To better understand which aspects of physical behavior are most critical for health, this study investigated prospective associations between various accelerometer-derived physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) metrics with cardiometabolic risk indicators. We analyzed waist-worn accelerometer data from 114 Dutch children (50 girls), age 8.6 ± 0.4 years, in the Amsterdam Born Children and Development (ABCD) cohort. Physical behavior metrics included volume-based metric (counts per minute [CPM]), time-use metrics (e.g., time spent in different physical behaviour intensities), pattern-based metrics (e.g., fragmentation indices), and intensity gradient. Health indicators, assessed at age 11–12 years, included BMI-standard deviation score (SDS) and a cardiometabolic risk score (MetScore) calculated from BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between physical behaviour metrics and both BMI-SDS and MetScore.
Linear regression analyses, adjusted for gender and wear time, revealed that more time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), a conventional time-use metric, was significantly associated with lower BMI-SDS (β = −0.02; 95 % CI: 0.03, 0), but not with MetScore. Other physical behavior metrics, including volume-based, pattern-based, and intensity gradient measures, did not show significant associations with either BMI-SDS or MetScore in this cohort. These findings indicate that conventional time-use metrics, particularly MVPA, may be more effective in detecting health associations in small homogenous populations. Future research with larger populations is necessary to determine if alternative metrics provide additional insight into the association between physical behavior and cardiometabolic health.
{"title":"Prospective association between descriptive accelerometer-derived physical behaviour metrics and cardiometabolic risk indicators in Dutch children: The ABCD study","authors":"Fawad Taj , J.M.M. Chinapaw , Teatske Altenburg , Tanja Vrijkotte","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To better understand which aspects of physical behavior are most critical for health, this study investigated prospective associations between various accelerometer-derived physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) metrics with cardiometabolic risk indicators. We analyzed waist-worn accelerometer data from 114 Dutch children (50 girls), age 8.6 ± 0.4 years, in the Amsterdam Born Children and Development (ABCD) cohort. Physical behavior metrics included volume-based metric (counts per minute [CPM]), time-use metrics (e.g., time spent in different physical behaviour intensities), pattern-based metrics (e.g., fragmentation indices), and intensity gradient. Health indicators, assessed at age 11–12 years, included BMI-standard deviation score (SDS) and a cardiometabolic risk score (MetScore) calculated from BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between physical behaviour metrics and both BMI-SDS and MetScore.</div><div>Linear regression analyses, adjusted for gender and wear time, revealed that more time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), a conventional time-use metric, was significantly associated with lower BMI-SDS (β = −0.02; 95 % CI: 0.03, 0), but not with MetScore. Other physical behavior metrics, including volume-based, pattern-based, and intensity gradient measures, did not show significant associations with either BMI-SDS or MetScore in this cohort. These findings indicate that conventional time-use metrics, particularly MVPA, may be more effective in detecting health associations in small homogenous populations. Future research with larger populations is necessary to determine if alternative metrics provide additional insight into the association between physical behavior and cardiometabolic health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 200431"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.001
Changxiao Yu , Jianglong Zhan , Songlin Xiao , Bin Shen , Junhong Zhou , Weijie Fu
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue induced by local- and general-muscular exercise on brain network efficiency, corticospinal and neuromuscular excitability.
Methods
Twenty-four participants randomly performed two different fatigue protocols (i.e., locally induced vs generally induced) separated by 5–7 days. Local fatigue was provided with maximum isokinetic plantar dorsiflexion, and general fatigue was provided with a running exercise on a treadmill at a personalized constant velocity. M-wave, H-reflex, and the resting-state electroencephalography signal, were recorded before and after local and general fatigue.
Results
Compared with local fatigue, fatigue induced by general muscular exercise can significantly increase clustering coefficient (p = 0.003), global efficiency (p = 0.001) and local efficiency (p = 0.005) in the beta band relative to the baseline values. The two fatigue protocols can significantly decrease maximal M-wave (Mmax, p < 0.001), maximal H-reflex (Hmax, p < 0.001), Hmax/Mmax (p = 0.001) and level of activation (p < 0.001).
Conclusion
The two different fatigue protocols can decrease peripheral neuromuscular excitability and affect spinal fatigue. General fatigue can promote the integration of local and global efficiency by strengthening the functional connectivity of the brain network to optimize resource allocation and resist the negative effects of fatigue.
