K. Harris‐Shultz, S. Halbert, Matthew R. Moore, Xinzhi Ni
{"title":"First Record of Melanaphis donacis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Georgia1","authors":"K. Harris‐Shultz, S. Halbert, Matthew R. Moore, Xinzhi Ni","doi":"10.18474/jes23-105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-105","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140685668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jermaine D. Perier, P. S. Cremonez, Albertha J Parkins, Arash Kheirodin, Alvin M. Simmons, David G. Riley
The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), continues to be a major pest of vegetable cultivation in Georgia, USA. Field-by-field surveying is an effective approach to determining the susceptibility status of a B. tabaci population to an insecticide. During 2020–2022, a modified maximum dose bioassay method was tested to characterize the insecticide response of B. tabaci field populations to several commonly used insecticides for whitefly management in Tift Co., GA, and the surrounding areas. A rapid bioassay was used for these evaluations that allowed for field assessments before spray applications to reduce the adult life stage of this species. The results of the evaluations were produced within 24-h following a 24-h root drench period. Our survey suggests that the neonicotinoids dinotefuran and flupyradifurone were the most effective insecticides from the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) group 4A. Cyantraniliprole was also effective, with 88 and 86% adult mortality following exposure to the high (maximum) and low doses, respectively. Conversely, the levels of control using another diamide, cyclaniliprole, were notably lower. Adding a low dose to the high dose provided an early indication of inefficient control with a product potentially indicating an increase in resistance. Specifically, a significant difference between the high and low doses suggests that the dose–response curve had shifted toward resistance development in each B. tabaci field population. The proposed bioassay method is meant for systemic insecticides that offer quick responses on adults. The use of this efficient method will improve evaluations prioritizing insecticides for use or rotation in an insecticide resistance management program.
{"title":"Modified Maximum Dose Bioassay for Assessing Insecticide Response in Field Populations of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)1","authors":"Jermaine D. Perier, P. S. Cremonez, Albertha J Parkins, Arash Kheirodin, Alvin M. Simmons, David G. Riley","doi":"10.18474/jes23-88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-88","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), continues to be a major pest of vegetable cultivation in Georgia, USA. Field-by-field surveying is an effective approach to determining the susceptibility status of a B. tabaci population to an insecticide. During 2020–2022, a modified maximum dose bioassay method was tested to characterize the insecticide response of B. tabaci field populations to several commonly used insecticides for whitefly management in Tift Co., GA, and the surrounding areas. A rapid bioassay was used for these evaluations that allowed for field assessments before spray applications to reduce the adult life stage of this species. The results of the evaluations were produced within 24-h following a 24-h root drench period. Our survey suggests that the neonicotinoids dinotefuran and flupyradifurone were the most effective insecticides from the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) group 4A. Cyantraniliprole was also effective, with 88 and 86% adult mortality following exposure to the high (maximum) and low doses, respectively. Conversely, the levels of control using another diamide, cyclaniliprole, were notably lower. Adding a low dose to the high dose provided an early indication of inefficient control with a product potentially indicating an increase in resistance. Specifically, a significant difference between the high and low doses suggests that the dose–response curve had shifted toward resistance development in each B. tabaci field population. The proposed bioassay method is meant for systemic insecticides that offer quick responses on adults. The use of this efficient method will improve evaluations prioritizing insecticides for use or rotation in an insecticide resistance management program.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140685382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amy M. Michael, Jason L. Mottern, Matthew L. Longmire, Scott D. Stewart, Jerome F. Grant
The kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae), is native to Asia, was first detected in Georgia, USA, in 2009, and has since been recognized as a damaging pest of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill; Fabales: Fabaceae) in several southeastern states. Megacopta cribraria dispersed rapidly from 2009 to 2013, after which its spread rate declined sharply. Despite this decline, established populations have remained stable. This decline may be partially attributed to natural enemies of kudzu bug. For example, the exotic egg parasitoids Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Paratelenomus saccharalis (Dodd) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) have been occasionally detected in the United States since 2016 and 2013, respectively. We recovered O. nezarae from M. cribraria eggs collected from wild patches of kudzu (Pueraria montana Lour. (Merrill) var. lobata (Willd.)) throughout summer 2017. Although the occurrence of O. nezarae in southern Georgia has been suggested based on exit holes from kudzu bug eggs, to our knowledge, this report is the first to document and confirm recovery of O. nezarae from kudzu bug eggs in both Tennessee and Georgia. In addition, at the time of collection in 2017, this recovery was the first confirmation of this species from kudzu in North America. This early-season natural enemy combined with the later-occurring entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin may reduce and maintain kudzu bug densities, which could lessen economic impacts on soybean producers.
