Adrian J. Pekarcik, Sylvester A. Menanyih, Alana L. Jacobson
Following the emergence of Melanaphis sorghi (Theobald) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) as a new pest of sorghum in the United States, research was conducted to identify tools and techniques successful at reducing populations and preventing economic losses in grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of seed- and foliar-applied insecticide treatments for management of M. sorghi. Small plot experiments were replicated at two locations to evaluate residual activity of neonicotinoid seed treatments and foliar insecticides. Natural enemy presence was recorded in each of these trials to determine which predator and parasitoid species were using M. sorghi as prey. All seed treatments suppressed M. sorghi populations below a treatment threshold of 75 aphids per plant for 30% of plants for >6 weeks after planting. Foliar insecticides including flupyradifurone, sulfoxaflor, and thiamethoxam provided 3–4 weeks of population suppression, irrespective of M. sorghi pressure. Fifteen natural enemy species were identified in this study, and community structure varied temporally and geographically. In general, natural enemy species richness was correlated with aphid abundance. We identified the most efficacious insecticides available for management of M. sorghi and determined that they should be compatible with biological control and integrated pest management programs.
{"title":"Foliar- and Seed-Applied Insecticides for Management of Melanaphis sorghi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Alabama1","authors":"Adrian J. Pekarcik, Sylvester A. Menanyih, Alana L. Jacobson","doi":"10.18474/jes23-38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-38","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Following the emergence of Melanaphis sorghi (Theobald) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) as a new pest of sorghum in the United States, research was conducted to identify tools and techniques successful at reducing populations and preventing economic losses in grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of seed- and foliar-applied insecticide treatments for management of M. sorghi. Small plot experiments were replicated at two locations to evaluate residual activity of neonicotinoid seed treatments and foliar insecticides. Natural enemy presence was recorded in each of these trials to determine which predator and parasitoid species were using M. sorghi as prey. All seed treatments suppressed M. sorghi populations below a treatment threshold of 75 aphids per plant for 30% of plants for >6 weeks after planting. Foliar insecticides including flupyradifurone, sulfoxaflor, and thiamethoxam provided 3–4 weeks of population suppression, irrespective of M. sorghi pressure. Fifteen natural enemy species were identified in this study, and community structure varied temporally and geographically. In general, natural enemy species richness was correlated with aphid abundance. We identified the most efficacious insecticides available for management of M. sorghi and determined that they should be compatible with biological control and integrated pest management programs.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139528740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Species diversity is undergoing rapid reductions globally. Identifying the causes underlying species diversity patterns and biodiversity hotspots is critical for developing conservation strategies. In this study, the 4,594 occurrence records of 854 Typhlocybinae (Heteroptera: Cicadellidae) species in China were used to investigate the factors affecting species richness and endemism patterns as well as identify species diversity hotspots to establish their conservation status. Generalized linear models and hierarchical partitioning were used to assess the effects of 6 environmental factors on species richness and endemism. Species diversity hotspots were obtained by integrating the 10 grids with highest levels of species richness and endemism; the conservation status of these hotspots was assessed via gap analysis. We found that species richness and endemism distribution of Typhlocybinae in China were heterogeneous, mainly concentrated in southern and central areas. The results also showed that plants were the most important environmental factors affecting species richness and endemism patterns, followed by niche conservatism. The 10 hotspots were identified; however, they were not fully protected by the existing nature reserves. This study highlights the importance of plants and niche conservatism in shaping species richness and endemism patterns of Typhlocybinae. Moreover, establishment of new nature reserves in hotspot areas with a conservation gap is required.