目的探讨局部和全身肌肉运动引起的疲劳对脑网络效率、皮质脊髓和神经肌肉兴奋性的影响。方法24名参与者随机进行两种不同的疲劳治疗方案（局部诱导和一般诱导），间隔5-7天。局部疲劳提供最大等速足底背屈，一般疲劳提供在跑步机上以个性化的恒定速度进行跑步锻炼。记录局部疲劳和全身疲劳前后的m波、h反射和静息状态脑电图信号。结果与局部疲劳相比，一般肌肉运动引起的疲劳能显著提高β带的聚类系数（p = 0.003）、整体效率（p = 0.001）和局部效率（p = 0.005）。两种疲劳方案均能显著降低最大m波（Mmax, p < 0.001）、最大h反射（Hmax, p < 0.001）、Hmax/Mmax （p = 0.001）和激活水平（p < 0.001）。结论两种不同的疲劳方案均可降低周围神经肌肉兴奋性，影响脊柱疲劳。一般疲劳可以通过增强脑网络的功能连通性来促进局部和整体效率的整合，从而优化资源配置，抵御疲劳的负面影响。
{"title":"Differential effects of local and general fatigue on brain network efficiency, corticospinal and neuromuscular excitability","authors":"Changxiao Yu , Jianglong Zhan , Songlin Xiao , Bin Shen , Junhong Zhou , Weijie Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue induced by local- and general-muscular exercise on brain network efficiency, corticospinal and neuromuscular excitability.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty-four participants randomly performed two different fatigue protocols (i.e., locally induced vs generally induced) separated by 5–7 days. Local fatigue was provided with maximum isokinetic plantar dorsiflexion, and general fatigue was provided with a running exercise on a treadmill at a personalized constant velocity. M-wave, H-reflex, and the resting-state electroencephalography signal, were recorded before and after local and general fatigue.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with local fatigue, fatigue induced by general muscular exercise can significantly increase clustering coefficient (<em>p</em> = 0.003), global efficiency (<em>p</em> = 0.001) and local efficiency (<em>p</em> = 0.005) in the beta band relative to the baseline values. The two fatigue protocols can significantly decrease maximal M-wave (M<sub>max</sub>, <em>p</em> < 0.001), maximal H-reflex (H<sub>max</sub>, <em>p</em> < 0.001), H<sub>max</sub>/M<sub>max</sub> (<em>p</em> = 0.001) and level of activation (<em>p</em> < 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The two different fatigue protocols can decrease peripheral neuromuscular excitability and affect spinal fatigue. General fatigue can promote the integration of local and global efficiency by strengthening the functional connectivity of the brain network to optimize resource allocation and resist the negative effects of fatigue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 100422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145532674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.004
Xinyu Wang, Xu Zhang, Jane Jie Yu, Weizhen Gao, Miaomiao Wan, Xu Wen
Objective
Preschool children's activity patterns differ between weekdays and weekends. Weekdays are constrained by structured educational activities and parental commitments, which limit flexibility, while weekends provide opportunities for extra sleep (SLP), physical activity (PA), and reduced sedentary behavior (SB). This study aims to estimate optimal activity durations for both weekdays and weekends, based on the development of executive function (EF), fundamental movement skills (FMS), and physical fitness (PF) in preschool children.
Methods
A total of 289 preschool children aged 3–6 years from four kindergartens in Zhejiang Province participated. PA and SLP were objectively measured using accelerometers and the Children's Sleep Quality Questionnaire. EF, which includes working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility, was measured using the Early Years Toolbox (EYT). FMS were assessed using the test of gross motor development-3rd edition (TGMD-3), and PF was evaluated according to the National Physical Fitness Measurement Manual (Preschool Children Section). Compositional data regression models were applied to examine the relationship between 24-h movement behaviors and health outcomes on weekdays and weekends. Optimal time-use compositions for each outcome were estimated, and 3D quaternary plots were generated to define the Goldilocks Day at the center of the overlapping regions.
Results
24-h movement behaviors were significantly correlated with EF (weekdays: F = 5.4, p < 0.01; weekends: F = 5.7, p < 0.001), FMS (weekdays: F = 2.3, p < 0.05; weekends: F = 2.5, p < 0.05), and PF (weekdays: F = 4.6, p < 0.01; weekends: F = 5.3, p < 0.01). Differences in optimal time-use between weekdays and weekends were observed. For weekdays, the optimal daily durations were: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) 106 (70–140) min, light physical activity (LPA) 40 (30–50) min, SB 703 (600–800) min, and SLP 591 (470–700) min. For weekends, the optimal daily durations were: MVPA 115 (80–150) min, LPA 45 (40–50) min, SB 668 (570–760) min, and SLP 611 (530–690) min.
Conclusion
This study provides recommendations for time allocation on weekdays and weekends to support the healthy development of preschool children.
{"title":"The Goldilocks day for preschoolers' health outcomes: A compositional data analysis of 24-H movement behaviors on weekdays and weekends","authors":"Xinyu Wang, Xu Zhang, Jane Jie Yu, Weizhen Gao, Miaomiao Wan, Xu Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Preschool children's activity patterns differ between weekdays and weekends. Weekdays are constrained by structured educational activities and parental commitments, which limit flexibility, while weekends provide opportunities for extra sleep (SLP), physical activity (PA), and reduced sedentary behavior (SB). This study aims to estimate optimal activity durations for both weekdays and weekends, based on the development of executive function (EF), fundamental movement skills (FMS), and physical fitness (PF) in preschool children.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 289 preschool children aged 3–6 years from four kindergartens in Zhejiang Province participated. PA and SLP were objectively measured using accelerometers and the Children's Sleep Quality Questionnaire. EF, which includes working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility, was measured using the Early Years Toolbox (EYT). FMS were assessed using the test of gross motor development-3rd edition (TGMD-3), and PF was evaluated according to the National Physical Fitness Measurement Manual (Preschool Children Section). Compositional data regression models were applied to examine the relationship between 24-h movement behaviors and health outcomes on weekdays and weekends. Optimal time-use compositions for each outcome were estimated, and 3D quaternary plots were generated to define the Goldilocks Day at the center of the overlapping regions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>24-h movement behaviors were significantly correlated with EF (weekdays: F = 5.4, <em>p < 0.01</em>; weekends: F = 5.7, <em>p < 0.001</em>), FMS (weekdays: F = 2.3, <em>p < 0.05</em>; weekends: F = 2.5, <em>p < 0.05</em>), and PF (weekdays: F = 4.6, <em>p < 0.01</em>; weekends: F = 5.3, <em>p < 0.01</em>). Differences in optimal time-use between weekdays and weekends were observed. For weekdays, the optimal daily durations were: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) 106 (70–140) min, light physical activity (LPA) 40 (30–50) min, SB 703 (600–800) min, and SLP 591 (470–700) min. For weekends, the optimal daily durations were: MVPA 115 (80–150) min, LPA 45 (40–50) min, SB 668 (570–760) min, and SLP 611 (530–690) min.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides recommendations for time allocation on weekdays and weekends to support the healthy development of preschool children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 100425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200429
Xiao Liang , Hui Qiu , Justin A. Haegele , Xiao Li , Minghui Li , Jiayue Li , Shirley Xin Li
Objective
This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized available studies to explore relationships between accelerometer-measured physical activity (PA) levels or sleep duration and health-related outcomes in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Methods
Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines, the six databases APA PsychInfo, CINAHL Ultimate, Embase, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus with Full Text and Web of Science were searched from inception through July 2024. The correlation coefficient (r) was employed to determine the effect size in the meta-analysis. A random-effects model was utilised to estimate the potentially heterogeneously distributed effect sizes with a 95 % confidence interval (CI) between groups. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using I2, with a p-value derived from Q statistics.
