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Heat stress in plants: sensing, signalling, and ferroptosis. 植物的热胁迫:感应、信号传递和铁变态。
IF 5.6 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae296
Ayelén Mariana Distéfano, Victoria Bauer, Milagros Cascallares, Gabriel Alejandro López, Diego Fernando Fiol, Eduardo Zabaleta, Gabriela Carolina Pagnussat

In the current context of global warming, high temperature events are becoming more frequent and intense in many places around the world. In this context, understanding how plants sense and respond to heat is essential to develop new tools to prevent plant damage and address global food security, as high temperature events are threatening agricultural sustainability. This review summarizes and integrates our current understanding underlying the cellular, physiological, biochemical, and molecular regulatory pathways triggered in plants under moderately high and extremely high temperature conditions. Given that extremely high temperatures can also trigger ferroptosis, the study of this cell death mechanism constitutes a strategic approach to understand how plants might overcome otherwise lethal temperature events.

在当前全球变暖的背景下,全球许多地方的高温事件正变得越来越频繁和剧烈。在这种情况下,了解植物如何感知和应对高温对开发新工具以防止植物受损和解决全球粮食安全问题至关重要,因为高温事件正威胁着农业的可持续发展。本综述总结并整合了我们目前对植物在中度高温和极端高温条件下触发的细胞、生理、生化和分子调控途径的基本认识。鉴于极高的温度也会引发铁突变,研究这种细胞死亡机制是了解植物如何克服致命温度事件的一种战略方法。
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引用次数: 0
Grain lysine enrichment and improved stress tolerance in rice through protein engineering. 通过蛋白质工程富集谷粒赖氨酸并提高水稻的抗逆性。
IF 5.6 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae414
Ray Singh Rathore, Manjari Mishra, Ashwani Pareek, Sneh Lata Singla-Pareek

Amino acids are a major source of nourishment for people living in regions where rice is a staple food. However, rice grain is deficient in essential amino acids including lysine. The activity of the enzyme dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) is crucial for lysine production in higher plants, but it is tightly regulated through feedback inhibition by its end product, lysine, leading to limited activity in the grain and resulting in low lysine accumulation. We identified lysine binding sites in the DHDPS enzyme and introduced key mutations to make DHDPS lysine feedback insensitive. Using in vivo analysis and functional complementation assays, we confirmed that protein engineering of the DHDPS renders it insensitive to lysine. Expression of mutated DHDPS resulted in 29% higher lysine and 15% higher protein accumulation in rice grains than in the wild type. Importantly, the lysine content in transgenic grains was maintained in cooked rice. The transgenic plants also exhibited enhanced stress tolerance along with higher antioxidant levels, improved photosynthesis, and higher grain yield compared to wild-type plants. We have shown that protein engineering of DHDPS in rice can lead to accumulation of lysine in grains and impart abiotic stress tolerance. This approach could improve health in regions with nutrient deficiencies and environmental stressors that challenge food production and human health.

氨基酸是以大米为主食地区居民的主要营养来源。然而,稻谷缺乏赖氨酸等必需氨基酸。在高等植物中,二氢二羟基酸合成酶(DHDPS)的活性对赖氨酸的产生至关重要,但它受到其最终产物赖氨酸的反馈抑制而受到高度调控,导致其在谷物中的活性有限,并造成赖氨酸的低积累。我们确定了 DHDPS 酶中的赖氨酸结合位点,并引入关键突变使其对赖氨酸反馈不敏感。通过体内分析和功能互补试验,我们证实了 DHDPS 蛋白工程学使其对赖氨酸不敏感。与野生型相比,表达突变的 DHDPS 可使水稻谷粒中的赖氨酸含量高出 29%,蛋白质积累量高出 15%。重要的是,转基因谷物中的赖氨酸含量在煮熟的大米中得以保持。此外,与野生型植物相比,转基因植物表现出更强的抗逆性、更好的抗氧化水平、更高的光合作用和更高的谷物产量。我们首次在水稻中证明,DHDPS 蛋白工程可导致谷物中赖氨酸的积累,并增强非生物胁迫耐受性。这种方法可以改善营养缺乏和环境压力地区的健康状况,对粮食生产和人类健康构成挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Adjustments of plant primary metabolism in the face of climate change. 面对气候变化,植物初级新陈代谢的调整。
IF 5.6 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraf116
Mustafa Bulut, Esra Karakas, Alisdair R Fernie

