Valeria Ramírez-Becerril, J. C. Rodríguez-Maciel, Á. Lagunes-Tejeda, J. A. Cruz-Rodríguez
Abstract Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) represents a severe threat to human well-being and health due to the arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) it transmits. Its control is implemented mainly through massive applications of insecticides directed to the larval and adult stages. To develop an additional method for combating this vector, eggs (7–15 d old) were exposed in groups of 20 to a stream of hot air at temperatures between 32 ± 2°C and 147 ± 2°C for 5 s. The cumulative percentage of emerged larvae at 24 h and 48 h posttreatment was recorded as a measure of response to the hot air treatment. In the untreated control, which was exposed to room temperature (26 ± 2°C), the cumulative emergence of larvae at 48 h was 99.2 ± 1.7%. The cumulative percentage of larval emergence at 48 h ranged from 97.2% at 87 ± 2°C to 67.7% at 147 ± 2.4°C. The biological efficacy of this proposed hot air treatment was, thus, not acceptable. The natural biological attributes of the Ae. aegypti eggs in withstanding heat and desiccation appear to have protected them against the various levels of temperature tested.
{"title":"Larval Emergence from Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Eggs Exposed to Hot Air","authors":"Valeria Ramírez-Becerril, J. C. Rodríguez-Maciel, Á. Lagunes-Tejeda, J. A. Cruz-Rodríguez","doi":"10.18474/JES22-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-32","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) represents a severe threat to human well-being and health due to the arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) it transmits. Its control is implemented mainly through massive applications of insecticides directed to the larval and adult stages. To develop an additional method for combating this vector, eggs (7–15 d old) were exposed in groups of 20 to a stream of hot air at temperatures between 32 ± 2°C and 147 ± 2°C for 5 s. The cumulative percentage of emerged larvae at 24 h and 48 h posttreatment was recorded as a measure of response to the hot air treatment. In the untreated control, which was exposed to room temperature (26 ± 2°C), the cumulative emergence of larvae at 48 h was 99.2 ± 1.7%. The cumulative percentage of larval emergence at 48 h ranged from 97.2% at 87 ± 2°C to 67.7% at 147 ± 2.4°C. The biological efficacy of this proposed hot air treatment was, thus, not acceptable. The natural biological attributes of the Ae. aegypti eggs in withstanding heat and desiccation appear to have protected them against the various levels of temperature tested.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"58 1","pages":"135 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41505948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an important insect pest of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. Citrus mealybug causes direct plant damage when feeding on plant leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, and this damage can result in substantial economic losses. Insecticides are used to manage citrus mealybug populations in greenhouse production systems. Although entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides are labeled for use against citrus mealybug, there is no quantitative information on their efficacy against this insect pest under greenhouse conditions. Consequently, four experiments were conducted in a research greenhouse at Kansas State University (Manhattan) from 2020 to 2022 to determine the efficacy of three commercially available entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides on citrus mealybug feeding on coleus, Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), plants: Beauveria bassiana strain GHA (BotaniGard®, Laverlam International Corp., Butte, MT), B. bassiana strain PPRI 5339 (Velifer™, BASF, Research Triangle, NC), and Isaria fumosorosea Apopka strain 97 (Ancora®, OHP, Inc., Bluffton, SC). The surfactant polyether and polyether-polymethylsiloxane-copolymer (CapSil®, Aquatrols, Paulsboro, NJ) was added to spray solutions to determine whether the surfactant would enhance efficacy. The entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides, with or without the surfactant, were not effective in managing citrus mealybug populations, with <50% mortality in all four experiments. Our study indicates that entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides are not effective in managing citrus mealybug populations in greenhouses.