Results
Thirteen eligible studies were included, involving 738 children and adolescents with ADHD (71.1 % boys). The health indicators assessed were executive functions (EFs), motor development, psychological health, and core ADHD symptoms. We found that higher PA levels (i.e., moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) (k = 9, r = 0.36, 95 %CI 0.22 to 0.49) with medium heterogeneity (Q = 13.006, I2 = 38 %, p = 0.112), and longer sleep duration (k = 6, r = 0.20, 95 %CI 0.06 to 0.35) with medium heterogeneity (Q = 7.495, I2 = 33 %, p = 0.186), were significantly correlated with better overall EFs. Additionally, MVPA was negatively associated with psychopathology (k = 5, r = −0.19, 95 %CI -0.35 to −0.03) with medium heterogeneity (Q = 8.058, I2 = 50 %, p = 0.089) in children and adolescents with ADHD.
Conclusion
The findings provide support for significant relationships between PA levels (i.e., MVPA) and sleep duration with overall EFs and MVPA with psychopathology in children and adolescents with ADHD. It is recommended that future studies conduct moderation analyses to examine factors that affect the generalisability of the findings, such as age, sex, and ADHD subtypes. However, these analyses could not be conducted in the current meta-analysis due to the limited number of included studies.
目的：本系统综述和荟萃分析综合了现有研究，探讨加速度计测量的身体活动（PA）水平或睡眠时间与儿童和青少年注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）健康相关结局之间的关系。方法根据系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目指南，检索APA PsychInfo， CINAHL Ultimate, Embase， MEDLINE， SPORTDiscus with Full Text和Web of Science从成立到2024年7月的6个数据库。meta分析采用相关系数(r)确定效应大小。随机效应模型用于估计组间潜在异质性分布的效应量，置信区间为95%。使用I2评估统计异质性，p值来自Q统计量。结果纳入13项符合条件的研究，涉及738名ADHD儿童和青少年（71.1%为男孩）。评估的健康指标包括执行功能（EFs）、运动发育、心理健康和核心ADHD症状。我们发现，具有中等异质性（Q = 13.006, I2 = 38%, p = 0.112）的较高PA水平（即中至高强度体力活动[MVPA]） （k = 9, r = 0.36, 95% CI 0.22至0.49）和具有中等异质性（Q = 7.495, I2 = 33%, p = 0.186）的较长睡眠时间（k = 6, r = 0.20, 95% CI 0.06至0.35）与较好的总体EFs显著相关。此外，MVPA与ADHD儿童和青少年的精神病理呈负相关（k = 5, r = - 0.19, 95% CI -0.35至- 0.03），异质性中等（Q = 8.058, I2 = 50%, p = 0.089）。结论儿童和青少年ADHD患者PA水平（即MVPA）、睡眠时间、总EFs和MVPA与精神病理之间存在显著关系。建议未来的研究进行适度分析，以检查影响研究结果普遍性的因素，如年龄、性别和ADHD亚型。然而，由于纳入的研究数量有限，这些分析无法在当前的荟萃分析中进行。
{"title":"Associations between accelerometer-measured physical activity and sleep duration and health indicators in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Xiao Liang , Hui Qiu , Justin A. Haegele , Xiao Li , Minghui Li , Jiayue Li , Shirley Xin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized available studies to explore relationships between accelerometer-measured physical activity (PA) levels or sleep duration and health-related outcomes in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines, the six databases APA PsychInfo, CINAHL Ultimate, Embase, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus with Full Text and Web of Science were searched from inception through July 2024. The correlation coefficient (<em>r</em>) was employed to determine the effect size in the meta-analysis. A random-effects model was utilised to estimate the potentially heterogeneously distributed effect sizes with a 95 % confidence interval (CI) between groups. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using <em>I</em><sup><em>2</em></sup>, with a p-value derived from Q statistics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Thirteen eligible studies were included, involving 738 children and adolescents with ADHD (71.1 % boys). The health indicators assessed were executive functions (EFs), motor development, psychological health, and core ADHD symptoms. We found that higher PA levels (i.e., moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) (k = 9, <em>r</em> = 0.36, 95 %CI 0.22 to 0.49) with medium heterogeneity (Q = 13.006, <em>I</em><sup><em>2</em></sup> = 38 %, p = 0.112), and longer sleep duration (k = 6, <em>r</em> = 0.20, 95 %CI 0.06 to 0.35) with medium heterogeneity (Q = 7.495, <em>I</em><sup><em>2</em></sup> = 33 %, p = 0.186), were significantly correlated with better overall EFs. Additionally, MVPA was negatively associated with psychopathology (k = 5, <em>r</em> = −0.19, 95 %CI -0.35 to −0.03) with medium heterogeneity (Q = 8.058, <em>I</em><sup><em>2</em></sup> = 50 %, p = 0.089) in children and adolescents with ADHD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings provide support for significant relationships between PA levels (i.e., MVPA) and sleep duration with overall EFs and MVPA with psychopathology in children and adolescents with ADHD. It is recommended that future studies conduct moderation analyses to examine factors that affect the generalisability of the findings, such as age, sex, and ADHD subtypes. However, these analyses could not be conducted in the current meta-analysis due to the limited number of included studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 200429"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined the effects of microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation (MENS) on recovery of hamstring muscle function after high-intensity sprint and resistance training in male collegiate sprinters.
