Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.1177/07349041231210490
M. Dietenberger, Charles R Boardman, Nicole Stark
The mass loss calorimeter provides a robust method for evaluating flammability of very sooty materials such as wood plastic composites as a lower cost and rugged alternative to the reliable and effective cone calorimeter. The high amounts of smoke and carbon monoxide associated with these materials resulted in a much-reduced heat release rate, resulting in incomplete combustion of the diffusion flame, which required modifications to the standards in measuring heat release rate via oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production or thermopiles. In addition to liquid fuels of ethylene glycol and methanol, the solids polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate were used as calibration materials for the mass loss calorimeter and the instrumented heat release rate hood. Because of concerns about the flue gas thermopile methodology for heat release rate measurements, a second thermopile was attached to the exterior of the metal pipe chimney typically used for heat release rate calculations in the mass loss calorimeter. A heat balance analysis indicated that this is an effective design compared with alternative designs. Estimates of flaming heat release rate are reported using both signals from the thermopiles for calculation of heat release rates and confirmed with the updated oxygen consumption analysis under an instrumented hood. This special fire test arrangement was used to assess the flammability of four different wood plastic composites, some with fire-retardant treatments, such as ammonium polyphosphate and brominated, all of which tended to have high smoke production leading to high-radiant energy losses. The reduction of heat release rate with 10% by content of fire-retardant treatment was confirmed by both heat release rate measures. The average heat release rate decreased 19% to 39% when fire retardants were added, relative to this wood flour–polyethylene composite.
{"title":"Improvement of heat release methodologies using mass loss calorimeter and oxygen consumption hood to assess flammability of wood plastic composites","authors":"M. Dietenberger, Charles R Boardman, Nicole Stark","doi":"10.1177/07349041231210490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231210490","url":null,"abstract":"The mass loss calorimeter provides a robust method for evaluating flammability of very sooty materials such as wood plastic composites as a lower cost and rugged alternative to the reliable and effective cone calorimeter. The high amounts of smoke and carbon monoxide associated with these materials resulted in a much-reduced heat release rate, resulting in incomplete combustion of the diffusion flame, which required modifications to the standards in measuring heat release rate via oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production or thermopiles. In addition to liquid fuels of ethylene glycol and methanol, the solids polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate were used as calibration materials for the mass loss calorimeter and the instrumented heat release rate hood. Because of concerns about the flue gas thermopile methodology for heat release rate measurements, a second thermopile was attached to the exterior of the metal pipe chimney typically used for heat release rate calculations in the mass loss calorimeter. A heat balance analysis indicated that this is an effective design compared with alternative designs. Estimates of flaming heat release rate are reported using both signals from the thermopiles for calculation of heat release rates and confirmed with the updated oxygen consumption analysis under an instrumented hood. This special fire test arrangement was used to assess the flammability of four different wood plastic composites, some with fire-retardant treatments, such as ammonium polyphosphate and brominated, all of which tended to have high smoke production leading to high-radiant energy losses. The reduction of heat release rate with 10% by content of fire-retardant treatment was confirmed by both heat release rate measures. The average heat release rate decreased 19% to 39% when fire retardants were added, relative to this wood flour–polyethylene composite.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139204109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.1177/07349041231213008
Jiazheng Lu, Tejun Zhou, Chuanping Wu
Regarding the problem that helicopters cannot spray live transmission conductors and wildfires directly under an insulator, we built a full-scale 500 kV insulator flashover test platform to simulate high-altitude helicopters spraying fire extinguishing agents. The chemical formulation, spray intensity, and fragmentation method of the fire extinguishing agents were varied. We simulated the breakdown characteristics of insulators when helicopters spray fire extinguishing agents, revealing the mechanism of high-altitude live fire extinguishment for high-spray-intensity and high-conductivity agents. Furthermore, an insulation performance verification test of a helicopter spraying live equipment at different flight speeds and altitudes was carried out, and the behavior of the fire extinguishing agents was divided into a five-zone diffusion law consisting of the (1) water column, (2) continuous water block, (3) semi-continuous water body, (4) large droplet particles, and (5) small droplet particles. We propose a spraying live transmission line method in which the helicopter flight height and speed jointly control the particle size of the fire extinguishing agent. When the particle size of the fire extinguishing agent at the terminal is controlled to 560–4000 μm, the insulation performance of the fire extinguishing agent can be effectively improved. During high-incidence periods of wildfires, such as the Spring Festival and Qingming Festival in 2023, on-site firefighting on the Hunan power grid was performed using helicopters to spray fire extinguishing agents from top to bottom through live transmission conductors to extinguish wildfire disasters directly below the transmission conductors. Neither transmission line flashovers nor power outages occurred when the fires were extinguished.