摘要柑桔粉蚧是温室园艺作物中的一种重要害虫。柑橘粉蚧以植物的叶、茎、花和果实为食时会对植物造成直接损害，这种损害会导致巨大的经济损失。杀虫剂被用于管理温室生产系统中的柑橘粉蚧种群。尽管基于昆虫病原真菌的杀虫剂被标记为可用于对付柑橘粉蚧，但目前还没有关于它们在温室条件下对这种害虫的功效的定量信息。因此，从2020年到2022年，在堪萨斯州立大学（曼哈顿）的一个研究温室里进行了四项实验，以确定三种商用昆虫病原真菌杀虫剂对以coleus、Solenostemon scutellarioides（L.）Codd（Lamiales:Lamiaceae）、，植物：球孢白僵菌菌株GHA（BotaniGard®，Laverlam International Corp.，Butte，MT），球孢白粉菌菌株PPRI 5339（Velifer™, BASF，Research Triangle，NC）和Isaria fumosorosea Apopka菌株97（Ancora®，OHP，股份有限公司，Bluffton，SC）。表面活性剂聚醚和聚醚-聚甲基硅氧烷共聚物（CapSil®，Aquatrolls，Paulsboro，NJ）被添加到喷雾溶液中，以确定表面活性剂是否会增强功效。基于昆虫病原真菌的杀虫剂，无论是否使用表面活性剂，在管理柑橘粉蚧种群方面都无效，在所有四个实验中死亡率均低于50%。我们的研究表明，基于昆虫病原真菌的杀虫剂在管理温室中的柑橘粉蚧种群方面无效。
{"title":"Performance of Entomopathogenic Fungal-Based Insecticides against the Citrus Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Coleus (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) Plants under Greenhouse Conditions1","authors":"N. J. Herrick, R. Cloyd","doi":"10.18474/JES22-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-33","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an important insect pest of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. Citrus mealybug causes direct plant damage when feeding on plant leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, and this damage can result in substantial economic losses. Insecticides are used to manage citrus mealybug populations in greenhouse production systems. Although entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides are labeled for use against citrus mealybug, there is no quantitative information on their efficacy against this insect pest under greenhouse conditions. Consequently, four experiments were conducted in a research greenhouse at Kansas State University (Manhattan) from 2020 to 2022 to determine the efficacy of three commercially available entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides on citrus mealybug feeding on coleus, Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), plants: Beauveria bassiana strain GHA (BotaniGard®, Laverlam International Corp., Butte, MT), B. bassiana strain PPRI 5339 (Velifer™, BASF, Research Triangle, NC), and Isaria fumosorosea Apopka strain 97 (Ancora®, OHP, Inc., Bluffton, SC). The surfactant polyether and polyether-polymethylsiloxane-copolymer (CapSil®, Aquatrols, Paulsboro, NJ) was added to spray solutions to determine whether the surfactant would enhance efficacy. The entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides, with or without the surfactant, were not effective in managing citrus mealybug populations, with <50% mortality in all four experiments. Our study indicates that entomopathogenic fungal-based insecticides are not effective in managing citrus mealybug populations in greenhouses.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"58 1","pages":"187 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47446512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Karen Ramírez-Sánchez, J. C. Rodríguez-Maciel, Á. Lagunes-Tejeda, Néstor Bautista-Martínez;, Manuel Alejandro Tejeda Reyes, Saúl Pardo-Melgarejo
Abstract Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is the most severe pest of citrus worldwide, and it has a high capacity to develop insecticide resistance. We estimated the intraplot variation of resistance to imidacloprid in adults collected from an orchard (8 ha) of Persian lemon, Citrus latifolia Tan., in Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico. We divided the orchard into eight sections of similar size. Adults were sampled from each section to assess their response in the F1. We conducted two field samplings: November 2020 and May 2021. The relative response (RR50) at the median lethal mortality (LC50) level in adults collected in the first sampling varied from 518× to 16,701×. Adults collected from Sections 2 and 5 exhibited the highest LC50 values. In the second sampling, adults with the highest LC50 values were collected from Sections 3, 5, and 6. The range of intraorchard variation at the LC50 level (RR50) ranged from 635× to 6,626×. The RR95 values could be estimated in two sections of the first sampling: 7,421× (Section 7) and 58,958× (Section 8). For the remainder of the intraorchard sections in both samplings, the maximum concentration of imidacloprid that could be prepared was 100,000 mg/L, which caused a level of mortality that reached ≤87.9%. The range of variation at the LC50 among sections (FRR50) was low: 1 to 32.17× in the first sampling and 1 to 10.43× in the second. The resistance detected to imidacloprid is the highest recorded worldwide for D. citri.
