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Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Management Using Seed Treatments in Winter Wheat1 利用种子处理剂管理冬小麦中的黑飞虱(双翅目:Cecidomyiidae)1
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.18474/jes24-05
G. Buntin
The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a potentially severe pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, in the southeastern United States. Plant resistance is an effective method to control Hessian fly, but when adapted high-yielding varieties with effective resistance are not available, neonicotinoid insecticide seed treatments may provide an alternative method of control of Hessian fly on susceptible varieties of winter wheat. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the efficacy of neonicotinoid seed treatments for control of Hessian fly in winter wheat. Infestations and immature numbers per tiller were assessed during the vegetative stages in autumn and winter and the wheat reproductive stage during the spring. Both imidacloprid 480FS at 0.31 g active ingredient (a.i.)/kg of seed and clothianidin at 0.39 g a.i./kg or higher rates provided consistent reductions in Hessian fly infestations during autumn and early winter. Lower rates were less effective, and they did not provide consistent reductions in autumn infestations. Thiamethoxam was evaluated at one rate in two experiments and was similar in efficacy to imidacloprid and clothianidin at the same rate. None of the seed treatments provided effective control of spring infestations during the wheat reproductive stage. Imidacloprid and clothianidin at rates of 0.31 g a.i./kg of seed or higher rates had a positive yield response in eight of nine comparisons, with an average increase of 285.9 ± 92.7 kg/ha. Neonicotinoid insecticide seed treatments at higher rates provide a useful method for managing Hessian fly on susceptible varieties of winter wheat.
黑飞虱,Mayetiola destructor (Say)(双翅目:Cecidomyiidae),是美国东南部小麦(Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)的潜在严重害虫。植物抗性是控制黑飞虱的有效方法,但如果没有适应性强且具有有效抗性的高产品种,新烟碱类杀虫剂种子处理剂可能是控制易感冬小麦品种上黑飞虱的另一种方法。为了研究新烟碱类种子处理剂对冬小麦黑飞虱的防治效果,我们进行了一系列实验。在秋冬季的无性繁殖期和春季的小麦生殖期,对每株分蘖的虫害和未成熟数量进行了评估。吡虫啉 480FS 的有效成分(活性成分)为 0.31 克/千克种子,噻虫啉的有效成分(活性成分)为 0.39 克/千克或更高,在秋季和初冬都能持续减少黑飞虱的虫害。较低的施用量效果较差,而且不能持续减少秋季的虫害。噻虫嗪在两项实验中以一种剂量进行了评估,其药效与相同剂量下的吡虫啉和噻虫嗪相似。没有一种种子处理剂能有效控制春季小麦生殖期的虫害。吡虫啉和噻虫嗪的用量为 0.31 克活性成分/千克种子或更高用量,在九次比较中的八次都产生了积极的产量反应,平均每公顷增产 285.9 ± 92.7 千克。较高剂量的新烟碱类杀虫剂种子处理为管理易感冬小麦品种上的黑飞虱提供了一种有用的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Two- and Three-Dimensional Ultrastructures of the Micron-Scale Adhesive Setae of a Leaf Beetle Chrysochus chinensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)1 叶甲虫(鞘翅目:蝶形纲)微米尺度粘着刚毛的二维和三维超微结构1
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.18474/jes24-06
Zheng Liu, Ai-Ping Liang
(Baly) (Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae) is a phytophagous leaf beetle that excels in climbing on its host plants’ leaf surfaces and has well-developed adhesive setae on its feet. Using scanning electron microscopy, we examined the ultrastructure of the adhesive setae and recognized three types of setae, namely pointed, spatulate, and discoidal. The terminal plate areas of the three types of setae were 7.59 ± 1.76 μm2, 41.16 ± 1.46 μm2, and 63.65 ± 2.35 μm2, respectively. The three-dimensional topography of the terminal plates of three types of setae were imaged with an atomic force microscope. We found that the terminal plate of the discoidal seta had a concave center and a high circular edge, and the edge was 200–400 nm higher than the center. The ventral side of the spatulate seta was smooth with a 200-nm-high edge at two sides of the terminal plate. The results showed that the discoidal seta had the biggest terminal plate area (63.65 ± 2.35 μm2) and its topography can gather liquid and produce a 200- to 400-nm-thick fluid film between the terminal plate and smooth substrates. With the help of capillary force of the tarsal secretion, it can enhance adhesion force. The function of the discoidal seta, which is only present on male beetles, is hypothesized to serve for strong attachment force during mating.
