Kevin O'Neill, Paul Henne, John Pearson, Felipe De Brigard
Counterfactual theories propose that people's capacity for causal judgment depends on their ability to consider alternative possibilities: The lightning strike caused the forest fire because had it not struck, the forest fire would not have ensued. To accommodate a variety of psychological effects on causal judgment, a range of recent accounts have proposed that people probabilistically sample counterfactual alternatives from which they compute a graded measure of causal strength. While such models successfully describe the influence of the statistical normality (i.e., the base rate) of the candidate and alternate causes on causal judgments, we show that they make further untested predictions about how normality influences people's confidence in their causal judgments. In a large (N = 3,020) sample of participants in a causal judgment task, we found that normality indeed influences people's confidence in their causal judgments and that these influences were predicted by a counterfactual sampling model in which people are more confident in a causal relationship when the effect of the cause is less variable among imagined counterfactual possibilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
反事实理论认为,人们的因果判断能力取决于他们考虑其他可能性的能力:雷击导致了森林火灾,因为如果没有雷击,森林火灾就不会发生。为了适应对因果判断的各种心理影响,最近的一系列理论提出,人们对反事实替代方案进行概率抽样,并从中计算出因果关系强度的分级措施。虽然这些模型成功地描述了候选原因和替代原因的统计正态性(即基率)对因果判断的影响,但我们发现,它们对正态性如何影响人们对因果判断的信心做出了更多未经验证的预测。在一个大样本(N = 3,020)的因果判断任务中,我们发现常模确实会影响人们对因果判断的信心,而且这些影响是反事实抽样模型所预测的,在该模型中,当原因的效果在想象的反事实可能性中变化较小时,人们对因果关系的信心会更强。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Modeling confidence in causal judgments.","authors":"Kevin O'Neill, Paul Henne, John Pearson, Felipe De Brigard","doi":"10.1037/xge0001615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Counterfactual theories propose that people's capacity for causal judgment depends on their ability to consider alternative possibilities: The lightning strike caused the forest fire because had it not struck, the forest fire would not have ensued. To accommodate a variety of psychological effects on causal judgment, a range of recent accounts have proposed that people probabilistically sample counterfactual alternatives from which they compute a graded measure of causal strength. While such models successfully describe the influence of the statistical normality (i.e., the base rate) of the candidate and alternate causes on causal judgments, we show that they make further untested predictions about how normality influences people's confidence in their causal judgments. In a large (N = 3,020) sample of participants in a causal judgment task, we found that normality indeed influences people's confidence in their causal judgments and that these influences were predicted by a counterfactual sampling model in which people are more confident in a causal relationship when the effect of the cause is less variable among imagined counterfactual possibilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1037/xge0001581
Sarah Hye-Yeon Lee, Yue Ji, Anna Papafragou
The physical world provides humans with continuous streams of experience in both space and time. The human mind, however, can parse and organize this continuous input into discrete, individual units. In the current work, we characterize the representational signatures of basic units of human experience across the spatial (object) and temporal (event) domains. We propose that there are three shared, abstract signatures of individuation underlying the basic units of representation across the two domains. Specifically, individuated entities in both the spatial domain (objects) and temporal domain (bounded events) resist restructuring, have distinct parts, and do not tolerate breaks; unindividuated entities in both the spatial domain (substances) and the temporal domain (unbounded events) lack these features. In three experiments, we confirm these principles and discuss their significance for cognitive and linguistic theories of objects and events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
物理世界为人类提供了连续的时空体验流。然而,人类大脑可以将这些连续的输入信息解析并组织成离散的个体单元。在当前的研究中,我们描述了人类经验基本单元在空间(物体)和时间(事件)领域的表征特征。我们提出,在这两个领域的基本表征单位中,存在三种共享的、抽象的个体化特征。具体来说,空间领域(物体)和时间领域(有界限的事件)中的个体化实体都能抵御重组,具有独特的部分,并且不能容忍断裂;而空间领域(物质)和时间领域(无界限的事件)中的非个体化实体则缺乏这些特征。在三个实验中,我们证实了这些原理,并讨论了它们对物体和事件的认知和语言理论的意义。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)。
{"title":"Signatures of individuation across objects and events.","authors":"Sarah Hye-Yeon Lee, Yue Ji, Anna Papafragou","doi":"10.1037/xge0001581","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The physical world provides humans with continuous streams of experience in both space and time. The human mind, however, can parse and organize this continuous input into discrete, individual units. In the current work, we characterize the representational signatures of basic units of human experience across the spatial (object) and temporal (event) domains. We propose that there are three shared, abstract signatures of individuation underlying the basic units of representation across the two domains. Specifically, individuated entities in both the spatial domain (objects) and temporal domain (bounded events) resist restructuring, have distinct parts, and do not tolerate breaks; unindividuated entities in both the spatial domain (substances) and the temporal domain (unbounded events) lack these features. In three experiments, we confirm these principles and discuss their significance for cognitive and linguistic theories of objects and events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141261727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Geers, Helen Fischer, Stephan Lewandowsky, Stefan M Herzog