摘要柑桔潜蝇（Diaphorina citri Kuwayama）是世界范围内最严重的柑桔害虫，具有很强的抗药性。我们估计了从波斯柠檬（Citrus latifolia Tan。，墨西哥韦拉克鲁斯州的Martínez de la Torre。我们把果园分成八个大小相似的部分。从每个切片中抽取成年人，以评估他们在F1中的反应。我们进行了两次实地采样：2020年11月和2021年5月。在第一次抽样中收集的成年人在中位致死率（LC50）水平下的相对反应（RR50）在518×至16701×之间变化。从第2节和第5节采集的成年人表现出最高的LC50值。在第二次采样中，从第3、5和6节采集LC50值最高的成年人。在LC50水平（RR50）下，前庭内变异的范围为635×至6626×。RR95值可以在第一次采样的两个部分中估计：7421×（第7部分）和58958×（第8部分）。对于两个样本中剩余的口内切片，可以制备的吡虫啉的最大浓度为100000 mg/L，这导致的死亡率水平达到≤87.9%。切片间LC50（FRR50）的变化范围较低：第一次采样为1至32.17倍，第二次采样为为1至10.43倍。检测到的对吡虫啉的耐药性是世界范围内记录的最高的。
{"title":"Intraorchard Variation of Resistance to Imidacloprid in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) Adults","authors":"Ana Karen Ramírez-Sánchez, J. C. Rodríguez-Maciel, Á. Lagunes-Tejeda, Néstor Bautista-Martínez;, Manuel Alejandro Tejeda Reyes, Saúl Pardo-Melgarejo","doi":"10.18474/JES22-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-46","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is the most severe pest of citrus worldwide, and it has a high capacity to develop insecticide resistance. We estimated the intraplot variation of resistance to imidacloprid in adults collected from an orchard (8 ha) of Persian lemon, Citrus latifolia Tan., in Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico. We divided the orchard into eight sections of similar size. Adults were sampled from each section to assess their response in the F1. We conducted two field samplings: November 2020 and May 2021. The relative response (RR50) at the median lethal mortality (LC50) level in adults collected in the first sampling varied from 518× to 16,701×. Adults collected from Sections 2 and 5 exhibited the highest LC50 values. In the second sampling, adults with the highest LC50 values were collected from Sections 3, 5, and 6. The range of intraorchard variation at the LC50 level (RR50) ranged from 635× to 6,626×. The RR95 values could be estimated in two sections of the first sampling: 7,421× (Section 7) and 58,958× (Section 8). For the remainder of the intraorchard sections in both samplings, the maximum concentration of imidacloprid that could be prepared was 100,000 mg/L, which caused a level of mortality that reached ≤87.9%. The range of variation at the LC50 among sections (FRR50) was low: 1 to 32.17× in the first sampling and 1 to 10.43× in the second. The resistance detected to imidacloprid is the highest recorded worldwide for D. citri.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"58 1","pages":"266 - 276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47271077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are reemerging as biting and nuisance pests in many southern states, presumably from improving water quality in creeks and rivers. Since 2009, entomologists at Mississippi State University and the Mississippi Department of Health have conducted surveys to ascertain what black fly species are present in the state as well as their geographic distribution and seasonality. These surveys revealed what appears to be a recurring, significant emergence of black flies every year around 25 December at one site in southern Mississippi. In this study, adult black flies were collected from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2021 by hand netting in the exact same way each time at Okatoma Creek, Seminary, MS. Forty-eight collecting trips to the site over the 4-yr period yielded a total of 176 black flies, all morphologically identified as Simulium jenningsi Group Malloch. Molecular identification was successfully performed on 17 specimens collected during the December outbreaks. Of the 17 specimens analyzed, 10 and 7 specimens grouped with 100% bootstrap confidence inside clades comprising S. jenningsi or S. podostemi, respectively.