(Baly) (Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae) 是一种植食性叶甲,善于攀附在寄主植物的叶面上,脚上有发达的粘着刚毛。我们利用扫描电子显微镜研究了粘着刚毛的超微结构,发现了三种类型的刚毛,即尖状、匙状和盘状刚毛。三种刚毛的顶板面积分别为 7.59 ± 1.76 μm2、41.16 ± 1.46 μm2和 63.65 ± 2.35 μm2。用原子力显微镜观察了三种刚毛顶板的三维形貌。我们发现盘状刚毛的顶板中心凹陷,边缘呈高圆形,边缘比中心高出 200-400 nm。匙形刚毛的腹面光滑,顶板两侧的边缘高 200 纳米。结果表明,盘状刚毛的顶板面积最大(63.65 ± 2.35 μm2),其形貌能聚集液体,并在顶板和光滑基底之间产生 200 至 400 纳米厚的液膜。借助跗节分泌物的毛细管力,它可以增强粘附力。盘状刚毛只存在于雄性甲虫身上,其功能被推测为在交配时提供强大的附着力。
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引用次数: 0
Toxicity and Repellent Activity of Hedychium flavum Rhizome Essential Oil and Major Constituents Against Stored Product Insects1 黄花菜精油及其主要成分对贮藏产品昆虫的毒性和驱避活性1
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.18474/jes23-112
Jia-Zhu Wang, Jia-Wei Zhang, Yuan-Tong Qi, Yue Du, Ding Zeng, Shu-Shan Du
An essential oil extracted from the rhizome of wild ginger, Hedychium flavum Roxburgh (Zingiberaceae), was evaluated for its toxic and repellent activity against adults of the stored product pests Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), and Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae). Gas chromatography–flame ionization detection and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed 24 compounds that composed 90.52% of the constituents of the extracted oil. The main compounds identified were β-pinene (33.52%), linalool (15.56%), and 1,8-cineole (11.20%). These three compounds and the rhizome essential oil were further assayed for their contact toxicity, fumigant, and repellent properties against the three stored product pests. Contact toxicity bioassays determined median lethal dosages (LD50 values) of the essential oil as 22.3 µg/adult for T. castaneum, 11.3 µg/adult for L. serricorne, and 109.9 μg/cm2 for L. bostrychophila. Analysis of the fumigant toxicity bioassay established LC50 values of 15.6 mg/L air for T. castaneum and 7.6 mg/L air for L. serricorne. The rhizome essential oil had higher repellent activity against the three stored product pests. Our results indicate the potential of the essential oil from rhizomes of H. flavum and its three main components as potential botanical insecticides for management of stored product pests.
评估了从野生生姜 Hedychium flavum Roxburgh(姜科)根茎中提取的精油对储藏害虫 Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) 和 Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) 成虫的毒性和驱避活性。通过气相色谱-火焰离子化检测和气相色谱-质谱分析,发现了 24 种化合物,占萃取油成分的 90.52%。鉴定出的主要化合物有:β-蒎烯(33.52%)、芳樟醇(15.56%)和 1,8-蒎烯(11.20%)。这三种化合物和根茎精油对三种贮藏产品害虫的接触毒性、熏蒸和驱避特性进行了进一步检测。接触毒性生物测定结果表明,精油的中位致死剂量(LD50 值)分别为:蓖麻蝇 22.3 微克/成虫、绢毛蝇 11.3 微克/成虫、蚜蝇 109.9 微克/平方厘米。熏蒸剂毒性生物测定分析表明,T. castaneum 的半数致死浓度为 15.6 毫克/升空气,L. serricorne 的半数致死浓度为 7.6 毫克/升空气。根茎精油对三种贮藏产品害虫具有更高的驱避活性。我们的研究结果表明,黄花稷根茎中的精油及其三种主要成分可作为潜在的植物杀虫剂用于防治储藏产品害虫。
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引用次数: 0
Morphological Characterization and Distribution of Antennal Sensilla of Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Using Scanning Electron Microscopy1 利用扫描电子显微镜分析黄铜蝇(鳞翅目:夜蛾科)触角感觉器的形态特征和分布1
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.18474/jes23-97
Jian Zhang, Yulei Song, Yizhuo Chen, Duo Liu
The cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a pest in cabbage crops throughout Europe and Asia. To better understand the chemical orientation of this insect toward its host products, we used scanning electron microscopy to determine the structure and distribution of antennal sensilla of M. brassicae. The antennae of the female and male moths were thread-like and composed of a scape, a pedicel, and a flagellum with >43 flagellomeres. Based on their morphology, sensilla chaetica (subtypes 1 and 2), sensilla trichodea (subtypes 1, 2, and 3), sensilla basiconica (subtypes 1 and 2), sensilla styloconica, Böhm bristles, sensilla coeloconica, and sensilla squamiformia were distinguished on the antennae in both sexes. The putative functions of these sensilla also were discussed with reference to their morphology, distribution, and ultrastructure. This work is a prerequisite for future electrophysiological studies of the antennal sensory system involved in intraspecific chemical communication.
