Pub Date : 2025-06-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.005
Zhexiao Zhou , Ying Zhou , Hang Shen
<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The aim of the present study was to investigate whether children with sensory integration dysfunction (SID) exhibit delays in gross motor performance and physical fitness compared to those with typical sensory integration development (TSID). Further, the developmental characteristics related to gross motor performance and physical fitness were examined in children with SID, taking into account differences in the severity of dysfunction (mild versus severe) and gender.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 273 children were randomly recruited, including 115 children with SID, comprising 85 with mild SID (MSID) and 30 with severe SID (SSID). All participants underwent assessments of gross motor skills and physical fitness using the “TGMD-2″ and the “NPFMM” protocols. The covariance method was employed to analyze differences in gross motor skills and physical fitness among children with SSID, MSID, and TSID, as well as gender-based differences between children with SID and those with TSID.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>(1) Children with SID demonstrated significantly lower gross motor performance compared to their TSID peers (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Notable deficits were observed in tasks such as jumping, kicking, striking, and in the object control composite and total gross motor scores. Among boys, those with SID showed significantly reduced performance in gross motor tasks including jumping, galloping, and sliding, along with lower locomotor composite and total gross motor scores relative to TSID boys. Girls with SID exhibited significant impairments in leaping, sliding, kicking, and throwing, with correspondingly lower object control composite scores compared to TSID girls. Additionally, girls with SSID demonstrated a significantly lower sliding score than those with MSID. (2) With respect to physical fitness, children with SID performed significantly worse than TSID children in measures of agility, speed, and balance (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Specifically, boys with SID showed significant deficiencies in agility compared to boys with TSID, while girls with SID displayed notable shortcomings in speed compared to girls with TSID. In addition, children with MSID exhibited significantly better overall agility compared to those with SSID, and girls with MSID demonstrated superior performance in speed relative to their SSID counterparts.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The overall development of gross motor skills and physical fitness in children with SID was observed to be comparatively delayed relative to children with TSID. Gender-specific developmental differences were identified among children with SID. Specifically, boys with SID exhibited pronounced delays in locomotor skills and agility, whereas girls with SID primarily demonstrated deficiencies in object control skills and speed. Furthermore, although children with SSID showed poorer performance in gross motor skills and physical fitness co
{"title":"Comparing gross motor performance, physical fitness between young children with and without sensory integration dysfunction","authors":"Zhexiao Zhou , Ying Zhou , Hang Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The aim of the present study was to investigate whether children with sensory integration dysfunction (SID) exhibit delays in gross motor performance and physical fitness compared to those with typical sensory integration development (TSID). Further, the developmental characteristics related to gross motor performance and physical fitness were examined in children with SID, taking into account differences in the severity of dysfunction (mild versus severe) and gender.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 273 children were randomly recruited, including 115 children with SID, comprising 85 with mild SID (MSID) and 30 with severe SID (SSID). All participants underwent assessments of gross motor skills and physical fitness using the “TGMD-2″ and the “NPFMM” protocols. The covariance method was employed to analyze differences in gross motor skills and physical fitness among children with SSID, MSID, and TSID, as well as gender-based differences between children with SID and those with TSID.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>(1) Children with SID demonstrated significantly lower gross motor performance compared to their TSID peers (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Notable deficits were observed in tasks such as jumping, kicking, striking, and in the object control composite and total gross motor scores. Among boys, those with SID showed significantly reduced performance in gross motor tasks including jumping, galloping, and sliding, along with lower locomotor composite and total gross motor scores relative to TSID boys. Girls with SID exhibited significant impairments in leaping, sliding, kicking, and throwing, with correspondingly lower object control composite scores compared to TSID girls. Additionally, girls with SSID demonstrated a significantly lower sliding score than those with MSID. (2) With respect to physical fitness, children with SID performed significantly worse than TSID children in measures of agility, speed, and balance (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Specifically, boys with SID showed significant deficiencies in agility compared to boys with TSID, while girls with SID displayed notable shortcomings in speed compared to girls with TSID. In addition, children with MSID exhibited significantly better overall agility compared to those with SSID, and girls with MSID demonstrated superior performance in speed relative to their SSID counterparts.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The overall development of gross motor skills and physical fitness in children with SID was observed to be comparatively delayed relative to children with TSID. Gender-specific developmental differences were identified among children with SID. Specifically, boys with SID exhibited pronounced delays in locomotor skills and agility, whereas girls with SID primarily demonstrated deficiencies in object control skills and speed. Furthermore, although children with SSID showed poorer performance in gross motor skills and physical fitness co","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 313-324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144634156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.003
Meiling Tao , George P. Nassis , Yuou Song , Mingyue Yin , Chenwen Zhu , Mengde Lyu , Zhili Chen , Yuming Zhong , Chris Bishop , Yongming Li
