Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.005
Kheng Win Khor , Kuan-Yu Lin , Chih-Wen Hsu , Jong-Shyan Wang
Objective
This study investigates whether 5-min ischemic preconditioning (IR5) more effectively reduces submaximal exercise blood pressure and improves muscle oxygenation compared to 2-min ischemia (IR2) or 2-min isometric priming (IM2).
Methods
Twenty untrained men (10 prehypertensive; 10 normotensive) completed, in randomized order, IR5 (3 × 5 min bilateral limb occlusion at 220 mmHg), IR2 (3 × 2 min bilateral occlusion), and IM2 (3 × 2 min 30 % maximal voluntary contraction isometric knee extension), each followed by the submaximal exercise test. Outcomes were exercise heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation including Δdeoxyhemoglobin (ΔHHb), Δtotal hemoglobin (ΔtHb), and Δtissue saturation index (ΔTSI).
Results
IR5 significantly attenuated the submaximal pressor response, reducing SBP by mean difference (MD) = −2.23 mmHg (P < .001, ηp2 = 0.395) compared with both IR2 and IM2. A significant Condition × Group interaction (P = .023) indicated that the MAP reduction was confined to prehypertensive participants (MD = −3.14 mmHg, P = .003). During exercise, IR5 increased ΔtHb by MD = 1.56 μmol/L (ηp2 = 0.606) and mitigated the decline in ΔTSI by MD = 2.98 % (ηp2 = 0.716) without altering ΔHHb. In contrast, IR2 and IM2 elicited similar occlusion-phase deoxygenation but did not modify exercise hemodynamics or oxygenation metrics.
Conclusion
IR5 effectively lowers SBP and MAP during submaximal exercise and improves muscle oxygenation. It is a safe, non-pharmacological pre-exercise strategy to manage blood pressure and potentially reduce cardiovascular risk.
{"title":"Acute effects of ischemic preconditioning and isometric exercise on blood pressure in prehypertensive males","authors":"Kheng Win Khor , Kuan-Yu Lin , Chih-Wen Hsu , Jong-Shyan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study investigates whether 5-min ischemic preconditioning (IR5) more effectively reduces submaximal exercise blood pressure and improves muscle oxygenation compared to 2-min ischemia (IR2) or 2-min isometric priming (IM2).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty untrained men (10 prehypertensive; 10 normotensive) completed, in randomized order, IR5 (3 × 5 min bilateral limb occlusion at 220 mmHg), IR2 (3 × 2 min bilateral occlusion), and IM2 (3 × 2 min 30 % maximal voluntary contraction isometric knee extension), each followed by the submaximal exercise test. Outcomes were exercise heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation including Δdeoxyhemoglobin (ΔHHb), Δtotal hemoglobin (ΔtHb), and Δtissue saturation index (ΔTSI).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>IR5 significantly attenuated the submaximal pressor response, reducing SBP by mean difference (MD) = −2.23 mmHg (<em>P</em> < .001, ηp<sup>2</sup> = 0.395) compared with both IR2 and IM2. A significant Condition × Group interaction (<em>P</em> = .023) indicated that the MAP reduction was confined to prehypertensive participants (MD = −3.14 mmHg, <em>P</em> = .003). During exercise, IR5 increased ΔtHb by MD = 1.56 μmol/L (ηp<sup>2</sup> = 0.606) and mitigated the decline in ΔTSI by MD = 2.98 % (ηp<sup>2</sup> = 0.716) without altering ΔHHb. In contrast, IR2 and IM2 elicited similar occlusion-phase deoxygenation but did not modify exercise hemodynamics or oxygenation metrics.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>IR5 effectively lowers SBP and MAP during submaximal exercise and improves muscle oxygenation. It is a safe, non-pharmacological pre-exercise strategy to manage blood pressure and potentially reduce cardiovascular risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 507-514"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 24-h movement behavior framework, which integrates physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and sleep, acknowledges the co-dependent nature of time-use behaviors within a finite day. While these behaviors have been linked to cognitive performance in children, few studies have applied compositional data analysis (CoDA), and none have examined potential sex differences.
Objective
To explore sex-specific associations between 24-h movement behavior compositions and selective attention and cognitive flexibility in a sample of socioeconomically vulnerable Chilean children using CoDA.
Methods
Baseline data from 161 children (8–10 years old) participating in the Active-Start trial were analyzed. Movement behaviors were assessed via 9-day wrist-worn accelerometers. Selective attention was assessed using the d2 Test of Attention, and cognitive flexibility was measured with the Design Fluency Test.
Results
Boys accumulated more moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA; 83.5 [57.6–109.7] min) than girls (67.7 [52.3–78.1] min), whereas girls engaged in more light PA (219.9 ± 37.7 min) than boys (205.7 ± 38.1 min; P < 0.05). Among boys, reallocating daily time to MVPA at the expense of other behaviors was associated with increased processing speed (unstandardized-beta [B] = 53.501, 95 %confidence-interval [CI] 14.393; 92.609, P = 0.008) and concentration (B = 25.099, 95 %CI 4.816; 45.382, P = 0.016), as well as cognitive flexibility (B = 5.913, 95 %CI 1.995; 9.832, P = 0.004). No significant associations were observed in girls (P > 0.05). A non-significant association was observed linking sedentary behavior with cognitive performance in both sexes.
