{"title":"Supplemental Material for Categorizing Tasks Around a Break Reduces Rumination and Improves Task Performance","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xge0001843.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001843.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145397004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for The Age of Misinformation: Older People Exhibit Greater Partisan Bias in Sharing and Evaluating (Mis)Information Accuracy","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xge0001868.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001868.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"149 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145396692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katrina M Fincher, Asteya Percaya, Starlett Hartley
Dehumanization, the perception of others as less than fully human, is widely invoked in discourse on ethnopolitical conflict. Yet its validity as a psychological construct has come under growing scrutiny. Critics have questioned its divergent validity, arguing it may merely reflect interpersonal and intergroup bias, and its convergent validity, given the proliferation of diverse and potentially unrelated measures. The present research speaks to both concerns by leveraging the context of contagious disease, which introduces motivational conflict between recognizing others' humanity and managing personal risk. Because contagious disease threatens friends and family as much as strangers, this context provides a stringent test of whether dehumanization operates independently of prejudice. It also enables a test of functional convergence: whether diverse dehumanization measures respond in parallel to a shared motivational input. Findings from six studies (N = 5,253) assessing four common operationalizations-blatant dehumanization, animalization, mechanization, and mind denial-support the construct's distinctiveness and its coherence. Contagion cues reliably elicited dehumanization, and this effect was not moderated by relational closeness: Perceived disease risk increased dehumanization equally for friends and family. Findings also support the construct's coherence: All four measures responded similarly to disease threat. Multilevel models treating the measure as a random effect revealed substantial shared variance across operationalizations. Together, these findings support the distinctiveness and coherence of psychological conceptions of dehumanization as a flexible regulatory mechanism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
非人化（Dehumanization），即认为他人不完全是人的概念，在种族政治冲突的讨论中被广泛引用。然而，它作为一种心理构造的有效性正受到越来越多的审视。批评者质疑它的发散有效性，认为它可能仅仅反映了人际和群体间的偏见，以及它的收敛有效性，考虑到多样化和潜在不相关的测量方法的扩散。目前的研究通过利用传染病的背景来解决这两个问题，传染病引入了认识他人人性和管理个人风险之间的动机冲突。由于传染病对朋友和家人的威胁不亚于对陌生人的威胁，因此这种情况为非人化是否独立于偏见而运作提供了严格的检验。它还可以测试功能趋同：不同的非人性化措施是否对共享的动机输入并行响应。六项研究（N = 5253）评估了四种常见的操作方式——公然非人性化、动物化、机械化和心理否认——结果支持了该结构的独特性和一致性。传染线索可靠地引发了非人性化，这种影响不受关系亲密的影响：感知疾病风险同样增加了朋友和家人的非人性化。研究结果也支持了结构的一致性：所有四种测量方法对疾病威胁的反应相似。将度量视为随机效应的多层模型揭示了跨操作化的大量共享方差。总之，这些发现支持了去人性化作为一种灵活调节机制的心理学概念的独特性和一致性。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Dehumanization without antipathy: Subtle and blatant measures reveal a shared regulatory function.","authors":"Katrina M Fincher, Asteya Percaya, Starlett Hartley","doi":"10.1037/xge0001823","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dehumanization, the perception of others as less than fully human, is widely invoked in discourse on ethnopolitical conflict. Yet its validity as a psychological construct has come under growing scrutiny. Critics have questioned its divergent validity, arguing it may merely reflect interpersonal and intergroup bias, and its convergent validity, given the proliferation of diverse and potentially unrelated measures. The present research speaks to both concerns by leveraging the context of contagious disease, which introduces motivational conflict between recognizing others' humanity and managing personal risk. Because contagious disease threatens friends and family as much as strangers, this context provides a stringent test of whether dehumanization operates independently of prejudice. It also enables a test of functional convergence: whether diverse dehumanization measures respond in parallel to a shared motivational input. Findings from six studies (<i>N</i> = 5,253) assessing four common operationalizations-blatant dehumanization, animalization, mechanization, and mind denial-support the construct's distinctiveness and its coherence. Contagion cues reliably elicited dehumanization, and this effect was not moderated by relational closeness: Perceived disease risk increased dehumanization equally for friends and family. Findings also support the construct's coherence: All four measures responded similarly to disease threat. Multilevel models treating the measure as a random effect revealed substantial shared variance across operationalizations. Together, these findings support the distinctiveness and coherence of psychological conceptions of dehumanization as a flexible regulatory mechanism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145377315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Disentangling the Multifaceted Nature of Certainty in Evaluations","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xge0001857.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001857.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145396694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Dehumanization Without Antipathy: Subtle and Blatant Measures Reveal a Shared Regulatory Function","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xge0001823.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001823.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145382363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B Heidi Ellis,Samantha R Awada,Enryka Christopher,Diana Miconi,Cecile Rousseau