{"title":"Recurring Late December Outbreaks of Adult Simulium jenningsi Group Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Seminary, Mississippi, USA","authors":"J. Goddard, J. Moulton","doi":"10.18474/JES22-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-26","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are reemerging as biting and nuisance pests in many southern states, presumably from improving water quality in creeks and rivers. Since 2009, entomologists at Mississippi State University and the Mississippi Department of Health have conducted surveys to ascertain what black fly species are present in the state as well as their geographic distribution and seasonality. These surveys revealed what appears to be a recurring, significant emergence of black flies every year around 25 December at one site in southern Mississippi. In this study, adult black flies were collected from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2021 by hand netting in the exact same way each time at Okatoma Creek, Seminary, MS. Forty-eight collecting trips to the site over the 4-yr period yielded a total of 176 black flies, all morphologically identified as Simulium jenningsi Group Malloch. Molecular identification was successfully performed on 17 specimens collected during the December outbreaks. Of the 17 specimens analyzed, 10 and 7 specimens grouped with 100% bootstrap confidence inside clades comprising S. jenningsi or S. podostemi, respectively.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"58 1","pages":"80 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43149628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Trifluralin is a preemergent herbicide that is applied to soil to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It is widely used in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., production in China; however, the ecological safety of its continued use is a controversial issue. We studied the interaction of trifluralin and earthworms, Eisenia foetide Savigny (Annelida: Lumbricidae), to provide additional information for assessing the risk of trifluralin to ecological safety in soils. Contact toxicity assays established median lethal concentrations (LC50) of 726.298 µg/L at 24 h, 418.783 µg/L at 48 h, and 82.007 µg/L at 72 h of exposure to trifluralin. Within 24 to 48 h of exposure to trifluralin, antioxidant activity (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) increased in vivo, but by 72 h of exposure the activity was inhibited and, at high concentrations of trifluralin, death occurred. Based on the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and multifunction oxidase (MFO), it appears that GSTs may be involved in the detoxification of trifluralin in vivo, and that MFOs may be the key detoxification enzymes involved. Earthworm degradation of trifluralin shortened the half-life of trifluralin in soil by as much as 1.78 d. These results provide useful information on the toxicity mechanism of trifluralin in earthworms, the role of earthworms in trifluralin degradation, as well as the ecological safety of trifluralin.
{"title":"Acute Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, Toxicity Mechanism, and Degradation Dynamics of Trifluralin in Eisenia foetide (Annelida: Lumbricidae)","authors":"Quancheng Zhang, Zemin He, Jun-gang Wang","doi":"10.18474/JES22-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-06","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Trifluralin is a preemergent herbicide that is applied to soil to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It is widely used in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., production in China; however, the ecological safety of its continued use is a controversial issue. We studied the interaction of trifluralin and earthworms, Eisenia foetide Savigny (Annelida: Lumbricidae), to provide additional information for assessing the risk of trifluralin to ecological safety in soils. Contact toxicity assays established median lethal concentrations (LC50) of 726.298 µg/L at 24 h, 418.783 µg/L at 48 h, and 82.007 µg/L at 72 h of exposure to trifluralin. Within 24 to 48 h of exposure to trifluralin, antioxidant activity (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) increased in vivo, but by 72 h of exposure the activity was inhibited and, at high concentrations of trifluralin, death occurred. Based on the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and multifunction oxidase (MFO), it appears that GSTs may be involved in the detoxification of trifluralin in vivo, and that MFOs may be the key detoxification enzymes involved. Earthworm degradation of trifluralin shortened the half-life of trifluralin in soil by as much as 1.78 d. These results provide useful information on the toxicity mechanism of trifluralin in earthworms, the role of earthworms in trifluralin degradation, as well as the ecological safety of trifluralin.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"58 1","pages":"27 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44485618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Aphis gossypii Glover and Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are key pests of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., known to induce cotton host plant defense responses. Deep RNA sequencing of the cotton transcriptome followed by differential expression analyses were performed to clarify the molecular mechanisms of cotton defense in response to feeding by these aphid pests. We found 6,565 genes were differentially expressed in cotton in response to feeding by Ac. gossypii and 823 genes that were differentially expressed in response to feeding by A. gossypii, while 2,379 genes were differentially expressed in response to simultaneous feeding by both species. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes associated with Ac. gossypii feeding were enriched for metabolic pathways, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of carotenoids, and the pentose phosphate pathway. The enriched pathways in cotton fed on by A. gossypii were thiamine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, plant–pathogen interaction, and sesquiterpene and triterpenoid biosynthesis. The differentially expressed genes in cotton induced by simultaneous feeding of both species were primarily related to circadian rhythm regulation, photosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, galactose metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis.