Conclusion
These findings highlight potential sex-specific benefits of MVPA and support the use of CoDA in understanding how daily time use relates to cognitive performance in children.
24小时运动行为框架整合了身体活动（PA）、久坐行为和睡眠，承认在有限的一天内时间使用行为的相互依赖性质。虽然这些行为与儿童的认知表现有关，但很少有研究应用成分数据分析（CoDA），也没有研究潜在的性别差异。目的探讨智利社会经济弱势儿童24小时运动行为构成与选择性注意和认知灵活性的性别相关性。方法对参与Active-Start试验的161名儿童（8-10岁）的基线数据进行分析。通过9天的腕带加速度计评估运动行为。使用d2注意力测试评估选择性注意力，使用设计流畅性测试测量认知灵活性。结果男孩累积的中重度PA （MVPA; 83.5 [57.6-109.7] min）多于女孩（67.7 [52.3-78.1]min），而女孩累积的轻度PA（219.9±37.7 min）多于男孩（205.7±38.1 min; P < 0.05）。在男孩中，以牺牲其他行为为代价将日常时间重新分配给MVPA与处理速度（非标准化贝塔系数[B] = 53.501, 95%置信区间[CI] 14.393; 92.609, P = 0.008）和注意力（B = 25.099, 95% CI 4.816; 45.382, P = 0.016）以及认知灵活性（B = 5.913, 95% CI 1.995; 9.832, P = 0.004）相关。在女孩中未观察到显著相关性（P > 0.05）。研究发现，在两性中，久坐行为与认知能力之间并无显著关联。结论：这些发现突出了MVPA潜在的性别特异性益处，并支持使用CoDA来理解儿童日常时间使用与认知表现的关系。
{"title":"Sex-stratified compositional analysis of 24-h movement behaviors and their relationship with selective attention and cognitive flexibility in socioeconomically vulnerable children","authors":"Jacinto Muñoz-Pardeza , Óscar Martínez-de-Quel , Unai Azcarate , Adrià Muntaner-Mas , Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda , Juan Hurtado-Almonacid , Ignacio Hormazábal-Aguayo , Antonio García-Hermoso , Yasmin Ezzatvar","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The 24-h movement behavior framework, which integrates physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and sleep, acknowledges the co-dependent nature of time-use behaviors within a finite day. While these behaviors have been linked to cognitive performance in children, few studies have applied compositional data analysis (CoDA), and none have examined potential sex differences.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To explore sex-specific associations between 24-h movement behavior compositions and selective attention and cognitive flexibility in a sample of socioeconomically vulnerable Chilean children using CoDA.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Baseline data from 161 children (8–10 years old) participating in the Active-Start trial were analyzed. Movement behaviors were assessed via 9-day wrist-worn accelerometers. Selective attention was assessed using the d2 Test of Attention, and cognitive flexibility was measured with the Design Fluency Test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Boys accumulated more moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA; 83.5 [57.6–109.7] min) than girls (67.7 [52.3–78.1] min), whereas girls engaged in more light PA (219.9 ± 37.7 min) than boys (205.7 ± 38.1 min; <em>P</em> < 0.05). Among boys, reallocating daily time to MVPA at the expense of other behaviors was associated with increased processing speed (unstandardized-beta [<em>B</em>] = 53.501, 95 %confidence-interval [CI] 14.393; 92.609, <em>P</em> = 0.008) and concentration (<em>B</em> = 25.099, 95 %CI 4.816; 45.382, <em>P</em> = 0.016), as well as cognitive flexibility (<em>B</em> = 5.913, 95 %CI 1.995; 9.832, <em>P</em> = 0.004). No significant associations were observed in girls (<em>P</em> > 0.05). A non-significant association was observed linking sedentary behavior with cognitive performance in both sexes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings highlight potential sex-specific benefits of MVPA and support the use of CoDA in understanding how daily time use relates to cognitive performance in children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 498-506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.007
Vedrana Sember , Gregor Jurak , Gregor Starc , Marjeta Kovač , Farid Bardid , Shawnda A. Morrison
Background
The Global Matrix is an international initiative that monitors 10 indicators of health-related behaviours and sources of influence on child physical activity (PA) including within the school environment. This study examined global secular trends for the School indicator across Global Matrices 1.0 to 4.0, including its underlying benchmark evidence and socioeconomic indicators across the diverse global regions of participating jurisdictions.
Methods
School indicator and benchmarking data for each country were compiled for every Global Matrix edition from peer-reviewed and online resources. Benchmark scoring distributions, secular trends and socioeconomic indicators were synthesised to determine the variety and utility of each benchmark by region for report cards published from 2014 to 2024. Bivariate correlations were conducted within-edition between socioeconomic data and School indicator final scores.