{"title":"Breakdown characteristics and influencing factors of live 500 kV insulators sprayed by extinguishing agents using helicopters","authors":"Jiazheng Lu, Tejun Zhou, Chuanping Wu","doi":"10.1177/07349041231213008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231213008","url":null,"abstract":"Regarding the problem that helicopters cannot spray live transmission conductors and wildfires directly under an insulator, we built a full-scale 500 kV insulator flashover test platform to simulate high-altitude helicopters spraying fire extinguishing agents. The chemical formulation, spray intensity, and fragmentation method of the fire extinguishing agents were varied. We simulated the breakdown characteristics of insulators when helicopters spray fire extinguishing agents, revealing the mechanism of high-altitude live fire extinguishment for high-spray-intensity and high-conductivity agents. Furthermore, an insulation performance verification test of a helicopter spraying live equipment at different flight speeds and altitudes was carried out, and the behavior of the fire extinguishing agents was divided into a five-zone diffusion law consisting of the (1) water column, (2) continuous water block, (3) semi-continuous water body, (4) large droplet particles, and (5) small droplet particles. We propose a spraying live transmission line method in which the helicopter flight height and speed jointly control the particle size of the fire extinguishing agent. When the particle size of the fire extinguishing agent at the terminal is controlled to 560–4000 μm, the insulation performance of the fire extinguishing agent can be effectively improved. During high-incidence periods of wildfires, such as the Spring Festival and Qingming Festival in 2023, on-site firefighting on the Hunan power grid was performed using helicopters to spray fire extinguishing agents from top to bottom through live transmission conductors to extinguish wildfire disasters directly below the transmission conductors. Neither transmission line flashovers nor power outages occurred when the fires were extinguished.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139232993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.1177/07349041231213234
Paul Joseph, Malavika Arun, Khalid A. M. Moinuddin
We have investigated the use of a novel dual-stage firefighting strategy, where an inert gas is deployed as a carrier agent to discharge foamed water, obtained by mixing environmentally friendly surface-active agents. Here we also report specifically on some in-house built practical strategies. With a view to gauging the relative fire suppression efficacies of the selected agents, each one was discharged as a fine spray onto fires involving hexane, and also optionally where a typical Li-ion battery electrolyte acted as the fuel. In summary, it can be inferred that the air- or nitrogen-detergent formulations showed enhanced fire suppression attributes, in small-scale experiments, as compared with the aqueous medium alone. Furthermore, in almost all cases, the fire extinction property can be attributed mainly to the physical phenomena, produced by the flow of the inert gas, or air and enhanced wettability of the medium. Given that the fire tests were done at a relatively small scale, no definite conclusions can be drawn than those provided above; however, this study warrants further investigation, especially, at a larger scale.
{"title":"A preliminary study on the fire suppression efficacy of a prototype system on hydrocarbon-based diffusion flames","authors":"Paul Joseph, Malavika Arun, Khalid A. M. Moinuddin","doi":"10.1177/07349041231213234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231213234","url":null,"abstract":"We have investigated the use of a novel dual-stage firefighting strategy, where an inert gas is deployed as a carrier agent to discharge foamed water, obtained by mixing environmentally friendly surface-active agents. Here we also report specifically on some in-house built practical strategies. With a view to gauging the relative fire suppression efficacies of the selected agents, each one was discharged as a fine spray onto fires involving hexane, and also optionally where a typical Li-ion battery electrolyte acted as the fuel. In summary, it can be inferred that the air- or nitrogen-detergent formulations showed enhanced fire suppression attributes, in small-scale experiments, as compared with the aqueous medium alone. Furthermore, in almost all cases, the fire extinction property can be attributed mainly to the physical phenomena, produced by the flow of the inert gas, or air and enhanced wettability of the medium. Given that the fire tests were done at a relatively small scale, no definite conclusions can be drawn than those provided above; however, this study warrants further investigation, especially, at a larger scale.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139252961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1177/07349041231202987
Kunhyuk Sung, Eric Mueller, Anthony Hamins
A series of experiments was conducted to develop a method to estimate the convective heat transfer in vegetative fuels with a complex geometry through the measurement of liquid water evaporation. A water mist was sprayed onto vegetative test specimens, coating their entire surface with a thin water layer. The water evaporation rate was measured using a load cell in a wind tunnel under controlled conditions while an infrared camera tracked the surface temperatures. Convective heat transfer was calculated by the difference between the free stream and surface temperatures and the measured evaporation rate, considering the energy balance of the water layer at steady state. The method was verified through evaporation tests using a wood cylinder array. Experiments were conducted using nominally 30 cm branches of a typical conifer, Norway Spruce ( Picea abies), yielding the conventional form of the Nusselt number–Reynolds number power–law relationship: Nu=C Re n Pr 1/3 with coefficients C = 0.69 ± 0.25 and n = 0.34 ± 0.06.
