Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness最新文献

{"title":"Relationships between physical activity dimensions and frailty incidence and progression in middle-aged and older adults: A 7-year cohort study","authors":"Kening Xue ,&nbsp;Dingsheng Deng ,&nbsp;Hongwei Xie ,&nbsp;Zhen Bai ,&nbsp;Xiaoguang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Physical activity (PA) is well-established as a key factor in frailty prevention. However, existing evidence relies predominantly on cross-sectional studies, creating a gap in understanding the long-term impact of PA on frailty progression. This study therefore aimed to investigate the longitudinal associations of multiple PA dimensions with both the incidence and trajectory of frailty in middle-aged and older adults in China.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This 7-year cohort study included 5916 initially non-frail participants (frailty index, FI &lt; 0.25) from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. PA was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and quantified in terms of frequency, duration, and volume. Frailty was assessed with a validated 40-item FI. The study employed discrete-time survival models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for incident frailty (FI ≥ 0.25) and linear mixed-effects models to evaluate the FI trajectory over time.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During the 7-year follow-up, 22.9 % of participants developed frailty. In fully adjusted models, most dimensions of PA (frequency, duration, and volume) demonstrated inverse associations with frailty risk. A clear dose-response relationship was observed, whereby engaging in vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA) for 1–2 days per week was associated with a 63 % lower risk (Adjusted HR = 0.37). Similarly, even as little as 10–29 min of VPA per day was associated with a 75 % risk reduction (Adjusted HR = 0.25). Higher levels of PA were also significantly associated with a slower annual increase in the FI score (e.g., Adjusted β = −0.0025 for VPA 6–7 days/week). Gender-stratified analyses revealed that the protective association of VPA was more pronounced in men, whereas moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA) was more consistently associated with reduced frailty risk in women.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings suggest that regular PA, particularly VPA, is associated with a lower incidence and slower progression of frailty, showing a clear dose-response relationship. Notably, even modest amounts of VPA were associated with substantial protection. The associations appeared to be gender-specific, with the protective association of VPA appearing more pronounced in men and MPA more consistent for women. These findings underscore the critical importance of promoting tailored PA for frailty prevention in aging populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 200435"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation on recovery of muscle performance after high-intensity sprint and resistance combined training sessions","authors":"Yosuke Hiroshige ,&nbsp;Ryusei Yamaguchi ,&nbsp;Tomoki Ebato ,&nbsp;Ryosuke Kunitomo ,&nbsp;Ryosuke Kajitani ,&nbsp;Naohiro Shinada ,&nbsp;Hajime Kato ,&nbsp;Masanobu Wada","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study examined the effects of microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation (MENS) on recovery of hamstring muscle function after high-intensity sprint and resistance training in male collegiate sprinters.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>A double-blinded, randomized, within-subjects crossover trial.</div></div><div><h3>Setting</h3><div>A university research laboratory.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>Nine athletes underwent a crossover trial, receiving either MENS (for 20 min per day) or placebo treatment for five days during and after three consecutive days of training.</div></div><div><h3>Main outcome measures</h3><div>Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force of hamstring, eccentric force using Nordic hamstring (NH force), jump ability (counter movement jump), muscle soreness using a visual analog scale, muscle flexibility, and muscle contractile properties using tensiomyography, were assessed before training and immediately, 1 day, and 2 days after training.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>MENS significantly accelerated recovery of MVC and NH force, muscle contraction velocity, and reduced muscle soreness compared to the placebo (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). However, no significant effect was observed on muscle flexibility and jump height recovery.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>MENS may be a practical and effective passive recovery strategy to promote performance recovery in sprinters following high-intensity training. The study is the first investigation to evaluate MENS in training context and supports its potential to mitigate overreaching effects and reduce injury risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 200433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of tangeretin combined with whey protein supplementation on body composition and hormonal profiles in elite sprinters: A double-blind RCT","authors":"Zhi Cao ,&nbsp;Zheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Meng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study explored the combined effects of tangeretin and whey protein on serum testosterone and cortisol in competitive athletes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In a double-blind,controlled trial, 24 elite sprinters were divided into two groups: an experimental group (EXP, n = 12) taking tangeretin (200 mg) and whey protein (19.8 g) daily, and a control group (CTRL, n = 12) taking only whey protein (19.8 g) over four weeks. Weekly and post-intervention tests measured serum testosterone, cortisol, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, along with pre- and post-intervention anthropometric assessments.