Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1667671
W. Sądej, A. Żołnowski, Z. Ciećko, Łukasz Grzybowski, Radosław Szostek
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of soil contamination with Hg on the yield and chemical composition of Avena sativa L. Mercury was incorporated into soil in amounts: 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg Hg·kg−1of soil. Zeolite, lime and bentonite were used to alleviate the soil contamination. Plants cultivated in Hg-polluted soil showed growth inhibition even in the presence of bentonite, lime or zeolite. Under elevated doses of Hg, the yield of aerial mass and roots decreased. The soil amendments mitigated the adverse effect of contamination, with lime and bentonite having a more beneficial influence on the yield than zeolite. The incremental contamination with mercury led to an increase in the content of Hg in the biomass of the plants. A much higher content of Hg was found in roots than in aerial parts. The inactivating substances applied to soil to some extent limited the increase in the content of this metal in all plant organs. Lime proved to be most effective in this regard. An increase in the soil contamination with mercury caused an increased content of nitrogen and potassium in plant organs and a decrease content of phosphorus.
{"title":"Evaluation of the impact of soil contamination with mercury and application of soil amendments on the yield and chemical composition of Avena sativa L.","authors":"W. Sądej, A. Żołnowski, Z. Ciećko, Łukasz Grzybowski, Radosław Szostek","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2019.1667671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1667671","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of soil contamination with Hg on the yield and chemical composition of Avena sativa L. Mercury was incorporated into soil in amounts: 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg Hg·kg−1of soil. Zeolite, lime and bentonite were used to alleviate the soil contamination. Plants cultivated in Hg-polluted soil showed growth inhibition even in the presence of bentonite, lime or zeolite. Under elevated doses of Hg, the yield of aerial mass and roots decreased. The soil amendments mitigated the adverse effect of contamination, with lime and bentonite having a more beneficial influence on the yield than zeolite. The incremental contamination with mercury led to an increase in the content of Hg in the biomass of the plants. A much higher content of Hg was found in roots than in aerial parts. The inactivating substances applied to soil to some extent limited the increase in the content of this metal in all plant organs. Lime proved to be most effective in this regard. An increase in the soil contamination with mercury caused an increased content of nitrogen and potassium in plant organs and a decrease content of phosphorus.","PeriodicalId":15733,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A","volume":"14 1","pages":"82 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86092378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1666560
Tetiana Cantlay, J. Eastham, J. Rutter, D. Bain, Bruce C. Dickson, P. Basu, J. Stolz
Abstract Unconventional natural gas extraction by hydraulic fracturing requires millions of gallons of water and generates flowback water, produced water and recycled fluids of varying chemical composition. Ion chromatography (IC) is a relatively low cost and efficient means to determine the anionic composition, however, the wide range in anionic content of these fluids poses a challenge to analytical methods developed for “natural” waters. We report here that the combination of UV and conductivity detectors increased detection sensitivity (e.g., 10–50 ppb) and expanded the number of anions detectable in a single sample run. Samples from four unconventional shale gas wells, two impoundments, nine conventional oil wells, two freshwater streams and mine drainage samples were analyzed in this study. All produced water samples and impoundment samples had high chloride (17,500–103,000 mg L−1, 93,900 to 134,000 mg L−1, 27,700 and 30,700 mg L−1), bromide (178–996 mg L−1, 183–439 mg L−1, 230 and 260 mg L−1) and conductivity (38,500–160,000 μS/cm3, 95,300 to 183,000 μS/cm3, 61,500 and 103,000 μS/cm3), respectively, relative to mine drainage and freshwater stream samples. Molar ratio analysis using Cl−/Br− to Cl− and SO42−/Cl− to Br− revealed significant differences between the samples, providing a simple means for distinguishing water impacted by different sources of contamination.