通过一系列实验，建立了一种通过测量液态水蒸发来估计复杂几何植物燃料对流换热的方法。将水雾喷洒到植物试验标本上，在其整个表面涂上一层薄薄的水层。在受控条件下，在风洞中使用称重传感器测量水的蒸发速率，同时使用红外摄像机跟踪表面温度。考虑稳态水层的能量平衡，通过自由流和表面温度与测量蒸发速率之差计算对流换热。通过木柱阵列蒸发试验验证了该方法的有效性。实验以典型针叶树挪威云杉(Picea abies)名义上30 cm的树枝为样本，得到努塞尔数-雷诺数幂律关系的常规形式:Nu=C Re n Pr 1/3，系数C = 0.69±0.25,n = 0.34±0.06。
{"title":"Forced convective heat transfer in vegetation by measuring liquid water evaporation","authors":"Kunhyuk Sung, Eric Mueller, Anthony Hamins","doi":"10.1177/07349041231202987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231202987","url":null,"abstract":"A series of experiments was conducted to develop a method to estimate the convective heat transfer in vegetative fuels with a complex geometry through the measurement of liquid water evaporation. A water mist was sprayed onto vegetative test specimens, coating their entire surface with a thin water layer. The water evaporation rate was measured using a load cell in a wind tunnel under controlled conditions while an infrared camera tracked the surface temperatures. Convective heat transfer was calculated by the difference between the free stream and surface temperatures and the measured evaporation rate, considering the energy balance of the water layer at steady state. The method was verified through evaporation tests using a wood cylinder array. Experiments were conducted using nominally 30 cm branches of a typical conifer, Norway Spruce ( Picea abies), yielding the conventional form of the Nusselt number–Reynolds number power–law relationship: Nu=C Re n Pr 1/3 with coefficients C = 0.69 ± 0.25 and n = 0.34 ± 0.06.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134953819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.1177/07349041231199894
Courtney Devine, Natalia Flores, Richard Walls
The fire risks associated with the plastic recycling process has received limited focus to date. The purpose of this article is to investigate available literature on fire incidents, detail the plastic recycling process, identify fire hazards in the plastic recycling process and consider strategies found in literature that have been adopted from research on waste and general recycling facilities. Calculated fire loads may be as high as 20 GJ/m 2 . Codes and standards in the literature addressing some of these hazards are discussed along with the shortfalls of the guidelines and recommendations. The primary shortfall identified is the impracticality from both a business process and financial perspective. The article concludes by recommending further work in which the hazards identified can be studied and simulated to design against destructive fires in a way that is both practical and financially feasible.
{"title":"Literature review and hazard identification relating to fire safety in commercial plastic recycling facilities","authors":"Courtney Devine, Natalia Flores, Richard Walls","doi":"10.1177/07349041231199894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231199894","url":null,"abstract":"The fire risks associated with the plastic recycling process has received limited focus to date. The purpose of this article is to investigate available literature on fire incidents, detail the plastic recycling process, identify fire hazards in the plastic recycling process and consider strategies found in literature that have been adopted from research on waste and general recycling facilities. Calculated fire loads may be as high as 20 GJ/m 2 . Codes and standards in the literature addressing some of these hazards are discussed along with the shortfalls of the guidelines and recommendations. The primary shortfall identified is the impracticality from both a business process and financial perspective. The article concludes by recommending further work in which the hazards identified can be studied and simulated to design against destructive fires in a way that is both practical and financially feasible.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135387345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1177/07349041231194909
Alexander B Morgan
The “Steiner Tunnel” test, which is standardized under ASTM E84 and UL 723, is used to comparatively assess surface-burning characteristics, namely, flame spread and smoke release from a wide range of building materials and assemblies. While the method is well known to fire safety engineers, it is not as well understood by material scientists who develop new fire safe materials that will meet this test. Understanding how the test measures flammability and smoke is critical to designing materials that can meet requirements that reference E84 and UL 723. This article primarily discusses the ASTM E84 test, discusses the history of the method, how it measures flame spread and smoke release, and how mounting samples in the test method affects flame spread and smoke release. Finally, there is discussion on test methods that could be used for qualitative screening tools for materials developed for the E84 test.