{"title":"Species Diversity and Conservation of Typhlocybinae (Heteroptera: Cicadellidae) in China1","authors":"Zhengxue Zhao, Xueli Feng, Yubo Zhang, Yingjian Wang, Zhengxiang Zhou","doi":"10.18474/jes23-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-26","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Species diversity is undergoing rapid reductions globally. Identifying the causes underlying species diversity patterns and biodiversity hotspots is critical for developing conservation strategies. In this study, the 4,594 occurrence records of 854 Typhlocybinae (Heteroptera: Cicadellidae) species in China were used to investigate the factors affecting species richness and endemism patterns as well as identify species diversity hotspots to establish their conservation status. Generalized linear models and hierarchical partitioning were used to assess the effects of 6 environmental factors on species richness and endemism. Species diversity hotspots were obtained by integrating the 10 grids with highest levels of species richness and endemism; the conservation status of these hotspots was assessed via gap analysis. We found that species richness and endemism distribution of Typhlocybinae in China were heterogeneous, mainly concentrated in southern and central areas. The results also showed that plants were the most important environmental factors affecting species richness and endemism patterns, followed by niche conservatism. The 10 hotspots were identified; however, they were not fully protected by the existing nature reserves. This study highlights the importance of plants and niche conservatism in shaping species richness and endemism patterns of Typhlocybinae. Moreover, establishment of new nature reserves in hotspot areas with a conservation gap is required.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139618700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accurate identification and classification of insect species, especially those with significant economic and ecological implications, have historically presented challenges. Migratory locusts, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), are notorious for their destructive impact on crops. Traditional morphological methods often face limitations in distinguishing closely related species and require taxonomic expertise. However, the emergence of DNA barcoding as a powerful tool for species identification has revolutionized the field of entomology. DNA barcoding utilizes a standardized DNA sequence, a molecular barcode, which serves as a distinct genetic signature for rapid and accurate species identification. In this study, DNA barcoding techniques were employed to identify and differentiate the migratory locust subspecies manilensis, in both its solitary and gregarious forms, as well as to determine its phylogenetic relationship with other related species within the Acrididae family. GenBank reference sequences were used to identify the locusts at the molecular subspecies level. Although the COI marker did not exhibit significant differences between the solitary and migratory forms, it was valuable in resolving the identification of L. migratoria subspecies. This lack of significant differences may be attributed to limited genetic variation of COI at the subspecies level and substantial genetic similarities between the solitary and migratory forms, likely stemming from a recent common ancestor. Nonetheless, using COI remains beneficial for subspecies identification in migratory locusts.
昆虫物种的准确识别和分类，尤其是对经济和生态有重大影响的昆虫物种的准确识别和分类，历来是一项挑战。迁飞蝗虫 Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen) （直翅目：蝼蛄科）因其对农作物的破坏性影响而臭名昭著。传统的形态学方法在区分近缘物种时往往受到限制，而且需要专业的分类知识。然而，DNA 条形码作为一种强大的物种鉴定工具的出现彻底改变了昆虫学领域。DNA 条形码利用标准化的 DNA 序列（即分子条形码）作为独特的遗传特征，用于快速准确地鉴定物种。本研究利用 DNA 条形码技术鉴定和区分迁徙蝗虫亚种 manilensis 的单生和群生形态，并确定其与刺蝗科其他相关物种的系统发育关系。研究人员利用 GenBank 参考序列对蝗虫进行分子亚种鉴定。虽然COI标记在独居型和迁徙型蝗虫之间没有表现出显著差异，但它在确定迁徙型蝗虫亚种方面很有价值。这种差异不明显的原因可能是 COI 在亚种水平上的遗传变异有限，而独居型和迁徙型之间的遗传相似性很大，很可能源于最近的共同祖先。尽管如此，使用 COI 仍然有利于迁徙蝗虫的亚种鉴定。
{"title":"DNA Barcoding of Locusta migratoria manilensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Reveals Insights into the Species and Subspecies Differentiation1","authors":"Michelle S. Guerrero, B. Cayabyab","doi":"10.18474/jes23-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-36","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Accurate identification and classification of insect species, especially those with significant economic and ecological implications, have historically presented challenges. Migratory locusts, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), are notorious for their destructive impact on crops. Traditional morphological methods often face limitations in distinguishing closely related species and require taxonomic expertise. However, the emergence of DNA barcoding as a powerful tool for species identification has revolutionized the field of entomology. DNA barcoding utilizes a standardized DNA sequence, a molecular barcode, which serves as a distinct genetic signature for rapid and accurate species identification. In this study, DNA barcoding techniques were employed to identify and differentiate the migratory locust subspecies manilensis, in both its solitary and gregarious forms, as well as to determine its phylogenetic relationship with other related species within the Acrididae family. GenBank reference sequences were used to identify the locusts at the molecular subspecies level. Although the COI marker did not exhibit significant differences between the solitary and migratory forms, it was valuable in resolving the identification of L. migratoria subspecies. This lack of significant differences may be attributed to limited genetic variation of COI at the subspecies level and substantial genetic similarities between the solitary and migratory forms, likely stemming from a recent common ancestor. Nonetheless, using COI remains beneficial for subspecies identification in migratory locusts.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Little, Blake H Elkins, Maribel Portilla, K. C. Allen, Quentin D. Read, Ryan T. Paulk
Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), is an economically important crop in the United States that is plagued by a complex of insect pests. Two key pests of cotton in the midsouthern United States are the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae), and bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). A suite of highly effective synthetic insecticides is typically used for control of these pests. However, it is unclear how the combined management of these two insect pests with biological insecticides impacts the economics of cotton production. To address this shortcoming, we conducted a field experiment in the Mississippi Delta over 2 yr to study the effects of synthetic and biological insecticides for control of the tarnished plant bug and bollworm on cotton yield. The results indicated the control of tarnished plant bug with synthetic insecticides had the most significant impact on cotton yield and net returns. The conventional tarnished plant bug treatment also significantly increased bollworm density and damage, but these increases did not significantly alter yield or net return in non–Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or Bt cottons. The economic benefit of a conventional approach to tarnished plant bug control with synthetic insecticides was US$438.07/ha in non-Bt and $700.88/ha in Bt cotton relative to those treated with a biological insecticide. The biological insecticides used for this study were ineffective at significantly altering yield or net return. However, for insect management in cotton to be sustainable, alternatives must be found to complement conventional synthetic insecticides.