<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The unilateral/bilateral dimension refers to whether an action is performed by one side of the body alone or involves both sides simultaneously. Unilateral training (UT) and bilateral training (BT) have been shown to enhance athletic performance. However, there are differences in training volume settings between unilateral and bilateral training, making it essential to understand their characteristics for optimizing training protocols and improving competitive level.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This systematic review aimed to: 1) explore the effects of training volume settings between unilateral training and bilateral training on improvements in athletic performance (muscle strength, jump performance, sprint time, and change of direction time), and 2) investigate the moderating effects on testing metrics, training frequency, and training protocol on athletic performance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Searches were conducted in PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science (Core Collection) on June 5, 2024, and updated on April 17, 2025. Included studies were randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of UT versus BT on athletic performance in athlete. Pooled effects for each outcome were summarized using Standardized Mean Difference [Hedges' g (g)] through a three-level meta-analysis model, and subgroup analyses were used to explore moderators. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of nine high-quality randomized controlled trials were included, involving 225 athletes. The results showed that there was no significant difference in improving athletic performance whether the training volume of UT and BT was the same (g = 0.20 [-1.56, 1.15], I<sup>2</sup>-2 = 77.8 %; I<sup>2</sup>-3 = 0.0 %, low GRADE) or when the UT volume was twice that of BT (−0.04 [-0.14, 0.06], I<sup>2</sup>-2 = 93.8 %; I<sup>2</sup>-3 = 0.0 %, moderate GRADE). When the training volumes of UT and BT were the same, the impact on athletic performance was not significantly moderated by test items, training frequency, or training protocols. Neither unilateral test metrics (g = −0.84) nor bilateral test metrics (g = −0.90) showed significant improvement. There was no significant difference between training twice a week (g = −0.16) and training three times a week (g = −0.19). Similarly, there was no significant difference between conducting plyometric training (g = −0.16) and another instance of plyometric training (g = −0.19). When the UT volume was twice that of BT, it might be significantly moderated by test items, but training frequency and training protocols were likely not significant moderators. Unilateral test metrics (g = −0.39) and bilateral test metrics (g = 0.64) both showed significant improvements. There was still no significant difference between training twice a week (g = −0.14) and training three times a week (g = 0
{"title":"Impact of training volume settings between unilateral training and bilateral training on athletic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Meiling Tao , George P. Nassis , Yuou Song , Mingyue Yin , Chenwen Zhu , Mengde Lyu , Zhili Chen , Yuming Zhong , Chris Bishop , Yongming Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The unilateral/bilateral dimension refers to whether an action is performed by one side of the body alone or involves both sides simultaneously. Unilateral training (UT) and bilateral training (BT) have been shown to enhance athletic performance. However, there are differences in training volume settings between unilateral and bilateral training, making it essential to understand their characteristics for optimizing training protocols and improving competitive level.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This systematic review aimed to: 1) explore the effects of training volume settings between unilateral training and bilateral training on improvements in athletic performance (muscle strength, jump performance, sprint time, and change of direction time), and 2) investigate the moderating effects on testing metrics, training frequency, and training protocol on athletic performance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Searches were conducted in PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science (Core Collection) on June 5, 2024, and updated on April 17, 2025. Included studies were randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of UT versus BT on athletic performance in athlete. Pooled effects for each outcome were summarized using Standardized Mean Difference [Hedges' g (g)] through a three-level meta-analysis model, and subgroup analyses were used to explore moderators. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of nine high-quality randomized controlled trials were included, involving 225 athletes. The results showed that there was no significant difference in improving athletic performance whether the training volume of UT and BT was the same (g = 0.20 [-1.56, 1.15], I<sup>2</sup>-2 = 77.8 %; I<sup>2</sup>-3 = 0.0 %, low GRADE) or when the UT volume was twice that of BT (−0.04 [-0.14, 0.06], I<sup>2</sup>-2 = 93.8 %; I<sup>2</sup>-3 = 0.0 %, moderate GRADE). When the training volumes of UT and BT were the same, the impact on athletic performance was not significantly moderated by test items, training frequency, or training protocols. Neither unilateral test metrics (g = −0.84) nor bilateral test metrics (g = −0.90) showed significant improvement. There was no significant difference between training twice a week (g = −0.16) and training three times a week (g = −0.19). Similarly, there was no significant difference between conducting plyometric training (g = −0.16) and another instance of plyometric training (g = −0.19). When the UT volume was twice that of BT, it might be significantly moderated by test items, but training frequency and training protocols were likely not significant moderators. Unilateral test metrics (g = −0.39) and bilateral test metrics (g = 0.64) both showed significant improvements. There was still no significant difference between training twice a week (g = −0.14) and training three times a week (g = 0","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 291-298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.002
Zhenyu Cen , Kai Zhang , José Francisco López-Gil , Xingyi Yang , Chunxiao Li , Sitong Chen
Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess the associations of muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) with academic performance (AP) of different subjects in Chinese school-aged children and adolescents.
Methods
Cross-sectional data on 67,281 students were included. Engagement in MSE was assessed using a specific question, and AP was assessed through self-reported grade in Literacy (Chinese), Mathematics, and Language (English). The analysis explored the associations between days of engagement in MSE and AP in Chinese, Mathematics, and English, separately. Results were presented as odds ratios (ORs).