菜青虫(Mamestra brassicae L.,鳞翅目:夜蛾科)是欧洲和亚洲甘蓝作物中的一种害虫。为了更好地了解这种昆虫对其寄主产品的化学取向,我们使用扫描电子显微镜确定了菜青虫触角感觉器的结构和分布。雌蛾和雄蛾的触角呈线状,由花被、花梗和具有大于 43 个鞭毛的鞭毛组成。根据其形态,雌蛾和雄蛾触角上的感觉器可区分为链状感觉器(亚型 1 和 2)、毛状感觉器(亚型 1、2 和 3)、基本感觉器(亚型 1 和 2)、文体感觉器、伯姆刚毛、鞘状感觉器和鳞状感觉器。此外,还根据这些感觉器的形态、分布和超微结构,讨论了它们可能具有的功能。这项工作是今后对参与种内化学通讯的触角感觉系统进行电生理研究的先决条件。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of Three Bait Trap Designs in Attracting Microtermes obesi (Isoptera: Termitidae) 评估三种诱饵诱捕器在诱捕食蚁小蚁(白蚁科:Isoptera: Termitidae)方面的效果
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.18474/jes23-93
Debrishi Modak, Sourajit Bayen, Somnath Roy, Kaushik Chakraborty, Azariah Babu
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引用次数: 0
Molecular Cloning and Expression Profiling of Minus-C Odorant Binding Proteins from Apocheima cinerarius (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)1 Apocheima cinerarius(鳞翅目:尺蠖科)Minus-C 气味剂结合蛋白的分子克隆和表达谱分析1
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.18474/jes23-86
Long Chen, Shengjie Zhu, Hui Lu, Lang Qiao, Yaxian Hao, Shuiyuan Hao
Based on transcriptome data of adults and pupae, 3 Minus-C OBPs (odorant binding proteins) genes were cloned and analyzed in various tissues (including head, thorax, abdomen, legs of female and male adults, and wings of males) of Apocheima cinerarius Erschoff (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Expression patterns were examined across the developmental stages of egg, larva (1st–5th instars), pupa (non-diapause and diapause), and adults. The qRT-PCR results revealed a significant up-regulation of OBP8 in 3rd and 4th larval instars, with the highest expression level observed in 4th-instar larvae. OBP14 exhibited higher expression levels in diapausing pupal and adult stages, with highest levels in the female adult. Conversely, OBP18 displayed highest expression in the non-diapausing pupae, while exhibiting extremely low expression levels among other stages. The tissue expression profile revealed a gradual increase in the expression of OBP14, with highest levels in the male legs, whereas the expression pattern of OBP18 exhibited an inverse trend with maximum expression observed in the male head (including antennae). OBP8 exhibited high expression levels in the abdomen of the female adult, while OBP14 showed high expression in the legs of the male adult. Additionally, OBP18 displayed high expression in the female head. These findings suggest the crucial role played by OBP genes in both olfactory and non-olfactory tissues of A. cinerarius. The results provide a fundamental basis for further investigation into the recognition of odorant binding in A. cinerarius.