非常规天然气的水力压裂开采需要数百万加仑的水，并且会产生不同化学成分的返排水、采出水和回收液。离子色谱法(IC)是一种成本相对较低、效率较高的测定阴离子成分的方法，然而，这些液体中阴离子含量的大范围对“天然”水的分析方法提出了挑战。我们在此报告，UV和电导率检测器的组合提高了检测灵敏度(例如，10-50 ppb)，并扩大了单次样品运行中可检测的阴离子数量。本文对4口非常规页岩气井、2口蓄水井、9口常规油井、2口淡水溪流和矿井水样品进行了分析。所有采出水样和蓄水水样均具有较高的氯化物含量(17,500-103,000 mg L - 1,93,900至134,000 mg L - 1,27,700和30,700 mg L - 1)，溴化物含量(179 - 996 mg L - 1,183 - 439 mg L - 1,230和260 mg L - 1)和电导率(38,500-160,000 μS/cm3, 95,300至183,000 μS/cm3, 61,500和103,000 μS/cm3)，相对于矿山水和淡水溪流样品。使用Cl - /Br - to Cl -和SO42 - /Cl - to Br -的摩尔比分析揭示了样品之间的显著差异，为区分受不同污染源影响的水提供了一种简单的方法。
{"title":"Determining conventional and unconventional oil and gas well brines in natural samples I: Anion analysis with ion chromatography","authors":"Tetiana Cantlay, J. Eastham, J. Rutter, D. Bain, Bruce C. Dickson, P. Basu, J. Stolz","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2019.1666560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1666560","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Unconventional natural gas extraction by hydraulic fracturing requires millions of gallons of water and generates flowback water, produced water and recycled fluids of varying chemical composition. Ion chromatography (IC) is a relatively low cost and efficient means to determine the anionic composition, however, the wide range in anionic content of these fluids poses a challenge to analytical methods developed for “natural” waters. We report here that the combination of UV and conductivity detectors increased detection sensitivity (e.g., 10–50 ppb) and expanded the number of anions detectable in a single sample run. Samples from four unconventional shale gas wells, two impoundments, nine conventional oil wells, two freshwater streams and mine drainage samples were analyzed in this study. All produced water samples and impoundment samples had high chloride (17,500–103,000 mg L−1, 93,900 to 134,000 mg L−1, 27,700 and 30,700 mg L−1), bromide (178–996 mg L−1, 183–439 mg L−1, 230 and 260 mg L−1) and conductivity (38,500–160,000 μS/cm3, 95,300 to 183,000 μS/cm3, 61,500 and 103,000 μS/cm3), respectively, relative to mine drainage and freshwater stream samples. Molar ratio analysis using Cl−/Br− to Cl− and SO42−/Cl− to Br− revealed significant differences between the samples, providing a simple means for distinguishing water impacted by different sources of contamination.","PeriodicalId":15733,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A","volume":"1 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91221266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1665946
Sanja Mrazovac Kurilić, Zvonimir Božilović, Khalil Salem Abulsba, Alhusein M Aiad Ezarzah
Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate concentration and spatial distribution of four heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Pb, and Ni) in PM10 in town near mining and smelting basin, Bor (Serbia). Human health risks for each heavy metal were assessed using a human exposure model. Results showed that air does not contain significant heavy metal elements concentrations at all three measurement points in Bor. The spatial distribution pattern of all tested metals coincided with the locations of mining area and the most populated part of town (domestic sources and traffic), as well as wind direction. The contamination evaluation indicated that As, Cd, Ni and Pb in air originated from anthropogenic sources-industry, heating and traffic. The non-cancer health risk assessment showed that ingestion was the primary exposure route for all metals and that Pb, and As were the main contributors to non-cancer risks in both children and adults. HI values were calculated for children (HI = 2.34–4.15E-06), indicating that children will likely experience higher health risks compared with adults (HI = 2.67–4.73E-07). The non-cancer risks posed by all studied heavy metal elements and the cancer risks posed by As, Cd, and Ni to both children and adults in Serbia fell within the acceptable range.