Exposure to violence has been identified as a risk factor for openness to violent activism (VA) or the support of groups and/or movements that use violence to further social or political goals. It is important to understand how psychological and social factors influence this association to inform public health models of prevention. The present study examined the role of psychological and social factors in the association between exposure of cumulative and types of violence (political violence, persecution, and violence against loved ones) and openness to VA within a sample of U.S. adults (n = 999). Findings indicated depression and anxiety mediated the association between violence exposure and openness to VA. This finding supports the importance of addressing mental health in prevention approaches. Further, contrary to hypotheses, analyses indicated that the association between exposure to violence and greater openness to VA was strongest for individuals with higher levels of social support who had a positive view of the future. Motivation to promote change may be intensified when individuals feel closer to their social support system and when they believe that the change will be meaningful. Findings highlight the importance of individuals having access to and means of agency in promoting change using nonviolent approaches. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
接触暴力已被确定为对暴力行动主义（VA）或支持使用暴力来推进社会或政治目标的团体和/或运动的开放性的风险因素。重要的是要了解心理和社会因素如何影响这种关联，从而为公共卫生预防模式提供信息。本研究以美国成年人为样本（n = 999），考察了心理和社会因素在暴露于累积暴力和暴力类型（政治暴力、迫害和对亲人的暴力）和对退伍军人的开放性之间的关系中的作用。研究结果表明，抑郁和焦虑介导了暴力暴露与VA开放性之间的关联。这一发现支持了在预防方法中解决心理健康问题的重要性。此外，与假设相反，分析表明，对于那些对未来持积极态度的社会支持水平较高的个人，暴露于暴力和对VA的更大开放性之间的联系是最强的。当个人感到更接近他们的社会支持系统时，当他们相信改变是有意义的时，促进改变的动机可能会加强。调查结果强调了使用非暴力方法促进变革的个人获得和代理手段的重要性。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Association of violence exposure and openness to violent activism: Understanding the role of psychological and social factors.","authors":"B Heidi Ellis,Samantha R Awada,Enryka Christopher,Diana Miconi,Cecile Rousseau","doi":"10.1037/xge0001853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001853","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to violence has been identified as a risk factor for openness to violent activism (VA) or the support of groups and/or movements that use violence to further social or political goals. It is important to understand how psychological and social factors influence this association to inform public health models of prevention. The present study examined the role of psychological and social factors in the association between exposure of cumulative and types of violence (political violence, persecution, and violence against loved ones) and openness to VA within a sample of U.S. adults (n = 999). Findings indicated depression and anxiety mediated the association between violence exposure and openness to VA. This finding supports the importance of addressing mental health in prevention approaches. Further, contrary to hypotheses, analyses indicated that the association between exposure to violence and greater openness to VA was strongest for individuals with higher levels of social support who had a positive view of the future. Motivation to promote change may be intensified when individuals feel closer to their social support system and when they believe that the change will be meaningful. Findings highlight the importance of individuals having access to and means of agency in promoting change using nonviolent approaches. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145351457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We conduct tests of a hybrid-similarity exemplar model on its ability to account for the context-dependent memorability of items embedded in high-dimensional category spaces. According to the model, recognition judgments are based on the summed similarity of test items to studied exemplars. The model allows for the idea that "self-similarity" among objects differs due to matching on highly salient distinctive features. Participants viewed a study list of rock images belonging to geologically defined categories where the number of studied items from each category was manipulated. Following the study, the participants' old-new recognition memory performance was tested. We also manipulated across experiments the nature of the encoding task used during the study phase: Experiment 1 used a category-description matching task, whereas Experiment 2 used more neutral encoding instructions. Hit rates were markedly lower in Experiment 2 than in Experiment 1, and participants relied less on the presence of distinctive features for recognizing old items in the second experiment. With a minimum of parameter estimation, the hybrid-similarity model provided good accounts of a wide variety of fundamental benchmark phenomena across the two experiments. These included changing levels of memorability due to contextual effects of category size, within- and between-category similarity, and the presence of distinctive features. However, the hybrid model and a variety of extensions of the model fell short in accounting for the variability in hit rates within the class of old target items themselves. We discuss future directions for potentially improving upon the current predictions from the model. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