{"title":"Field Evaluation of Biological and Conventional Insecticides for Managing Multiple Insect Pests in Cotton1","authors":"N. Little, Blake H Elkins, Maribel Portilla, K. C. Allen, Quentin D. Read, Ryan T. Paulk","doi":"10.18474/jes23-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-37","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), is an economically important crop in the United States that is plagued by a complex of insect pests. Two key pests of cotton in the midsouthern United States are the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae), and bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). A suite of highly effective synthetic insecticides is typically used for control of these pests. However, it is unclear how the combined management of these two insect pests with biological insecticides impacts the economics of cotton production. To address this shortcoming, we conducted a field experiment in the Mississippi Delta over 2 yr to study the effects of synthetic and biological insecticides for control of the tarnished plant bug and bollworm on cotton yield. The results indicated the control of tarnished plant bug with synthetic insecticides had the most significant impact on cotton yield and net returns. The conventional tarnished plant bug treatment also significantly increased bollworm density and damage, but these increases did not significantly alter yield or net return in non–Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or Bt cottons. The economic benefit of a conventional approach to tarnished plant bug control with synthetic insecticides was US$438.07/ha in non-Bt and $700.88/ha in Bt cotton relative to those treated with a biological insecticide. The biological insecticides used for this study were ineffective at significantly altering yield or net return. However, for insect management in cotton to be sustainable, alternatives must be found to complement conventional synthetic insecticides.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the repellent property of ‘Bhut Jolokia’ chilli pepper, a Capsicum chinense Jacquin cultivar, against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in stored wheat, Triticum aestivum L., in laboratory assays using a modified cup bioassay apparatus. Contact and fumigation repellency assays were conducted with the Bhut Jolokia chilli dry powder at concentrations of 3 and 5% (w/w) of the total weight of grain and the Bhut Jolokia chilli ethanol extract at volumes of 3 and 5 ml. In the contact repellency test, the number (mean ± SE) of test insects repelled (7.90 ± 0.23) increased with increasing concentration (5%) and time interval (24 h), whereas in the fumigation repellency test, the mean number of repelled insects increased (8.2 ± 0.2) with increasing volume (5 ml) and decreased (3.80 ± 0.13) with increasing time interval (60 min). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified that the active compounds present in the Bhut Jolokia chilli ethanol extract were the capsaicinoids capsaicin (21.50%) and dihydrocapsaicin (4.44%) and the noncapsaicinoids n-hexadecanoic acid (29.34%), n-pentadecylacetamide (12.92%), and others. Our findings provide a preliminary assessment of the repellent property of Bhut Jolokia chilli against S. oryzae in stored wheat under laboratory conditions and serve as an impetus for continued research.