Plant metabolism is profoundly affected by various abiotic stresses. Consequently, plants must reconfigure their metabolic networks to sustain homeostasis while synthesizing compounds that mitigate stress. This aspect, with the current intensified climate impact results in more frequent abiotic stresses on a global scale. Advances in metabolomics and systems biology in the last decades have enabled both a comprehensive overview and a detailed analysis of key components involved in the plant metabolic response to abiotic stresses. This review addresses metabolic responses to altered atmospheric CO2 and O3, water deficit, temperature extremes, light intensity fluctuations including the importance of UV-B, ionic imbalance, and oxidative stress predicted to be caused by climate change, long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. It also assesses both the commonalities and specificities of metabolic responses to diverse abiotic stresses, drawing on data from the literature. Classical stress-related metabolites such as proline, and polyamines are revisited, with an emphasis on the critical role of branched-chain amino acid metabolism under stress conditions. Finally, where possible, mechanistic insights into the regulation of metabolic processes and further outlook on combinatory stresses are discussed.

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引用次数: 0
Structural Coloration and Epicuticular Wax Properties of the Distinctive Glaucous Leaves of Encephalartos horridus. 角叉菜独特釉叶的结构颜色和表皮蜡特性。
IF 5.6 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraf115
Takashi Nobusawa, Takashi Okamoto, Michiharu Nakano, Makoto Kusaba

The leaves of the cycad Encephalartos horridus exhibit a conspicuous glaucous appearance, attributed to the presence of epicuticular wax. However, the molecular and optical bases of this coloration have not been scientifically explained. In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis of the epicuticular wax composition, combined with RNA-Seq and de novo transcriptome assembly, to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Additionally, Monte Carlo multi-layer (MCML) simulations were performed to model light interactions and explore the structural coloration generated by the epicuticular wax crystals. The wax was found to be predominantly composed of nonacosan-10-ol, forming tubular crystals that enhance reflectance in the long-wavelength UV to blue light range. However, the microstructure alone is not sufficient to produce the glaucous appearance; it arises from the interplay between the wax crystals and the underlying dark tissues rich in chlorophyll. These findings provide insights into the evolutionary adaptations of cycads to UV exposure and contribute to a broader understanding of plant surface lipid biosynthesis and structural coloration, with potential applications in biomimetic material design.

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引用次数: 0
Mycorrhizae and grapevines: the known unknowns of their interaction for wine growers´ challenges. 菌根与葡萄树:已知未知的相互作用给葡萄种植者带来的挑战。
IF 5.6 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraf081
Maider Velaz, Luis Gonzaga Santesteban, Nazareth Torres

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in grapevine production systems. However, little is known about how this relationship is achieved in the nursery and how soil management might modify it and its derived benefits. Here, we review the current knowledge on the establishment of grapevine-AMF relationships from the nursery to the field, the main factors that affect the effectiveness of the symbiosis, the potential role of AMF as biostimulants in grapevine production systems, and the future perspectives of their use in the current context of climate change. The process of establishing mycorrhizal symbiosis is complex, and the molecular dialogue between the plant roots and the fungus is still not yet fully understood. During vine plant production, rooting occurs in nurseries, where spontaneous symbiosis can be generated. The effectiveness of mycorrhizal symbiosis appears to depend not only on the identity of the fungus but also the diversity of the vine material and soil management. Finally, the use of AMF as biostimulants might be an effective strategy to face the new climatic scenario, but further research dealing with the application of AMF inocula and the protection of native cohorts should be conducted.