{"title":"Global Gene Expression in Cotton Fed Upon by Aphis gossypii and Acyrthosiphon gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)","authors":"Quancheng Zhang, Yudong Zhang, Jun-gang Wang","doi":"10.18474/JES22-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aphis gossypii Glover and Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are key pests of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., known to induce cotton host plant defense responses. Deep RNA sequencing of the cotton transcriptome followed by differential expression analyses were performed to clarify the molecular mechanisms of cotton defense in response to feeding by these aphid pests. We found 6,565 genes were differentially expressed in cotton in response to feeding by Ac. gossypii and 823 genes that were differentially expressed in response to feeding by A. gossypii, while 2,379 genes were differentially expressed in response to simultaneous feeding by both species. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes associated with Ac. gossypii feeding were enriched for metabolic pathways, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of carotenoids, and the pentose phosphate pathway. The enriched pathways in cotton fed on by A. gossypii were thiamine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, plant–pathogen interaction, and sesquiterpene and triterpenoid biosynthesis. The differentially expressed genes in cotton induced by simultaneous feeding of both species were primarily related to circadian rhythm regulation, photosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, galactose metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"58 1","pages":"47 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47002898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Heat stress elicits the expression of various antistress proteins (e.g., heat shock proteins [HSPs] and antioxidase enzymes) in honeybees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), which are important in protecting cells from heat-induced stresses. In this study, we used real-time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction to analyze the expression patterns of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), heat shock protein 70Ab (Hsp70Ab), peroxidase (Pod), and cytochrome P450 (Cyp450) in response of Apis cerana cerana F. to different temperatures and different heat exposure times. We observed that, with the increase of temperature and exposure time, the expression of the four genes also increased, thus confirming that heat stress can activate heat-resistant mechanisms of A. cerana cerana and that temperature and exposure time are key factors affecting the accumulation of HSPs. Our results provide information on the expression patterns of four genes during heat stress to serve as a basis for determining the mechanisms by which A. cerana cerana adapts to thermal stress.
