Gerstenberg, Joshua Knobe
People attribute purposes in both mundane and profound ways-such as when thinking about the purpose of a knife and the purpose of a life. In three studies (total N = 13,720 observations from N = 3,430 participants), we tested whether these seemingly very different forms of purpose attributions might actually involve the same cognitive processes. We examined the impacts of four factors on purpose attributions in six domains (artifacts, social institutions, animals, body parts, sacred objects, and human lives). Study 1 manipulated what items in each domain were originally created for (original design) and how people currently use them (present practice). Study 2 manipulated whether items are good at achieving a goal (effectiveness) and whether the goal itself is good (morality). We found effects of each factor in every domain. However, whereas morality and effectiveness had remarkably similar effects across domains, the effects of original design and present practice differed substantially. Finally, Study 3 revealed that, within domains, the effects of original design and present practice depend on which entities design and use items. These results reveal striking similarities in purpose attributions across domains and suggest that certain entities are treated as authorities over the purposes of particular items. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
人们以世俗和深刻的方式赋予目的——比如思考一把刀的目的和生命的目的。在三项研究中(N = 3,430名参与者的N = 13,720项观察结果),我们测试了这些看似截然不同的目的归因形式是否实际上涉及相同的认知过程。我们在六个领域(人工制品、社会制度、动物、身体部位、圣物和人类生命)中考察了四个因素对目的归因的影响。研究1操纵了每个领域中最初创建的项目(原始设计)以及人们当前如何使用它们(当前实践)。研究2操纵项目是否擅长实现目标(有效性)以及目标本身是否良好(道德性)。我们发现了每个因素在每个领域的影响。然而,尽管道德和有效性在不同领域具有非常相似的影响,但原始设计和当前实践的影响却存在很大差异。最后,研究3表明,在域内,原始设计和当前实践的效果取决于哪些实体设计和使用项目。这些结果揭示了跨领域的目的归因的惊人相似性,并表明某些实体被视为特定项目目的的权威。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"From artifacts to human lives: Investigating the domain-generality of judgments about purposes.","authors":"Michael Prinzing, David Rose, Siying Zhang, Eric Tu, Abigail Concha, Michael Rea, Jonathan Schaffer, Tobias Gerstenberg, Joshua Knobe","doi":"10.1037/xge0001709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People attribute purposes in both mundane and profound ways-such as when thinking about the purpose of a knife and the purpose of a life. In three studies (total <i>N</i> = 13,720 observations from <i>N</i> = 3,430 participants), we tested whether these seemingly very different forms of purpose attributions might actually involve the same cognitive processes. We examined the impacts of four factors on purpose attributions in six domains (artifacts, social institutions, animals, body parts, sacred objects, and human lives). Study 1 manipulated what items in each domain were originally created for (original design) and how people currently use them (present practice). Study 2 manipulated whether items are good at achieving a goal (effectiveness) and whether the goal itself is good (morality). We found effects of each factor in every domain. However, whereas morality and effectiveness had remarkably similar effects across domains, the effects of original design and present practice differed substantially. Finally, Study 3 revealed that, within domains, the effects of original design and present practice depend on which entities design and use items. These results reveal striking similarities in purpose attributions across domains and suggest that certain entities are treated as authorities over the purposes of particular items. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142971013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marissa Hartston, Tal Lulav-Bash, Yael Goldstein-Marcusohn, Galia Avidan, Bat-Sheva Hadad
Experience is known to be a key element involved in the modulation of face-processing abilities as manifested by the inversion effect, other-race, and other-age effects. Yet, it is unclear how exposure refines internal perceptual representations of faces to give rise to such behavioral effects. To address this issue, we investigated short- and long-term experienced stimulus history on face processing. Participants performed same-different judgments in a serial discrimination task where two consecutive faces were drawn from a distribution of morphed faces. The use of stimulus statistics was measured by testing the gravitation of representations toward the experienced mean (regression-to-the-mean), and the dynamic of the biases was tested by investigating trial-by-trial performance. Own-race and own-age faces were tested alongside other-race and other-age faces employing a within-subject design. Results demonstrated greater regression biases in other-race and other-age faces than in own-race and own-age faces. Perceptual narrowing, measured by the ability to form and use the representation of the overall mean of the nonnative faces, varied with proficiency levels, with only those with low proficiency in face recognition showing the use of overall stimulus history for other-race faces. In contrast, the use of stimulus history for other-age faces was similarly affected by statistics in the low- and high-proficiency groups. The results demonstrate that narrowing is associated with specialization levels occurring more robustly for other-race faces, for which exposure is limited during sensitive periods in development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