葛粉虫（Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae)）原产于亚洲，2009 年首次在美国佐治亚州被发现，此后被认为是大豆（Glycine max (L.) Merrill; Fabales：豆科）的害虫。Megacopta cribraria 在 2009 年至 2013 年期间迅速扩散，之后扩散速度急剧下降。尽管出现了下降，但已建立的种群仍保持稳定。这一下降可能部分归因于野葛蝽的天敌。例如，自 2016 年和 2013 年以来，美国偶尔会发现外来卵寄生虫 Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii（膜翅目：Encyrtidae）和 Paratelenomus saccharalis (Dodd)（膜翅目：Platygastridae）。我们从野葛（Pueraria montana Lour.(Merrill) var. lobata (Willd.)）中发现了 O. nezarae。尽管有人根据葛虫卵的出孔来推测 O. nezarae 出现在佐治亚州南部，但据我们所知，本报告是首次记录并确认 O. nezarae 在田纳西州和佐治亚州的葛虫卵中的恢复情况。此外，在 2017 年采集时，这次恢复也是北美首次确认从葛藤中发现该物种。这种早季天敌与晚期出现的昆虫病原体 Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin 相结合，可能会降低并维持葛粉虱的密度，从而减轻对大豆生产者的经济影响。
{"title":"Ecological Insights and First Confirmed Record of Ooencyrtus nezarae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on Eggs of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Tennessee and Georgia1","authors":"Amy M. Michael, Jason L. Mottern, Matthew L. Longmire, Scott D. Stewart, Jerome F. Grant","doi":"10.18474/jes23-85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-85","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae), is native to Asia, was first detected in Georgia, USA, in 2009, and has since been recognized as a damaging pest of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill; Fabales: Fabaceae) in several southeastern states. Megacopta cribraria dispersed rapidly from 2009 to 2013, after which its spread rate declined sharply. Despite this decline, established populations have remained stable. This decline may be partially attributed to natural enemies of kudzu bug. For example, the exotic egg parasitoids Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Paratelenomus saccharalis (Dodd) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) have been occasionally detected in the United States since 2016 and 2013, respectively. We recovered O. nezarae from M. cribraria eggs collected from wild patches of kudzu (Pueraria montana Lour. (Merrill) var. lobata (Willd.)) throughout summer 2017. Although the occurrence of O. nezarae in southern Georgia has been suggested based on exit holes from kudzu bug eggs, to our knowledge, this report is the first to document and confirm recovery of O. nezarae from kudzu bug eggs in both Tennessee and Georgia. In addition, at the time of collection in 2017, this recovery was the first confirmation of this species from kudzu in North America. This early-season natural enemy combined with the later-occurring entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin may reduce and maintain kudzu bug densities, which could lessen economic impacts on soybean producers.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140754888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Doudou Ge, Z. Bai, Rong Zhang, Chang Liu, Shuhua Wei, Zihua Zhao, Zhihong Li, Lijun Liu
The fruit fly Neoceratitis asiatica (Becker) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a monophagous pest that damages only wolfberry, Lycium barbarum L. The odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) of insects are part of the initial steps of the olfactory signal transduction cascade involved in solubilizing and transporting chemical signals to the olfactory receptors. We studied the OBP genes of N. asiatica by using data from RNA-seq cDNA libraries of adult flies. Seventeen putative OBP sequences in N. asiatica were identified, corresponding to 13 OBPs of Drosophila melanogaster (Megen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Thirteen of the N. asiatica genes belong to the classic subfamily, four are in the minus-C subfamily, and none were members of the plus-C and dimer subfamilies. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to elucidate the evolutionary relationship between N. asiatica and other related species. This investigation of OBP evolution in monophagous, oligophagous, and polyphagous fruit flies revealed that the OBPs in N. asiatica are more oligo and conserved. These findings lay a foundation for uncovering the relationships between monophagous insects and their OBPs.