Results
To date, >68 countries/jurisdictions have participated in at least one Global Matrix. Disparity in School indicator grades were apparent (range: A to F), irrespective of regional gross domestic product. The most common benchmark cited was “percent of schools where the majority (≥80 %) are offered the mandated amount of physical education (PE)”. Final grades were significantly associated to a country's GINI score (a measure of income inequality distribution; τ values = 0.274 to 0.572, p values= <0.001 to 0.030).
Conclusion
The School indicator is widely used across regions, and despite differences in countries’ socioeconomic development, its grading has remained balanced through its consistent use of key benchmarks, especially those reflecting a required amount of PE, and access to facilities and equipment. Countries with greater income equality tended to be graded higher on the School indicator than those exhibiting less income equality.
{"title":"One decade of school environment monitoring and its influence on providing adequate opportunities for engaging in physical activity from the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance Global Matrices 1.0 to 4.0","authors":"Vedrana Sember , Gregor Jurak , Gregor Starc , Marjeta Kovač , Farid Bardid , Shawnda A. Morrison","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Global Matrix is an international initiative that monitors 10 indicators of health-related behaviours and sources of influence on child physical activity (PA) including within the school environment. This study examined global secular trends for the School indicator across Global Matrices 1.0 to 4.0, including its underlying benchmark evidence and socioeconomic indicators across the diverse global regions of participating jurisdictions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>School indicator and benchmarking data for each country were compiled for every Global Matrix edition from peer-reviewed and online resources. Benchmark scoring distributions, secular trends and socioeconomic indicators were synthesised to determine the variety and utility of each benchmark by region for report cards published from 2014 to 2024. Bivariate correlations were conducted within-edition between socioeconomic data and School indicator final scores.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>To date, >68 countries/jurisdictions have participated in at least one Global Matrix. Disparity in School indicator grades were apparent (range: A to F), irrespective of regional gross domestic product. The most common benchmark cited was “percent of schools where the majority (≥80 %) are offered the mandated amount of physical education (PE)”. Final grades were significantly associated to a country's GINI score (a measure of income inequality distribution; <em>τ</em> values <strong>=</strong> 0.274 to 0.572, <em>p</em> values= <0.001 to 0.030).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The School indicator is widely used across regions, and despite differences in countries’ socioeconomic development, its grading has remained balanced through its consistent use of key benchmarks, especially those reflecting a required amount of PE, and access to facilities and equipment. Countries with greater income equality tended to be graded higher on the School indicator than those exhibiting less income equality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 480-486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Associations between sedentary behavior (SB) during leisure time and the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis are inconclusive. We aimed to examine the impact of replacing sedentary time with equivalent durations of various physical activities on the risk of developing osteoporosis.
Methods
This is a sub-study from the UK Biobank, in which heel bone mineral density (BMD) was measured via ultrasound densitometry among 193,600 participants. A Logistic regression model and an isotemporal substitution model were used in the analyses.
Results
In this study, 52,430 osteopenia cases were recorded, of which 2443 were defined as osteoporosis. In comparison to participants with leisure-time SB < 5 h/day, the odds ratio (OR) of osteoporosis risk was 1.38 (95 % confidence interval [CI): 1.17–1.62) for >8 h/day. Replacing 30 min/day of leisure sedentary time with an equal time spent in the walk for pleasure was associated with a 3 % decrease of osteopenia risk and an 8 % decrease of osteoporosis risk, and replacing 3 min of leisure-time SB with an equal amount of strenuous sports was significantly associated with a 4 % reduction in the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia (OR = 0.96, 95 %CI: 0.93–0.98 and OR = 0.96, 95 %CI: 0.96–0.97). Furthermore, strenuous sports as an alternative to SBs was significantly associated with a lower risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis, especially in participants achieving 1.5–2.5 h of summer light hours.
Conclusion
Leisure-time SB was positively associated with the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Replacing sedentary time with equal time of PA and achieving 1.5–2.5 h of summer sun exposure could be an effective way to reduce osteopenia and osteoporosis burden.