根据成虫和蛹的转录组数据,克隆并分析了Apocheima cinerarius Erschoff(鳞翅目:尺蠖科)不同组织(包括头部、胸部、腹部、雌成虫和雄成虫的腿部以及雄成虫的翅膀)中的3个Minus-C OBPs(气味结合蛋白)基因。对卵、幼虫(1-5龄)、蛹(非休眠期和休眠期)和成虫各发育阶段的表达模式进行了研究。qRT-PCR 结果显示,OBP8 在幼虫三龄期和四龄期有显著的上调,四龄幼虫的表达水平最高。OBP14 在蛹期和成虫期的表达水平较高,其中雌成虫的表达水平最高。相反,OBP18 在非滞育蛹中的表达量最高,而在其他阶段的表达量极低。组织表达谱显示,OBP14 的表达量逐渐增加,雄性腿部的表达量最高,而 OBP18 的表达模式呈反向趋势,雄性头部(包括触角)的表达量最高。OBP8 在雌性成虫腹部的表达水平较高,而 OBP14 在雄性成虫腿部的表达水平较高。此外,OBP18 在雌性头部也有高表达。这些研究结果表明,OBP基因在琥珀蟾蜍的嗅觉组织和非嗅觉组织中都起着至关重要的作用。这些结果为进一步研究食蚁兽对气味结合的识别提供了基本依据。
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引用次数: 0
Occurrence of Termite Species in Tea Plantations of Northeast India1 印度东北部茶园中的白蚁种类1
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.18474/jes23-94
Sourajit Bayen, Debrishi Modak, Somnath Roy, Azariah Babu
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引用次数: 0
Symbiont Diversity in Imidacloprid-Resistant and Imidacloprid-Susceptible Populations of Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)1 Nilaparvata lugens(半翅目:Delphacidae)抗吡虫啉种群和易感吡虫啉种群的共生体多样性1
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.18474/jes23-79
J.F. Zhang, F. Li, H.Y. Zhong, J.M. Chen
Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, is efficacious against hemipterans, including the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). However, frequent use of this insecticide has resulted in the development of high levels of resistance among brown planthopper populations. Endosymbionts of insects have contributed to host physiology and evolution and play a role in resistance to chemical toxins. In this study, polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the bacterial and yeast-like symbiont communities of imidacloprid-resistant and -susceptible brown planthopper populations. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index and the evenness index indicated no differences in the richness and the expression of overall species distribution of the symbiotic communities of resistant and susceptible populations. The similarity coefficients of 0.53 and 0.56 for bacterial and yeast-like symbionts, respectively, indicated the main types of differences among microorganisms in resistant and susceptible populations. Sequence comparison analysis indicated the bacterial species in the susceptible population were members of the Enterobacteriaceae and Moraxellaceae, and those in the resistant population were members of the Enterobacteriaceae, Oxalobacteriaceae, Rhodobacteriaceae, and Sphingomonadaceae. Differences also were found in the composition of yeast-like symbionts of the two populations; Cryptococcus luteolus, Pseudozyma aphidis, and Pseudozyma antarctica were detected in the susceptible population, and Cladosporium perangustum was detected in the resistant population.
吡虫啉是一种新烟碱类杀虫剂,对包括褐飞虱 Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (半翅目:Delphacidae)在内的半翅目昆虫有效。然而,频繁使用这种杀虫剂导致褐飞虱种群产生了很强的抗药性。昆虫的内生共生体促进了宿主的生理机能和进化,并在抗化学毒素方面发挥了作用。本研究采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳法分析了吡虫啉抗性褐飞虱种群和易感褐飞虱种群的细菌和酵母菌类共生体群落。香农-韦弗多样性指数和均匀度指数表明,抗性种群和易感种群共生群落的物种丰富度和总体物种分布表现没有差异。细菌类和酵母类共生物的相似系数分别为 0.53 和 0.56,表明抗性种群和易感种群微生物的主要差异类型。序列比对分析表明,易感群体中的细菌种类属于肠杆菌科和摩拉菌科,而抗性群体中的细菌种类属于肠杆菌科、牛杆菌科、罗杆菌科和鞘氨醇单胞菌科。两个种群的酵母菌类共生体的组成也存在差异;易感种群中检测到隐球菌(Cryptococcus luteolus)、蚜假酵母菌(Pseudozyma aphidis)和蚁假酵母菌(Pseudozyma antarctica),而抗性种群中则检测到包囊酵母菌(Cladosporium perangustum)。
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引用次数: 0
Insects Foraging on Pearl Millet, Cenchrus americanus, Pollen1 昆虫觅食珍珠米花粉1
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI: 10.18474/jes23-91
K. Harris‐Shultz, Jonathan S. O’Hearn, Joseph Knoll, C. S. Clem
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引用次数: 0
Duponchelia fovealis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and its Parasitoid in Cultivated Berries in Guanajuato, Mexico1 墨西哥瓜纳华托栽培浆果中的 Duponchelia fovealis(鳞翅目:蟹科)及其寄生虫1
IF 0.9 4区 农林科学 Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI: 10.18474/jes23-98
Jannet Jaraleño-Teniente, Héctor González-Hernández, J. R. Lomeli-Flores, L. Soto-Rojas, Fernando Tamayo-Mejía, Marcelino Martínez-Núñez, J. Valdez-Carrasco
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Entomological Science
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