{"title":"Identification and Preliminary Characterization of Odorant-Binding Proteins in Neoceratitis asiatica (Diptera: Tephritidae)1","authors":"Doudou Ge, Z. Bai, Rong Zhang, Chang Liu, Shuhua Wei, Zihua Zhao, Zhihong Li, Lijun Liu","doi":"10.18474/jes23-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-72","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The fruit fly Neoceratitis asiatica (Becker) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a monophagous pest that damages only wolfberry, Lycium barbarum L. The odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) of insects are part of the initial steps of the olfactory signal transduction cascade involved in solubilizing and transporting chemical signals to the olfactory receptors. We studied the OBP genes of N. asiatica by using data from RNA-seq cDNA libraries of adult flies. Seventeen putative OBP sequences in N. asiatica were identified, corresponding to 13 OBPs of Drosophila melanogaster (Megen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Thirteen of the N. asiatica genes belong to the classic subfamily, four are in the minus-C subfamily, and none were members of the plus-C and dimer subfamilies. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to elucidate the evolutionary relationship between N. asiatica and other related species. This investigation of OBP evolution in monophagous, oligophagous, and polyphagous fruit flies revealed that the OBPs in N. asiatica are more oligo and conserved. These findings lay a foundation for uncovering the relationships between monophagous insects and their OBPs.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140753088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
(F.) is an insect pest of nursery production systems in the Midwest, Southeast, and Northeast regions of the United States. Adults feed on plant leaves and can reduce salability of container-grown nursery plants. Limited management options are available to protect plants from S. frontalis adult feeding damage. Insecticide spray applications to plant leaves are labor-intensive and not cost-efficient. Systemic insecticide applications to the growing medium may protect plants from S. frontalis adult feeding. In 2023, we conducted two laboratory and two greenhouse experiments to assess the residual activity of the systemic insecticides dinotefuran, thiamethoxam, and acephate against field-collected populations of S. frontalis adults. In the laboratory experiments, growing medium containing Itea virginica L. ‘Little Henry’ plants were treated with these three systemic insecticides. Twenty-five and 45 d after treatments were applied, leaves were collected and placed into petri dishes with a single S. frontalis adult. In the greenhouse experiments, Itea plants were placed into plastic observation cages. Eight S. frontalis adults were released into each cage with a single Itea plant. In the laboratory experiments 25 and 45 d after application of dinotefuran and thiamethoxam, the S. frontalis adults in the dishes with treated leaves had 66–90% mortality after 72 h. In the greenhouse experiments, dinotefuran and thiamethoxam protected Itea plants from S. frontalis adult feeding 45 d after application; 2.4 and 2.8 mm2 of leaf area were fed upon by S. frontalis adults. These results indicate that systemic insecticides can reduce feeding damage by S. frontalis adults on container-grown nursery plants.