{"title":"Replacement of leisure-time sedentary behavior with various physical activities and the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis: evidence from the UK Biobank","authors":"Zhuoyao Tian , Yuhua Gao , Biying Zhou , Zhenger Fang , Guangjun Zheng , Haofeng Zhang , Fudong He , Xia Chen , Mingliang Liu , Yuan Wei , Liangming Li , Guang Hao , Shuang Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Associations between sedentary behavior (SB) during leisure time and the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis are inconclusive. We aimed to examine the impact of replacing sedentary time with equivalent durations of various physical activities on the risk of developing osteoporosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a sub-study from the UK Biobank, in which heel bone mineral density (BMD) was measured via ultrasound densitometry among 193,600 participants. A Logistic regression model and an isotemporal substitution model were used in the analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In this study, 52,430 osteopenia cases were recorded, of which 2443 were defined as osteoporosis. In comparison to participants with leisure-time SB < 5 h/day, the odds ratio (OR) of osteoporosis risk was 1.38 (95 % confidence interval [CI): 1.17–1.62) for >8 h/day. Replacing 30 min/day of leisure sedentary time with an equal time spent in the walk for pleasure was associated with a 3 % decrease of osteopenia risk and an 8 % decrease of osteoporosis risk, and replacing 3 min of leisure-time SB with an equal amount of strenuous sports was significantly associated with a 4 % reduction in the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia (OR = 0.96, 95 %CI: 0.93–0.98 and OR = 0.96, 95 %CI: 0.96–0.97). Furthermore, strenuous sports as an alternative to SBs was significantly associated with a lower risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis, especially in participants achieving 1.5–2.5 h of summer light hours.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Leisure-time SB was positively associated with the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Replacing sedentary time with equal time of PA and achieving 1.5–2.5 h of summer sun exposure could be an effective way to reduce osteopenia and osteoporosis burden.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 426-434"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.001
Li Shu , Ruizhe Jiang , Fang Wang , Yongjin Xu , Ping Wang , Yuanying Ma , Jinxia Pan , Cong Huang
<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Due to variations in exercise protocols, the effects of exercise on GDM remain inconsistent. This review aims to explore the effects of exercise on maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with GDM, and whether there is a dose-response relationship between exercise volume and pregnancy outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, and VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Full-Text Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials. Cochrane RevMan and R were used for statistical analysis, and studies were evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Weighted-mean standardized mean differences were calculated using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using <em>I</em><sup>2</sup>.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-four studies and 3,477 participants were included. Results from meta-analysis showed that exercise significantly lowered fasting blood glucose (FBG) (SMD = −1.69, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 96 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001), 2-h postprandial blood glucose (2-hPBG) (SMD = −2.10, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 96 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001), and glycated hemoglobin (MD = −0.95, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 98 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001) and reduced the risk of gestational hypertension (RR = 0.24, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 0 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001) and cesarean section (RR = 0.71, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 53 %, <em>p</em> = 0.0005), preterm birth (RR = 0.51, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 31 %, <em>p</em> = 0.002), macrosomia (RR = 0.40, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 19 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001), and neonatal hypoglycemia (RR = 0.49, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 0 %, <em>p</em> = 0.03). Subgroup analyses indicated that moderate combined aerobic and resistance exercise improved FBG (SMD = −2.39, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 98 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001), 2-hPBG (SMD = −2.96, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 97 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001) and reduced the risks of cesarean section (RR = 0.68, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 40 %, <em>p</em> = 0.02), preterm birth (RR = 0.46, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 23 %, <em>p</em> = 0.01) and macrosomia (RR = 0.27, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 0 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001). In addition, the meta-regression analysis demonstrated a significant dose-response relationship between exercise volume and 2-hPBG (<em>β</em> = −0.004, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 36.9 %, <em>p</em> = 0.002).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Moderate-intensity combined aerobic and resistance exercise, performed for at least 30 min per session on more than three days per week for at least six weeks, is associated with more pronounced improvements in glycemic control in women with GDM. It also reduces the risk of cesarean section, preterm birth, and macrosomia. These findings underscore the import
背景：妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）会增加不良妊娠结局的风险。由于运动方案的差异，运动对GDM的影响仍然不一致。本综述旨在探讨运动对GDM妇女孕产妇和新生儿结局的影响，以及运动量与妊娠结局之间是否存在剂量反应关系。方法检索spubmed、Embase、Web of Science、EBSCO、ScienceDirect、Cochrane Library、中国知识基础设施、万方数据、VIP中国科技期刊全文数据库进行随机对照试验检索。采用Cochrane RevMan和R进行统计分析，采用Cochrane偏倚风险评估工具对研究进行评价。采用随机效应模型计算加权平均标准化平均差。采用I2评价异质性。结果共纳入24项研究，3477名受试者。荟萃分析的结果表明,运动显著降低空腹血糖(FBG) (SMD =−1.69,I2 = 96%, p & lt; 0.0001), 2 h餐后血糖(2-hPBG) (SMD =−2.10,I2 = 96%, p & lt; 0.0001),和糖化血红蛋白(MD =−0.95,I2 = 98%, p & lt; 0.0001)和降低妊娠高血压的风险(RR = 0.24, I2 = 0%, p & lt; 0.0001)和剖腹产(RR = 0.71, I2 = 53%, p = 0.0005),早产(RR = 0.51, I2 = 31%, p = 0.002),巨大胎儿(RR = 0.40,I2 = 19%, p & lt; 0.0001),和新生儿低血糖(RR = 0.49, I2 = 0%, p = 0.03)。亚组分析显示，适度有氧和阻力联合运动改善了FBG （SMD = - 2.39, I2 = 98%, p < 0.0001）、2-hPBG （SMD = - 2.96, I2 = 97%, p < 0.0001）、剖宫产（RR = 0.68, I2 = 40%, p = 0.02）、早产（RR = 0.46, I2 = 23%, p = 0.01）和巨大儿（RR = 0.27, I2 = 0%, p < 0.0001）的风险。此外，meta回归分析显示，运动量与2-hPBG之间存在显著的剂量-反应关系（β = - 0.004, I2 = 36.9%, p = 0.002）。结论：中等强度有氧和抗阻联合运动，每次至少30分钟，每周3天以上，持续至少6周，与GDM女性血糖控制的显著改善相关。它还可以降低剖腹产、早产和巨大儿的风险。这些发现强调了优化运动处方以提高孕产妇和新生儿健康的重要性。普洛斯彼罗临床试验注册号（CRD42021286338）。