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After intervention, a significant Time × Group interaction was observed for fat-free mass (FFM), which increased significantly in the EXP but not in the CTRL, with a greater percentage increase in EXP (2.3 % vs. 1.1 %, p = 0.018). Similar interactions were found for fat mass and body fat percentage, which decreased significantly in EXP. For biochemical indicators, no significant Group × Time interactions were found. However, a significant main effect of time was identified for serum testosterone and ACTH, indicating comparable temporal changes in both groups. No significant time or interaction effects were observed for cortisol, T/C ratio and SOD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Four weeks of combined whey protein and tangeretin supplementation significantly improved body composition in elite sprinters, whereas it did not significantly alter systemic hormonal profiles or antioxidant activity compared to whey protein alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 200430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospective association between descriptive accelerometer-derived physical behaviour metrics and cardiometabolic risk indicators in Dutch children: The ABCD study","authors":"Fawad Taj ,&nbsp;J.M.M. Chinapaw ,&nbsp;Teatske Altenburg ,&nbsp;Tanja Vrijkotte","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To better understand which aspects of physical behavior are most critical for health, this study investigated prospective associations between various accelerometer-derived physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) metrics with cardiometabolic risk indicators. We analyzed waist-worn accelerometer data from 114 Dutch children (50 girls), age 8.6 ± 0.4 years, in the Amsterdam Born Children and Development (ABCD) cohort. Physical behavior metrics included volume-based metric (counts per minute [CPM]), time-use metrics (e.g., time spent in different physical behaviour intensities), pattern-based metrics (e.g., fragmentation indices), and intensity gradient. Health indicators, assessed at age 11–12 years, included BMI-standard deviation score (SDS) and a cardiometabolic risk score (MetScore) calculated from BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between physical behaviour metrics and both BMI-SDS and MetScore.</div><div>Linear regression analyses, adjusted for gender and wear time, revealed that more time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), a conventional time-use metric, was significantly associated with lower BMI-SDS (β = −0.02; 95 % CI: 0.03, 0), but not with MetScore. Other physical behavior metrics, including volume-based, pattern-based, and intensity gradient measures, did not show significant associations with either BMI-SDS or MetScore in this cohort. These findings indicate that conventional time-use metrics, particularly MVPA, may be more effective in detecting health associations in small homogenous populations. Future research with larger populations is necessary to determine if alternative metrics provide additional insight into the association between physical behavior and cardiometabolic health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 200431"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Effects of exercise on blood glucose levels and pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis and meta-regression” [J Exerc Sci Fitness 23 (4) (2025) 416–425 100412]","authors":"Li Shu ,&nbsp;Ruizhe Jiang ,&nbsp;Fang Wang ,&nbsp;Yongjin Xu ,&nbsp;Ping Wang ,&nbsp;Yuanying Ma ,&nbsp;Jinxia Pan ,&nbsp;Cong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 100427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of pre- and post-meal exercise on 24-H glucose profiles in young adults who are overweight and obese","authors":"Xiaoyuan Zhang,&nbsp;Bingqing Yang,&nbsp;Yilin Ho,&nbsp;Zhanjia Zhang,&nbsp;Dingfeng Wu,&nbsp;Junwei Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study investigated the long-term effects of pre-meal exercise (PRE) versus post-meal exercise (POST) on glucose homeostasis in young adults who are overweight and obese using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this randomized controlled trial, 34 adults (18–35 years) completed a 10-week intervention. The PRE group performed ≥30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (65 % HRmax) within 60 min before meals, whereas the POST group exercised within 0–90 min after meals, five times weekly. Participants completed two supervised sessions and three self-directed sessions weekly, monitored via heart rate belts. Habitual diets were maintained throughout the study, and physical activity was monitored using ActiGraph 3X accelerometers. Primary outcomes were 24-h CGM metrics; secondary outcomes included physical activity and metabolic indicators. Two-way ANOVA were used.