Design
A double-blinded, randomized, within-subjects crossover trial.
Setting
A university research laboratory.
Participants
Nine athletes underwent a crossover trial, receiving either MENS (for 20 min per day) or placebo treatment for five days during and after three consecutive days of training.
Main outcome measures
Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force of hamstring, eccentric force using Nordic hamstring (NH force), jump ability (counter movement jump), muscle soreness using a visual analog scale, muscle flexibility, and muscle contractile properties using tensiomyography, were assessed before training and immediately, 1 day, and 2 days after training.
Results
MENS significantly accelerated recovery of MVC and NH force, muscle contraction velocity, and reduced muscle soreness compared to the placebo (P < 0.05). However, no significant effect was observed on muscle flexibility and jump height recovery.
Conclusions
MENS may be a practical and effective passive recovery strategy to promote performance recovery in sprinters following high-intensity training. The study is the first investigation to evaluate MENS in training context and supports its potential to mitigate overreaching effects and reduce injury risk.
{"title":"Effects of microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation on recovery of muscle performance after high-intensity sprint and resistance combined training sessions","authors":"Yosuke Hiroshige , Ryusei Yamaguchi , Tomoki Ebato , Ryosuke Kunitomo , Ryosuke Kajitani , Naohiro Shinada , Hajime Kato , Masanobu Wada","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study examined the effects of microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation (MENS) on recovery of hamstring muscle function after high-intensity sprint and resistance training in male collegiate sprinters.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>A double-blinded, randomized, within-subjects crossover trial.</div></div><div><h3>Setting</h3><div>A university research laboratory.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>Nine athletes underwent a crossover trial, receiving either MENS (for 20 min per day) or placebo treatment for five days during and after three consecutive days of training.</div></div><div><h3>Main outcome measures</h3><div>Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force of hamstring, eccentric force using Nordic hamstring (NH force), jump ability (counter movement jump), muscle soreness using a visual analog scale, muscle flexibility, and muscle contractile properties using tensiomyography, were assessed before training and immediately, 1 day, and 2 days after training.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>MENS significantly accelerated recovery of MVC and NH force, muscle contraction velocity, and reduced muscle soreness compared to the placebo (<em>P</em> < 0.05). However, no significant effect was observed on muscle flexibility and jump height recovery.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>MENS may be a practical and effective passive recovery strategy to promote performance recovery in sprinters following high-intensity training. The study is the first investigation to evaluate MENS in training context and supports its potential to mitigate overreaching effects and reduce injury risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 200433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200436
Fuhai Zhuo , Reubenjamin J. Gaurani , Ivan C.C. Low , Thomas A. Deshayes , Jason K.W. Lee , Stephen S. Cheung , Pei Ling Choo , Xiang Ren Tan
Objective
Regular physical activity is positively associated with enhanced cognitive performance, whereas excessive heat stress may negatively impact cognition. The role of habitual physical activity on cognitive function under heat stress is unclear. Thus, we investigated the influence of physical activity status on the cognitive performance of healthy individuals after acute passive heat exposure.
Methods
Our study involved non-randomised quasi-experimental controlled trials where 28 participants (active: n = 13, 4 females, less-active: n = 15, 5 females) underwent 45-min hot water immersion (HWI). Participants immersed their lower limbs in 42 °C water in a seated position for 15 min before they wore a disposable raincoat and continued immersion for 30 min. Estimated core temperature via non-invasive CORE sensor, heart rate, ratings of thermal sensation and thermal comfort were monitored. Pre- and post-immersion, the participants performed Stroop test and Iowa gambling task (IGT) to assess selective attention, executive function and decision-making.