{"title":"Residual Activity of Systemic Insecticides against Field-Collected Populations of Redheaded Flea Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Systena frontalis, Adults under Laboratory and Greenhouse Conditions1","authors":"N. J. Herrick, R. Cloyd","doi":"10.18474/jes23-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-104","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 (F.) is an insect pest of nursery production systems in the Midwest, Southeast, and Northeast regions of the United States. Adults feed on plant leaves and can reduce salability of container-grown nursery plants. Limited management options are available to protect plants from S. frontalis adult feeding damage. Insecticide spray applications to plant leaves are labor-intensive and not cost-efficient. Systemic insecticide applications to the growing medium may protect plants from S. frontalis adult feeding. In 2023, we conducted two laboratory and two greenhouse experiments to assess the residual activity of the systemic insecticides dinotefuran, thiamethoxam, and acephate against field-collected populations of S. frontalis adults. In the laboratory experiments, growing medium containing Itea virginica L. ‘Little Henry’ plants were treated with these three systemic insecticides. Twenty-five and 45 d after treatments were applied, leaves were collected and placed into petri dishes with a single S. frontalis adult. In the greenhouse experiments, Itea plants were placed into plastic observation cages. Eight S. frontalis adults were released into each cage with a single Itea plant. In the laboratory experiments 25 and 45 d after application of dinotefuran and thiamethoxam, the S. frontalis adults in the dishes with treated leaves had 66–90% mortality after 72 h. In the greenhouse experiments, dinotefuran and thiamethoxam protected Itea plants from S. frontalis adult feeding 45 d after application; 2.4 and 2.8 mm2 of leaf area were fed upon by S. frontalis adults. These results indicate that systemic insecticides can reduce feeding damage by S. frontalis adults on container-grown nursery plants.\u0000","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140751149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Filemón Morales-Hernández, J. C. Rodríguez-Maciel, Saúl Pardo-Melgarejo, Bismark Aguilar Garzón
(L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) management in Mexico primarily involves destruction of breeding sites and application of insecticides. There are many cases of field resistance and few studies on the instability of this phenomenon, despite its usefulness in management of this pest. The goal of this research was to estimate, under laboratory conditions, the stability of resistance to permethrin and malathion in 3 field-collected Mexican populations of Ae. aegypti. Early fourth-instar larvae were used for the bioassays according to the methodology of the World Health Organization (WHO). Initially, we estimated the level of insecticide resistance in F1 larvae. Then, each population was individually reared without selection pressure through 7 generations, and the insecticide response was monitored and compared with the susceptible New Orleans strain. The resistance response (RR95) to permethrin in the F1 generation varied from 53.8 to 267.9X at the LC95 level. In malathion, the RR95 of the F1 generation ranged from 5.6 to 10.5X. In most cases, the highest rate of resistance decline occurred from F1 to F2. The response to permethrin and malathion after 7 generations without selection pressure was similar to that observed in the susceptible reference strain.
{"title":"Stability of Resistance to Permethrin and Malathion in Mexican Populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) with Recommendations for Rotational Use1","authors":"Filemón Morales-Hernández, J. C. Rodríguez-Maciel, Saúl Pardo-Melgarejo, Bismark Aguilar Garzón","doi":"10.18474/jes23-80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-80","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) management in Mexico primarily involves destruction of breeding sites and application of insecticides. There are many cases of field resistance and few studies on the instability of this phenomenon, despite its usefulness in management of this pest. The goal of this research was to estimate, under laboratory conditions, the stability of resistance to permethrin and malathion in 3 field-collected Mexican populations of Ae. aegypti. Early fourth-instar larvae were used for the bioassays according to the methodology of the World Health Organization (WHO). Initially, we estimated the level of insecticide resistance in F1 larvae. Then, each population was individually reared without selection pressure through 7 generations, and the insecticide response was monitored and compared with the susceptible New Orleans strain. The resistance response (RR95) to permethrin in the F1 generation varied from 53.8 to 267.9X at the LC95 level. In malathion, the RR95 of the F1 generation ranged from 5.6 to 10.5X. In most cases, the highest rate of resistance decline occurred from F1 to F2. The response to permethrin and malathion after 7 generations without selection pressure was similar to that observed in the susceptible reference strain.\u0000","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140753597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the risks arising from the use of chemical pesticides increase, researchers are continuously exploring alternatives that are safer for humans and the environment. Among these alternatives is the use of plant extracts; however, plant extracts have various disadvantages, including the instability of their compounds that evaporate with time, thereby reducing their effectiveness. With the development of nanotechnology and its applications, researchers are focused on testing the performance of plant-based nanocomposites for eliminating pests. Numerous issues with agricultural and insect pest control can be addressed by using nanotechnology, including increasing the physical stability, water dispersion, and bioavailability of oil emulsions and coating the desired surface area with small oil droplets. Thus, issues with essential oil application, such as volatility, low water solubility, and oxidation, can be resolved by using nanoformulations. These nanoformulations progressively release active ingredients on site, reducing the toxicity for nontarget species and demonstrating their potential as substitutes for synthetic pesticides in the management of stored-grain pests. Research on nanoemulsions from plant sources and their role in controlling stored-product coleopteran insects was reviewed with emphasis on articles from 2014 through 2023. This review compiles important data for this field of research, providing information for design of future studies.