{"title":"Contamination and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM10 in mining and smelting basin Bor in Serbia","authors":"Sanja Mrazovac Kurilić, Zvonimir Božilović, Khalil Salem Abulsba, Alhusein M Aiad Ezarzah","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2019.1665946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1665946","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate concentration and spatial distribution of four heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Pb, and Ni) in PM10 in town near mining and smelting basin, Bor (Serbia). Human health risks for each heavy metal were assessed using a human exposure model. Results showed that air does not contain significant heavy metal elements concentrations at all three measurement points in Bor. The spatial distribution pattern of all tested metals coincided with the locations of mining area and the most populated part of town (domestic sources and traffic), as well as wind direction. The contamination evaluation indicated that As, Cd, Ni and Pb in air originated from anthropogenic sources-industry, heating and traffic. The non-cancer health risk assessment showed that ingestion was the primary exposure route for all metals and that Pb, and As were the main contributors to non-cancer risks in both children and adults. HI values were calculated for children (HI = 2.34–4.15E-06), indicating that children will likely experience higher health risks compared with adults (HI = 2.67–4.73E-07). The non-cancer risks posed by all studied heavy metal elements and the cancer risks posed by As, Cd, and Ni to both children and adults in Serbia fell within the acceptable range.","PeriodicalId":15733,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A","volume":"52 1","pages":"44 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85221785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1666562
Tetiana Cantlay, D. Bain, J. Stolz
Abstract Identifying the types of contamination and their sources in surface and groundwater is fundamental for effective protection of private and public source waters. Here we employed mass ratio analyses of a variety of anion and cation pairs to characterize flowback, produced water, and mine drainage. These endmembers were used to evaluate the source contributions of natural surface and ground water samples. A total of 1,177 ground water and surface water samples were analyzed including high-quality source waters and waters suspected of being impacted by drilling and mining activity. We found the following chemical ratios resolved different sources of contamination: Mg/Na vs SO4/Cl; SO4/Cl vs Mg/Li; Br/SO4 vs Ba/Cl; and Br vs Mg/Li. While no single parameter or mass ratio pairing by itself was definitive it was possible to converge on a likely source of contamination using multiple lines of analytical evidence. Further, this process clarified sources in impacted samples where one or more parameters commonly considered diagnostic of specific sources (e.g., Br, Ba), were below detection limits (e.g., too dilute) or not tested for. Ultimately, movement of sample values within the mass ratio space allows tracking of changes in water quality and contamination source dynamics as the water chemistry evolves.
识别地表水和地下水中的污染类型及其来源是有效保护公私水源的基础。在这里，我们采用各种阴离子和阳离子对的质量比分析来表征返排、采出水和矿井排水。这些端元被用来评价天然地表水和地下水样品的来源贡献。总共分析了1177个地下水和地表水样本，包括优质水源水和疑似受钻井和采矿活动影响的水。我们发现以下化学比例可以解决不同的污染源:Mg/Na vs SO4/Cl;SO4/Cl vs Mg/Li;Br/SO4 vs Ba/Cl;Br / Mg/Li。虽然单一参数或质量比配对本身是不确定的，但有可能使用多条分析证据集中在可能的污染源上。此外，该过程澄清了受影响样品中的来源，其中一个或多个参数通常被认为是诊断特定来源(例如，Br, Ba)，低于检测限(例如，太稀)或未检测。最终，随着水化学的演变，样品值在质量比空间内的移动可以跟踪水质和污染源动态的变化。
{"title":"Determining conventional and unconventional oil and gas well brines in natural samples III: mass ratio analyses using both anions and cations","authors":"Tetiana Cantlay, D. Bain, J. Stolz","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2019.1666562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1666562","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Identifying the types of contamination and their sources in surface and groundwater is fundamental for effective protection of private and public source waters. Here we employed mass ratio analyses of a variety of anion and cation pairs to characterize flowback, produced water, and mine drainage. These endmembers were used to evaluate the source contributions of natural surface and ground water samples. A total of 1,177 ground water and surface water samples were analyzed including high-quality source waters and waters suspected of being impacted by drilling and mining activity. We found the following chemical ratios resolved different sources of contamination: Mg/Na vs SO4/Cl; SO4/Cl vs Mg/Li; Br/SO4 vs Ba/Cl; and Br vs Mg/Li. While no single parameter or mass ratio pairing by itself was definitive it was possible to converge on a likely source of contamination using multiple lines of analytical evidence. Further, this process clarified sources in impacted samples where one or more parameters commonly considered diagnostic of specific sources (e.g., Br, Ba), were below detection limits (e.g., too dilute) or not tested for. Ultimately, movement of sample values within the mass ratio space allows tracking of changes in water quality and contamination source dynamics as the water chemistry evolves.","PeriodicalId":15733,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A","volume":"44 1","pages":"24 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85226645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1666559
T. M. Mogashane, M. Mujuru, R. McCrindle, A. Ambushe
Abstract The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment is of major concern since some of these compounds are highly persistent, toxic (causing cancer) and wide spread pollutants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of PAHs in sediment samples collected from Blood and Mokolo Rivers in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The PAHs in sediments were extracted using optimized microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. The quantification of sixteen (16) PAHs in sediments was done by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The levels of PAHs recorded in sediment samples from Blood River ranged between 0.015 and 3.25 mg kg−1. The concentrations of PAHs obtained in sediments from Mokolo River (0.047 to 52.7 mg kg−1) were higher than those recorded in sediments from Blood River. The PAHs ratios indicated that both pyrogenic and petrogenic could be the sources of these compounds in both rivers. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) and benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPE) were used to estimate the potential human health risk of PAHs in quantitative terms. The assessment of ecotoxicological risk indicated that the sediment samples collected from Mokolo River are at high toxicity risk while sediments from Blood River are at low sediment toxicity risk.