Results
After HWI, both active and less-active participants attained hyperthermia (38.5 ± 0.4 °C and 38.3 ± 0.4 °C, respectively; p = 0.247). During HWI, the heart rate profiles, and subjective ratings were not different between groups regardless of physical activity status. Both groups exhibited faster reaction times and preserved accuracies in the Stroop test post-HWI, with no performance differences between groups. Similarly, for IGT, both active and less-active groups exhibited improved net scores post-HWI with no differences between groups.
Conclusion
When exposed to modest levels of heat strain (≤38.5 °C), both physically active and less-active groups did not show impairment in executive function and risk-taking behaviour.
目的：规律的身体活动与认知能力的增强呈正相关，而过度的热应激可能对认知能力产生负面影响。热应激下习惯性体育活动对认知功能的作用尚不清楚。因此，我们研究了急性被动热暴露后身体活动状况对健康个体认知表现的影响。方法本研究纳入非随机准实验对照试验，28名参与者（积极参与者：n = 13,4名女性，不积极参与者：n = 15,5名女性）接受45分钟热水浸泡（HWI）。参与者以坐姿将下肢浸入42°C的水中15分钟，然后穿着一次性雨衣，继续浸泡30分钟。通过无创core传感器估计核心温度、心率、热感觉评分和热舒适进行监测。在浸泡前和浸泡后，参与者分别进行Stroop测试和爱荷华赌博任务（IGT）来评估选择性注意、执行功能和决策能力。结果HWI后，活跃和不活跃的参与者均获得热疗（分别为38.5±0.4°C和38.3±0.4°C, p = 0.247）。在HWI期间，无论身体活动状况如何，两组之间的心率概况和主观评分没有差异。两组在hwi后的Stroop测试中都表现出更快的反应时间和准确性，两组之间没有表现差异。同样，对于IGT，活跃组和不活跃组在hwi后均表现出改善的净得分，组间无差异。结论当暴露于适度的热应变（≤38.5°C）时，运动组和不运动组的执行功能和冒险行为均未出现损害。
{"title":"Influence of habitual physical activity on cognitive performance of healthy young adults after passive heat exposure","authors":"Fuhai Zhuo , Reubenjamin J. Gaurani , Ivan C.C. Low , Thomas A. Deshayes , Jason K.W. Lee , Stephen S. Cheung , Pei Ling Choo , Xiang Ren Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Regular physical activity is positively associated with enhanced cognitive performance, whereas excessive heat stress may negatively impact cognition. The role of habitual physical activity on cognitive function under heat stress is unclear. Thus, we investigated the influence of physical activity status on the cognitive performance of healthy individuals after acute passive heat exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Our study involved non-randomised quasi-experimental controlled trials where 28 participants (active: n = 13, 4 females, less-active: n = 15, 5 females) underwent 45-min hot water immersion (HWI). Participants immersed their lower limbs in 42 °C water in a seated position for 15 min before they wore a disposable raincoat and continued immersion for 30 min. Estimated core temperature via non-invasive CORE sensor, heart rate, ratings of thermal sensation and thermal comfort were monitored. Pre- and post-immersion, the participants performed Stroop test and Iowa gambling task (IGT) to assess selective attention, executive function and decision-making.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After HWI, both active and less-active participants attained hyperthermia (38.5 ± 0.4 °C and 38.3 ± 0.4 °C, respectively; <em>p</em> = 0.247). During HWI, the heart rate profiles, and subjective ratings were not different between groups regardless of physical activity status. Both groups exhibited faster reaction times and preserved accuracies in the Stroop test post-HWI, with no performance differences between groups. Similarly, for IGT, both active and less-active groups exhibited improved net scores post-HWI with no differences between groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>When exposed to modest levels of heat strain (≤38.5 °C), both physically active and less-active groups did not show impairment in executive function and risk-taking behaviour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 200436"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.005
Xinming Lai , Nuttaset Manimmanakorn , Apiwan Manimmanakorn , Michael J. Hamlin
Background/Objectives
Retrograde run training increases forward run speed and muscle power. However, the effect of retrograde run training on long jump performance is not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of retrograde run training on the long jump performance of physical education (PE) students compared to conventional training.
Methods
A randomized clinical trial was conducted including 120 PE students from Huzhou University Physical Education Faculty. The participants were randomly allocated into an experimental group or control group. Both groups received a conventional long jump training program, however the experimental group received additional retrograde run training (10 min 3 times per week for 12 weeks), while the control group received a similar level of forward run training. Changes in long jump and other performances were measured at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of the training program.
Results
Over the 12-week intervention, the experimental group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in long jump, take off angle, take off accuracy, standing long jump, single leg stance, 30-m forward sprint and 40-m retrograde shuttle run compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Within-group analysis confirmed the experimental group improved significantly from baseline in all outcomes (p < 0.05). In contrast, the control group showed significant improvement only in long jump performance, take-off angle, and single leg stance.
Conclusion
The addition of retrograde run training to traditional long jump training significantly improved long jump performance in PE students and may be used as an alternative method to enhance long jump performance.