我们对混合相似范例模型进行了测试，以了解其在高维类别空间中嵌入的项目的上下文依赖性记忆能力。根据该模型，识别判断是基于测试项目与研究样本相似度的总和。该模型考虑到物体之间的“自相似性”由于高度显著的特征匹配而不同。参与者观看了属于地质学定义类别的岩石图像的研究列表，其中每个类别的研究项目数量被操纵。研究结束后，对参与者的新旧识别记忆表现进行了测试。我们还在实验中操纵了研究阶段使用的编码任务的性质：实验1使用了类别描述匹配任务，而实验2使用了更中性的编码指令。实验二的识别率明显低于实验一，实验二的参与者在识别旧物品时较少依赖显著特征的存在。通过最小的参数估计，混合相似模型提供了两个实验中各种基本基准现象的良好描述。其中包括由于类别大小、类别内和类别之间的相似性以及不同特征的存在的上下文影响而改变的记忆水平。然而，混合模型和模型的各种扩展在考虑旧目标物品本身类别中命中率的可变性方面存在不足。我们讨论了未来的方向，以潜在地改进当前模型的预测。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"Tests of a hybrid-similarity exemplar model of context-dependent memorability in a high-dimensional real-world category domain.","authors":"Robert M Nosofsky,Krista A Ehinger,Adam F Osth","doi":"10.1037/xge0001846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001846","url":null,"abstract":"We conduct tests of a hybrid-similarity exemplar model on its ability to account for the context-dependent memorability of items embedded in high-dimensional category spaces. According to the model, recognition judgments are based on the summed similarity of test items to studied exemplars. The model allows for the idea that \"self-similarity\" among objects differs due to matching on highly salient distinctive features. Participants viewed a study list of rock images belonging to geologically defined categories where the number of studied items from each category was manipulated. Following the study, the participants' old-new recognition memory performance was tested. We also manipulated across experiments the nature of the encoding task used during the study phase: Experiment 1 used a category-description matching task, whereas Experiment 2 used more neutral encoding instructions. Hit rates were markedly lower in Experiment 2 than in Experiment 1, and participants relied less on the presence of distinctive features for recognizing old items in the second experiment. With a minimum of parameter estimation, the hybrid-similarity model provided good accounts of a wide variety of fundamental benchmark phenomena across the two experiments. These included changing levels of memorability due to contextual effects of category size, within- and between-category similarity, and the presence of distinctive features. However, the hybrid model and a variety of extensions of the model fell short in accounting for the variability in hit rates within the class of old target items themselves. We discuss future directions for potentially improving upon the current predictions from the model. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lillian R Masek,Catalina Suarez-Rivera,Ori Ossmy,Catherine S Tamis-LeMonda
Categories are fundamental to cognition. By age 2, infants form categories-animals, foods, and so on-and leverage them to learn new words. What enables them to do so? Prior work has focused on mechanisms internal to infants (e.g., core concepts and biases) and perceptual features of stimuli that facilitate learning (e.g., shape). Here we test the hypothesis that a key property of language input itself-the timing of words to infants-provides a reliable structure that informs on the semantic connections among words. We quantified the temporal structure of infants' speech exposure from video recordings of infant-mother interactions (N = 78) during 1-2 hr of everyday activities (130 cumulative hours). Analysis of time-locked transcriptions yielded 1 billion+ latencies among 350,000+ words. Words from the same superordinate category (i.e., animals, vehicles, food, body parts, and clothing) occurred within a tighter time window relative to one another than did words overall and concrete nouns specifically. Thus, temporal parameters of speech offer reliable data that infants can leverage in the learning of taxonomic categories. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
范畴是认知的基础。到2岁时，婴儿形成了动物、食物等类别，并利用它们来学习新单词。是什么使他们能够这样做呢？先前的工作主要集中在婴儿的内部机制（例如，核心概念和偏见）和促进学习的刺激的感知特征（例如，形状）。在这里，我们测试了一个假设，即语言输入本身的一个关键属性——单词对婴儿的时间——提供了一个可靠的结构，告知单词之间的语义联系。我们量化了婴儿在1-2小时的日常活动（累计130小时）中与母亲互动的视频记录（N = 78）中言语暴露的时间结构。对时间锁定转录的分析发现，35万多个单词中有10亿多个延迟。来自同一上级类别（即动物、交通工具、食物、身体部位和衣服）的单词在相对于整体单词和具体名词的时间窗口内出现的时间更短。因此，言语的时间参数提供了可靠的数据，婴儿可以利用在学习分类类别。（PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA，版权所有）。
{"title":"The temporal distribution of speech to infants highlights relatedness among words.","authors":"Lillian R Masek,Catalina Suarez-Rivera,Ori Ossmy,Catherine S Tamis-LeMonda","doi":"10.1037/xge0001844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001844","url":null,"abstract":"Categories are fundamental to cognition. By age 2, infants form categories-animals, foods, and so on-and leverage them to learn new words. What enables them to do so? Prior work has focused on mechanisms internal to infants (e.g., core concepts and biases) and perceptual features of stimuli that facilitate learning (e.g., shape). Here we test the hypothesis that a key property of language input itself-the timing of words to infants-provides a reliable structure that informs on the semantic connections among words. We quantified the temporal structure of infants' speech exposure from video recordings of infant-mother interactions (N = 78) during 1-2 hr of everyday activities (130 cumulative hours). Analysis of time-locked transcriptions yielded 1 billion+ latencies among 350,000+ words. Words from the same superordinate category (i.e., animals, vehicles, food, body parts, and clothing) occurred within a tighter time window relative to one another than did words overall and concrete nouns specifically. Thus, temporal parameters of speech offer reliable data that infants can leverage in the learning of taxonomic categories. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for Authentic Allyship: Feeling Authentic Increases Allyship Behavior via Greater Psychological Standing","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xge0001854.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001854.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145295137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supplemental Material for The Temporal Distribution of Speech to Infants Highlights Relatedness Among Words","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/xge0001844.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001844.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号