Results
There was a generally progressive increase in the likelihood of better AP of Chinese, Mathematics and English with increase in days of MSE. Specifically, one day of MSE per week was associated with an 11 % increase of better AP in Chinese, with a gradual increase up to 4 days per week (OR = 1.42), peaking at 6 days. The odds of enhanced AP related to Mathematics increased with days of MSE, starting with a 9 % increase for 1 day per week (OR = 1.09), and reaching a 39 % increase at 4 days per week. The odds of improved AP in English were 9 % higher for 1 day per week of MSE and continued to a 31 % increase for 4 days per week.
Conclusion
This study suggests the potential positive role of MSE in enhancing AP in children and adolescents. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings based on longitudinal or intervention studies.
{"title":"Is muscle-strengthening exercise associated with better academic performance of Literacy, Mathematics and Language? Results from a cross-sectional study","authors":"Zhenyu Cen , Kai Zhang , José Francisco López-Gil , Xingyi Yang , Chunxiao Li , Sitong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this study was to assess the associations of muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) with academic performance (AP) of different subjects in Chinese school-aged children and adolescents.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cross-sectional data on 67,281 students were included. Engagement in MSE was assessed using a specific question, and AP was assessed through self-reported grade in Literacy (Chinese), Mathematics, and Language (English). The analysis explored the associations between days of engagement in MSE and AP in Chinese, Mathematics, and English, separately. Results were presented as odds ratios (ORs).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There was a generally progressive increase in the likelihood of better AP of Chinese, Mathematics and English with increase in days of MSE. Specifically, one day of MSE per week was associated with an 11 % increase of better AP in Chinese, with a gradual increase up to 4 days per week (OR = 1.42), peaking at 6 days. The odds of enhanced AP related to Mathematics increased with days of MSE, starting with a 9 % increase for 1 day per week (OR = 1.09), and reaching a 39 % increase at 4 days per week. The odds of improved AP in English were 9 % higher for 1 day per week of MSE and continued to a 31 % increase for 4 days per week.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study suggests the potential positive role of MSE in enhancing AP in children and adolescents. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings based on longitudinal or intervention studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 306-312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.001
Xiaoguang Zhao , Kening Xue , Runze Xu , Chonghao Wang , Xinyao Ma
Objectives
Physical activity (PA) plays an essential role in preventing and delaying frailty. Although several studies have examined the association between PA and frailty in middle-aged and older adults, no research has considered all four PA dimensions including intensity, duration, frequency, and volume. This study examined the association between PA dimensions and the prevalence of frailty, and established PA cut-points for detecting the presence of frailty.
Methods
A total of 9389 individuals aged 40 or older from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were involved in this cross-sectional study. Frailty was assessed using the frailty index, which was calculated by the health deficit items. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect information about PA intensity, duration, frequency, and volume. We employed logistic regression analysis to determine the associations between dimensions of PA and frailty, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to examine the optimal PA cut-point for predicting frailty according to gender and age.
Results
The prevalence of frailty was 10.6 % in middle-aged and older adults. Spending at least 1–2 days, 10–29 min per day, and 10–149 min each week in vigorous-intensity PA, moderate-intensity PA or light-intensity PA were all related to a lower likelihood of frailty, with adjusted ORs (95 % CI) ranging from 0.21 (0.12, 0.37) to 0.56 (0.41, 0.75). A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the association between the dimensions of PA and frailty remained unchanged after employing an alternative frailty criterion. ROC curves analysis indicated that the optimal PA cut-points to predict frailty were 733, 693, 693, and 471 MET-minutes per week for men, women, middle-aged adults, and older adults, respectively.
Conclusions
Regardless of PA intensity, even a short duration and low frequency of PA is linked to a lower likelihood of frailty. For middle-aged and older adults, the lower PA value may serve as an early sign indicating a greater prevalence of frailty. The findings provide insight into therapies aimed at preventing and treating frailty in middle-aged and older adults.