{"title":"Effects of retrograde run training on long jump performances of student athletes: A randomized controlled study","authors":"Xinming Lai , Nuttaset Manimmanakorn , Apiwan Manimmanakorn , Michael J. Hamlin","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Objectives</h3><div>Retrograde run training increases forward run speed and muscle power. However, the effect of retrograde run training on long jump performance is not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of retrograde run training on the long jump performance of physical education (PE) students compared to conventional training.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A randomized clinical trial was conducted including 120 PE students from Huzhou University Physical Education Faculty. The participants were randomly allocated into an experimental group or control group. Both groups received a conventional long jump training program, however the experimental group received additional retrograde run training (10 min 3 times per week for 12 weeks), while the control group received a similar level of forward run training. Changes in long jump and other performances were measured at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of the training program.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Over the 12-week intervention, the experimental group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in long jump, take off angle, take off accuracy, standing long jump, single leg stance, 30-m forward sprint and 40-m retrograde shuttle run compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Within-group analysis confirmed the experimental group improved significantly from baseline in all outcomes (p < 0.05). In contrast, the control group showed significant improvement only in long jump performance, take-off angle, and single leg stance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The addition of retrograde run training to traditional long jump training significantly improved long jump performance in PE students and may be used as an alternative method to enhance long jump performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 100426"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145532675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200437
Maria Carolina Juvêncio Francisquini , Pedro Henrique Garcia Dias , Thais Maria de Souza Silva , Géssika Castilho dos Santos , Aristides M. Machado Rodrigues , Jeffer Eidi Sasaki , Bruno Gonçalves Galdino da Costa , Antonio Stabelini Neto
Objective
This study examined the individual and combined association between meeting the 24-h movement guidelines with emotional and behavioral difficulties in Brazilian adolescents.
Methods
The study included 815 adolescents (52 % female), aged 11–15 years (mean age: 13.43 years), enrolled in public schools from Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazil. Sleep duration (SLP) was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. Screen time (ST) was assessed by self-reported daily use of electronic devices during the leisure time. Physical activity (PA) was measured by accelerometer. Mental health difficulties were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using generalized linear models, adjusted for age, gender, mother's education level, medication use, and BMI.
Results
Findings showed that non-adherence to the ST guideline was associated with higher symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention (β: 1.22; 95 % CI: 1.05; 1.41; n = 815), and non-adherence to the SLP guideline was associated with higher total difficulties (β: 1.08; 95 % CI: 1.00; 1.16; n = 815). Combined analyses indicated significant associations between non-adherence to the PA + ST guidelines with higher emotional symptoms (β: 1.73; 95 % CI: 1.06; 2.83; n = 349), while non-adherence to the ST + SLP was associated with hyperactivity/inattention symptoms (β: 1.32; 95 % CI: 1.07; 1.62; n = 815).
Conclusion
Non-adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines was associated with higher symptoms of emotional and behavioral difficulties. Understanding adolescents’ lifestyles is crucial for developing efficient policies that enhance mental health among youth.
目的本研究考察了巴西青少年24小时运动指南与情绪和行为困难之间的个体和组合关系。方法研究对象为巴西帕拉纳 Jacarezinho公立学校入学的815名青少年（52%为女性），年龄11-15岁，平均年龄13.43岁。睡眠时间（SLP）采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷进行评估。屏幕时间（ST）是通过自我报告在闲暇时间每天使用电子设备来评估的。用加速度计测量身体活动（PA）。使用优势与困难问卷评估心理健康困难。采用广义线性模型进行统计分析，并根据年龄、性别、母亲受教育程度、用药情况和BMI进行调整。结果发现，不遵守ST指南与较高的多动/注意力不集中症状相关（β: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.05; 1.41; n = 815），不遵守SLP指南与较高的总困难相关（β: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.00; 1.16; n = 815）。综合分析表明，不遵守PA + ST指南与较高情绪症状之间存在显著关联（β: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.06; 2.83; n = 349），而不遵守ST + SLP指南与多动/注意力不集中症状相关（β: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.07; 1.62; n = 815）。结论不遵守24小时运动指南与较高的情绪和行为困难症状相关。了解青少年的生活方式对于制定有效的政策以促进青少年的心理健康至关重要。
{"title":"Is non-adherence to Canadian 24-h movement guidelines associated with emotional and behavioral difficulties in Brazilian adolescents?","authors":"Maria Carolina Juvêncio Francisquini , Pedro Henrique Garcia Dias , Thais Maria de Souza Silva , Géssika Castilho dos Santos , Aristides M. Machado Rodrigues , Jeffer Eidi Sasaki , Bruno Gonçalves Galdino da Costa , Antonio Stabelini Neto","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study examined the individual and combined association between meeting the 24-h movement guidelines with emotional and behavioral difficulties in Brazilian adolescents.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study included 815 adolescents (52 % female), aged 11–15 years (mean age: 13.43 years), enrolled in public schools from Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazil. Sleep duration (SLP) was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. Screen time (ST) was assessed by self-reported daily use of electronic devices during the leisure time. Physical activity (PA) was measured by accelerometer. Mental health difficulties were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using generalized linear models, adjusted for age, gender, mother's education level, medication use, and BMI.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Findings showed that non-adherence to the ST guideline was associated with higher symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention (β: 1.22; 95 % CI: 1.05; 1.41; n = 815), and non-adherence to the SLP guideline was associated with higher total difficulties (β: 1.08; 95 % CI: 1.00; 1.16; n = 815). Combined analyses indicated significant associations between non-adherence to the PA + ST guidelines with higher emotional symptoms (β: 1.73; 95 % CI: 1.06; 2.83; n = 349), while non-adherence to the ST + SLP was associated with hyperactivity/inattention symptoms (β: 1.32; 95 % CI: 1.07; 1.62; n = 815).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Non-adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines was associated with higher symptoms of emotional and behavioral difficulties. Understanding adolescents’ lifestyles is crucial for developing efficient policies that enhance mental health among youth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 200437"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200434
John J. Reilly , Kerry Robertson , Farid Bardid
Objective
Physical literacy is treasured because it underpins participation in physical activity and sport in children and adolescents. Physical literacy might have declined following COVID-19 movement restrictions, but whether such a decline took place is uncertain. This study aimed to examine if a post-COVID-19 decline in physical literacy occurred in children and adolescents.