Political misinformation poses a major threat to democracies worldwide, often inciting intense disputes between opposing political groups. Despite its central role for informed electorates and political decision making, little is known about how aware people are of whether they are right or wrong when distinguishing accurate political information from falsehood. Here, we investigate people's metacognitive insight into their own ability to detect political misinformation. We use data from a unique longitudinal study spanning 12 waves over 6 months that surveyed a representative U.S. sample (N = 1,191) on the most widely circulating political (mis)information online. Harnessing signal detection theory methods to model metacognition, we found that people from both the political left and the political right were aware of how well they distinguished accurate political information from falsehood across all news. However, this metacognitive insight was considerably lower for Republicans and conservatives-than for Democrats and liberals-when the information in question challenged their ideological commitments. That is, given their level of knowledge, Republicans' and conservatives' confidence was less likely to reflect the correctness of their truth judgments for true and false political statements that were at odds with their political views. These results reveal the intricate and systematic ways in which political preferences are linked to the accuracy with which people assess their own truth discernment. More broadly, by identifying a specific political asymmetry-for discordant relative to concordant news-our findings highlight the role of metacognition in perpetuating and exacerbating ideological divides. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"The political (a)symmetry of metacognitive insight into detecting misinformation.","authors":"Michael Geers, Helen Fischer, Stephan Lewandowsky, Stefan M Herzog","doi":"10.1037/xge0001600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Political misinformation poses a major threat to democracies worldwide, often inciting intense disputes between opposing political groups. Despite its central role for informed electorates and political decision making, little is known about how aware people are of whether they are right or wrong when distinguishing accurate political information from falsehood. Here, we investigate people's metacognitive insight into their own ability to detect political misinformation. We use data from a unique longitudinal study spanning 12 waves over 6 months that surveyed a representative U.S. sample (N = 1,191) on the most widely circulating political (mis)information online. Harnessing signal detection theory methods to model metacognition, we found that people from both the political left and the political right were aware of how well they distinguished accurate political information from falsehood across all news. However, this metacognitive insight was considerably lower for Republicans and conservatives-than for Democrats and liberals-when the information in question challenged their ideological commitments. That is, given their level of knowledge, Republicans' and conservatives' confidence was less likely to reflect the correctness of their truth judgments for true and false political statements that were at odds with their political views. These results reveal the intricate and systematic ways in which political preferences are linked to the accuracy with which people assess their own truth discernment. More broadly, by identifying a specific political asymmetry-for discordant relative to concordant news-our findings highlight the role of metacognition in perpetuating and exacerbating ideological divides. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Johannes Leder, Lukas Valentin Schellinger, Rakoen Maertens, Sander van der Linden, Breanne Chryst, Jon Roozenbeek
Gamification is a promising approach to reducing misinformation susceptibility. Previous research has found that "inoculation" games such as Bad News and Harmony Square help build cognitive resistance against misinformation. However, recent research has offered two important nuances: a potentially inadvertent impact of such games on people's evaluation of non-misinformation ("real news") and exponential decay over time if no memory-strengthening exercise is provided. We address these issues in two preregistered lab experiments (N1 = 191, N2 = 321) and four quasi-experimental in-game surveys implemented in Harmony Square (N3 = 559) and Bad News (N4 = 2,558, N5 = 419, N6 = 882). In Experiments 1 and 2, we test if providing different types of feedback after playing Bad News enhances discriminative ability of misinformation and real news 1 week postgameplay and find