{"title":"Effects of exercise on blood glucose levels and pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis and meta-regression","authors":"Li Shu , Ruizhe Jiang , Fang Wang , Yongjin Xu , Ping Wang , Yuanying Ma , Jinxia Pan , Cong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Due to variations in exercise protocols, the effects of exercise on GDM remain inconsistent. This review aims to explore the effects of exercise on maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with GDM, and whether there is a dose-response relationship between exercise volume and pregnancy outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, and VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Full-Text Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials. Cochrane RevMan and R were used for statistical analysis, and studies were evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Weighted-mean standardized mean differences were calculated using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using <em>I</em><sup>2</sup>.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-four studies and 3,477 participants were included. Results from meta-analysis showed that exercise significantly lowered fasting blood glucose (FBG) (SMD = −1.69, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 96 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001), 2-h postprandial blood glucose (2-hPBG) (SMD = −2.10, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 96 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001), and glycated hemoglobin (MD = −0.95, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 98 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001) and reduced the risk of gestational hypertension (RR = 0.24, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 0 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001) and cesarean section (RR = 0.71, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 53 %, <em>p</em> = 0.0005), preterm birth (RR = 0.51, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 31 %, <em>p</em> = 0.002), macrosomia (RR = 0.40, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 19 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001), and neonatal hypoglycemia (RR = 0.49, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 0 %, <em>p</em> = 0.03). Subgroup analyses indicated that moderate combined aerobic and resistance exercise improved FBG (SMD = −2.39, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 98 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001), 2-hPBG (SMD = −2.96, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 97 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001) and reduced the risks of cesarean section (RR = 0.68, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 40 %, <em>p</em> = 0.02), preterm birth (RR = 0.46, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 23 %, <em>p</em> = 0.01) and macrosomia (RR = 0.27, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 0 %, <em>p</em> < 0.0001). In addition, the meta-regression analysis demonstrated a significant dose-response relationship between exercise volume and 2-hPBG (<em>β</em> = −0.004, <em>I</em><sup>2</sup> = 36.9 %, <em>p</em> = 0.002).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Moderate-intensity combined aerobic and resistance exercise, performed for at least 30 min per session on more than three days per week for at least six weeks, is associated with more pronounced improvements in glycemic control in women with GDM. It also reduces the risk of cesarean section, preterm birth, and macrosomia. These findings underscore the import","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 416-425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.002
Gengxin Dong , Xueying He , Jiya He , Dapeng Bao , Qi Gao , Junhong Zhou
Background
Aerobic exercise may improve immune component quantities in healthy and diseased populations, but its effects across different health conditions and immune systems remain unclear. This review examined its impact on immune components in both populations.
Methods
A search in June 2025 across four databases included randomized controlled studies on aerobic exercise's effects on immune components in adults. Data (M ± SD) were extracted and converted to standardized mean difference (SMD) using random-effect meta-analysis.
Results
Seventeen studies (502 participants) were included. The meta-analysis results showed long-term aerobic exercise increased T-cell counts in diseased individuals (p < 0.05) but not in healthy ones (p > 0.05). It significantly reduced IgA levels in healthy participants compared to non-exercising controls (p < 0.05), potentially counteracting natural temporal increases observed in sedentary populations, without affecting IgG, IgM, leukocytes, neutrophils, or monocytes in either group (p > 0.05). Single-pass exercise did not alter leukocytes, lymphocytes, CD3+, or NK cells in healthy participants (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
Long-term aerobic exercise primarily affects adaptive immune components, benefiting individuals with unstable immune conditions. Single-pass exercise has no effect on healthy populations, making long-term interventions more suitable for improving adaptive immunity in unstable immune states.
{"title":"Impact of aerobic exercise on immune components across healthy and diseased populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","authors":"Gengxin Dong , Xueying He , Jiya He , Dapeng Bao , Qi Gao , Junhong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Aerobic exercise may improve immune component quantities in healthy and diseased populations, but its effects across different health conditions and immune systems remain unclear. This review examined its impact on immune components in both populations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A search in June 2025 across four databases included randomized controlled studies on aerobic exercise's effects on immune components in adults. Data (M ± SD) were extracted and converted to standardized mean difference (SMD) using random-effect meta-analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Seventeen studies (502 participants) were included. The meta-analysis results showed long-term aerobic exercise increased T-cell counts in diseased individuals (p < 0.05) but not in healthy ones (p > 0.05). It significantly reduced IgA levels in healthy participants compared to non-exercising controls (p < 0.05), potentially counteracting natural temporal increases observed in sedentary populations, without affecting IgG, IgM, leukocytes, neutrophils, or monocytes in either group (p > 0.05). Single-pass exercise did not alter leukocytes, lymphocytes, CD3<sup>+</sup>, or NK cells in healthy participants (p > 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Long-term aerobic exercise primarily affects adaptive immune components, benefiting individuals with unstable immune conditions. Single-pass exercise has no effect on healthy populations, making long-term interventions more suitable for improving adaptive immunity in unstable immune states.</div></div><div><h3>Systematic review registration</h3><div><span><span>www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>, identifier: CRD42024546696.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 435-450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the effect of dark chocolate (DC) intake before resistance exercise (RE) on arterial stiffness.