经验被认为是调节人脸处理能力的一个关键因素,这体现在倒置效应、其他种族效应和其他年龄效应上。然而,目前尚不清楚暴露是如何改善面部的内部感知表征,从而产生这种行为效应的。为了解决这一问题,我们研究了短期和长期经验刺激史对面部加工的影响。在一系列辨别任务中,参与者进行相同-不同的判断,从一组变形的面孔中抽取两张连续的面孔。刺激统计的使用是通过检验表征对经验均值的吸引力(回归均值)来衡量的,而偏差的动态是通过调查逐个试验的表现来检验的。本种族和本年龄的面孔与其他种族和其他年龄的面孔一起采用主题内设计进行测试。结果表明,其他种族和其他年龄的面孔比自己种族和年龄的面孔有更大的回归偏差。知觉变窄,通过形成和使用非本地面孔的总体平均表征的能力来衡量,随着熟练程度的不同而变化,只有那些对面孔识别熟练程度较低的人显示出对其他种族面孔的整体刺激历史的使用。相比之下,对其他年龄面孔的刺激历史的使用同样受到低水平组和高水平组统计数据的影响。结果表明,在其他种族的面孔中,窄化与专业化水平的关系更为明显,因为在发育的敏感时期,对这些面孔的接触是有限的。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Experience-dependent biases in face discrimination reveal associations between perceptual specialization and narrowing.","authors":"Marissa Hartston, Tal Lulav-Bash, Yael Goldstein-Marcusohn, Galia Avidan, Bat-Sheva Hadad","doi":"10.1037/xge0001686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Experience is known to be a key element involved in the modulation of face-processing abilities as manifested by the inversion effect, other-race, and other-age effects. Yet, it is unclear how exposure refines internal perceptual representations of faces to give rise to such behavioral effects. To address this issue, we investigated short- and long-term experienced stimulus history on face processing. Participants performed same-different judgments in a serial discrimination task where two consecutive faces were drawn from a distribution of morphed faces. The use of stimulus statistics was measured by testing the gravitation of representations toward the experienced mean (regression-to-the-mean), and the dynamic of the biases was tested by investigating trial-by-trial performance. Own-race and own-age faces were tested alongside other-race and other-age faces employing a within-subject design. Results demonstrated greater regression biases in other-race and other-age faces than in own-race and own-age faces. Perceptual narrowing, measured by the ability to form and use the representation of the overall mean of the nonnative faces, varied with proficiency levels, with only those with low proficiency in face recognition showing the use of overall stimulus history for other-race faces. In contrast, the use of stimulus history for other-age faces was similarly affected by statistics in the low- and high-proficiency groups. The results demonstrate that narrowing is associated with specialization levels occurring more robustly for other-race faces, for which exposure is limited during sensitive periods in development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142818121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1037/xge0001523
Iris J Traast, David T Schultner, Bertjan Doosje, David M Amodio
How does race influence the impressions we form through direct interaction? In two preregistered experiments (N = 239/179), White American participants played a money-sharing game with Black and White players, based on a probabilistic reward reinforcement learning task, in which they chose to interact with players and received feedback on whether a player shared. We found that participants formed stronger reward preferences for White relative to Black players despite equivalent reward feedback between groups-a pattern that was stronger among participants with low internal motivation to respond without prejudice and high explicit prejudice. This race effect in reward learning was evident in participants' behavioral choice preferences, but not in their self-reported perceptions of group members' reward rates. Computational modeling suggested two mechanisms through which race affected instrumental learning: race (a) influenced White participants' initial expectancies (i.e., priors) about Black compared with White players' behavior and (b) led participants to update reward representations of Black and White players according to separate learning rates. These findings demonstrate that race can influence the formation of impressions through direct social interaction and introduce an instrumental learning framework to understand the effects of bias in intergroup interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
种族如何影响我们通过直接互动形成的印象?在两个预先注册的实验中(N = 239/179),美国白人参与者与黑人和白人玩家玩了一个基于概率奖励强化学习任务的分钱游戏,在这个游戏中,他们选择与玩家互动,并接受玩家是否分钱的反馈。我们发现,相对于黑人玩家,参与者对白人玩家形成了更强的奖励偏好,尽管两组之间的奖励反馈相当--这种模式在无偏见反应的内在动机低和显性偏见高的参与者中更为明显。这种奖励学习中的种族效应在参与者的行为选择偏好中很明显,但在他们对组内成员奖励率的自我报告感知中并不明显。计算模型显示了种族影响工具学习的两种机制:种族(a)影响白人参与者对黑人与白人选手行为的初始预期(即先验);(b)导致参与者根据不同的学习率更新黑人和白人选手的奖励表征。这些研究结果表明,种族可以通过直接的社会互动影响印象的形成,并引入了工具学习框架来理解群体间互动中偏见的影响。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