{"title":"Bioactivity of Plant Nanoemulsions against Stored-Product Insects (Order Coleoptera): A Review1","authors":"F. Gharsan","doi":"10.18474/jes23-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-84","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As the risks arising from the use of chemical pesticides increase, researchers are continuously exploring alternatives that are safer for humans and the environment. Among these alternatives is the use of plant extracts; however, plant extracts have various disadvantages, including the instability of their compounds that evaporate with time, thereby reducing their effectiveness. With the development of nanotechnology and its applications, researchers are focused on testing the performance of plant-based nanocomposites for eliminating pests. Numerous issues with agricultural and insect pest control can be addressed by using nanotechnology, including increasing the physical stability, water dispersion, and bioavailability of oil emulsions and coating the desired surface area with small oil droplets. Thus, issues with essential oil application, such as volatility, low water solubility, and oxidation, can be resolved by using nanoformulations. These nanoformulations progressively release active ingredients on site, reducing the toxicity for nontarget species and demonstrating their potential as substitutes for synthetic pesticides in the management of stored-grain pests. Research on nanoemulsions from plant sources and their role in controlling stored-product coleopteran insects was reviewed with emphasis on articles from 2014 through 2023. This review compiles important data for this field of research, providing information for design of future studies.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140753062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Moustafa, Dalia E. El Hefny, Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid, Rania, M.A. Helmy, Nourhan A. El-Said, El-Desoky S. Ibrahim
We investigated the effectiveness and biochemical impact of the insecticides flubendiamide and flonicamid compared with azadirachtin and acetamiprid against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Grennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) infesting cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme L.) grown under greenhouse conditions. The dissipation of both insecticides in the plants and in the soil also was determined using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) and liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry methods. Both insecticides were more effective for reducing B. tabaci populations than were either acetamiprid or azadirachtin. Biochemical analysis revealed that esterase may play an important role in whitefly adaptation to flubendiamide and flonicamid. The QuEChERS method was determined suitable for quickly detecting residues of flubendiamide and flonicamid in complex matrices. The recovery rates on tomato fruit samples were 92.8–106.0%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) range of 0.46–2.65%. For soil samples, the recovery rates were 81.3–95.7% with RSDs of 1.20–3.86%. We further determined that flubendiamide had dissipation half-lives of 3.13, 3.63, and 3.68 d in tomato fruit, tomato leaves, and soil, respectively. Flonicamid had half-lives of 4.25, 3.54, and 2.60 d in fruit, leaves, and soil, respectively. These results suggest that preharvest intervals of 3 and 7 d are appropriate for flubendiamide and flonicamid, respectively, in cherry tomato production. The risk quotient was >1 by the day 5 after application; however, that value declined to <1 on day 7 after application, indicating little long-term risk to human health.