that doing so resulted in homogeneously better accuracy at identifying both misinformation and non-misinformation compared with a control condition, which played Bad News without feedback. In Experiments 3-6, we implemented two different types of feedback exercises in the Harmony Square and Bad News games and find that this significantly boosts discernment compared with playing the game without a feedback exercise, primarily by improving accuracy at detecting real news. We confirm these results using signal detection theory. We conclude that feedback exercises boost the effectiveness of gamified misinformation interventions, likely due to an improved learning environment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Feedback exercises boost discernment of misinformation for gamified inoculation interventions.","authors":"Johannes Leder, Lukas Valentin Schellinger, Rakoen Maertens, Sander van der Linden, Breanne Chryst, Jon Roozenbeek","doi":"10.1037/xge0001603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001603","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gamification is a promising approach to reducing misinformation susceptibility. Previous research has found that \"inoculation\" games such as Bad News and Harmony Square help build cognitive resistance against misinformation. However, recent research has offered two important nuances: a potentially inadvertent impact of such games on people's evaluation of non-misinformation (\"real news\") and exponential decay over time if no memory-strengthening exercise is provided. We address these issues in two preregistered lab experiments (N1 = 191, N2 = 321) and four quasi-experimental in-game surveys implemented in Harmony Square (N3 = 559) and Bad News (N4 = 2,558, N5 = 419, N6 = 882). In Experiments 1 and 2, we test if providing different types of feedback after playing Bad News enhances discriminative ability of misinformation and real news 1 week postgameplay and find that doing so resulted in homogeneously better accuracy at identifying both misinformation and non-misinformation compared with a control condition, which played Bad News without feedback. In Experiments 3-6, we implemented two different types of feedback exercises in the Harmony Square and Bad News games and find that this significantly boosts discernment compared with playing the game without a feedback exercise, primarily by improving accuracy at detecting real news. We confirm these results using signal detection theory. We conclude that feedback exercises boost the effectiveness of gamified misinformation interventions, likely due to an improved learning environment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1037/xge0001606
Sami R Yousif, Elizabeth M Brannon
Topology is the branch of mathematics that seeks to understand and describe spatial relations. A number of studies have examined the human perception of topology-in particular, whether adults and young children perceive and differentiate objects based on features like closure, boundedness, and emptiness. Topology is about more than "wholes and holes," however; it also offers an efficient language for representing network structure. Topological maps, common for subway systems across the world, are an example of how effective this language can be. Inspired by this idea, here we examine "intuitive network topology." We first show that people readily differentiate objects based on several different features of topological networks. We then show that people both remember and match objects in accordance with their topology, over and above substantial variation in their surface features. These results demonstrate that humans possess an intuitive understanding for the basic topological features of networks, and hint at the possibility that topology may serve as a format for representing relations in the mind. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
拓扑学是数学的一个分支,旨在理解和描述空间关系。许多研究探讨了人类对拓扑学的感知,特别是成年人和幼儿是否能根据封闭性、有界性和空虚性等特征感知和区分物体。然而,拓扑学所涉及的不仅仅是 "整体和空洞",它还提供了一种表示网络结构的高效语言。世界各地地铁系统中常见的拓扑图就是这种语言如何有效的一个例子。受此启发,我们在此研究 "直观网络拓扑"。我们首先证明,人们很容易根据拓扑网络的几种不同特征来区分物体。然后,我们证明,除了物体表面特征的巨大差异之外,人们还能根据物体的拓扑结构记忆和匹配物体。这些结果表明,人类对网络的基本拓扑特征有着直观的理解,并暗示了拓扑学可能是大脑中表示关系的一种格式。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Intuitive network topology.","authors":"Sami R Yousif, Elizabeth M Brannon","doi":"10.1037/xge0001606","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Topology is the branch of mathematics that seeks to understand and describe spatial relations. A number of studies have examined the human perception of topology-in particular, whether adults and young children perceive and differentiate objects based on features like closure, boundedness, and emptiness. Topology is about more than \"wholes and holes,\" however; it also offers an efficient language for representing network structure. Topological maps, common for subway systems across the world, are an example of how effective this language can be. Inspired by this idea, here we examine \"intuitive network topology.