{"title":"Race effects on impression formation in social interaction: An instrumental learning account.","authors":"Iris J Traast, David T Schultner, Bertjan Doosje, David M Amodio","doi":"10.1037/xge0001523","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001523","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How does race influence the impressions we form through direct interaction? In two preregistered experiments (<i>N</i> = 239/179), White American participants played a money-sharing game with Black and White players, based on a probabilistic reward reinforcement learning task, in which they chose to interact with players and received feedback on whether a player shared. We found that participants formed stronger reward preferences for White relative to Black players despite equivalent reward feedback between groups-a pattern that was stronger among participants with low internal motivation to respond without prejudice and high explicit prejudice. This race effect in reward learning was evident in participants' behavioral choice preferences, but not in their self-reported perceptions of group members' reward rates. Computational modeling suggested two mechanisms through which race affected instrumental learning: race (a) influenced White participants' initial expectancies (i.e., priors) about Black compared with White players' behavior and (b) led participants to update reward representations of Black and White players according to separate learning rates. These findings demonstrate that race can influence the formation of impressions through direct social interaction and introduce an instrumental learning framework to understand the effects of bias in intergroup interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2985-3001"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139706834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1037/xge0001625
Paul C Bogdan, Florin Dolcos, Yuta Katsumi, Margaret O'Brien, Alexandru D Iordan, Samantha Iwinski, Simona Buetti, Alejandro Lleras, Kelly Freeman Bost, Sanda Dolcos
The effects of emotion on memory are wide-ranging and powerful, but they are not uniform. Although there is agreement that emotion enhances memory for individual items, how it influences memory for the associated contextual details (relational memory, RM) remains debated. The prevalent view suggests that emotion impairs RM, but there is also evidence that emotion enhances RM. To reconcile these diverging results, we carried out three studies incorporating the following features: (1) testing RM with increased specificity, distinguishing between subjective (recollection based) and objective (item-context match) RM accuracy, (2) accounting for emotion-attention interactions via eye-tracking and task manipulation, and (3) using stimuli with integrated item-context content. Challenging the prevalent view, we identified both enhancing and impairing effects. First, emotion enhanced subjective RM, separately and when confirmed by accurate objective RM. Second, emotion impaired objective RM through attention capturing, but it enhanced RM accuracy when attentional effects were statistically accounted for using eye-tracking data. Third, emotion also enhanced RM when participants were cued to focus on contextual details during encoding, likely by increasing item-context binding. Finally, functional magnetic resonance imaging data recorded from a subset of participants showed that emotional enhancement of RM was associated with increased activity in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, along with increased intra-MTL and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex-MTL functional connectivity. Overall, these findings reconcile evidence regarding opposing effects of emotion on RM and point to possible training interventions to increase RM specificity in healthy functioning, posttraumatic stress disorder, and aging, by promoting item-context binding and diminishing memory decontextualization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
情绪对记忆的影响是广泛而强大的,但并不一致。尽管人们一致认为情绪会增强对单个项目的记忆,但情绪如何影响对相关情境细节的记忆(关系记忆,RM)仍存在争议。流行的观点认为情绪会损害关系记忆,但也有证据表明情绪会增强关系记忆。为了调和这些不同的结果,我们进行了三项包含以下特征的研究:(1)以更高的特异性测试RM,区分主观(基于回忆)和客观(项目-上下文匹配)RM的准确性;(2)通过眼动跟踪和任务操作来考虑情绪-注意力的相互作用;(3)使用具有综合项目-上下文内容的刺激物。与普遍观点不同的是,我们同时发现了增强效应和损害效应。首先,情绪会单独增强主观RM,并通过准确的客观RM加以证实。其次,情绪会通过注意力捕捉损害客观RM,但当使用眼动追踪数据对注意力效应进行统计时,情绪会提高RM的准确性。第三,当被试在编码过程中被提示关注上下文细节时,情绪也会增强RM,这可能是通过增加项目-上下文的结合来实现的。最后,一部分参与者记录的功能磁共振成像数据显示,情绪对RM的增强与内侧颞叶(MTL)和腹外侧前额叶皮层活动的增加有关,同时内侧颞叶(MTL)和腹外侧前额叶皮层与内侧颞叶(MTL)的功能连接也增加了。总之,这些发现调和了情绪对RM的相反影响的证据,并指出了可能的训练干预措施,通过促进项目与上下文的结合和减少记忆的非上下文化,提高健康功能、创伤后应激障碍和衰老的RM特异性。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Reconciling opposing effects of emotion on relational memory: Behavioral, eye-tracking, and brain imaging investigations.","authors":"Paul C Bogdan, Florin Dolcos, Yuta Katsumi, Margaret O'Brien, Alexandru D Iordan, Samantha Iwinski, Simona Buetti, Alejandro Lleras, Kelly Freeman Bost, Sanda Dolcos","doi":"10.1037/xge0001625","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001625","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effects of emotion on memory are wide-ranging and powerful, but they are not uniform. Although there is agreement that emotion enhances memory for individual items, how it influences memory for the associated contextual details (relational memory, RM) remains debated. The prevalent view suggests that emotion