{"title":"Associations between dimensions of physical activity (intensity, frequency, duration, and volume) and frailty among middle-aged and older Chinese adults","authors":"Xiaoguang Zhao , Kening Xue , Runze Xu , Chonghao Wang , Xinyao Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Physical activity (PA) plays an essential role in preventing and delaying frailty. Although several studies have examined the association between PA and frailty in middle-aged and older adults, no research has considered all four PA dimensions including intensity, duration, frequency, and volume. This study examined the association between PA dimensions and the prevalence of frailty, and established PA cut-points for detecting the presence of frailty.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 9389 individuals aged 40 or older from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were involved in this cross-sectional study. Frailty was assessed using the frailty index, which was calculated by the health deficit items. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect information about PA intensity, duration, frequency, and volume. We employed logistic regression analysis to determine the associations between dimensions of PA and frailty, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to examine the optimal PA cut-point for predicting frailty according to gender and age.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prevalence of frailty was 10.6 % in middle-aged and older adults. Spending at least 1–2 days, 10–29 min per day, and 10–149 min each week in vigorous-intensity PA, moderate-intensity PA or light-intensity PA were all related to a lower likelihood of frailty, with adjusted ORs (95 % CI) ranging from 0.21 (0.12, 0.37) to 0.56 (0.41, 0.75). A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the association between the dimensions of PA and frailty remained unchanged after employing an alternative frailty criterion. ROC curves analysis indicated that the optimal PA cut-points to predict frailty were 733, 693, 693, and 471 MET-minutes per week for men, women, middle-aged adults, and older adults, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Regardless of PA intensity, even a short duration and low frequency of PA is linked to a lower likelihood of frailty. For middle-aged and older adults, the lower PA value may serve as an early sign indicating a greater prevalence of frailty. The findings provide insight into therapies aimed at preventing and treating frailty in middle-aged and older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 252-259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.005
Shi Zhou , Kade Davison , Fei Qin , Kuei-Fu Lin , Bik-Chu Chow , Jie-Xiu Zhao
{"title":"Erratum to “The roles of exercise professionals in the health care system: A comparison between Australia and China” [J Exerc Sci Fitness 17(3), (2019) 81–90 132]","authors":"Shi Zhou , Kade Davison , Fei Qin , Kuei-Fu Lin , Bik-Chu Chow , Jie-Xiu Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Page 229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of brief cryostimulation of the soles of the feet on exercise performance, thermoregulation, and cardiovascular function during an inter-exercise rest period in a hot environment.
Methods
Eight physically active and healthy adults (6 males, 2 females; mean age: 24.89 ± 3.10 years) participated in this randomized crossover self-controlled study. To determine exercise intensity, the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test was conducted as a preliminary step. After a minimum 72-h interval, participants performed intermittent cycling consisting of two phases. The first phase included 15 min of steady-state exercise (SSE) at 70 % VO2max, followed by 15 min of maximal cycling effort (MCE) (≥70 % VO2max). Participants then rested in a seated position for 10 min, during which they were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: CON (stationary rest) or Sole-Cryo (2-min sole cryostimulation using a −50 °C ice pack). After the rest period, they proceeded to the second phase, completing a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test at an intensity exceeding 70 % VO2max. All exercise sessions were conducted in a hot environment (35 °C, 60 % relative humidity). During the experiment, esophageal temperature (Tes), skin temperature (Tsk), thigh muscle temperature (TMT), skin forearm blood flow (Skin FBF), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) were continuously monitored. The ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (TS) were recorded every 2-min.
Results
Time to exhaustion was significantly longer in the Sole-Cryo condition compared to the CON condition (CON: 3.23 ± 1.07 min vs. Sole-Cryo:3.92 ± 1.10 min, p < 0.01). In contrast, Tes showed no significant difference between conditions (p > 0.05). During the 10-min resting period, both Tsk (CON: 37.25 ± 0.36 °C vs. Sole-Cryo: 36.60 ± 0.42 °C, p < 0.05) and skin FBF (CON: 12.57 ± 2.71 ml/min/100 ml vs. Sole-Cryo: 10.89 ± 2.25 ml/min/100 ml, p < 0.05) were significantly lower in the Sole-Cryo condition. However, TMT, HR, SV, and CO remained unchanged between conditions (p > 0.05). Additionally, at the 52 nd min of PT, both RPE (CON: 19.37 ± 0.74 vs. Sole-Cryo: 16.88 ± 1.26, p < 0.05) and TS (CON: 3.75 ± 0.46 vs. Sole-Cryo: 2.75 ± 0.46, p < 0.05) were significantly lower in the Sole-Cryo condition.