{"title":"Effectiveness and Biochemical Impact of Flubendiamide and Flonicamid Insecticides against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Residue Dissipation in Cherry Tomato Plants and Soil under Greenhouse Conditions1","authors":"M. Moustafa, Dalia E. El Hefny, Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid, Rania, M.A. Helmy, Nourhan A. El-Said, El-Desoky S. Ibrahim","doi":"10.18474/jes23-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-61","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We investigated the effectiveness and biochemical impact of the insecticides flubendiamide and flonicamid compared with azadirachtin and acetamiprid against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Grennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) infesting cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme L.) grown under greenhouse conditions. The dissipation of both insecticides in the plants and in the soil also was determined using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) and liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry methods. Both insecticides were more effective for reducing B. tabaci populations than were either acetamiprid or azadirachtin. Biochemical analysis revealed that esterase may play an important role in whitefly adaptation to flubendiamide and flonicamid. The QuEChERS method was determined suitable for quickly detecting residues of flubendiamide and flonicamid in complex matrices. The recovery rates on tomato fruit samples were 92.8–106.0%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) range of 0.46–2.65%. For soil samples, the recovery rates were 81.3–95.7% with RSDs of 1.20–3.86%. We further determined that flubendiamide had dissipation half-lives of 3.13, 3.63, and 3.68 d in tomato fruit, tomato leaves, and soil, respectively. Flonicamid had half-lives of 4.25, 3.54, and 2.60 d in fruit, leaves, and soil, respectively. These results suggest that preharvest intervals of 3 and 7 d are appropriate for flubendiamide and flonicamid, respectively, in cherry tomato production. The risk quotient was >1 by the day 5 after application; however, that value declined to <1 on day 7 after application, indicating little long-term risk to human health.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140080815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Mnguni, Shaw Badenhorst, Marion Kathleen Bamford
A new species of a staphylinid beetle, Paleothius mckayi sp. n. is described using a single fossil from the Orapa Diamond Mine in Botswana. Paleothius is placed in the extant subfamily Staphylininae based on its general symmetrical habitus, typical sub-limuloid and elongated medium-to-large body form, elongated head, remarkably long antennomere 1, antennal density increasing apically, antennal insertions closer to the eye than to each other, tapering abdomen with two pairs of paratergites, and intersegmental membranes with ‘brick-wall’ pattern. It is separated from its sister clade Paederinae by having exposed antennal insertions and a small post-coxal process. It can be distinguished from all other Staphylininae by its significantly curved temples and large subtriangular pro-, meta- and meso-coxae. The specimen is preserved with flexed, distally-sharpened, extended or protruding scissor-like mouthparts. It is possible that it was primarily using these extended or protruding scissor-like mouthparts to actively hunt prey in leaf litter and other microhabitats in and around the crater lake at Orapa. This fossil further confirms the widespread distribution of staphylinines during the Cretaceous. Moreover, similarly to other previously described fossil staphylinine staphylinid beetles, it portrays morphological stasis, or morphological conservatism. This is also known as arrested evolution. Therefore, it provides evidence for punctuated evolution dating back to the Cretaceous. Moreover, it highlights that morphological similarities between Staphylininae and Paederine date back to the Jurassic period.