多环芳烃(PAHs)在环境中的存在引起了人们的关注，因为这些化合物中的一些是高度持久性的，有毒的(致癌的)和广泛传播的污染物。本研究的目的是评估从南非林波波省的Blood河和Mokolo河收集的沉积物样本中的多环芳烃水平。采用优化的微波辅助萃取(MAE)法提取沉积物中的多环芳烃。采用气相色谱-火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)对沉积物中的16种多环芳烃进行了定量分析。血河沉积物样本中记录的多环芳烃含量在0.015至3.25 mg kg - 1之间。Mokolo河沉积物中PAHs的浓度(0.047 ~ 52.7 mg kg - 1)高于Blood河沉积物。多环芳烃比值表明，两条河流中多环芳烃的来源可能是热生烃和岩生烃。使用毒性当量因子(TEFs)和苯并(a)芘当量(BaPE)定量估计多环芳烃的潜在人类健康风险。生态毒理学风险评价结果表明，莫科洛河沉积物具有高毒性风险，血河沉积物具有低毒性风险。
{"title":"Quantification, source apportionment and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Mokolo and Blood Rivers in Limpopo Province, South Africa","authors":"T. M. Mogashane, M. Mujuru, R. McCrindle, A. Ambushe","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2019.1666559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1666559","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment is of major concern since some of these compounds are highly persistent, toxic (causing cancer) and wide spread pollutants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of PAHs in sediment samples collected from Blood and Mokolo Rivers in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The PAHs in sediments were extracted using optimized microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. The quantification of sixteen (16) PAHs in sediments was done by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The levels of PAHs recorded in sediment samples from Blood River ranged between 0.015 and 3.25 mg kg−1. The concentrations of PAHs obtained in sediments from Mokolo River (0.047 to 52.7 mg kg−1) were higher than those recorded in sediments from Blood River. The PAHs ratios indicated that both pyrogenic and petrogenic could be the sources of these compounds in both rivers. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) and benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPE) were used to estimate the potential human health risk of PAHs in quantitative terms. The assessment of ecotoxicological risk indicated that the sediment samples collected from Mokolo River are at high toxicity risk while sediments from Blood River are at low sediment toxicity risk.","PeriodicalId":15733,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A","volume":"88 1","pages":"71 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75708278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1667167
Hui Zhang, Luobin Wang, Yiyi Wang, Shan Chang
Abstract Recent studies have shown that long-term exposure to low-level arsenic (<10 μg/L) may cause human health problems. However, the induced cancer risks and differences among multisite cancers have not been well-understood. In this study, the concentrations of low-level arsenic in drinking water in XP city, Northwest China were investigated. A health risk assessment was carried out for different age groups and exposure pathways based on Monte Carlo simulations and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The measured arsenic levels were in the range of 7.61–9.25 μg/L with a mean of 8.23 μg/L. For the public, the average total lifetime cancer risk was 3.87 × 10−4, and the total DALYs estimation for all age groups was 20.58 person-year. The average individual DALYs lost was 3.35 × 10−5 per person-year (ppy), which was 33.5 times the reference value (1.00 × 10−6 ppy). The mortality burden had a considerably larger contribution (97.31%) to the total disease burden, and the 60–65-year age group exhibited the largest DALYs lost. Skin cancer exhibited the largest burden of 2.15 × 10−5 ppy, followed by lung cancer (1.20 × 10−5 ppy). This study might be useful for potential strategies of risk control and management in XP drinking water.