Conclusions
Brief cryostimulation interventions applied to the soles during rest periods in a hot environment did not significantly affect core body temperature or the cardiovascular system. However, it lowered Tsk and skin FBF and improved perceptual responses such as RPE and thermal sensation. These improvements may have contri
目的：本研究旨在评估在高温环境下，短暂低温刺激足底对运动表现、体温调节和心血管功能的影响。方法体力活动健康成人8例(男6例，女2例；平均年龄：24.89±3.10岁)参加本随机交叉自我对照研究。为了确定运动强度，进行最大摄氧量（VO2max）测试作为初步步骤。在至少72小时的间隔后，参与者进行由两个阶段组成的间歇性循环。第一阶段包括以70% VO2max进行15分钟的稳态运动（SSE），然后进行15分钟的最大循环努力（MCE）（≥70% VO2max）。然后参与者以坐姿休息10分钟，在此期间，他们被随机分配到两种条件中的一种：CON（静止休息）或sole - cryo（使用- 50°C冰袋进行2分钟的鞋底冷冻刺激）。休息后，他们进入第二阶段，在超过70% VO2max的强度下完成疲劳时间（TTE）测试。所有运动均在高温环境（35°C， 60%相对湿度）下进行。实验期间，连续监测大鼠食管温度（Tes）、皮肤温度（Tsk）、大腿肌温度（TMT）、皮肤前臂血流量（skin FBF）、心率（HR）、搏量（SV）、心输出量（CO）。每2分钟记录一次运动知觉评分（RPE）和热感觉评分（TS）。结果鞋底冷冻组的衰竭时间明显长于对照组(CON: 3.23±1.07 min vs.鞋底冷冻组：3.92±1.10 min, p <；0.01)。相比之下，Tes在不同条件下无显著差异(p >；0.05)。在10 min的静息期，Tsk (CON: 37.25±0.36°C vs. Sole-Cryo: 36.60±0.42°C, p <；0.05)和皮肤FBF (CON: 12.57±2.71 ml/min/100 ml vs. Sole-Cryo: 10.89±2.25 ml/min/100 ml, p <；0.05)，单冷条件下显著降低。然而，TMT、HR、SV和CO在不同条件下保持不变(p >；0.05)。此外，在PT的第52分钟，两种RPE (CON: 19.37±0.74 vs. Sole-Cryo: 16.88±1.26,p <；0.05)和TS(反对:3.75±0.46 vs Sole-Cryo: 2.75±0.46,p & lt;0.05)，单冷条件下显著降低。结论在高温环境下休息时对足底进行短暂低温刺激对核心体温和心血管系统无显著影响。然而，它降低了Tsk和皮肤FBF，改善了感知反应，如RPE和热感觉。这些改进可能有助于延长疲劳时间。
{"title":"Enhancing intermittent exercise performance through brief sole cryostimulation during breaks in a hot environment","authors":"XiaoYue Hu , Yutaro Nakagawa , Kazuyuki Kanatani , Takashi Kawabata","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of brief cryostimulation of the soles of the feet on exercise performance, thermoregulation, and cardiovascular function during an inter-exercise rest period in a hot environment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Eight physically active and healthy adults (6 males, 2 females; mean age: 24.89 ± 3.10 years) participated in this randomized crossover self-controlled study. To determine exercise intensity, the maximal oxygen uptake (<em>V</em>O<sub>2max</sub>) test was conducted as a preliminary step. After a minimum 72-h interval, participants performed intermittent cycling consisting of two phases. The first phase included 15 min of steady-state exercise (SSE) at 70 % <em>V</em>O<sub>2max</sub>, followed by 15 min of maximal cycling effort (MCE) (≥70 % <em>V</em>O<sub>2max</sub>). Participants then rested in a seated position for 10 min, during which they were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: CON (stationary rest) or Sole-Cryo (2-min sole cryostimulation using a −50 °C ice pack). After the rest period, they proceeded to the second phase, completing a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test at an intensity exceeding 70 % <em>V</em>O<sub>2max</sub>. All exercise sessions were conducted in a hot environment (35 °C, 60 % relative humidity). During the experiment, esophageal temperature (T<sub>es</sub>), skin temperature (T<sub>sk</sub>), thigh muscle temperature (TMT), skin forearm blood flow (Skin FBF), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) were continuously monitored. The ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (TS) were recorded every 2-min.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Time to exhaustion was significantly longer in the Sole-Cryo condition compared to the CON condition (CON: 3.23 ± 1.07 min vs. Sole-Cryo:3.92 ± 1.10 min, <em>p</em> < 0.01). In contrast, T<sub>es</sub> showed no significant difference between conditions (<em>p</em> > 0.05). During the 10-min resting period, both T<sub>sk</sub> (CON: 37.25 ± 0.36 °C vs. Sole-Cryo: 36.60 ± 0.42 °C, <em>p</em> < 0.05) and skin FBF (CON: 12.57 ± 2.71 ml/min/100 ml vs. Sole-Cryo: 10.89 ± 2.25 ml/min/100 ml, <em>p</em> < 0.05) were significantly lower in the Sole-Cryo condition. However, TMT, HR, SV, and CO remained unchanged between conditions (<em>p</em> > 0.05). Additionally, at the 52 nd min of PT, both RPE (CON: 19.37 ± 0.74 vs. Sole-Cryo: 16.88 ± 1.26, <em>p</em> < 0.05) and TS (CON: 3.75 ± 0.46 vs. Sole-Cryo: 2.75 ± 0.46, <em>p</em> < 0.05) were significantly lower in the Sole-Cryo condition.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Brief cryostimulation interventions applied to the soles during rest periods in a hot environment did not significantly affect core body temperature or the cardiovascular system. However, it lowered T<sub>sk</sub> and skin FBF and improved perceptual responses such as RPE and thermal sensation. These improvements may have contri","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 230-239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.004
Yanping Duan , Yanping Wang , Wei Liang , Heung-Sang Wong , Julien Steven Baker , Shuyan Yang
Background
Older adults with mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms (MMDS) are at high risk of developing severe depression along with mortality and disability. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and preliminary effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in older adults with MMDS in a small sample size.