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There is no group × time interactions reached significance for any glucose variability metric, blood biomarker, or cardiovascular parameter (all p &gt; 0.05), confirming comparable efficacy between regimens. Significant time-effect improvements emerged in continuous glucose monitoring metrics (time in range: F = 4.85, p = 0.035) and cardiometabolic parameters (fasting glucose: F = 4.74, p = 0.038; insulin: F = 5.22, p = 0.030; triglyceride: F = 7.41, p = 0.011, systolic blood pressure: F = 4.45, p = 0.043; diastolic blood pressure: F = 15.04, p = 0.001) following the 10-week intervention. There is lower hypoglycemic exposure in the pre-meal group than the post-meal group (time below range, group effect: F = 4.54, p = 0.041), with triglycerides decreasing exclusively in pre-meal group (Δ = −.22 ± .37 mmol/L, p = 0.005). Post-meal exercise showed marginal insulin reduction (Δ = −1.92 μU/mL, p = 0.069).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The 10-week exercise intervention significantly improved continuous glucose monitoring metrics (notably increased time in range) and cardiometabolic parameters (fasting glucose, insulin, blood pressure, triglycerides) without significant group × time interactions. The pre-meal group maintained consistently lower hypoglycemic exposure than the post-meal group. Triglyceride reduction occurred exclusively with pre-meal exercise, while insulin showed a marginal decrease only with post-meal exercise. These findings demonstrate comparable overall efficacy between timing protocols despite selective benefits for specific parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 200428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Goldilocks day for preschoolers' health outcomes: A compositional data analysis of 24-H movement behaviors on weekdays and weekends","authors":"Xinyu Wang,&nbsp;Xu Zhang,&nbsp;Jane Jie Yu,&nbsp;Weizhen Gao,&nbsp;Miaomiao Wan,&nbsp;Xu Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Preschool children's activity patterns differ between weekdays and weekends. Weekdays are constrained by structured educational activities and parental commitments, which limit flexibility, while weekends provide opportunities for extra sleep (SLP), physical activity (PA), and reduced sedentary behavior (SB). This study aims to estimate optimal activity durations for both weekdays and weekends, based on the development of executive function (EF), fundamental movement skills (FMS), and physical fitness (PF) in preschool children.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 289 preschool children aged 3–6 years from four kindergartens in Zhejiang Province participated. PA and SLP were objectively measured using accelerometers and the Children's Sleep Quality Questionnaire. EF, which includes working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility, was measured using the Early Years Toolbox (EYT). FMS were assessed using the test of gross motor development-3rd edition (TGMD-3), and PF was evaluated according to the National Physical Fitness Measurement Manual (Preschool Children Section). Compositional data regression models were applied to examine the relationship between 24-h movement behaviors and health outcomes on weekdays and weekends. Optimal time-use compositions for each outcome were estimated, and 3D quaternary plots were generated to define the Goldilocks Day at the center of the overlapping regions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>24-h movement behaviors were significantly correlated with EF (weekdays: F = 5.4, <em>p &lt; 0.01</em>; weekends: F = 5.7, <em>p &lt; 0.001</em>), FMS (weekdays: F = 2.3, <em>p &lt; 0.05</em>; weekends: F = 2.5, <em>p &lt; 0.05</em>), and PF (weekdays: F = 4.6, <em>p &lt; 0.01</em>; weekends: F = 5.3, <em>p &lt; 0.01</em>). Differences in optimal time-use between weekdays and weekends were observed. For weekdays, the optimal daily durations were: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) 106 (70–140) min, light physical activity (LPA) 40 (30–50) min, SB 703 (600–800) min, and SLP 591 (470–700) min. For weekends, the optimal daily durations were: MVPA 115 (80–150) min, LPA 45 (40–50) min, SB 668 (570–760) min, and SLP 611 (530–690) min.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides recommendations for time allocation on weekdays and weekends to support the healthy development of preschool children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 100425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between accelerometer-measured physical activity and sleep duration and health indicators in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Xiao Liang ,&nbsp;Hui Qiu ,&nbsp;Justin A. Haegele ,&nbsp;Xiao Li ,&nbsp;Minghui Li ,&nbsp;Jiayue Li ,&nbsp;Shirley Xin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized available studies to explore relationships between accelerometer-measured physical activity (PA) levels or sleep duration and health-related outcomes in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines, the six databases APA PsychInfo, CINAHL Ultimate, Embase, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus with Full Text and Web of Science were searched from inception through July 2024. The correlation coefficient (<em>r</em>) was employed to determine the effect size in the meta-analysis. A random-effects model was utilised to estimate the potentially heterogeneously distributed effect sizes with a 95 % confidence interval (CI) between groups. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using <em>I</em>^<em>2</em>, with a p-value derived from Q statistics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Thirteen eligible studies were included, involving 738 children and adolescents with ADHD (71.1 % boys). The health indicators assessed were executive functions (EFs), motor development, psychological health, and core ADHD symptoms. We found that higher PA levels (i.e., moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) (k = 9, <em>r</em> = 0.36, 95 %CI 0.22 to 0.49) with medium heterogeneity (Q = 13.006, <em>I</em>^<em>2</em> = 38 %, p = 0.112), and longer sleep duration (k = 6, <em>r</em> = 0.20, 95 %CI 0.06 to 0.35) with medium heterogeneity (Q = 7.495, <em>I</em>^<em>2</em> = 33 %, p = 0.186), were significantly correlated with better overall EFs. Additionally, MVPA was negatively associated with psychopathology (k = 5, <em>r</em> = −0.19, 95 %CI -0.35 to −0.03) with medium heterogeneity (Q = 8.058, <em>I</em>^<em>2</em> = 50 %, p = 0.089) in children and adolescents with ADHD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings provide support for significant relationships between PA levels (i.e., MVPA) and sleep duration with overall EFs and MVPA with psychopathology in children and adolescents with ADHD. It is recommended that future studies conduct moderation analyses to examine factors that affect the generalisability of the findings, such as age, sex, and ADHD subtypes. However, these analyses could not be conducted in the current meta-analysis due to the limited number of included studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 200429"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of retrograde run training on long jump performances of student athletes: A randomized controlled study","authors":"Xinming Lai ,&nbsp;Nuttaset Manimmanakorn ,&nbsp;Apiwan Manimmanakorn ,&nbsp;Michael J. Hamlin","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Objectives</h3><div>Retrograde run training increases forward run speed and muscle power. However, the effect of retrograde run training on long jump performance is not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of retrograde run training on the long jump performance of physical education (PE) students compared to conventional training.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A randomized clinical trial was conducted including 120 PE students from Huzhou University Physical Education Faculty. The participants were randomly allocated into an experimental group or control group. Both groups received a conventional long jump training program, however the experimental group received additional retrograde run training (10 min 3 times per week for 12 weeks), while the control group received a similar level of forward run training. Changes in long jump and other performances were measured at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of the training program.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Over the 12-week intervention, the experimental group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in long jump, take off angle, take off accuracy, standing long jump, single leg stance, 30-m forward sprint and 40-m retrograde shuttle run compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Within-group analysis confirmed the experimental group improved significantly from baseline in all outcomes (p &lt; 0.05). In contrast, the control group showed significant improvement only in long jump performance, take-off angle, and single leg stance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The addition of retrograde run training to traditional long jump training significantly improved long jump performance in PE students and may be used as an alternative method to enhance long jump performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 100426"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145532675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential effects of local and general fatigue on brain network efficiency, corticospinal and neuromuscular excitability","authors":"Changxiao Yu ,&nbsp;Jianglong Zhan ,&nbsp;Songlin Xiao ,&nbsp;Bin Shen ,&nbsp;Junhong Zhou ,&nbsp;Weijie Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue induced by local- and general-muscular exercise on brain network efficiency, corticospinal and neuromuscular excitability.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty-four participants randomly performed two different fatigue protocols (i.e., locally induced vs generally induced) separated by 5–7 days. Local fatigue was provided with maximum isokinetic plantar dorsiflexion, and general fatigue was provided with a running exercise on a treadmill at a personalized constant velocity. M-wave, H-reflex, and the resting-state electroencephalography signal, were recorded before and after local and general fatigue.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with local fatigue, fatigue induced by general muscular exercise can significantly increase clustering coefficient (<em>p</em> = 0.003), global efficiency (<em>p</em> = 0.001) and local efficiency (<em>p</em> = 0.005) in the beta band relative to the baseline values. The two fatigue protocols can significantly decrease maximal M-wave (M_max, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), maximal H-reflex (H_max, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), H_max/M_max (<em>p</em> = 0.001) and level of activation (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The two different fatigue protocols can decrease peripheral neuromuscular excitability and affect spinal fatigue. General fatigue can promote the integration of local and global efficiency by strengthening the functional connectivity of the brain network to optimize resource allocation and resist the negative effects of fatigue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 100422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145532674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}