Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.1177/07349041241235566
M. McKinnon, Grayson T. Bellamy
For decades, there has been a need in the fire safety science community for a reliable source of material properties and standard fire test data to accurately represent solid materials in fire models. The project described herein has made advancements in experimental data collection and property determination for a multitude of materials commonly encountered in the built environment for the purpose of making the data easily accessible and to elevate the base knowledge and tools available for all model practitioners and investigators. This article includes a description of the experimental methods, procedures, and estimated uncertainty in the measurements that have been adopted to collect the data necessary to describe common materials in the most advanced comprehensive pyrolysis models. A case study is provided in which all the experiments to characterize polycarbonate are described, analytical procedures and derived properties are presented, and validation of the properties against experimental data is presented.
{"title":"Fire Safety Research Institute Materials and Products database—A resource to support fire modeling","authors":"M. McKinnon, Grayson T. Bellamy","doi":"10.1177/07349041241235566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041241235566","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, there has been a need in the fire safety science community for a reliable source of material properties and standard fire test data to accurately represent solid materials in fire models. The project described herein has made advancements in experimental data collection and property determination for a multitude of materials commonly encountered in the built environment for the purpose of making the data easily accessible and to elevate the base knowledge and tools available for all model practitioners and investigators. This article includes a description of the experimental methods, procedures, and estimated uncertainty in the measurements that have been adopted to collect the data necessary to describe common materials in the most advanced comprehensive pyrolysis models. A case study is provided in which all the experiments to characterize polycarbonate are described, analytical procedures and derived properties are presented, and validation of the properties against experimental data is presented.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140654937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.1177/07349041241227921
Richard M. Kesler
The self-contained breathing apparatus is one of the most critical components of the firefighting personal protective ensemble providing protection from potentially toxic gases and products of combustion. Three models of self-contained breathing apparatus facepiece lenses meeting various editions of national standards were exposed to radiant thermal loads of 5, 10, 15, and 20 kW/m2 until thermal degradation resulted in hole formation or the test duration reached 30 min. Thermal damage was documented as time to crazing, bubbling, and hole formation. Temperature was recorded within the facepiece. There were significant differences in times to thermal damage between lenses. The facepiece lens model meeting the 2013 edition of National Fire Protection Association 1981 had significantly longer times to thermal degradation than those meeting older editions of the standard. Maximum temperatures were higher in the facepiece model meeting the 2013 edition of National Fire Protection Association 1981, likely because of the extended time the radiant load was applied.
{"title":"Thermal degradation of self-contained breathing apparatus facepiece lenses under radiant thermal loads","authors":"Richard M. Kesler","doi":"10.1177/07349041241227921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041241227921","url":null,"abstract":"The self-contained breathing apparatus is one of the most critical components of the firefighting personal protective ensemble providing protection from potentially toxic gases and products of combustion. Three models of self-contained breathing apparatus facepiece lenses meeting various editions of national standards were exposed to radiant thermal loads of 5, 10, 15, and 20 kW/m2 until thermal degradation resulted in hole formation or the test duration reached 30 min. Thermal damage was documented as time to crazing, bubbling, and hole formation. Temperature was recorded within the facepiece. There were significant differences in times to thermal damage between lenses. The facepiece lens model meeting the 2013 edition of National Fire Protection Association 1981 had significantly longer times to thermal degradation than those meeting older editions of the standard. Maximum temperatures were higher in the facepiece model meeting the 2013 edition of National Fire Protection Association 1981, likely because of the extended time the radiant load was applied.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140655981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.1177/07349041241237536
M. Dietenberger, Nicole M. Stark, Charles R. Boardman
Wood–plastic composites are composite materials consisting of wood particles, thermoplastic polymer, and small amounts of other performance additives to increase performance in exterior construction applications such as decking and siding. Three best-performing fire retardants, determined from a previous study, which were brominated, magnesium hydroxide, and ammonium polyphosphate, were selected for this weathering study and more detailed analysis with color analysis, thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry, and the cone calorimeter. With the rapid surface heating condition at cone calorimeter irradiance of 50 kW m−2, modest surface leaching of fire retardant was detected as caused by weathering via increased first peak heat-release rate and reduced time to ignition values. Otherwise, the weathering had minimal effect on the remaining heat-release rate profile, and results confirmed ammonium polyphosphate as top performing fire retardant, even better than Ipe wood, with magnesium hydroxide and brominated slightly worse than Ipe. This suggests that 35% high-density polyethylene content reduced fire retardant bulk leaching.