impairs RM, but there is also evidence that emotion enhances RM. To reconcile these diverging results, we carried out three studies incorporating the following features: (1) testing RM with increased specificity, distinguishing between <i>subjective</i> (recollection based) and <i>objective</i> (item-context match) RM accuracy, (2) accounting for emotion-attention interactions via eye-tracking and task manipulation, and (3) using stimuli with integrated item-context content. Challenging the prevalent view, we identified both enhancing and impairing effects. First, emotion enhanced subjective RM, separately and when confirmed by accurate objective RM. Second, emotion impaired objective RM through attention capturing, but it enhanced RM accuracy when attentional effects were statistically accounted for using eye-tracking data. Third, emotion also enhanced RM when participants were cued to focus on contextual details during encoding, likely by increasing item-context binding. Finally, functional magnetic resonance imaging data recorded from a subset of participants showed that emotional enhancement of RM was associated with increased activity in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, along with increased intra-MTL and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex-MTL functional connectivity. Overall, these findings reconcile evidence regarding opposing effects of emotion on RM and point to possible training interventions to increase RM specificity in healthy functioning, posttraumatic stress disorder, and aging, by promoting item-context binding and diminishing memory decontextualization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"3074-3106"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142288953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1037/xge0001637
Miklos Bognar, Mate Gyurkovics, Balazs Aczel, Henk van Steenbergen
The U-shaped curve has long been recognized as a fundamental concept in psychological science, particularly in theories about motivational accounts and cognitive control. In this study (N = 330), we empirically tested the prediction of a nonmonotonic, curvilinear relationship between task difficulty and control adaptation. Drawing from motivational intensity theory and the expected value of control framework, we hypothesized that control intensity would increase with task difficulty until a maximum tolerable level, after which it would decrease. To examine this hypothesis, we conducted two experiments utilizing Stroop-like conflict tasks, systematically manipulating the number of distractors to vary task difficulty. We assessed control adaptation and measured subjective task difficulty. Our results revealed a curvilinear pattern between perceived task difficulty and adaptation of control. The findings provide empirical support for the theoretical accounts of motivational intensity theory and expected value of control, highlighting the nonlinear nature of the relationship between task difficulty and cognitive control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"The curve of control: Nonmonotonic effects of task difficulty on cognitive control.","authors":"Miklos Bognar, Mate Gyurkovics, Balazs Aczel, Henk van Steenbergen","doi":"10.1037/xge0001637","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The U-shaped curve has long been recognized as a fundamental concept in psychological science, particularly in theories about motivational accounts and cognitive control. In this study (<i>N</i> = 330), we empirically tested the prediction of a nonmonotonic, curvilinear relationship between task difficulty and control adaptation. Drawing from motivational intensity theory and the expected value of control framework, we hypothesized that control intensity would increase with task difficulty until a maximum tolerable level, after which it would decrease. To examine this hypothesis, we conducted two experiments utilizing Stroop-like conflict tasks, systematically manipulating the number of distractors to vary task difficulty. We assessed control adaptation and measured subjective task difficulty. Our results revealed a curvilinear pattern between perceived task difficulty and adaptation of control. The findings provide empirical support for the theoretical accounts of motivational intensity theory and expected value of control, highlighting the nonlinear nature of the relationship between task difficulty and cognitive control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"3130-3142"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142288955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1037/xge0001640
Julia F Strand, Violet A Brown, Katrina Sewell, Yuxin Lin, Emmett Lefkowitz, Caroline G Saksena