Methods
Twelve healthy adult males (age, 23.0 ± 1.0 years) performed DC or white chocolate (WC) intake trial on separate days in a randomized crossover trials. Participants consumed 50g of DC containing 1285 mg cocoa polyphenols or an isocaloric amount of WC 50g without polyphenols. All participants performed 5 sets of 5 repetitions using 80 % of the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and 5 sets of 10 repetitions using 70 % of the 1RM biceps curl. Brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), blood pressure, and heart rate were measured before chocolate intake (baseline); and before (at 60 min after chocolate intake), immediately after, and at 30 and 60 min after completing the RE.
Results
In both trials, there was a significant increase in baPWV immediately after the RE compared with baseline (baseline: DC 1103 ± 94 cm/s, WC 1108 ± 167 cm/s; immediately after RE: DC 1300 ± 187 cm/s, WC 1325 ± 178 cm/s; P < 0.05). In the DC intake trial, baPWV decreased to 1210 ± 180 cm/s at 30 min and 1155 ± 134 cm/s at 60 min after RE, compared to immediately after RE (P < 0.05). In contrast, in the WC intake trial baPWV was decreased to 1222 ± 176 cm/s at 60 min after RE compared to immediately after RE (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
These results suggest that in comparison with WC intake, DC intake before RE might quickly reduce post-exercise increased arterial stiffness. Clinical Trials Registry Number: UMIN000052616.
{"title":"Acute effect of dark chocolate intake before high-intensity resistance exercise on arterial stiffness in healthy young men","authors":"Urara Hata , Yuto Hashimoto , Midori Natsume , Takanobu Okamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>This study investigated the effect of dark chocolate (DC) intake before resistance exercise (RE) on arterial stiffness.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twelve healthy adult males (age, 23.0 ± 1.0 years) performed DC or white chocolate (WC) intake trial on separate days in a randomized crossover trials. Participants consumed 50g of DC containing 1285 mg cocoa polyphenols or an isocaloric amount of WC 50g without polyphenols. All participants performed 5 sets of 5 repetitions using 80 % of the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and 5 sets of 10 repetitions using 70 % of the 1RM biceps curl. Brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), blood pressure, and heart rate were measured before chocolate intake (baseline); and before (at 60 min after chocolate intake), immediately after, and at 30 and 60 min after completing the RE.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In both trials, there was a significant increase in baPWV immediately after the RE compared with baseline (baseline: DC 1103 ± 94 cm/s, WC 1108 ± 167 cm/s; immediately after RE: DC 1300 ± 187 cm/s, WC 1325 ± 178 cm/s; P < 0.05). In the DC intake trial, baPWV decreased to 1210 ± 180 cm/s at 30 min and 1155 ± 134 cm/s at 60 min after RE, compared to immediately after RE (P < 0.05). In contrast, in the WC intake trial baPWV was decreased to 1222 ± 176 cm/s at 60 min after RE compared to immediately after RE (P < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These results suggest that in comparison with WC intake, DC intake before RE might quickly reduce post-exercise increased arterial stiffness. <strong>Clinical Trials Registry Number</strong>: UMIN000052616.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 409-415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.004
Yutian Ji , Tianhao Gao , Wentao Zhang , Ruichao Zhang , Yifan Wang , Liya Xu , Xinyu Wang , Xu Wen
Objective
The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hard court slide braking technique of elite college tennis players and to analyze the factors that influence the use of hard court slide braking technique.
Methods
A total of 100 elite tennis players (58 males and 42 females) participated in tests involving hard court hit-to-return and Forcedecks Dual Force Plates System-based physical function. Independent samples t-tests, paired samples t-tests and binary logistic regression were employed in data analysis.
Results
The use of slide braking technique on hard courts, compared to traditional methods, led to a 10 % reduction in time for short-distance shots and a 7 % reduction for long-distance shots (p < 0.001). Athletes skilled in the hard court slide braking technique completed the movement faster when they employed traditional braking technique than those who are unskilled in the hard court slide braking technique (p < 0.001). Key factors that significantly influenced the use of slide braking technique included years of training, left hip abduction, 10-m sprint speed, braking leg reactive strength index (RSI), ground reaction force on the braking leg and recovery balance time of the braking leg (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
The findings offer new perspectives into tennis-specific physical training, assisting more tennis players in enhancing their athletic skills effectively.