{"title":"Laboratory Study of Repellent Property of Bhut Jolokia Chilli against Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Stored Wheat1","authors":"V. Rakesh, P. Patgiri, A. Borah","doi":"10.18474/jes23-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-29","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigated the repellent property of ‘Bhut Jolokia’ chilli pepper, a Capsicum chinense Jacquin cultivar, against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in stored wheat, Triticum aestivum L., in laboratory assays using a modified cup bioassay apparatus. Contact and fumigation repellency assays were conducted with the Bhut Jolokia chilli dry powder at concentrations of 3 and 5% (w/w) of the total weight of grain and the Bhut Jolokia chilli ethanol extract at volumes of 3 and 5 ml. In the contact repellency test, the number (mean ± SE) of test insects repelled (7.90 ± 0.23) increased with increasing concentration (5%) and time interval (24 h), whereas in the fumigation repellency test, the mean number of repelled insects increased (8.2 ± 0.2) with increasing volume (5 ml) and decreased (3.80 ± 0.13) with increasing time interval (60 min). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified that the active compounds present in the Bhut Jolokia chilli ethanol extract were the capsaicinoids capsaicin (21.50%) and dihydrocapsaicin (4.44%) and the noncapsaicinoids n-hexadecanoic acid (29.34%), n-pentadecylacetamide (12.92%), and others. Our findings provide a preliminary assessment of the repellent property of Bhut Jolokia chilli against S. oryzae in stored wheat under laboratory conditions and serve as an impetus for continued research.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Nandhini, Sharanabasappa S. Deshmukh, K. M. Satish, C. Kalleshwaraswamy, H. G. Sannathimmappa
In India, the invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has emerged as the most devastating pest of maize, Zea mays L., and is expanding its host range. In this study, we assessed its preference for feeding and oviposition in both choice and nonchoice bioassays including maize, sorghum, castor, cowpea, cotton, banana, and marigold as hosts. At 24 h after release in choice tests, the number of larvae was greatest on maize ears and lowest on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves among the host plants tested. In nonchoice tests, third-instar larvae that fed on maize leaves and ears had the shortest growth periods (2.05 and 2.2 d, respectively) and the longest on marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flowers (5.2 d). In oviposition preference tests, maize was the most preferred host, with the greatest number of egg masses deposited in choice and nonchoice tests compared with other hosts. Thus, maize was the most preferred host for fall armyworm in our tests, but fall armyworm may also survive on plants other than maize during the nongrowing season, posing a risk to other economically important crops in its expanded range in India.
{"title":"Host Plant Feeding and Ovipositional Preferences of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under Laboratory Conditions1","authors":"D. Nandhini, Sharanabasappa S. Deshmukh, K. M. Satish, C. Kalleshwaraswamy, H. G. Sannathimmappa","doi":"10.18474/jes23-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-20","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In India, the invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has emerged as the most devastating pest of maize, Zea mays L., and is expanding its host range. In this study, we assessed its preference for feeding and oviposition in both choice and nonchoice bioassays including maize, sorghum, castor, cowpea, cotton, banana, and marigold as hosts. At 24 h after release in choice tests, the number of larvae was greatest on maize ears and lowest on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves among the host plants tested. In nonchoice tests, third-instar larvae that fed on maize leaves and ears had the shortest growth periods (2.05 and 2.2 d, respectively) and the longest on marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flowers (5.2 d). In oviposition preference tests, maize was the most preferred host, with the greatest number of egg masses deposited in choice and nonchoice tests compared with other hosts. Thus, maize was the most preferred host for fall armyworm in our tests, but fall armyworm may also survive on plants other than maize during the nongrowing season, posing a risk to other economically important crops in its expanded range in India.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of Pecan Leafroll Mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) on Pecan Foliage1","authors":"Cristina Pisani, Ted E. Cottrell","doi":"10.18474/jes23-69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-69","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139388027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jermaine D. Perier, P. S. Cremonez, Hugh A. Smith, Alvin M. Simmons, David G. Riley
Imidacloprid has been one of the most widely used insecticides for managing the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the United States since the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency first registered it in 1994. A major whitefly control failure occurred in the state of Georgia in 2017 when B. tabaci–induced economic losses in horticultural and field crops surpassed approximately US$160 million. Vegetable growers have historically used imidacloprid for whitefly management, which likely led to the insecticide control failures of whiteflies in spring vegetables. Despite this, only a single site documentation of imidacloprid resistance in adults from 2007 in Georgia exists, making the current status unknown. Thus, it is likely that Georgia has an ongoing risk of imidacloprid-resistant B. tabaci infestations. No multicounty, extensive survey for imidacloprid dose response in whitefly exists for the state of Georgia. Therefore, an adult mortality bioassay of a range of imidacloprid concentrations was used to evaluate B. tabaci populations from several counties in South Georgia, where most of these economic losses occurred. This included a maximum dose concentration representing the current highest labeled rate. Dose response to the insecticide was not uniform across locations, with whiteflies in several areas displaying unexpected susceptibility to imidacloprid. Median lethal concentrations (LC50s) ranging from 0.02 to 196.05 mg of active ingredient per liter in Georgia whitefly populations were substantially lower than the reference Florida whitefly population. This baseline information for the state is critical to future evaluations of this insecticide in resistance management programs.