\" We first show that people readily differentiate objects based on several different features of topological networks. We then show that people both remember and match objects in accordance with their topology, over and above substantial variation in their surface features. These results demonstrate that humans possess an intuitive understanding for the basic topological features of networks, and hint at the possibility that topology may serve as a format for representing relations in the mind. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141179794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How do groups remember their shared past? Are there individual differences within a group? How easy is it to change collective memories? The present article addresses these questions by focusing on differences within national subgroups, exploring how national collective memories might differ for Black and White Americans, how individual differences and external influences might moderate or alter any differences, and the temporal extent of any changes that might occur due to external influences. Across four studies, participants were asked to identify the five "most important" events in U.S. history and then asked about their political ideology and racial and national identification, though not in every study. Although individual differences emerged, Black and White participants differed in the types of events they identified as important in U.S. history, with Black participants identifying more race-relevant events than White participants and White participants identifying more traditional founding events than Black participants. As to changes in collective memory, in response to a minimal identity salience manipulation, the murder of George Floyd, and July 4th celebrations, national collective memories evidenced malleability only after the murder of George Floyd. In this instance, the mention of race-relevant events increased, even as the frequency of mention of traditional founding events remained stable. The observed increase in race-relevant events was temporary, however. Findings are discussed in relation to contemporary discussions on collective memory, especially with respect to group differences, individual differences within groups, and mnemonic inertia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
群体如何记忆共同的过去?群体内部是否存在个体差异?改变集体记忆有多容易?本文针对这些问题,将重点放在国家亚群体内部的差异上,探讨美国黑人和白人的国家集体记忆可能有何不同,个体差异和外部影响可能如何缓和或改变任何差异,以及由于外部影响而可能发生的任何变化的时间范围。在四项研究中,参与者被要求找出美国历史上五个 "最重要 "的事件,然后被问及他们的政治意识形态以及种族和民族认同,但并非每项研究都是如此。虽然出现了个体差异,但黑人和白人参与者在认定美国历史上重要事件的类型上有所不同,黑人参与者比白人参与者认定了更多与种族相关的事件,而白人参与者比黑人参与者认定了更多传统的建国事件。至于集体记忆的变化,在对最低身份显著性操作、乔治-弗洛伊德谋杀案和七月四日庆祝活动的反应中,只有在乔治-弗洛伊德谋杀案之后,国家集体记忆才表现出可塑性。在这种情况下,提及种族相关事件的频率增加了,而提及传统建国事件的频率却保持稳定。不过,所观察到的种族相关事件的增加是暂时的。本文结合当代有关集体记忆的讨论,特别是有关群体差异、群体内个体差异和记忆惯性的讨论,对研究结果进行了讨论。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Malleable national collective memories among Black and White Americans.","authors":"Travis G Cyr, William Hirst","doi":"10.1037/xge0001613","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001613","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How do groups remember their shared past? Are there individual differences within a group? How easy is it to change collective memories? The present article addresses these questions by focusing on differences within national subgroups, exploring how national collective memories might differ for Black and White Americans, how individual differences and external influences might moderate or alter any differences, and the temporal extent of any changes that might occur due to external influences. Across four studies, participants were asked to identify the five \"most important\" events in U.S. history and then asked about their political ideology and racial and national identification, though not in every study. Although individual differences emerged, Black and White participants differed in the types of events they identified as important in U.S. history, with Black participants identifying more race-relevant events than White participants and White participants identifying more traditional founding events than Black participants. As to changes in collective memory, in response to a minimal identity salience manipulation, the murder of George Floyd, and July 4th celebrations, national collective memories evidenced malleability only after the murder of George Floyd. In this instance, the mention of race-relevant events increased, even as the frequency of mention of traditional founding events remained stable. The observed increase in race-relevant events was temporary, however. Findings are discussed in relation to contemporary discussions on collective memory, especially with respect to group differences, individual differences within groups, and mnemonic inertia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the push and pull between pro-diversity advocates and conservative resistance, most organizations have implemented diversity initiatives in an effort to promote equitable and fair organizational practices. Past work has shown that these diversity initiatives may not be as effective as expected and may instead result in unintended negative consequences for the very individuals they are meant to support. In three novel experiments (total N = 3,664), we investigated whether and when the presence of pro-diversity messages in organizational job recruitment materials might facilitate versus hinder the hiring of