{"title":"Using disability-adjusted life years to estimate the cancer risks of low-level arsenic in drinking water","authors":"Hui Zhang, Luobin Wang, Yiyi Wang, Shan Chang","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2019.1667167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1667167","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent studies have shown that long-term exposure to low-level arsenic (<10 μg/L) may cause human health problems. However, the induced cancer risks and differences among multisite cancers have not been well-understood. In this study, the concentrations of low-level arsenic in drinking water in XP city, Northwest China were investigated. A health risk assessment was carried out for different age groups and exposure pathways based on Monte Carlo simulations and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The measured arsenic levels were in the range of 7.61–9.25 μg/L with a mean of 8.23 μg/L. For the public, the average total lifetime cancer risk was 3.87 × 10−4, and the total DALYs estimation for all age groups was 20.58 person-year. The average individual DALYs lost was 3.35 × 10−5 per person-year (ppy), which was 33.5 times the reference value (1.00 × 10−6 ppy). The mortality burden had a considerably larger contribution (97.31%) to the total disease burden, and the 60–65-year age group exhibited the largest DALYs lost. Skin cancer exhibited the largest burden of 2.15 × 10−5 ppy, followed by lung cancer (1.20 × 10−5 ppy). This study might be useful for potential strategies of risk control and management in XP drinking water.","PeriodicalId":15733,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A","volume":"1 1","pages":"63 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80837911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1665950
C. Ting, Nawaltul Akma Ahmad Sabri, L. L. Tiong, Hazalinawati Zailani, L. P. Wong, Nasrin Agha Mohammadi, L. Anchah
Abstract While past studies have detected heavy metals in aerosols emitted from electronic cigarettes (ECIG), they have provided little information detailing the practical implications of the findings to the Malaysian population due to variations between products. The aims of this study were to analyse heavy metals of interest (HMOI) in the aerosols emitted from selected ECIG and to evaluate potential health risks by referring to the permissible daily exposure (PDE) from inhalational medications defined by the United States Pharmacopeia Chapter 232. All four HMOI were detected in aerosols emitted from the selected ECIG in Sarawak. Among the four, Cr was present at the highest median levels (6.86 ng/m3), followed by Ni (0.30 ng/m3), Pb (0.19 ng/m3) and Cd (0.01 ng/m3). Five out of 100 combinations (5%) of ECIG and ECIG liquids were found to emit Cr that exceed the recommended PDE. Future studies examining more heavy metal variants, using a larger sample size and different analytical techniques to compare various ECIGs are recommended.