{"title":"Revisiting the “Steiner Tunnel” test method covered under ASTM E84: An overview and analysis of the test method","authors":"Alexander B Morgan","doi":"10.1177/07349041231194909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231194909","url":null,"abstract":"The “Steiner Tunnel” test, which is standardized under ASTM E84 and UL 723, is used to comparatively assess surface-burning characteristics, namely, flame spread and smoke release from a wide range of building materials and assemblies. While the method is well known to fire safety engineers, it is not as well understood by material scientists who develop new fire safe materials that will meet this test. Understanding how the test measures flammability and smoke is critical to designing materials that can meet requirements that reference E84 and UL 723. This article primarily discusses the ASTM E84 test, discusses the history of the method, how it measures flame spread and smoke release, and how mounting samples in the test method affects flame spread and smoke release. Finally, there is discussion on test methods that could be used for qualitative screening tools for materials developed for the E84 test.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136309238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-14DOI: 10.1177/07349041231195847
Shrikar Banagiri, Joseph Meadows, Brian Y Lattimer
Firebrand burning is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by several parameters which are difficult to fully explore experimentally. Computational fluid dynamics models capable of predicting local quantities are essential for accurate prediction of char oxidation in firebrands. This article presents a computational fluid dynamics model to estimate firebrand mass loss, diameter change, and surface temperature during char oxidation. The model was validated using previously conducted wind tunnel experiments. These experiments were conducted for firebrands of two different aspect ratios, which were arranged in three different configurations (single, horizontal array, and vertical array), and for four different wind speeds (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 m/s). The computational fluid dynamics results were compared with a previous 1 D model. In all the test cases, the computational fluid dynamics model predicted the physical phenomena with significantly improved accuracy compared to a 1 D model. The char oxidation model presented in this article can be coupled with other models to study firebrand generation and trajectory, biomass pyrolysis, fluidized bed reactors, and coal combustion.
{"title":"A computational fluid dynamics model to estimate local quantities in firebrand char oxidation","authors":"Shrikar Banagiri, Joseph Meadows, Brian Y Lattimer","doi":"10.1177/07349041231195847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231195847","url":null,"abstract":"Firebrand burning is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by several parameters which are difficult to fully explore experimentally. Computational fluid dynamics models capable of predicting local quantities are essential for accurate prediction of char oxidation in firebrands. This article presents a computational fluid dynamics model to estimate firebrand mass loss, diameter change, and surface temperature during char oxidation. The model was validated using previously conducted wind tunnel experiments. These experiments were conducted for firebrands of two different aspect ratios, which were arranged in three different configurations (single, horizontal array, and vertical array), and for four different wind speeds (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 m/s). The computational fluid dynamics results were compared with a previous 1 D model. In all the test cases, the computational fluid dynamics model predicted the physical phenomena with significantly improved accuracy compared to a 1 D model. The char oxidation model presented in this article can be coupled with other models to study firebrand generation and trajectory, biomass pyrolysis, fluidized bed reactors, and coal combustion.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134912877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.1177/07349041231193756
Iben Hansen-Bruhn, S. Mckenna, T. Hull
Hydrogen cyanide is often the most toxicologically significant component in fire effluents from nitrogen-containing materials. Unlike the other major asphyxiant, carbon monoxide, sensors for continuous hydrogen cyanide quantification, at and above dangerous concentrations, are not commercially available. This article investigates the analysis of fire effluent captured in bubbler solutions, by colorimetric quantification of hydrogen cyanide using chloramine-T/isonicotinic acid. The bubbler samples were mixed with colorimetric reagents to give a blue dye in response to cyanide ions. A novel reaction scheme accounting for the formation of the blue dye from cyanide ions is presented. Dilute, standard cyanide solutions were found to be stable after storage for up to 1 year. Alkaline bubbler solutions, through which the fire effluent has passed, showed consistent cyanide concentrations, for samples stored between 5°C and 21°C, for up to 31 days after sampling. The effect of other common ions likely to be present in fire effluent solution samples (CO32−, SO32−, SO42−, NO2− and NO3−) was investigated for their potential interference. The most significant interference was sulphite which reduced the apparent cyanide concentration by 13% at 10 mg L−1SO32− concentration.