Methods
A systematic review, registered on PROSPERO CRD42025646499 in February 2025, was used to assess changes in physical literacy following the COVID-19 pandemic in healthy, typically developing 3–18 year olds. Searching in June 2025 used 7 databases: Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsychINFO, CINAHL, PubMed, Sports Medicine & Education Index and a grey literature search in Global Think Tanks.Risk of bias assessment used the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) instrument.
Results
Only one eligible study was identified, which reported declining physical literacy in 8–14 year olds in Canada between 2019 and 2020.Evidence quality was moderate as assessed using the EPHPP.
Conclusion
The impact of COVID-19 movement restrictions on physical literacy in children and adolescents could not be assessed due to lack of evidence. The lack of evidence on such an important topic is a valuable finding in itself. Understanding trends in physical literacy will require greater monitoring, and the inclusion of physical literacy measurement in public health surveillance. If physical literacy is really treasured it should be measured.
体育素养受到重视，因为它是儿童和青少年参与体育活动和运动的基础。在COVID-19行动限制之后，身体素养可能有所下降，但这种下降是否发生尚不确定。本研究旨在调查儿童和青少年在2019冠状病毒病后身体素养是否出现下降。方法采用一项于2025年2月在PROSPERO CRD42025646499上注册的系统评价，评估3-18岁健康儿童在2019冠状病毒病大流行后身体读写能力的变化。2025年6月的搜索使用了7个数据库：Scopus， Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsychINFO， CINAHL, PubMed， Sports Medicine & Education Index和全球智库的灰色文献搜索。偏倚风险评估采用有效公共卫生实践项目（EPHPP）工具。结果仅确定了一项符合条件的研究，该研究报告称，2019年至2020年期间，加拿大8-14岁儿童的身体素质下降。根据EPHPP评估，证据质量为中等。结论由于缺乏证据，无法评估COVID-19运动限制对儿童和青少年身体素养的影响。在这样一个重要的话题上缺乏证据本身就是一个有价值的发现。了解身体素质的趋势需要加强监测，并将身体素质测量纳入公共卫生监测。如果真的重视身体素质，就应该对其进行测量。
{"title":"Treasured but not measured ?: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical literacy in children and adolescents","authors":"John J. Reilly , Kerry Robertson , Farid Bardid","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Physical literacy is treasured because it underpins participation in physical activity and sport in children and adolescents. Physical literacy might have declined following COVID-19 movement restrictions, but whether such a decline took place is uncertain. This study aimed to examine if a post-COVID-19 decline in physical literacy occurred in children and adolescents.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic review, registered on PROSPERO CRD42025646499 in February 2025, was used to assess changes in physical literacy following the COVID-19 pandemic in healthy, typically developing 3–18 year olds. Searching in June 2025 used 7 databases: Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsychINFO, CINAHL, PubMed, Sports Medicine & Education Index and a grey literature search in Global Think Tanks.Risk of bias assessment used the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) instrument.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Only one eligible study was identified, which reported declining physical literacy in 8–14 year olds in Canada between 2019 and 2020.Evidence quality was moderate as assessed using the EPHPP.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The impact of COVID-19 movement restrictions on physical literacy in children and adolescents could not be assessed due to lack of evidence. The lack of evidence on such an important topic is a valuable finding in itself. Understanding trends in physical literacy will require greater monitoring, and the inclusion of physical literacy measurement in public health surveillance. If physical literacy is really treasured it should be measured.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 200434"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the long-term effects of pre-meal exercise (PRE) versus post-meal exercise (POST) on glucose homeostasis in young adults who are overweight and obese using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).
Methods
In this randomized controlled trial, 34 adults (18–35 years) completed a 10-week intervention. The PRE group performed ≥30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (65 % HRmax) within 60 min before meals, whereas the POST group exercised within 0–90 min after meals, five times weekly. Participants completed two supervised sessions and three self-directed sessions weekly, monitored via heart rate belts. Habitual diets were maintained throughout the study, and physical activity was monitored using ActiGraph 3X accelerometers. Primary outcomes were 24-h CGM metrics; secondary outcomes included physical activity and metabolic indicators. Two-way ANOVA were used.
Results
There is no group × time interactions reached significance for any glucose variability metric, blood biomarker, or cardiovascular parameter (all p > 0.05), confirming comparable efficacy between regimens. Significant time-effect improvements emerged in continuous glucose monitoring metrics (time in range: F = 4.85, p = 0.035) and cardiometabolic parameters (fasting glucose: F = 4.74, p = 0.038; insulin: F = 5.22, p = 0.030; triglyceride: F = 7.41, p = 0.011, systolic blood pressure: F = 4.45, p = 0.043; diastolic blood pressure: F = 15.04, p = 0.001) following the 10-week intervention. There is lower hypoglycemic exposure in the pre-meal group than the post-meal group (time below range, group effect: F = 4.54, p = 0.041), with triglycerides decreasing exclusively in pre-meal group (Δ = −.22 ± .37 mmol/L, p = 0.005). Post-meal exercise showed marginal insulin reduction (Δ = −1.92 μU/mL, p = 0.069).