{"title":"Durability and performance of wood flour/polyethylene composites containing fire retardants after weathering via ASTM D2565","authors":"M. Dietenberger, Nicole M. Stark, Charles R. Boardman","doi":"10.1177/07349041241237536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041241237536","url":null,"abstract":"Wood–plastic composites are composite materials consisting of wood particles, thermoplastic polymer, and small amounts of other performance additives to increase performance in exterior construction applications such as decking and siding. Three best-performing fire retardants, determined from a previous study, which were brominated, magnesium hydroxide, and ammonium polyphosphate, were selected for this weathering study and more detailed analysis with color analysis, thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry, and the cone calorimeter. With the rapid surface heating condition at cone calorimeter irradiance of 50 kW m−2, modest surface leaching of fire retardant was detected as caused by weathering via increased first peak heat-release rate and reduced time to ignition values. Otherwise, the weathering had minimal effect on the remaining heat-release rate profile, and results confirmed ammonium polyphosphate as top performing fire retardant, even better than Ipe wood, with magnesium hydroxide and brominated slightly worse than Ipe. This suggests that 35% high-density polyethylene content reduced fire retardant bulk leaching.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140366779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1177/07349041241238151
Fengju Shang, Jiaqing Zhang, Taiyun Zhu, Wen Su, Kaiyuan Li, Yanyan Zou, Yi Guo
This article investigates the suppression of transformer oil pool fires using compressed nitrogen aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agents with varying nozzle pressures (0.1–0.4 MPa), and a comprehensive analysis of fire extinguishing behavior and resistance to re-ignition was conducted. The research findings indicate that at a nozzle pressure of 0.4 MPa, there is a significant enhancement in fire extinguishing efficiency, with a reduction in extinguishing time by 15.0%–29.2%, and an increase in resistance to re-ignition by 32.2%–48.2%, making it the optimal choice. In comparison to the 0.1 MPa condition, the maximum instantaneous emissions of CO and SO2 at 0.4 MPa are only 66.7%. The interaction of various effects, such as atomization, results in a significant enhancement of flame intensification and fire extinguishing effects when compressed nitrogen aqueous film-forming foam is sprayed at high nozzle pressures. The study provides valuable insights for firefighters in the practical use of foam extinguishing agents.
{"title":"Analysis of fire extinguishing performance and mechanisms in transformer oil pool fires by large-scale compressed nitrogen foam: Impact of different nozzle pressures","authors":"Fengju Shang, Jiaqing Zhang, Taiyun Zhu, Wen Su, Kaiyuan Li, Yanyan Zou, Yi Guo","doi":"10.1177/07349041241238151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041241238151","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the suppression of transformer oil pool fires using compressed nitrogen aqueous film-forming foam extinguishing agents with varying nozzle pressures (0.1–0.4 MPa), and a comprehensive analysis of fire extinguishing behavior and resistance to re-ignition was conducted. The research findings indicate that at a nozzle pressure of 0.4 MPa, there is a significant enhancement in fire extinguishing efficiency, with a reduction in extinguishing time by 15.0%–29.2%, and an increase in resistance to re-ignition by 32.2%–48.2%, making it the optimal choice. In comparison to the 0.1 MPa condition, the maximum instantaneous emissions of CO and SO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> at 0.4 MPa are only 66.7%. The interaction of various effects, such as atomization, results in a significant enhancement of flame intensification and fire extinguishing effects when compressed nitrogen aqueous film-forming foam is sprayed at high nozzle pressures. The study provides valuable insights for firefighters in the practical use of foam extinguishing agents.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140302281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-16DOI: 10.1177/07349041241231206
John T Wade, Bhushan Lohar, Kari Lippert, Rob Cloutier, Sean Walker, Olabode Olanipekun
The United States Air Force (USAF) dictates policy for foam fire suppression systems in their hangars. In November 2021, the USAF issued a Sundown Policy for Foam Fire Suppression Systems. The National Fire Protection Association’s Standard on Aircraft Hangars, NFPA 409 serves a similar function. This article uses a real-world installation and analysis of the hangar fire protection scheme stipulated in the USAF Sundown Policy as compared to an installation in compliance with NFPA 409. Applying the Poisson process for a zero-inflated probability distribution, the data referenced for the event tree were evaluated and thereafter validated. The analysis shows that the installation of hangar fire protection stipulated in the USAF Sundown Policy achieves a better performance for the fire protection system than an installation in compliance with NFPA 409, insofar as the risk analysis is concerned. Second, the installation of a fire protection system that complies with the requirements of NFPA 409 fails to achieve the basic probabilistic performance promulgated by the International Code Council’s Performance Code (ICCPC). The validation also demonstrated that the scenario involving the accidental discharge of fire foam was significantly more likely to occur compared to that involving only fire occurrences.