{"title":"Susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Adult Populations to Imidacloprid in Georgia, USA1","authors":"Jermaine D. Perier, P. S. Cremonez, Hugh A. Smith, Alvin M. Simmons, David G. Riley","doi":"10.18474/jes23-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-41","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Imidacloprid has been one of the most widely used insecticides for managing the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the United States since the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency first registered it in 1994. A major whitefly control failure occurred in the state of Georgia in 2017 when B. tabaci–induced economic losses in horticultural and field crops surpassed approximately US$160 million. Vegetable growers have historically used imidacloprid for whitefly management, which likely led to the insecticide control failures of whiteflies in spring vegetables. Despite this, only a single site documentation of imidacloprid resistance in adults from 2007 in Georgia exists, making the current status unknown. Thus, it is likely that Georgia has an ongoing risk of imidacloprid-resistant B. tabaci infestations. No multicounty, extensive survey for imidacloprid dose response in whitefly exists for the state of Georgia. Therefore, an adult mortality bioassay of a range of imidacloprid concentrations was used to evaluate B. tabaci populations from several counties in South Georgia, where most of these economic losses occurred. This included a maximum dose concentration representing the current highest labeled rate. Dose response to the insecticide was not uniform across locations, with whiteflies in several areas displaying unexpected susceptibility to imidacloprid. Median lethal concentrations (LC50s) ranging from 0.02 to 196.05 mg of active ingredient per liter in Georgia whitefly populations were substantially lower than the reference Florida whitefly population. This baseline information for the state is critical to future evaluations of this insecticide in resistance management programs.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139388272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shengjie Gao, Quancheng Zhang, Caixia Liu, Hong Shen
Transcriptome analysis was used to explore the molecular regulation mechanisms of the responses of house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), larvae to mixed solutions of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus sp. Sequencing yielded 50,701 genes that were compared with each database. A total of 34,666 (59.06%) transcripts was successfully annotated. In addition, 3,524 differentially expressed genes were screened from the low concentration dose group and the control group, 5,129 were screened from the high concentration dose group and control group, and 7,462 were screened from the high concentration dose group and low concentration dose group. Of those, 1,252, 2,369, and 3,159 differentially expressed genes were annotated in the Gene Ontology database and 306, 676, and 987 differentially expressed genes were annotated in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, respectively. The enrichment analysis of differential gene KEGG showed that the enrichment of insulin signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and chemokine signaling pathway in larvae induced by the high concentration dose of the bacterial mixture was more apparent than that induced by injection with the low concentration dose. Differential gene expression and function further reveal the metabolic pathway of defense response induced by bacteria, which can help in better understanding the related mechanism.
{"title":"Transcriptome of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae Induced by Bacteria1","authors":"Shengjie Gao, Quancheng Zhang, Caixia Liu, Hong Shen","doi":"10.18474/jes22-75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes22-75","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Transcriptome analysis was used to explore the molecular regulation mechanisms of the responses of house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), larvae to mixed solutions of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus sp. Sequencing yielded 50,701 genes that were compared with each database. A total of 34,666 (59.06%) transcripts was successfully annotated. In addition, 3,524 differentially expressed genes were screened from the low concentration dose group and the control group, 5,129 were screened from the high concentration dose group and control group, and 7,462 were screened from the high concentration dose group and low concentration dose group. Of those, 1,252, 2,369, and 3,159 differentially expressed genes were annotated in the Gene Ontology database and 306, 676, and 987 differentially expressed genes were annotated in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, respectively. The enrichment analysis of differential gene KEGG showed that the enrichment of insulin signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and chemokine signaling pathway in larvae induced by the high concentration dose of the bacterial mixture was more apparent than that induced by injection with the low concentration dose. Differential gene expression and function further reveal the metabolic pathway of defense response induced by bacteria, which can help in better understanding the related mechanism.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140520627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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