{"title":"Expression Patterns of Heat Shock Protein Genes and Antioxidase Genes in Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) under Heat Stress","authors":"Xinyu Li, Weihua Ma, Yusuo Jiang","doi":"10.18474/JES22-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-27","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Heat stress elicits the expression of various antistress proteins (e.g., heat shock proteins [HSPs] and antioxidase enzymes) in honeybees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), which are important in protecting cells from heat-induced stresses. In this study, we used real-time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction to analyze the expression patterns of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), heat shock protein 70Ab (Hsp70Ab), peroxidase (Pod), and cytochrome P450 (Cyp450) in response of Apis cerana cerana F. to different temperatures and different heat exposure times. We observed that, with the increase of temperature and exposure time, the expression of the four genes also increased, thus confirming that heat stress can activate heat-resistant mechanisms of A. cerana cerana and that temperature and exposure time are key factors affecting the accumulation of HSPs. Our results provide information on the expression patterns of four genes during heat stress to serve as a basis for determining the mechanisms by which A. cerana cerana adapts to thermal stress.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"58 1","pages":"95 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42317742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoli Wang, Hui Zha, Quancheng Zhang, Jun-gang Wang
Abstract Concentration-mortality response bioassays were conducted in 2021 to define the toxicity of afidopyropen to field populations of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Xinjiang region, China. Levels of activity of selected enzymes also were measured. Varying levels of resistance to afidopyropen were detected among aphids from nine major cotton-growing areas in the region. Higher resistance levels were detected in aphids collected from Tumshuk, Alar, and Kurle, with resistance ratios of 4.570, 2.058, and 1.565, respectively. Lower resistance ratios of 0.506, 0.632, and 0.775 were detected in aphids collected from Yinli, Wujiaqu, and Hami, respectively. Biochemical assays showed a highly significant positive correlation of the detoxifying enzymes carboxylesterase and multifunctional oxidase with the level of tolerance, with enzyme activity increasing with the level of tolerance. Glutathione S-transferases and acetylcholinesterase activity in field-collected aphids differed significantly from laboratory colony populations, but their activity did not differ among the field populations. We concluded that cotton aphids in major cotton areas of Xinjiang have not yet developed resistance to afidopyropen and remain sensitive to afidopyropen as indicated by resistance ratios of <5; however, resistance of cotton aphids to afidopyropen in southern Xinjiang is higher than that detected in cotton aphid populations in northern Xinjiang.
{"title":"Cotton Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Resistance to Afidopyropen in Xinjiang Region, China","authors":"Xiaoli Wang, Hui Zha, Quancheng Zhang, Jun-gang Wang","doi":"10.18474/JES22-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-16","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Concentration-mortality response bioassays were conducted in 2021 to define the toxicity of afidopyropen to field populations of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Xinjiang region, China. Levels of activity of selected enzymes also were measured. Varying levels of resistance to afidopyropen were detected among aphids from nine major cotton-growing areas in the region. Higher resistance levels were detected in aphids collected from Tumshuk, Alar, and Kurle, with resistance ratios of 4.570, 2.058, and 1.565, respectively. Lower resistance ratios of 0.506, 0.632, and 0.775 were detected in aphids collected from Yinli, Wujiaqu, and Hami, respectively. Biochemical assays showed a highly significant positive correlation of the detoxifying enzymes carboxylesterase and multifunctional oxidase with the level of tolerance, with enzyme activity increasing with the level of tolerance. Glutathione S-transferases and acetylcholinesterase activity in field-collected aphids differed significantly from laboratory colony populations, but their activity did not differ among the field populations. We concluded that cotton aphids in major cotton areas of Xinjiang have not yet developed resistance to afidopyropen and remain sensitive to afidopyropen as indicated by resistance ratios of <5; however, resistance of cotton aphids to afidopyropen in southern Xinjiang is higher than that detected in cotton aphid populations in northern Xinjiang.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"58 1","pages":"69 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44610010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We conducted studies with the native woodwasp Sirex nigricornis F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Louisiana to identify host-associated olfactory stimulants that may include attractive semiochemicals for this species as well as Sirex noctilio F., an invasive species that can attack healthy trees. Loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) treated with a stressing agent were felled and chipped 1–2 mo after treatment, and the chips were steam–water distilled in a Clevenger apparatus to extract volatile compounds. Using coupled gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection, we analyzed the distillates with antennae of both S. nigricornis and the Sirex parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides (Hochenwarth) (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae) to identify olfactory stimulants. In addition, we assayed S. nigricornis antennae with synthetic mixtures containing 23 volatile compounds associated with stressed and dying pines, including pheromones of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) that also use these hosts. Antennae of both male and female S. nigricornis responded to 29 identifiable volatiles in the distillates, whereas I. leucospoides responded to 23 volatiles. Eighteen compounds in the synthetic mixtures were olfactory stimulants for S. nigricornis. Olfactory stimulants in the woodchip distillates were predominantly hydrocarbon and oxygenated monoterpenes, and the strongest antennal stimulants among compounds in the synthetic mixtures were oxygenated monoterpenes associated with pine death and early decay (e.g., verbenone, fenchone, and terpinen-4-ol). Bark beetle pheromones (frontalin, endo-brevicomin, ipsenol, and ipsdienol) also stimulated S. nigricornis antennae. The very large number of host-associated olfactory stimulants for S. nigricornis implies that our data may offer limited assistance in targeting individual compounds for investigation as possible attractants and components for a Sirex lure.