{"title":"A probabilistic analysis of non-military hangar fire protection systems","authors":"John T Wade, Bhushan Lohar, Kari Lippert, Rob Cloutier, Sean Walker, Olabode Olanipekun","doi":"10.1177/07349041241231206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041241231206","url":null,"abstract":"The United States Air Force (USAF) dictates policy for foam fire suppression systems in their hangars. In November 2021, the USAF issued a Sundown Policy for Foam Fire Suppression Systems. The National Fire Protection Association’s Standard on Aircraft Hangars, NFPA 409 serves a similar function. This article uses a real-world installation and analysis of the hangar fire protection scheme stipulated in the USAF Sundown Policy as compared to an installation in compliance with NFPA 409. Applying the Poisson process for a zero-inflated probability distribution, the data referenced for the event tree were evaluated and thereafter validated. The analysis shows that the installation of hangar fire protection stipulated in the USAF Sundown Policy achieves a better performance for the fire protection system than an installation in compliance with NFPA 409, insofar as the risk analysis is concerned. Second, the installation of a fire protection system that complies with the requirements of NFPA 409 fails to achieve the basic probabilistic performance promulgated by the International Code Council’s Performance Code (ICCPC). The validation also demonstrated that the scenario involving the accidental discharge of fire foam was significantly more likely to occur compared to that involving only fire occurrences.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140147459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-05DOI: 10.1177/07349041231218967
Gilbert Accary, Joseph Darido, Dominique Morvan, Leo Schneider, Benjamin Betting, Nicolas Frangieh, Sofiane Meradji, Albert Simeoni
The physics and the dynamics of static fires were studied numerically and experimentally by burning single Douglas fir trees. The mass loss rate was recorded, as well as the radiative heat flux and temperature at different positions. The numerical simulations were carried out using a fully physical CFD code (FireStar3D), and two levels of description were considered: in the first one, the vegetation was represented using a single fuel-type; in the second, four fuel-types were considered. The numerical results were compared to the experimental data for fuel moisture content of 14% and 50%. The results clearly show the advantage of considering several fuel-types to represent the tree; nevertheless, compared to the experiments, faster tree burning dynamics is obtained by simulation. The role played by the ignition process was also analysed numerically, highlighting the sensitivity of the tree burning dynamics to the ignition protocol.
{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of a single-tree fire","authors":"Gilbert Accary, Joseph Darido, Dominique Morvan, Leo Schneider, Benjamin Betting, Nicolas Frangieh, Sofiane Meradji, Albert Simeoni","doi":"10.1177/07349041231218967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231218967","url":null,"abstract":"The physics and the dynamics of static fires were studied numerically and experimentally by burning single Douglas fir trees. The mass loss rate was recorded, as well as the radiative heat flux and temperature at different positions. The numerical simulations were carried out using a fully physical CFD code (FireStar3D), and two levels of description were considered: in the first one, the vegetation was represented using a single fuel-type; in the second, four fuel-types were considered. The numerical results were compared to the experimental data for fuel moisture content of 14% and 50%. The results clearly show the advantage of considering several fuel-types to represent the tree; nevertheless, compared to the experiments, faster tree burning dynamics is obtained by simulation. The role played by the ignition process was also analysed numerically, highlighting the sensitivity of the tree burning dynamics to the ignition protocol.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139949804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-18DOI: 10.1177/07349041231222852
C. Weinschenk, Holli Knight, John W Regan
In the early 1970s, there was an initial effort to quantify the conditions under which firefighters are expected to perform. Harvey Utech led this endeavor by defining three levels of thermal exposure—routine, ordinary, and emergency—which were characterized by combining a range of air temperatures and radiative heat fluxes. In the last half-century, there has been a concerted scientific effort to further understand the conditions to which firefighters are exposed during structural firefighting. Research has been conducted on the resiliency of turnout gear and facepiece lenses, the thermal conditions observed during a structure fire, and the impact of firefighter tactics such as ventilation and suppression. The authors synthesize the results from these research areas to update the original thermal classifications to six categories of exposure—routine, Ordinary I, Ordinary II, Emergency I, Emergency II, and Emergency III—which are more representative of the operating environment and protective equipment thresholds that firefighters should be aware of during firefighting operations and tactical decision-making.