It is common practice in speech research to only sample participants who self-report being "native English speakers." Although there is research on differences in language processing between native and nonnative listeners (see Lecumberri et al., 2010, for a review), the majority of speech research that aims to establish general findings (e.g., testing models of spoken word recognition) only includes native speakers in their sample. Not only is the "native English speaker" criterion poorly defined, but it also excludes historically underrepresented groups from speech perception research, often without attention to whether this exclusion is likely to affect study outcomes. The purpose of this study is to empirically test whether and how using different inclusion criteria ("native English speakers" vs. "nonnative English speakers") affects several well-known phenomena in speech perception research. Five hundred participants completed word (N = 200) and sentence (N = 300) identification tasks in quiet and in moderate levels of background noise. Results indicate that multiple classic findings in speech perception research-including the effects of noise level, lexical density, and semantic context on speech intelligibility-persist regardless of "native English" speaking status. However, the magnitude of some of these effects differed across participant groups. Taken together, these results suggest that researchers should carefully consider whether native speaker status is likely to affect outcomes and make decisions about inclusion criteria on a study-by-study basis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Assessing the effects of \"native speaker\" status on classic findings in speech research.","authors":"Julia F Strand, Violet A Brown, Katrina Sewell, Yuxin Lin, Emmett Lefkowitz, Caroline G Saksena","doi":"10.1037/xge0001640","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is common practice in speech research to only sample participants who self-report being \"native English speakers.\" Although there is research on differences in language processing between native and nonnative listeners (see Lecumberri et al., 2010, for a review), the majority of speech research that aims to establish general findings (e.g., testing models of spoken word recognition) only includes native speakers in their sample. Not only is the \"native English speaker\" criterion poorly defined, but it also excludes historically underrepresented groups from speech perception research, often without attention to whether this exclusion is likely to affect study outcomes. The purpose of this study is to empirically test whether and how using different inclusion criteria (\"native English speakers\" vs. \"nonnative English speakers\") affects several well-known phenomena in speech perception research. Five hundred participants completed word (<i>N</i> = 200) and sentence (N = 300) identification tasks in quiet and in moderate levels of background noise. Results indicate that multiple classic findings in speech perception research-including the effects of noise level, lexical density, and semantic context on speech intelligibility-persist regardless of \"native English\" speaking status. However, the magnitude of some of these effects differed across participant groups. Taken together, these results suggest that researchers should carefully consider whether native speaker status is likely to affect outcomes and make decisions about inclusion criteria on a study-by-study basis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"3027-3041"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11620953/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142288951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2023-11-16DOI: 10.1037/xge0001497
Sharanya Bashyam, Marc Colomer, Radhika Santhanagopalan, Katherine D Kinzler, Amanda Woodward
A majority of the world's population is multilingual, yet children's language-based preferences have largely been studied in Western monolingual contexts. The present research investigated language-based preferences in 4- to 8-year-old children living in Hyderabad, India, a multilingual region with languages such as Telugu (official language of the state, and the native language of many children in the state) and English (medium of instruction in some schools). We presented to children novel objects and probed their selective preference to learn from different speakers (Telugu, British-accented English, or Indian-accented English). In addition, the current study assessed the flexibility of children's preferences by manipulating the learning goal (i.e., performance goal vs. enjoyment goal) and learning content (i.e., Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [STEM] objects vs. cultural objects). Children showed a preference for both English speakers over Telugu speakers, a tendency that increased with age. This preference was especially pronounced for performance learning goals and for STEM learning content. Furthermore, children whose native language was Telugu showed a less pronounced English bias. The results of this study provide new insights into the development of language-based biases in multilingual environments. First, they highlight dual and intersecting considerations of speaker familiarity and speaker status in guiding children's choices about from whom to learn. Second, the results suggest that children's language-based preferences in a pedagogical setting are flexible, as children integrate social cues (e.g., language-based attitudes) as well as contextual cues (e.g., the learning goal) strategically. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Children's language-based pedagogical preferences in a multilingual society.","authors":"Sharanya Bashyam, Marc Colomer, Radhika Santhanagopalan, Katherine D Kinzler, Amanda Woodward","doi":"10.1037/xge0001497","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A majority of the world's population is multilingual, yet children's language-based preferences have largely been studied in Western monolingual contexts. The present research investigated language-based preferences in 4- to 8-year-old children living in Hyderabad, India, a multilingual region with languages such as Telugu (official language of the state, and the native language of many children in the state) and English (medium of instruction in some schools). We presented to children novel objects and probed their selective preference to learn from different speakers (Telugu, British-accented English, or Indian-accented English). In addition, the current study assessed the flexibility of children's preferences by manipulating the learning goal (i.e., performance goal vs. enjoyment goal) and learning content (i.e., Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [STEM] objects vs. cultural objects). Children showed a preference for both English speakers over Telugu speakers, a tendency that increased with age. This preference was especially pronounced for performance learning goals and for STEM learning content. Furthermore, children whose native language was Telugu showed a less pronounced English bias. The results of this study provide new insights into the development of language-based biases in multilingual environments. First, they highlight dual and intersecting considerations of speaker familiarity and speaker status in guiding children's choices about from whom to learn. Second, the results suggest that children's language-based preferences in a pedagogical setting are flexible, as children integrate social cues (e.g., language-based attitudes) as well as contextual cues (e.g., the learning goal) strategically. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2951-2961"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136397689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-01-15DOI: 10.1037/xge0001517
Bailey A Immel, Zoe Liberman
Humans learn about the world through inductive reasoning, generalizing information about an individual to others in the category. Indeed, by infancy, monolingual children expect people who speak the same language (but not people who speak different languages) to be similar in their food preferences (Liberman et al., 2016). Here, we ask whether infants who are exposed to linguistic diversity are more willing to generalize information even across language-group lines. To test this, we ran an inductive inference task and collected data on exposure to linguistic diversity at the interpersonal and neighborhood levels. Infants with more linguistically diverse social networks were more likely to generalize a food preference across speakers of different languages. However, this relationship was not seen for neighborhood diversity. We discuss implications of this work on understanding the development of bias and its malleability based on early social experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
人类通过归纳推理来了解世界,将关于某个个体的信息归纳到该类别中的其他人身上。事实上,在婴儿时期,单语儿童就会认为说同一种语言的人(而不是说不同语言的人)对食物的偏好是相似的(Liberman 等人,2016 年)。在这里,我们要问的是,接触过语言多样性的婴儿是否更愿意归纳甚至是跨语言群体的信息。为了测试这一点,我们执行了一项归纳推理任务,并收集了在人际和邻里层面接触语言多样性的数据。拥有更多语言多样性社交网络的婴儿更有可能将食物偏好归纳为不同语言使用者的偏好。然而,这种关系在邻里多样性中并不存在。我们讨论了这项工作对理解偏见的发展及其基于早期社会经验的可塑性的影响。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Probing the impact of exposure to diversity on infants' social categorization.","authors":"Bailey A Immel, Zoe Liberman","doi":"10.1037/xge0001517","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans learn about the world through inductive reasoning, generalizing information about an individual to others in the category. Indeed, by infancy, monolingual children expect people who speak the same language (but not people who speak different languages) to be similar in their food preferences (Liberman et al., 2016). Here, we ask whether infants who are exposed to linguistic diversity are more willing to generalize information even across language-group lines. To test this, we ran an inductive inference task and collected data on exposure to linguistic diversity at the interpersonal and neighborhood levels. Infants with more linguistically diverse social networks were more likely to generalize a food preference across speakers of different languages. However, this relationship was not seen for neighborhood diversity. We discuss implications of this work on understanding the development of bias and its malleability based on early social experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":"2977-2984"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139471848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}