{"title":"Olfactory Stimulants for Sirex nigricornis (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and its Parasitoid, Ibalia leucospoides (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae), in Odors of Stressed and Bark Beetle–Colonized Pines","authors":"William P. Shepherd, C. Johnson, B. Sullivan","doi":"10.18474/JES22-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We conducted studies with the native woodwasp Sirex nigricornis F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Louisiana to identify host-associated olfactory stimulants that may include attractive semiochemicals for this species as well as Sirex noctilio F., an invasive species that can attack healthy trees. Loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) treated with a stressing agent were felled and chipped 1–2 mo after treatment, and the chips were steam–water distilled in a Clevenger apparatus to extract volatile compounds. Using coupled gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection, we analyzed the distillates with antennae of both S. nigricornis and the Sirex parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides (Hochenwarth) (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae) to identify olfactory stimulants. In addition, we assayed S. nigricornis antennae with synthetic mixtures containing 23 volatile compounds associated with stressed and dying pines, including pheromones of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) that also use these hosts. Antennae of both male and female S. nigricornis responded to 29 identifiable volatiles in the distillates, whereas I. leucospoides responded to 23 volatiles. Eighteen compounds in the synthetic mixtures were olfactory stimulants for S. nigricornis. Olfactory stimulants in the woodchip distillates were predominantly hydrocarbon and oxygenated monoterpenes, and the strongest antennal stimulants among compounds in the synthetic mixtures were oxygenated monoterpenes associated with pine death and early decay (e.g., verbenone, fenchone, and terpinen-4-ol). Bark beetle pheromones (frontalin, endo-brevicomin, ipsenol, and ipsdienol) also stimulated S. nigricornis antennae. The very large number of host-associated olfactory stimulants for S. nigricornis implies that our data may offer limited assistance in targeting individual compounds for investigation as possible attractants and components for a Sirex lure.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"58 1","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46927024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Cui, Yi Wu, L. Xia, Dingrong Xue, Zhongming Wang
Abstract Information on insect phototaxis can be applied to the collection, monitoring, and management of insects. This study investigated the phototaxis of three species of Cryptolestes (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)—Cryptolestes pusillus (Oliver), Cryptolestes turccus (Grouvelle), and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens)—to light-emitting diode (LED) lights with six wavelengths. The three species had different responses to the different wavelengths, with C. pusillus displaying the strongest phototaxis. The taxis of the three species exhibited the same tendency across light waves of different lengths. All showed positive taxis to 450-, 390-, and 530-nm wavelengths, and their highest taxis indices occurred with 450 nm. The taxis indices of all three Cryptolestes species were positively correlated to light intensity.
{"title":"Phototactic Responses of Three Species of Cryptolestes (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) to Different Wavelengths of Light","authors":"M. Cui, Yi Wu, L. Xia, Dingrong Xue, Zhongming Wang","doi":"10.18474/JES22-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/JES22-24","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Information on insect phototaxis can be applied to the collection, monitoring, and management of insects. This study investigated the phototaxis of three species of Cryptolestes (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)—Cryptolestes pusillus (Oliver), Cryptolestes turccus (Grouvelle), and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens)—to light-emitting diode (LED) lights with six wavelengths. The three species had different responses to the different wavelengths, with C. pusillus displaying the strongest phototaxis. The taxis of the three species exhibited the same tendency across light waves of different lengths. All showed positive taxis to 450-, 390-, and 530-nm wavelengths, and their highest taxis indices occurred with 450 nm. The taxis indices of all three Cryptolestes species were positively correlated to light intensity.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":"58 1","pages":"85 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43850604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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