Methods
Three elderly centers involving 24 older adults with MMDS were randomized into: 1) HIIT (n = 8); 2) moderate-intensity continuous training (Baduanjin Qigong) (MICT-BDJ) (n = 8); or 3) recreation workshop (RW) control (n = 8) for 16-week (32 session) intervention. Feasibility was assessed using retention rate, session attendance rate, exercise intensity adherence, acceptability, and safety. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Chinese version of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, while physical fitness (PF) was measured using the Senior Fitness Test. Depressive symptoms and PF were evaluated at baseline and post-intervention.
Results
20 participants completed data collection twice. The retention rate was 87.5 % (7/8), 87.5 % (7/8), 75 % (6/8) for HIIT, MICT-BDJ, and RW, respectively. 87.5 % (7/8) of HIIT participants completed at least 75 % of exercise sessions. 81.4 % of HIIT participants achieved pre-designed intensity (≥80 % maximum heart rate) during high-intensity intervals. All HIIT (7/7) participants were satisfied with their group allocation. More HIIT (6/7) than MICT-BDJ (5/7) participants found exercise enjoyable. Two mild adverse events were reported in HIIT group. HIIT improved depressive symptoms more than MICT-BDJ (d = -1.02) and RW (d = -1.32). Both HIIT (d = 1.26) and MICT-BDJ (d = 1.39) improved PF more than RW.
Conclusions
This study provides preliminary evidence on the feasibility and effect of HIIT for older adults with MMD. Both HIIT and MICT-BDJ improved depressive symptoms and PF. HIIT demonstrated better efficacy in depressive symptoms and mobility than MICT-BDJ. The findings should be interpreted cautiously due to several limitations. The rigorous cluster randomized controlled trial with large-scale sample size is warranted in the future to affirm the current findings.
{"title":"Feasibility and effects of high-intensity interval training in older adults with mild to moderate depressive symptoms: A pilot cluster-randomized controlled trial","authors":"Yanping Duan , Yanping Wang , Wei Liang , Heung-Sang Wong , Julien Steven Baker , Shuyan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Older adults with mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms (MMDS) are at high risk of developing severe depression along with mortality and disability. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and preliminary effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in older adults with MMDS in a small sample size.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Three elderly centers involving 24 older adults with MMDS were randomized into: 1) HIIT (n = 8); 2) moderate-intensity continuous training (Baduanjin Qigong) (MICT-BDJ) (n = 8); or 3) recreation workshop (RW) control (n = 8) for 16-week (32 session) intervention. Feasibility was assessed using retention rate, session attendance rate, exercise intensity adherence, acceptability, and safety. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Chinese version of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, while physical fitness (PF) was measured using the Senior Fitness Test. Depressive symptoms and PF were evaluated at baseline and post-intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>20 participants completed data collection twice. The retention rate was 87.5 % (7/8), 87.5 % (7/8), 75 % (6/8) for HIIT, MICT-BDJ, and RW, respectively. 87.5 % (7/8) of HIIT participants completed at least 75 % of exercise sessions. 81.4 % of HIIT participants achieved pre-designed intensity (≥80 % maximum heart rate) during high-intensity intervals. All HIIT (7/7) participants were satisfied with their group allocation. More HIIT (6/7) than MICT-BDJ (5/7) participants found exercise enjoyable. Two mild adverse events were reported in HIIT group. HIIT improved depressive symptoms more than MICT-BDJ (<em>d</em> = <strong>-</strong>1.02) and RW (<em>d</em> = <strong>-</strong>1.32). Both HIIT (<em>d</em> = 1.26) and MICT-BDJ (<em>d</em> = 1.39) improved PF more than RW.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides preliminary evidence on the feasibility and effect of HIIT for older adults with MMD. Both HIIT and MICT-BDJ improved depressive symptoms and PF. HIIT demonstrated better efficacy in depressive symptoms and mobility than MICT-BDJ. The findings should be interpreted cautiously due to several limitations. The rigorous cluster randomized controlled trial with large-scale sample size is warranted in the future to affirm the current findings.</div></div><div><h3>Trial registration</h3><div>Trial Registration: NCT06014294.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 246-251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.002
Siu Ming Choi , Grant R. Tomkinson , Justin J. Lang , Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez , Haoyu Dong , Si Man Lei , Eric Tsz Chun Poon
Objective
This study examined temporal trends in physical fitness among preschool children aged 3–5 years from the Macao Special Administrative Region, China between 2002 and 2020.
Methods
Representative repeated cross-sectional physical fitness data were collected in 2002, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 (n = 4514). Body size (height, weight, and chest, waist and hip circumferences) and physical fitness (2x10-m shuttle run, standing long jump, walking balance, two-leg continuous jump, overhead throw, and sit-and-reach) were objectively measured. Trends in means were calculated using general linear models. Models were adjusted for gender, age, height, and weight. Trends in distributional characteristics were calculated as the ratio of the coefficients of variation and described visually.