{"title":"Heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni) in aerosols emitted from electronic cigarettes sold in Malaysia","authors":"C. Ting, Nawaltul Akma Ahmad Sabri, L. L. Tiong, Hazalinawati Zailani, L. P. Wong, Nasrin Agha Mohammadi, L. Anchah","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2019.1665950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1665950","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While past studies have detected heavy metals in aerosols emitted from electronic cigarettes (ECIG), they have provided little information detailing the practical implications of the findings to the Malaysian population due to variations between products. The aims of this study were to analyse heavy metals of interest (HMOI) in the aerosols emitted from selected ECIG and to evaluate potential health risks by referring to the permissible daily exposure (PDE) from inhalational medications defined by the United States Pharmacopeia Chapter 232. All four HMOI were detected in aerosols emitted from the selected ECIG in Sarawak. Among the four, Cr was present at the highest median levels (6.86 ng/m3), followed by Ni (0.30 ng/m3), Pb (0.19 ng/m3) and Cd (0.01 ng/m3). Five out of 100 combinations (5%) of ECIG and ECIG liquids were found to emit Cr that exceed the recommended PDE. Future studies examining more heavy metal variants, using a larger sample size and different analytical techniques to compare various ECIGs are recommended.","PeriodicalId":15733,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A","volume":"60 1","pages":"55 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74568444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1666561
Tetiana Cantlay, D. Bain, J. Curet, R. Jack, Bruce C. Dickson, P. Basu, J. Stolz
Abstract Flowback and produced water generated by the hydraulic fracturing of unconventional oil and gas plays contain a suite of cations (e.g., metals) typically in a high salt (e.g., NaCl) matrix. Here, we analyzed the chemical (cation) composition of production fluids associated with natural gas and oil development (e.g., flowback, produced water, impoundment fluids), along with mine drainage, and surface and ground water samples using ICP-OES and ICP-MS. ICP-MS and ICP-OES analytical performance and interference effects were evaluated. Both platforms exhibited excellent analytical spike recoveries, detection limits for blank and spiked solutions, and accuracy for standard certified reference materials. Mass ratio analyses using Ca/Sr, Ca/Mg, Ba/Sr, Mg/Sr, and B and Li, were assessed for their efficacy in differentiation among brines from conventional oil wells, produced water from unconventional oil and gas wells and impoundments, mine drainage treatment pond water, groundwater, and surface water. Examination of Mg/Sr ratios when compared with Li concentrations provide clear separation among the different types of samples, while Ca/Mg versus Ca/Sr correlations were useful for distinguishing between conventional and unconventional oil and gas fluids.
{"title":"Determining conventional and unconventional oil and gas well brines in natural sample II: Cation analyses with ICP-MS and ICP-OES","authors":"Tetiana Cantlay, D. Bain, J. Curet, R. Jack, Bruce C. Dickson, P. Basu, J. Stolz","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2019.1666561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1666561","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Flowback and produced water generated by the hydraulic fracturing of unconventional oil and gas plays contain a suite of cations (e.g., metals) typically in a high salt (e.g., NaCl) matrix. Here, we analyzed the chemical (cation) composition of production fluids associated with natural gas and oil development (e.g., flowback, produced water, impoundment fluids), along with mine drainage, and surface and ground water samples using ICP-OES and ICP-MS. ICP-MS and ICP-OES analytical performance and interference effects were evaluated. Both platforms exhibited excellent analytical spike recoveries, detection limits for blank and spiked solutions, and accuracy for standard certified reference materials. Mass ratio analyses using Ca/Sr, Ca/Mg, Ba/Sr, Mg/Sr, and B and Li, were assessed for their efficacy in differentiation among brines from conventional oil wells, produced water from unconventional oil and gas wells and impoundments, mine drainage treatment pond water, groundwater, and surface water. Examination of Mg/Sr ratios when compared with Li concentrations provide clear separation among the different types of samples, while Ca/Mg versus Ca/Sr correlations were useful for distinguishing between conventional and unconventional oil and gas fluids.","PeriodicalId":15733,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A","volume":"45 1","pages":"11 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88637730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-02DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1697587
J. Cornejo, D. M. González-Pérez, J. Pérez, Miguel A. Gómez
Abstract The behavior of ibuprofen (IBU) during the startup phase of a microfiltration membrane bioreactor (MBR) was determined. A full-scale experimental installation treating real urban wastewater was used for the study. The MBR was composed of an anoxic and an aerobic bioreactors working in pre-denitrification configuration, followed of a membrane reactor. A full mass balance was carried out to estimate the contribution of biotransformation and sorption to biomass to the overall removal of the IBU. During the startup phase of the MBR system there were significant oscillations of the operational variables, mainly of the sludge retention time (SRT); nevertheless, the capacity of the system for IBU removal was very high, with yields of over 94%, despite reaching minimum SRT values of 4.15 d. The main IBU removal occurs in the aerobic reactor, both in the liquid phase and the one associated with the sludge, while in the anoxic bioreactor the removal was scarce, although a certain transfer of IBU from the liquid phase to the sludge took place under anoxic conditions. Despite the high IBU removal yields during startup, the SRT was the most influential variable in IBU removal, an effect observed in all bioreactors, particularly in the anoxic one.