{"title":"Toward improved thermal exposure classes for structural firefighters","authors":"C. Weinschenk, Holli Knight, John W Regan","doi":"10.1177/07349041231222852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231222852","url":null,"abstract":"In the early 1970s, there was an initial effort to quantify the conditions under which firefighters are expected to perform. Harvey Utech led this endeavor by defining three levels of thermal exposure—routine, ordinary, and emergency—which were characterized by combining a range of air temperatures and radiative heat fluxes. In the last half-century, there has been a concerted scientific effort to further understand the conditions to which firefighters are exposed during structural firefighting. Research has been conducted on the resiliency of turnout gear and facepiece lenses, the thermal conditions observed during a structure fire, and the impact of firefighter tactics such as ventilation and suppression. The authors synthesize the results from these research areas to update the original thermal classifications to six categories of exposure—routine, Ordinary I, Ordinary II, Emergency I, Emergency II, and Emergency III—which are more representative of the operating environment and protective equipment thresholds that firefighters should be aware of during firefighting operations and tactical decision-making.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139525928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-13DOI: 10.1177/07349041231220250
S. M. Goller, B. Schartel, Simone Krüger
To ensure fire safety, polymers are filled with flame retardants and smoke suppressants. To meet the highest requirements, it is essential to understand the decomposition of those polymeric materials. This study reveals interactions between polymer, smoke suppressants, and flame retardants, and discusses their impact on the materials’ flame retardancy, smoke emission, smoke toxicity, and particle emission in conventional loadings to provide deeper general understanding. Low melting oxide glass, melem, spherical silica, sepiolite, melamine polyphosphate, and boehmite in an aluminum diethylphosphinate flame-retarded polyamide 6.6 were investigated. All smoke suppressants improve the protective layer and act as an adjuvant. Silica and melem performed best under forced flaming conditions. Spherical silica reduces the peak of heat release rate by 39% and the total heat evolved by 14%, whereas 10 wt% melem lowers the total smoke production by 41%. Melem alters the mode of action of aluminum diethylphosphinate from gas to more condensed phase activity. This change reduces flame inhibition and hence smoke toxicity, but further improves the protective layer due to charring reactions in the decomposition mechanism. In addition, the sizes of the smoke particles decrease because of the prolonged time in the pyrolytic zone. This study highlights that interactions between polymer, flame retardants, and smoke suppressants can significantly determine the smoking and burning behavior.
{"title":"Block it and rock it: Smoke suppressants that form a protective layer in PA 6.6","authors":"S. M. Goller, B. Schartel, Simone Krüger","doi":"10.1177/07349041231220250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231220250","url":null,"abstract":"To ensure fire safety, polymers are filled with flame retardants and smoke suppressants. To meet the highest requirements, it is essential to understand the decomposition of those polymeric materials. This study reveals interactions between polymer, smoke suppressants, and flame retardants, and discusses their impact on the materials’ flame retardancy, smoke emission, smoke toxicity, and particle emission in conventional loadings to provide deeper general understanding. Low melting oxide glass, melem, spherical silica, sepiolite, melamine polyphosphate, and boehmite in an aluminum diethylphosphinate flame-retarded polyamide 6.6 were investigated. All smoke suppressants improve the protective layer and act as an adjuvant. Silica and melem performed best under forced flaming conditions. Spherical silica reduces the peak of heat release rate by 39% and the total heat evolved by 14%, whereas 10 wt% melem lowers the total smoke production by 41%. Melem alters the mode of action of aluminum diethylphosphinate from gas to more condensed phase activity. This change reduces flame inhibition and hence smoke toxicity, but further improves the protective layer due to charring reactions in the decomposition mechanism. In addition, the sizes of the smoke particles decrease because of the prolonged time in the pyrolytic zone. This study highlights that interactions between polymer, flame retardants, and smoke suppressants can significantly determine the smoking and burning behavior.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139530693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-13DOI: 10.1177/07349041231222010
Michael Chong Vui San, Mohd Zahirasri Mohd Tohir, M. Spearpoint, S. Saadon, A. R. Abu Talib
In this article, the performance of five radiation models is investigated, including one conventional radiation model, that is, single-point source model, as well as four recently developed models, that is, a weighted multipoint source model, a cuboid flame model, a multicuboid flame model and a multicylinder flame model. The models are assessed in terms of the height of a target above flame base, the horizontal distance of target from flame source, heat release rate and size of burner. The estimations of the theoretical models are compared with propane-based experimental data with heat release rate ranging from 100 to 300 kW and assessed through numerical and graphical analysis. From the results obtained, the single-point source model outperformed the recently developed radiation models in estimating radiant heat received by an object located at a distance from the fire source, albeit it does exhibit some sensitivity to modifications in input parameters.