underrepresented racial minorities. Participant race and political ideology were also investigated as predictors of hiring recommendations. Findings indicate that pro-diversity messages facilitate politically motivated hiring bias. Specifically, in the presence of pro-diversity messages, White and some Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) conservatives tend to display a pro-White shift in their hiring recommendations, whereas liberals tend to display a pro-minority shift. The present research underscores the importance of organizational awareness regarding the potential for hiring managers to react, whether consciously or subconsciously, against pro-diversity efforts because of political ideology. The present research also highlights the need for organizations to move beyond just espousing pro-diversity values and actually investigate the impact diversity initiatives have on hiring, retention, and promotion of diverse employees. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
尽管支持多元化的倡导者与保守派之间存在推拉,但大多数组织还是实施了多元化举措,以努力促进公平公正的组织实践。过去的研究表明,这些多元化措施可能并不像预期的那样有效,反而可能会给它们想要支持的个人带来意想不到的负面影响。在三个新颖的实验中(总人数 = 3,664),我们研究了在组织职位招聘材料中出现支持多元化的信息是否会促进或阻碍对代表性不足的少数种族的聘用。参与者的种族和政治意识形态也作为招聘建议的预测因素接受了调查。研究结果表明,支持多元化的信息会促进出于政治动机的招聘偏见。具体地说,在支持多元化的信息面前,白人和一些黑人、土著人和有色人种(BIPOC)保守派倾向于在他们的招聘建议中表现出支持白人的转变,而自由派则倾向于表现出支持少数族裔的转变。本研究强调了组织意识的重要性,即招聘经理有可能因为政治意识形态而有意识或下意识地对支持多元化的努力做出反应。本研究还强调,组织有必要超越单纯支持多元化价值观的范畴,切实调查多元化举措对多元化员工的聘用、留用和晋升所产生的影响。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
{"title":"The presence of diversity initiatives leads to increased pro-White hiring decisions among conservatives.","authors":"Zeinab A Hachem, Tessa L Dover","doi":"10.1037/xge0001614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the push and pull between pro-diversity advocates and conservative resistance, most organizations have implemented diversity initiatives in an effort to promote equitable and fair organizational practices. Past work has shown that these diversity initiatives may not be as effective as expected and may instead result in unintended negative consequences for the very individuals they are meant to support. In three novel experiments (total N = 3,664), we investigated whether and when the presence of pro-diversity messages in organizational job recruitment materials might facilitate versus hinder the hiring of underrepresented racial minorities. Participant race and political ideology were also investigated as predictors of hiring recommendations. Findings indicate that pro-diversity messages facilitate politically motivated hiring bias. Specifically, in the presence of pro-diversity messages, White and some Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) conservatives tend to display a pro-White shift in their hiring recommendations, whereas liberals tend to display a pro-minority shift. The present research underscores the importance of organizational awareness regarding the potential for hiring managers to react, whether consciously or subconsciously, against pro-diversity efforts because of political ideology. The present research also highlights the need for organizations to move beyond just espousing pro-diversity values and actually investigate the impact diversity initiatives have on hiring, retention, and promotion of diverse employees. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julie Vaisarova, Sarah L Kiefer, Hilal Şen, Peter M Todd, Kelsey Lucca
Despite the vital role of curiosity-driven exploration in learning, our understanding of how to enhance children's curiosity remains limited. Here, we tested whether hearing a strategic curiosity story with curiosity-promoting themes (e.g., strategically approaching uncertainty, adapting flexibly to new information) versus a control story with traditional pedagogical themes (e.g., following rules, learning from others) would influence children's strategic exploration across two cultures. Three- to 6-year-olds from the United States (N = 138) and Turkey (N = 88) were randomly assigned to hear one of these stories over Zoom, before playing a game in which they searched for sea creatures across five fish tanks. All tanks had the same number of hiding spots but varied in the number of creatures they contained. Time was limited and children could not return to prior tanks, pushing them to allocate search effort strategically. Results indicated that across both countries, children in the strategic curiosity condition explored the virtual "aquarium" more broadly; they moved through tanks more rapidly than children in the control condition and were more likely to explore all five tanks before time ran out. Children in the strategic curiosity condition also showed relatively more strategic search, adapting their search based on the likelihood of finding creatures in each tank. While further research is needed to pinpoint which elements of our stories produced differences in search behavior and whether they did so by enhancing or inhibiting children's strategic exploration, storybooks appear to be a promising method for shaping children's exploration across multiple countries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Where should I search next? Messages embedded in storybooks influence children's strategic exploration