{"title":"Quantification of hydrogen cyanide in fire effluent","authors":"Iben Hansen-Bruhn, S. Mckenna, T. Hull","doi":"10.1177/07349041231193756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231193756","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen cyanide is often the most toxicologically significant component in fire effluents from nitrogen-containing materials. Unlike the other major asphyxiant, carbon monoxide, sensors for continuous hydrogen cyanide quantification, at and above dangerous concentrations, are not commercially available. This article investigates the analysis of fire effluent captured in bubbler solutions, by colorimetric quantification of hydrogen cyanide using chloramine-T/isonicotinic acid. The bubbler samples were mixed with colorimetric reagents to give a blue dye in response to cyanide ions. A novel reaction scheme accounting for the formation of the blue dye from cyanide ions is presented. Dilute, standard cyanide solutions were found to be stable after storage for up to 1 year. Alkaline bubbler solutions, through which the fire effluent has passed, showed consistent cyanide concentrations, for samples stored between 5°C and 21°C, for up to 31 days after sampling. The effect of other common ions likely to be present in fire effluent solution samples (CO32−, SO32−, SO42−, NO2− and NO3−) was investigated for their potential interference. The most significant interference was sulphite which reduced the apparent cyanide concentration by 13% at 10 mg L−1SO32− concentration.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45322077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-18DOI: 10.1177/07349041231191451
A. Amokrane, Guillaume Alloschery, B. Gautier
Cables are one of the most important fire loads in nuclear power plants. It is therefore important to understand their fire behaviour and to predict their heat release rate curve. Electricité de France carried out a series of full-scale vertical cable tray fire experiments. Relevant measurement systems were used. The aim of this article is to give an overview of these experiments and their main results. Important aspects of the fire behaviour are discussed and compared with the literature. In addition, two models, namely the FLASH-CAT model and the ISO 18195 vertical cable tray model, are compared to the experiments and their ability to predict the heat release rate profile is discussed. The models are also compared with other real-scale experiments available in the literature. The ISO 18195 model shows good agreement with the different experiments for the heat release rate profile. The FLASH-CAT model obtains reasonable conservative results for the maximum heat release rate. However, the model significantly overestimates the growth rate in all the tests.
{"title":"Experimental study and modelling of real-scale vertical cable tray fires","authors":"A. Amokrane, Guillaume Alloschery, B. Gautier","doi":"10.1177/07349041231191451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231191451","url":null,"abstract":"Cables are one of the most important fire loads in nuclear power plants. It is therefore important to understand their fire behaviour and to predict their heat release rate curve. Electricité de France carried out a series of full-scale vertical cable tray fire experiments. Relevant measurement systems were used. The aim of this article is to give an overview of these experiments and their main results. Important aspects of the fire behaviour are discussed and compared with the literature. In addition, two models, namely the FLASH-CAT model and the ISO 18195 vertical cable tray model, are compared to the experiments and their ability to predict the heat release rate profile is discussed. The models are also compared with other real-scale experiments available in the literature. The ISO 18195 model shows good agreement with the different experiments for the heat release rate profile. The FLASH-CAT model obtains reasonable conservative results for the maximum heat release rate. However, the model significantly overestimates the growth rate in all the tests.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42565874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.1177/07349041231189208
Jian Li, Jun Li, Shitan Wang
There is no consensus on the leading causes of occupational disparities in firefighter mortality risk and whether these disparities have changed over time. This article prioritizes fire-related risks associated with mortality among US career and volunteer firefighters to inform targeted prevention efforts. We collected records of 3724 firefighter fatalities from the database between 1979 and 2021. Grey relational analysis was adopted to reveal the interrelationships between occupational risks and mortality. Firefighter mortality differed by occupation; the primary fire-related causes changed over 43 years for both career and volunteer firefighters. Volunteer firefighters exhibited higher risks across multiple variables than their career counterparts. These variables include alarm response/return, sudden cardiac death, age exceeding 60, and years of service below 10 or surpassing 30. These findings quantified disparities in the temporal evolution and fire-related occupations with elevated risk factors for deaths between career and volunteer firefighters, highlighting the need for targeted interventions.
{"title":"Quantifying disparities in fire-related mortality of US career and volunteer firefighters: A 43-year database study","authors":"Jian Li, Jun Li, Shitan Wang","doi":"10.1177/07349041231189208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041231189208","url":null,"abstract":"There is no consensus on the leading causes of occupational disparities in firefighter mortality risk and whether these disparities have changed over time. This article prioritizes fire-related risks associated with mortality among US career and volunteer firefighters to inform targeted prevention efforts. We collected records of 3724 firefighter fatalities from the database between 1979 and 2021. Grey relational analysis was adopted to reveal the interrelationships between occupational risks and mortality. Firefighter mortality differed by occupation; the primary fire-related causes changed over 43 years for both career and volunteer firefighters. Volunteer firefighters exhibited higher risks across multiple variables than their career counterparts. These variables include alarm response/return, sudden cardiac death, age exceeding 60, and years of service below 10 or surpassing 30. These findings quantified disparities in the temporal evolution and fire-related occupations with elevated risk factors for deaths between career and volunteer firefighters, highlighting the need for targeted interventions.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46169826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：