{"title":"Paleothius mckayi sp. n.: A New Species of Staphylininae (Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from Orapa in Botswana1","authors":"S. Mnguni, Shaw Badenhorst, Marion Kathleen Bamford","doi":"10.18474/jes23-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-53","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A new species of a staphylinid beetle, Paleothius mckayi sp. n. is described using a single fossil from the Orapa Diamond Mine in Botswana. Paleothius is placed in the extant subfamily Staphylininae based on its general symmetrical habitus, typical sub-limuloid and elongated medium-to-large body form, elongated head, remarkably long antennomere 1, antennal density increasing apically, antennal insertions closer to the eye than to each other, tapering abdomen with two pairs of paratergites, and intersegmental membranes with ‘brick-wall’ pattern. It is separated from its sister clade Paederinae by having exposed antennal insertions and a small post-coxal process. It can be distinguished from all other Staphylininae by its significantly curved temples and large subtriangular pro-, meta- and meso-coxae. The specimen is preserved with flexed, distally-sharpened, extended or protruding scissor-like mouthparts. It is possible that it was primarily using these extended or protruding scissor-like mouthparts to actively hunt prey in leaf litter and other microhabitats in and around the crater lake at Orapa. This fossil further confirms the widespread distribution of staphylinines during the Cretaceous. Moreover, similarly to other previously described fossil staphylinine staphylinid beetles, it portrays morphological stasis, or morphological conservatism. This is also known as arrested evolution. Therefore, it provides evidence for punctuated evolution dating back to the Cretaceous. Moreover, it highlights that morphological similarities between Staphylininae and Paederine date back to the Jurassic period.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140079796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are widely distributed in insect tissues and are involved in olfactory and non-olfactory functions. In this study, based on the transcriptome data of Agrilus zanthoxylumi Hou (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), the AzanCSP4 of was cloned by RT-PCR and bioinformatically analyzed, and RT-qPCR was conducted to analyze their expression levels of AzanCSP4 in different genders and tissues (head, thorax, abdomen, leg and wing). Sequence analysis showed that AzanCSP4 had an open reading frame (ORF) length of 366 bp, encoding 121 amino acids with an estimated molecular weight 13.96 kD. The encoded protein had no transmembrane domain, and the signal peptide was located in the position 1–15 at the N-terminal of the amino acid sequence. Sequence alignment revealed that AzanCSP4 had four conserved cysteines. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the AzanCSP4 and AmalCSP6 from Agrilus mali Matsumura (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) were closely clustered into the same clade. RT-qPCR results showed that AzanCSP4 of A. zanthoxylumi was expressed in different tissues of both male and female adults, and the expression in the same tissue was greater in female adults than in male adults. The expression of AzanCSP4 in the head of female adults was significantly higher than that in other tissues of male and female adults. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research on the function of AzanCSP4, especially on the chemical communication mechanism in A. zanthoxylumi.
{"title":"Cloning and Expression Analysis of Chemosensory Protein AzanCSP4 from Agrilus zanthoxylumi (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)1","authors":"Qi Yu, Xiao-Jin Gao, Jiang Na, Guo Li, Shou-An Xie, Shu-Jie Lv, Hong-Gang Cheng","doi":"10.18474/jes23-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18474/jes23-49","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are widely distributed in insect tissues and are involved in olfactory and non-olfactory functions. In this study, based on the transcriptome data of Agrilus zanthoxylumi Hou (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), the AzanCSP4 of was cloned by RT-PCR and bioinformatically analyzed, and RT-qPCR was conducted to analyze their expression levels of AzanCSP4 in different genders and tissues (head, thorax, abdomen, leg and wing). Sequence analysis showed that AzanCSP4 had an open reading frame (ORF) length of 366 bp, encoding 121 amino acids with an estimated molecular weight 13.96 kD. The encoded protein had no transmembrane domain, and the signal peptide was located in the position 1–15 at the N-terminal of the amino acid sequence. Sequence alignment revealed that AzanCSP4 had four conserved cysteines. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the AzanCSP4 and AmalCSP6 from Agrilus mali Matsumura (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) were closely clustered into the same clade. RT-qPCR results showed that AzanCSP4 of A. zanthoxylumi was expressed in different tissues of both male and female adults, and the expression in the same tissue was greater in female adults than in male adults. The expression of AzanCSP4 in the head of female adults was significantly higher than that in other tissues of male and female adults. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research on the function of AzanCSP4, especially on the chemical communication mechanism in A. zanthoxylumi.","PeriodicalId":15765,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entomological Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140079582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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