{"title":"Effectiveness of hard court slide braking technique and influencing factors in elite college tennis players","authors":"Yutian Ji , Tianhao Gao , Wentao Zhang , Ruichao Zhang , Yifan Wang , Liya Xu , Xinyu Wang , Xu Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hard court slide braking technique of elite college tennis players and to analyze the factors that influence the use of hard court slide braking technique.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 100 elite tennis players (58 males and 42 females) participated in tests involving hard court hit-to-return and Forcedecks Dual Force Plates System-based physical function. Independent samples t-tests, paired samples t-tests and binary logistic regression were employed in data analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The use of slide braking technique on hard courts, compared to traditional methods, led to a 10 % reduction in time for short-distance shots and a 7 % reduction for long-distance shots (<em>p</em> < 0.001). Athletes skilled in the hard court slide braking technique completed the movement faster when they employed traditional braking technique than those who are unskilled in the hard court slide braking technique (<em>p</em> < 0.001). Key factors that significantly influenced the use of slide braking technique included years of training, left hip abduction, 10-m sprint speed, braking leg reactive strength index (RSI), ground reaction force on the braking leg and recovery balance time of the braking leg (<em>p</em> < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings offer new perspectives into tennis-specific physical training, assisting more tennis players in enhancing their athletic skills effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 399-408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.003
Ukbe Sirayder , Merdan Orunoglu , Oguzhan Yilmaz
Background
This study investigated the acute effects of narrow-band blue (460 nm) and red (630 nm) light exposure on cognitive performance, exercise capacity, perceived fatigue, and dynamic balance in healthy young males. To our knowledge, this is the first randomized crossover study to systematically assess the combined impact of pre-exercise light exposure on both cognitive-motor integration and aerobic performance within an exercise context.
Methods
Fifty physically active young males participated in a randomized crossover design. Participants were exposed to either blue or red light, followed immediately by assessments of simple reaction time (SRT), Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) distance, heart rate, perceived exertion, and Y-Balance Test performance.
Results
Blue light exposure led to a significant and large improvement in SRT (Δ = −53.33 ms; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.270) and enhanced dynamic balance. Red light exposure produced greater increases in ISWT distance (Δ = +36.98 m; p = 0.004, η2p = 0.453) and significant reductions in perceived fatigue and dyspnea. A moderate positive correlation was observed between SRT improvement and ISWT distance under blue light (β = 0.1869, p = 0.008).
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that short-term, wavelength-specific light exposure may optimize both cognitive and physiological readiness prior to exercise. These findings provide novel evidence supporting the integration of individualized light-based strategies in athletic preparation protocols.
本研究探讨了窄带蓝光（460 nm）和红光（630 nm）照射对健康年轻男性认知能力、运动能力、感知疲劳和动态平衡的急性影响。据我们所知，这是第一个随机交叉研究，系统地评估运动前光照对运动背景下认知-运动整合和有氧表现的综合影响。方法采用随机交叉设计，选取50名体力活跃的年轻男性。参与者被暴露在蓝光或红光下，随后立即评估简单反应时间（SRT）、增量穿梭行走测试（ISWT）距离、心率、感知运动和y -平衡测试的表现。结果蓝光照射可显著改善SRT （Δ =−53.33 ms; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.270），增强动态平衡。红光照射使ISWT距离增加（Δ = +36.98 m; p = 0.004, η2p = 0.453），感觉疲劳和呼吸困难明显减少。蓝光下SRT改善与ISWT距离呈正相关（β = 0.1869, p = 0.008）。该研究表明，短期特定波长的光照射可以优化运动前的认知和生理准备。这些发现提供了新的证据，支持在运动准备方案中整合个性化的基于光的策略。
{"title":"Acute effects of blue and red light exposure on cognitive performance, exercise capacity, perceived effort, and dynamic balance: A randomized crossover study","authors":"Ukbe Sirayder , Merdan Orunoglu , Oguzhan Yilmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study investigated the acute effects of narrow-band blue (460 nm) and red (630 nm) light exposure on cognitive performance, exercise capacity, perceived fatigue, and dynamic balance in healthy young males. To our knowledge, this is the first randomized crossover study to systematically assess the combined impact of pre-exercise light exposure on both cognitive-motor integration and aerobic performance within an exercise context.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fifty physically active young males participated in a randomized crossover design. Participants were exposed to either blue or red light, followed immediately by assessments of simple reaction time (SRT), Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) distance, heart rate, perceived exertion, and Y-Balance Test performance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Blue light exposure led to a significant and large improvement in SRT (Δ = −53.33 ms; p < 0.001, η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.270) and enhanced dynamic balance. Red light exposure produced greater increases in ISWT distance (Δ = +36.98 m; p = 0.004, η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.453) and significant reductions in perceived fatigue and dyspnea. A moderate positive correlation was observed between SRT improvement and ISWT distance under blue light (β = 0.1869, p = 0.008).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study demonstrates that short-term, wavelength-specific light exposure may optimize both cognitive and physiological readiness prior to exercise. These findings provide novel evidence supporting the integration of individualized light-based strategies in athletic preparation protocols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 389-398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.002
Dohyeon Lee , Kyeongho Byun , Sewon Lee
Purpose
Cognitive decline progresses more rapidly in women than in men, with a higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases observed in females. Exercise has been shown to enhance cognitive function through the upregulation of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). However, high-load resistance exercise may not be suitable for all populations, particularly middle-aged women. Low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (LLBFR) has emerged as an effective alternative. This study investigated the acute effects of LLBFR on neurotrophic factors and cognitive function in middle-aged women.