Results
We found significant but small increases in height, weight, and chest circumference (standardised effect size [ES] = 0.27–0.42), a significant moderate increase in hip circumference (ES = 0.59), and a negligible trend in waist circumference. Physical fitness trends were conflicting, with negligible to small declines in throwing (ES = −0.14) and balance (ES = −0.32) performance, and negligible to small improvements in other measures (ES = 0.19–0.34). We found negligible trends in distributional variability and differing trends in distributional asymmetry.
Conclusion
Overall, these findings suggest modest growth and development among Macao preschoolers over the past two decades. Our findings also highlight the importance of ongoing monitoring to support physical fitness and overall health in early childhood. Continuous screening and monitoring are crucial for identifying trends and informing future health initiatives.
{"title":"Temporal trends in physical fitness among preschoolers from Macao Special Administrative Region between 2002 and 2020","authors":"Siu Ming Choi , Grant R. Tomkinson , Justin J. Lang , Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez , Haoyu Dong , Si Man Lei , Eric Tsz Chun Poon","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study examined temporal trends in physical fitness among preschool children aged 3–5 years from the Macao Special Administrative Region, China between 2002 and 2020.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Representative repeated cross-sectional physical fitness data were collected in 2002, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 (<em>n</em> = 4514). Body size (height, weight, and chest, waist and hip circumferences) and physical fitness (2x10-m shuttle run, standing long jump, walking balance, two-leg continuous jump, overhead throw, and sit-and-reach) were objectively measured. Trends in means were calculated using general linear models. Models were adjusted for gender, age, height, and weight. Trends in distributional characteristics were calculated as the ratio of the coefficients of variation and described visually.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found significant but small increases in height, weight, and chest circumference (standardised effect size [ES] = 0.27–0.42), a significant moderate increase in hip circumference (ES = 0.59), and a negligible trend in waist circumference. Physical fitness trends were conflicting, with negligible to small declines in throwing (ES = −0.14) and balance (ES = −0.32) performance, and negligible to small improvements in other measures (ES = 0.19–0.34). We found negligible trends in distributional variability and differing trends in distributional asymmetry.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Overall, these findings suggest modest growth and development among Macao preschoolers over the past two decades. Our findings also highlight the importance of ongoing monitoring to support physical fitness and overall health in early childhood. Continuous screening and monitoring are crucial for identifying trends and informing future health initiatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 240-245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.001
Zongyu Yang , Long Yin , Fang Li , Pan Liu , Yi Tang , Bin Yang
Objective
This study seeks to explore the role of children's fundamental movement skills(FMS) within the framework of 24-h Movement Behaviors and executive function(EF)through the application of structural equation modeling (SEM).
Methods
The study employs a cross-sectional design. Apart from sleep data, which was collected via questionnaires, all other data were objectively measured using ActiGraph wGT3-BT accelerometers. EF was assessed using N-Back and Flanker tasks, while FMS was evaluated using the third edition of the test of gross motor development (TGMD-3). Both the isometric log-ratio (ILR) transformation and SEM were conducted using RStudio software.
Results
Overall, 24-h Movement Behaviors predicted children's inhibitory control(IC) reaction time (P = 0.018). FMS significantly predicted both IC and working memory (WM) (P = 0.001). However, the direct impact of 24-h Movement Behaviors on FMS was not significant (P > 0.050). The interaction between FMS and overall, 24-h Movement Behaviors, along with their observed variables significantly promoted the positive development of children's EF (P < 0.050).
Conclusion
Within the 24-h Movement Behaviors framework, FMS did not exhibit its previously established mediating role. However, the interaction between FMS and 24-h Movement Behaviors positively promoted the development of children's EF. This suggests that FMS plays an important regulatory role in the relationship between 24-h Movement Behaviors and EF, which is significant for the overall development of children.
{"title":"The relationship between 24-h Movement Behaviors and executive function in children aged 3–6 years: The mediating and moderating roles of fundamental movement skills","authors":"Zongyu Yang , Long Yin , Fang Li , Pan Liu , Yi Tang , Bin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study seeks to explore the role of children's fundamental movement skills(FMS) within the framework of 24-h Movement Behaviors and executive function(EF)through the application of structural equation modeling (SEM).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study employs a cross-sectional design. Apart from sleep data, which was collected via questionnaires, all other data were objectively measured using ActiGraph wGT3-BT accelerometers. EF was assessed using N-Back and Flanker tasks, while FMS was evaluated using the third edition of the test of gross motor development (TGMD-3). Both the isometric log-ratio (ILR) transformation and SEM were conducted using RStudio software.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall, 24-h Movement Behaviors predicted children's inhibitory control(IC) reaction time (P = 0.018). FMS significantly predicted both IC and working memory (WM) (P = 0.001). However, the direct impact of 24-h Movement Behaviors on FMS was not significant (P > 0.050). The interaction between FMS and overall, 24-h Movement Behaviors, along with their observed variables significantly promoted the positive development of children's EF (P < 0.050).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Within the 24-h Movement Behaviors framework, FMS did not exhibit its previously established mediating role. However, the interaction between FMS and 24-h Movement Behaviors positively promoted the development of children's EF. This suggests that FMS plays an important regulatory role in the relationship between 24-h Movement Behaviors and EF, which is significant for the overall development of children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 213-221"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.04.003
Tian Yue , Fengya Li , Yan Wang
Objective
Human attentional mechanisms comprise three distinct networks: alerting, orienting, and executive control. Studies assessing the acute effects of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on these networks have yielded inconsistent results. Similarly, the acute effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on these networks remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of HIIT and MICT on the functioning of attentional networks and explored the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and these networks in healthy young adults.