in Turkey and the United States.","authors":"Julie Vaisarova, Sarah L Kiefer, Hilal Şen, Peter M Todd, Kelsey Lucca","doi":"10.1037/xge0001619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the vital role of curiosity-driven exploration in learning, our understanding of how to enhance children's curiosity remains limited. Here, we tested whether hearing a strategic curiosity story with curiosity-promoting themes (e.g., strategically approaching uncertainty, adapting flexibly to new information) versus a control story with traditional pedagogical themes (e.g., following rules, learning from others) would influence children's strategic exploration across two cultures. Three- to 6-year-olds from the United States (N = 138) and Turkey (N = 88) were randomly assigned to hear one of these stories over Zoom, before playing a game in which they searched for sea creatures across five fish tanks. All tanks had the same number of hiding spots but varied in the number of creatures they contained. Time was limited and children could not return to prior tanks, pushing them to allocate search effort strategically. Results indicated that across both countries, children in the strategic curiosity condition explored the virtual \"aquarium\" more broadly; they moved through tanks more rapidly than children in the control condition and were more likely to explore all five tanks before time ran out. Children in the strategic curiosity condition also showed relatively more strategic search, adapting their search based on the likelihood of finding creatures in each tank. While further research is needed to pinpoint which elements of our stories produced differences in search behavior and whether they did so by enhancing or inhibiting children's strategic exploration, storybooks appear to be a promising method for shaping children's exploration across multiple countries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-07-11DOI: 10.1037/xge0001595
Chuyan Qu, Michael F Bonner, Nicholas K DeWind, Elizabeth M Brannon
Number perception emerges from multiple stages of visual processing. Understanding how systematic biases in number perception occur within a hierarchy of increasingly complex feature representations helps uncover the multistage processing underlying our visual number sense. Recent work demonstrated that reducing coherence of low-level visual attributes, such as color and orientation, systematically reduces perceived number. Here, we ask when in the visual processing hierarchy coherence affects numerosity perception and specifically whether the coherence effect is exclusive to low-level visual features or instead whether it can be driven by contextual or semantic relationships. We tested adults in an ordinal numerical comparison task with contextual coherence mathematically manipulated using a statistical model of visual object co-occurrence. Across several experiments, we found that arrays with high contextual coherence were perceived as numerically larger than arrays with low contextual coherence. This contextual coherence effect was not attenuated even when we reduced objects to texforms (unrecognizable images that preserve midlevel visual features) or removed semantic content from the images through box scrambling and diffeomorphic warping. Together, these results suggest that visual coherence derived from natural statistics of object co-occurrence systematically alters perceived numerosity at low-level visual processing, even before later stages at which items can be explicitly categorized and identified. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
数字感知产生于视觉处理的多个阶段。了解数字感知中的系统性偏差是如何在日益复杂的特征表征层次中产生的,有助于揭示视觉数字感的多级处理过程。最近的研究表明,降低低级视觉属性(如颜色和方向)的一致性会系统性地降低感知到的数字。在这里,我们要问的是,在视觉处理层级中,连贯性何时会影响数字感知,具体来说,连贯性效应是否是低级视觉特征所独有的,或者它是否会受到上下文或语义关系的驱动。我们在一项顺序数字比较任务中对成人进行了测试,并利用视觉物体共现统计模型对上下文连贯性进行了数学处理。在多项实验中,我们发现上下文一致性高的阵列在数值上要比上下文一致性低的阵列大。即使我们将物体缩小为texforms(保留了中层视觉特征的不可识别图像),或通过方块扰乱和差异变形扭曲去除图像中的语义内容,这种上下文一致性效应也不会减弱。总之,这些结果表明,在低级视觉处理过程中,从物体共现的自然统计中获得的视觉连贯性会系统地改变感知到的数值,甚至在项目可以明确分类和识别的后期阶段之前也是如此。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Contextual coherence increases perceived numerosity independent of semantic content.","authors":"Chuyan Qu, Michael F Bonner, Nicholas K DeWind, Elizabeth M Brannon","doi":"10.1037/xge0001595","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xge0001595","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Number perception emerges from multiple stages of visual processing. Understanding how systematic biases in number perception occur within a hierarchy of increasingly complex feature representations helps uncover the multistage processing underlying our visual number sense. Recent work demonstrated that reducing coherence of low-level visual attributes, such as color and orientation, systematically reduces perceived number. Here, we ask when in the visual processing hierarchy coherence affects numerosity perception and specifically whether the coherence effect is exclusive to low-level visual features or instead whether it can be driven by contextual or semantic relationships. We tested adults in an ordinal numerical comparison task with contextual coherence mathematically manipulated using a statistical model of visual object co-occurrence. Across several experiments, we found that arrays with high contextual coherence were perceived as numerically larger than arrays with low contextual coherence. This contextual coherence effect was not attenuated even when we reduced objects to <i>texforms</i> (unrecognizable images that preserve midlevel visual features) or removed semantic content from the images through box scrambling and diffeomorphic warping. Together, these results suggest that visual coherence derived from natural statistics of object co-occurrence systematically alters perceived numerosity at low-level visual processing, even before later stages at which items can be explicitly categorized and identified. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141590400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tools enable humans to extend their sensing abilities beyond the natural limits of their hands, allowing them to sense objects as if they were using their hands directly. The similarities between direct hand interactions with objects (hand-based sensing) and the ability to extend sensory information processing beyond the hand (tool-mediated sensing) entail the existence of comparable processes for integrating tool- and hand-sensed information with vision, raising the question of whether tools support vision in bimanual object manipulations. Here, we investigated participants' performance while grasping objects either held with a tool or with their hand and compared these conditions with visually guided grasping (Experiment 1). By measuring reaction time, peak velocity, and peak of grip aperture, we found that actions were initiated earlier and performed with a smaller peak grip aperture when the object was seen and held with the tool or the contralateral hand compared to when it was only seen. Thus, tool-mediated sensing effectively supports vision in multisensory grasping and, even more intriguingly, resembles hand-based sensing. We excluded that results were due to the force exerted on the tool's handle (Experiment 2). Additionally, as for hand-based sensing, we found evidence that the tool supports vision by mainly providing object positional information (Experiment 3). Thus, integrating the tool-sensed position of the object with vision is sufficient to promote a multisensory advantage in grasping. Our findings indicate that multisensory integration mechanisms significantly improve grasping actions and fine-tune contralateral hand movements even when object information is only indirectly sensed through a tool. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
工具使人类的感知能力超越了双手的自然极限,使人类能够像直接使用双手一样感知物体。手与物体的直接互动(以手为基础的感知)与将感知信息处理能力扩展到手以外的能力(以工具为媒介的感知)之间存在相似之处,这就意味着存在将工具和手感知到的信息与视觉进行整合的类似过程,这就提出了一个问题:在双臂操作物体时,工具是否支持视觉。在此,我们研究了参与者在用工具或手抓取物体时的表现,并将这些情况与视觉引导下的抓取进行了比较(实验 1)。通过测量反应时间、峰值速度和抓握孔径峰值,我们发现,与只看到物体时相比,当看到物体并用工具或对侧手抓握时,动作开始得更早,抓握孔径峰值也更小。因此,在多感官抓握中,以工具为媒介的感知有效地支持了视觉,而且更有趣的是,它类似于以手为基础的感知。我们排除了因工具手柄受力而导致的结果(实验 2)。此外,与手部感应一样,我们发现有证据表明工具主要通过提供物体位置信息来支持视觉(实验 3)。因此,将工具感应到的物体位置与视觉结合起来足以促进抓握时的多感官优势。我们的研究结果表明,即使只是通过工具间接感知物体信息,多感官整合机制也能显著改善抓握动作,并对对侧手部动作进行微调。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Tool-sensed object information effectively supports vision for multisensory grasping.","authors":"Ivan Camponogara, Alessandro Farnè, Robert Volcic","doi":"10.1037/xge0001592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001592","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tools enable humans to extend their sensing abilities beyond the natural limits of their hands, allowing them to sense objects as if they were using their hands directly. The similarities between direct hand interactions with objects (hand-based sensing) and the ability to extend sensory information processing beyond the hand (tool-mediated sensing) entail the existence of comparable processes for integrating tool- and hand-sensed information with vision, raising the question of whether tools support vision in bimanual object manipulations. Here, we investigated participants' performance while grasping objects either held with a tool or with their hand and compared these conditions with visually guided grasping (Experiment 1). By measuring reaction time, peak velocity, and peak of grip aperture, we found that actions were initiated earlier and performed with a smaller peak grip aperture when the object was seen and held with the tool or the contralateral hand compared to when it was only seen. Thus, tool-mediated sensing effectively supports vision in multisensory grasping and, even more intriguingly, resembles hand-based sensing. We excluded that results were due to the force exerted on the tool's handle (Experiment 2). Additionally, as for hand-based sensing, we found evidence that the tool supports vision by mainly providing object positional information (Experiment 3). Thus, integrating the tool-sensed position of the object with vision is sufficient to promote a multisensory advantage in grasping. Our findings indicate that multisensory integration mechanisms significantly improve grasping actions and fine-tune contralateral hand movements even when object information is only indirectly sensed through a tool. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":15698,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}