Methods
Fifteen healthy middle-aged women completed a randomized crossover trial involving four conditions: control (CON), low-load resistance exercise (LLRE), LLBFR, and moderate-load resistance exercise (MLRE). Cognitive function was assessed before and after each session using the color-word matching Stroop task (CWST). Blood samples were analyzed for serum levels of BDNF, VEGF, and IGF-1, and lactate concentrations were measured to evaluate metabolic responses.
Results
Only the LLBFR condition showed significant improvements in CWST reaction time (p = 0.002) with no changes in error rates, indicating enhanced cognitive performance. Serum BDNF and VEGF levels increased significantly following both LLBFR (p < 0.001, p = 0.014, respectively) and MLRE (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, respectively), whereas IGF-1 levels remained unchanged across conditions. Increases in lactate concentrations were positively correlated with changes in BDNF and VEGF (p < 0.001 for both), but not with IGF-1.
Conclusion
A single session of LLBFR improved cognitive function and upregulated neurotrophic factors, particularly BDNF and VEGF, in middle-aged women. These findings suggest that LLBFR may be an effective intervention for promoting cognitive health in this population.
目的：女性认知能力下降的进展比男性更快，女性神经退行性疾病的患病率更高。运动已被证明可以通过上调脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和胰岛素样生长因子-1 （IGF-1）等神经营养因子来增强认知功能。然而，高负荷阻力运动可能并不适合所有人群，尤其是中年女性。低负荷阻力运动与血流限制（LLBFR）已成为一种有效的替代方案。本研究探讨了LLBFR对中年妇女神经营养因子和认知功能的急性影响。方法15名健康中年妇女完成了一项随机交叉试验，包括4种条件：对照组（CON）、低负荷阻力运动（LLRE）、低负荷阻力运动（llfr）和中负荷阻力运动（MLRE）。认知功能在每次会话前后使用色词匹配Stroop任务（CWST）进行评估。分析血液样本的血清BDNF、VEGF和IGF-1水平，并测量乳酸浓度以评估代谢反应。结果只有LLBFR组在CWST反应时间上有显著改善（p = 0.002），而错误率没有变化，表明认知能力有所提高。在LLBFR （p < 0.001, p = 0.014）和MLRE （p < 0.001, p = 0.004）后，血清BDNF和VEGF水平均显著升高，而IGF-1水平在各条件下保持不变。乳酸浓度的增加与BDNF和VEGF的变化呈正相关（两者p <； 0.001），但与IGF-1无关。结论：单次LLBFR可改善中年妇女的认知功能，上调神经营养因子，特别是BDNF和VEGF。这些发现表明，LLBFR可能是促进这一人群认知健康的有效干预措施。
{"title":"Enhancing cognitive function through blood flow restriction: An effective resistance exercise modality for middle-aged women","authors":"Dohyeon Lee , Kyeongho Byun , Sewon Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Cognitive decline progresses more rapidly in women than in men, with a higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases observed in females. Exercise has been shown to enhance cognitive function through the upregulation of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). However, high-load resistance exercise may not be suitable for all populations, particularly middle-aged women. Low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (LLBFR) has emerged as an effective alternative. This study investigated the acute effects of LLBFR on neurotrophic factors and cognitive function in middle-aged women.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fifteen healthy middle-aged women completed a randomized crossover trial involving four conditions: control (CON), low-load resistance exercise (LLRE), LLBFR, and moderate-load resistance exercise (MLRE). Cognitive function was assessed before and after each session using the color-word matching Stroop task (CWST). Blood samples were analyzed for serum levels of BDNF, VEGF, and IGF-1, and lactate concentrations were measured to evaluate metabolic responses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Only the LLBFR condition showed significant improvements in CWST reaction time (<em>p</em> = 0.002) with no changes in error rates, indicating enhanced cognitive performance. Serum BDNF and VEGF levels increased significantly following both LLBFR (<em>p</em> < 0.001, <em>p</em> = 0.014, respectively) and MLRE (<em>p</em> < 0.001, <em>p</em> = 0.004, respectively), whereas IGF-1 levels remained unchanged across conditions. Increases in lactate concentrations were positively correlated with changes in BDNF and VEGF (<em>p</em> < 0.001 for both), but not with IGF-1.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A single session of LLBFR improved cognitive function and upregulated neurotrophic factors, particularly BDNF and VEGF, in middle-aged women. These findings suggest that LLBFR may be an effective intervention for promoting cognitive health in this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 379-388"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144865193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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