Methods
Thirty-six healthy college students completed HIIT, MICT, and a resting (CON) session in a randomized cross-over design. The HIIT protocol comprised 10 × 1-min bouts at 100 % peak power output (Wpeak) with 1 min of active recovery at 20 % Wpeak. The MICT protocol was applied at 40 % Wpeak for 30 min. Functioning of the attentional networks was assessed post-intervention using the Attention Network Test for Interactions (ANT-I). HRV was recorded pre- and post-exercise/rest and during the ANT-I.
Results
HIIT significantly reduced the alerting function compared to CON (p = 0.017) but enhanced executive control compared to CON (p = 0.001) and MICT (p = 0.002). Following HIIT, immediate reductions in the log-transformed root mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD) were significantly correlated with alerting (r = 0.554, p = 0.001) and executive control functions (r = 0.412, p = 0.016). Task-related LnRMSSD reductions also correlated with alerting (r = 0.424, p = 0.013) and executive control functions (r = 0.356, p = 0.039).
Conclusion
A single session of HIIT selectively modulated the functioning of attentional networks, decreasing alerting function while enhancing executive control. These effects were partly mediated by increased arousal resulting from parasympathetic withdrawal.
人类的注意机制包括三个不同的网络：警报、定向和执行控制。评估中等强度连续训练（MICT）对这些神经网络的急性影响的研究得出了不一致的结果。同样，高强度间歇训练（HIIT）对这些神经网络的急性影响尚不清楚。因此，本研究调查了HIIT和MICT对健康年轻人注意网络功能的影响，并探讨了心率变异性（HRV）与这些网络之间的关系。方法采用随机交叉设计，36名健康大学生完成HIIT、MICT和休息（CON）。HIIT方案包括在100%峰值功率输出（Wpeak）下进行10次1分钟的回合，在20%峰值功率输出时进行1分钟的主动恢复。在40%的峰值下使用MICT协议30分钟。干预后使用注意网络相互作用测试（ANT-I）评估注意网络的功能。记录运动前、运动后/休息和ANT-I期间的HRV。结果与CON相比，shiit显著降低了患者的报警功能（p = 0.017），但与CON （p = 0.001）和MICT （p = 0.002）相比，shiit增强了患者的执行控制功能。HIIT后，对数变换后的连续差异均方根（LnRMSSD）的立即降低与报警（r = 0.554, p = 0.001）和执行控制功能（r = 0.412, p = 0.016）显著相关。与任务相关的LnRMSSD减少也与警报（r = 0.424, p = 0.013）和执行控制功能（r = 0.356, p = 0.039）相关。结论单次HIIT有选择性地调节了注意网络的功能，降低了警报功能，增强了执行控制。这些影响部分是由副交感神经戒断引起的觉醒增加介导的。
{"title":"Effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on the functioning of attentional networks and heart rate variability in healthy young adults","authors":"Tian Yue , Fengya Li , Yan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Human attentional mechanisms comprise three distinct networks: alerting, orienting, and executive control. Studies assessing the acute effects of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on these networks have yielded inconsistent results. Similarly, the acute effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on these networks remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of HIIT and MICT on the functioning of attentional networks and explored the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and these networks in healthy young adults.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty-six healthy college students completed HIIT, MICT, and a resting (CON) session in a randomized cross-over design. The HIIT protocol comprised 10 × 1-min bouts at 100 % peak power output (Wpeak) with 1 min of active recovery at 20 % Wpeak. The MICT protocol was applied at 40 % Wpeak for 30 min. Functioning of the attentional networks was assessed post-intervention using the Attention Network Test for Interactions (ANT-I). HRV was recorded pre- and post-exercise/rest and during the ANT-I.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>HIIT significantly reduced the alerting function compared to CON (<em>p</em> = 0.017) but enhanced executive control compared to CON (<em>p</em> = 0.001) and MICT (<em>p</em> = 0.002). Following HIIT, immediate reductions in the log-transformed root mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD) were significantly correlated with alerting (r = 0.554, <em>p</em> = 0.001) and executive control functions (r = 0.412, <em>p</em> = 0.016). Task-related LnRMSSD reductions also correlated with alerting (r = 0.424, <em>p</em> = 0.013) and executive control functions (r = 0.356, <em>p</em> = 0.039).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A single session of HIIT selectively modulated the functioning of attentional networks, decreasing alerting function while enhancing executive control. These effects were partly mediated by increased arousal resulting from parasympathetic withdrawal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 203-212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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