{"title":"An assessment of recent thermal radiation model performance for propane gas fire experiments","authors":"Michael Chong Vui San, Mohd Zahirasri Mohd Tohir, M. Spearpoint, S. Saadon, A. R. Abu Talib","doi":"10.1177/07349041231222010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231222010","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the performance of five radiation models is investigated, including one conventional radiation model, that is, single-point source model, as well as four recently developed models, that is, a weighted multipoint source model, a cuboid flame model, a multicuboid flame model and a multicylinder flame model. The models are assessed in terms of the height of a target above flame base, the horizontal distance of target from flame source, heat release rate and size of burner. The estimations of the theoretical models are compared with propane-based experimental data with heat release rate ranging from 100 to 300 kW and assessed through numerical and graphical analysis. From the results obtained, the single-point source model outperformed the recently developed radiation models in estimating radiant heat received by an object located at a distance from the fire source, albeit it does exhibit some sensitivity to modifications in input parameters.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139531117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.1177/07349041231220840
A.B.C. Oguaka, Natalia Flores-Quiroz, Richard Walls
Fire safety of food grains in storage, transport and processing facilities requires knowledge of their ignition properties some of which have been determined in this study. Cowpea, lentils, millet, soybean, unshelled peanut, flax (linseed), sunflower, shelled peanut and sesame, at 10% moisture content were studied. A cone calorimeter heater was used to impose radiative heat fluxes of 25, 35 and 47.5 kW/m2 on the food grains to determine the time to piloted ignition concurrently with the surface temperature at ignition ( Ts,ig). Ignition temperatures ( Tig) were calculated from experimentally determined critical heat fluxes. The thermal response parameter and thermal inertia ([Formula: see text]) essential for the characterization of the ignition of the food grains were also calculated. Thermal response parameter appears to be best suited for distinguishing the ignitability of the food grains. Ignition temperatures range between 239°C and 305°C, while thermal response parameter varies between 261 and 565 kWs0.5/m2. Small particle-sized grains showed higher ignitability.
{"title":"Radiative ignition properties of food grains and surface temperatures at ignition","authors":"A.B.C. Oguaka, Natalia Flores-Quiroz, Richard Walls","doi":"10.1177/07349041231220840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231220840","url":null,"abstract":"Fire safety of food grains in storage, transport and processing facilities requires knowledge of their ignition properties some of which have been determined in this study. Cowpea, lentils, millet, soybean, unshelled peanut, flax (linseed), sunflower, shelled peanut and sesame, at 10% moisture content were studied. A cone calorimeter heater was used to impose radiative heat fluxes of 25, 35 and 47.5 kW/m2 on the food grains to determine the time to piloted ignition concurrently with the surface temperature at ignition ( Ts,ig). Ignition temperatures ( Tig) were calculated from experimentally determined critical heat fluxes. The thermal response parameter and thermal inertia ([Formula: see text]) essential for the characterization of the ignition of the food grains were also calculated. Thermal response parameter appears to be best suited for distinguishing the ignitability of the food grains. Ignition temperatures range between 239°C and 305°C, while thermal response parameter varies between 261 and 565 kWs0.5/m2. Small particle-sized grains showed higher ignitability.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139391337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：