{"title":"Ibuprofen removal by a microfiltration membrane bioreactor during the startup phase","authors":"J. Cornejo, D. M. González-Pérez, J. Pérez, Miguel A. Gómez","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2019.1697587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1697587","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The behavior of ibuprofen (IBU) during the startup phase of a microfiltration membrane bioreactor (MBR) was determined. A full-scale experimental installation treating real urban wastewater was used for the study. The MBR was composed of an anoxic and an aerobic bioreactors working in pre-denitrification configuration, followed of a membrane reactor. A full mass balance was carried out to estimate the contribution of biotransformation and sorption to biomass to the overall removal of the IBU. During the startup phase of the MBR system there were significant oscillations of the operational variables, mainly of the sludge retention time (SRT); nevertheless, the capacity of the system for IBU removal was very high, with yields of over 94%, despite reaching minimum SRT values of 4.15 d. The main IBU removal occurs in the aerobic reactor, both in the liquid phase and the one associated with the sludge, while in the anoxic bioreactor the removal was scarce, although a certain transfer of IBU from the liquid phase to the sludge took place under anoxic conditions. Despite the high IBU removal yields during startup, the SRT was the most influential variable in IBU removal, an effect observed in all bioreactors, particularly in the anoxic one.","PeriodicalId":15733,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A","volume":"515 1","pages":"374 - 384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77086787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1694816
Lucky Nandi, A. Panigrahi, N. Maitra, A. Chattopadhyay, S. Manna
Abstract Pollution of aquatic resources is increasing day-by-day, and phenolic compounds are common pollutants negatively impacting aquatic biodiversity and production. This study aimed at isolation of phenol hyper-tolerant bacteria from polluted aquaculture resource so that they might be useful in aquaculture systems. Four phenol hyper-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from sewage fed East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar site. By 16S rDNA sequence, cell morphology and biochemical characteristics the strains PDB2, PDB13, PDB16, and PDB26 were identified as Acinetobacter sp., Acinetobacter junii, Pseudomonas citronellolis, and Bacillus cereus, respectively. Pseudomonas citronellolis strain PDB16, described in this study, is possibly the first report of phenol hyper-tolerant strain in this species. All the four strains degraded 600 mg L−1 phenol within 5 days and expressed catechol 1,2-dioxygenase but lacked catechol 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme suggesting that the bacteria used the ortho-cleavage pathway for phenol degradation. In growth kinetic study Edwards and Aiba model, rather than the most popular Haldane model, gave the best fit indicating behavioral divergence of these strains with those from petroleum contaminated environments. The phenol degrading bacteria isolated from a polluted sewage fed aquaculture system might be useful in degradation and remediation of polluted aquaculture resources as well as inland open waters.
{"title":"Isolation, characterization and growth kinetics of phenol hyper-tolerant bacteria from sewage-fed aquaculture system","authors":"Lucky Nandi, A. Panigrahi, N. Maitra, A. Chattopadhyay, S. Manna","doi":"10.1080/10934529.2019.1694816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1694816","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pollution of aquatic resources is increasing day-by-day, and phenolic compounds are common pollutants negatively impacting aquatic biodiversity and production. This study aimed at isolation of phenol hyper-tolerant bacteria from polluted aquaculture resource so that they might be useful in aquaculture systems. Four phenol hyper-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from sewage fed East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar site. By 16S rDNA sequence, cell morphology and biochemical characteristics the strains PDB2, PDB13, PDB16, and PDB26 were identified as Acinetobacter sp., Acinetobacter junii, Pseudomonas citronellolis, and Bacillus cereus, respectively. Pseudomonas citronellolis strain PDB16, described in this study, is possibly the first report of phenol hyper-tolerant strain in this species. All the four strains degraded 600 mg L−1 phenol within 5 days and expressed catechol 1,2-dioxygenase but lacked catechol 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme suggesting that the bacteria used the ortho-cleavage pathway for phenol degradation. In growth kinetic study Edwards and Aiba model, rather than the most popular Haldane model, gave the best fit indicating behavioral divergence of these strains with those from petroleum contaminated environments. The phenol degrading bacteria isolated from a polluted sewage fed aquaculture system might be useful in degradation and remediation of polluted aquaculture resources as well as inland open waters.","PeriodicalId":15733,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A","volume":"55 1","pages":"333 - 344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91516770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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