Conclusions
The 10-week exercise intervention significantly improved continuous glucose monitoring metrics (notably increased time in range) and cardiometabolic parameters (fasting glucose, insulin, blood pressure, triglycerides) without significant group × time interactions. The pre-meal group maintained consistently lower hypoglycemic exposure than the post-meal group. Triglyceride reduction occurred exclusively with pre-meal exercise, while insulin showed a marginal decrease only with post-meal exercise. These findings demonstrate comparable overall efficacy between timing protocols despite selective benefits for specific parameters.
目的研究餐前运动（PRE）和餐后运动（POST）对超重和肥胖年轻人葡萄糖稳态的长期影响。方法在这项随机对照试验中，34名成年人（18-35岁）完成了为期10周的干预。PRE组在餐前60分钟内进行≥30分钟的中等强度有氧运动（65% HRmax），而POST组在餐后0-90分钟内进行运动，每周5次。参与者每周完成两次有监督的训练和三次自我指导的训练，通过心率带进行监测。在整个研究过程中保持习惯性饮食，并使用ActiGraph 3X加速度计监测身体活动。主要结局为24小时CGM指标；次要结局包括身体活动和代谢指标。采用双因素方差分析。结果在任何葡萄糖变异性指标、血液生物标志物或心血管参数方面，没有组×时间相互作用达到显著性（均p >； 0.05），证实了方案之间的可比性疗效。在10周的干预后，连续血糖监测指标（时间范围：F = 4.85, p = 0.035）和心脏代谢参数（空腹血糖：F = 4.74, p = 0.038；胰岛素：F = 5.22, p = 0.030；甘油三酯：F = 7.41, p = 0.011；收缩压：F = 4.45, p = 0.043；舒张压：F = 15.04, p = 0.001）出现了显著的时效改善。餐前组的低血糖暴露低于餐后组（时间低于范围，组效应：F = 4.54, p = 0.041），甘油三酯仅在餐前组下降（Δ =−）。22±。37 mmol/L, p = 0.005)。餐后运动可显著降低胰岛素水平（Δ =−1.92 μU/mL, p = 0.069）。结论10周的运动干预显著改善了连续血糖监测指标（显著增加了监测时间范围）和心脏代谢参数（空腹血糖、胰岛素、血压、甘油三酯），无明显的组间相互作用。餐前组的低血糖暴露始终低于餐后组。甘油三酯的降低只发生在餐前运动中，而胰岛素仅在餐后运动中略有下降。这些发现表明，尽管对特定参数有选择性的益处，但两种定时方案的总体疗效相当。
{"title":"Impact of pre- and post-meal exercise on 24-H glucose profiles in young adults who are overweight and obese","authors":"Xiaoyuan Zhang, Bingqing Yang, Yilin Ho, Zhanjia Zhang, Dingfeng Wu, Junwei Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.200428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study investigated the long-term effects of pre-meal exercise (PRE) versus post-meal exercise (POST) on glucose homeostasis in young adults who are overweight and obese using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this randomized controlled trial, 34 adults (18–35 years) completed a 10-week intervention. The PRE group performed ≥30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (65 % HRmax) within 60 min before meals, whereas the POST group exercised within 0–90 min after meals, five times weekly. Participants completed two supervised sessions and three self-directed sessions weekly, monitored via heart rate belts. Habitual diets were maintained throughout the study, and physical activity was monitored using ActiGraph 3X accelerometers. Primary outcomes were 24-h CGM metrics; secondary outcomes included physical activity and metabolic indicators. Two-way ANOVA were used.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There is no group × time interactions reached significance for any glucose variability metric, blood biomarker, or cardiovascular parameter (all p > 0.05), confirming comparable efficacy between regimens. Significant time-effect improvements emerged in continuous glucose monitoring metrics (time in range: F = 4.85, p = 0.035) and cardiometabolic parameters (fasting glucose: F = 4.74, p = 0.038; insulin: F = 5.22, p = 0.030; triglyceride: F = 7.41, p = 0.011, systolic blood pressure: F = 4.45, p = 0.043; diastolic blood pressure: F = 15.04, p = 0.001) following the 10-week intervention. There is lower hypoglycemic exposure in the pre-meal group than the post-meal group (time below range, group effect: F = 4.54, p = 0.041), with triglycerides decreasing exclusively in pre-meal group (Δ = −.22 ± .37 mmol/L, p = 0.005). Post-meal exercise showed marginal insulin reduction (Δ = −1.92 μU/mL, p = 0.069).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The 10-week exercise intervention significantly improved continuous glucose monitoring metrics (notably increased time in range) and cardiometabolic parameters (fasting glucose, insulin, blood pressure, triglycerides) without significant group × time interactions. The pre-meal group maintained consistently lower hypoglycemic exposure than the post-meal group. Triglyceride reduction occurred exclusively with pre-meal exercise, while insulin showed a marginal decrease only with post-meal exercise. These findings demonstrate comparable overall efficacy between timing protocols despite selective benefits for specific parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"24 1","pages":"Article 200428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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