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引用次数: 0
Function of Cytochrome P450 CYP72A1182 in Metabolic Herbicide Resistance Evolution in Amaranthus palmeri Populations.
IF 5.6 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraf114
Carlos Alberto Gonsiorkiewicz Rigon, Anita Küpper, Crystal Sparks, Jacob Montgomery, Falco Peter, Simon Schepp, Alejandro Perez-Jones, Patrick J Tranel, Roland Beffa, Franck E Dayan, Todd A Gaines

Evolution of metabolic herbicide resistance is a major issue for weed management. Few genes and regulatory mechanisms have been identified, particularly in dicotyledonous weed species. We identified putative causal genes and regulatory mechanism for tembotrione-resistance in Amaranthus palmeri. Cytochrome P450 candidate genes were identified through RNA-seq analysis. We validated their functions using heterologous expression in S. cerevisae. Promoters of the candidate P450 genes were analyzed. We performed QTL mapping to identify genomic regions associated with resistance. CYP72A1182 metabolized tembotrione in heterologous system. This gene had increased expression in other A. palmeri populations resistant to multiple herbicides, including tembotrione. Resistant plants exhibited polymorphisms in the promoter of CYP72A1182. We identified QTLs linked to herbicide resistance, including one on chromosome 4 approximately 3 Mb away from CYP72A1182. CYP72A1182 is likely involved in tembotrione resistance in A. palmeri. Increased expression of this gene could be due to cis-regulation in the promoter, as well as trans-regulation from transcription factors. Further studies are in progress to test this hypothesis. The elucidation of regulatory genes is crucial for developing innovative weed management approaches and target-based novel herbicide molecules.

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引用次数: 0
Overcoming physiological trade-offs between flowering time and crop yield - strategies for a changing climate.
IF 5.6 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraf110
Astrid Wingler, Soualihou Soualiou

Early flowering of annual plants can lead to resource limitation owing to reduced uptake of nitrogen during the reproductive phase and declining foliar photosynthesis as a result of monocarpic senescence. Low availability of accumulated resources can therefore result in a trade-off between early flowering and reproductive fitness. However, green inflorescence organs (such as siliques, pods, bracts or awns) can make considerable contributions to photosynthetic carbon gain, and in some cases provide more carbon to seed formation than the leaves. Inflorescence photosynthesis may thereby overcome the flowering time trade-off. In addition to providing photosynthates, inflorescence organs can contribute to seed nitrogen through senescence-dependent nitrogen recycling. In annual crops, breeding has resulted in increased carbon allocation to the grain and higher harvest index, but in some cases, this had led to reduced grain protein content. We discuss different breeding targets to address carbon and nitrogen limitation, dependent on the climatic environment. For environments that are prone to drought, we propose a combination of early flowering with enhanced inflorescence photosynthesis, or, alternatively, delayed senescence (stay-green) associated with improved water balance. For optimized yield and grain protein content under favourable conditions, enhanced sink strength and extended nitrogen uptake are suggested as breeding targets.

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引用次数: 0
Iron, cold iron, is the master of them all: iron crosstalk with zinc, copper, phosphorus and nitrogen homeostasis. 铁,冰冷的铁,是它们的主宰:铁与锌、铜、磷和氮的平衡相互影响。
IF 5.6 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraf106
Andriele Wairich, Yugo Lima-Melo, Paloma Koprovski Menguer, Francieli Ortolan, Felipe Klein Ricachenevsky

The ionome is defined as the inorganic composition of an organism. In plants, the ionome has been shown to be integrated, as the concentration of elements affects one another, with complex regulatory mechanisms to keep nutrients, trace and toxic elements balanced. Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient that is necessary for photosynthesis, mitochondrial respiration, and redox metabolism, and has its concentrations in plant tissues finely regulated to avoid deficiency and excess stresses. It has been known that varying concentrations of Fe affect other components of the ionome, while variation in other elements's concentration also perturb iron homeostasis. Recently, molecular mechanisms that regulate the crosstalk of Fe homeostasis with that of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) have been uncovered. Here we review these regulatory circuits, demonstrating that the ionome should be balanced and that micronutrients are important for nutrient use efficiency and to avoid nutrient deficiency as well as excess. We focused mainly on model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, for which mechanistic models have been proposed. Our review will help to integrate models to understand how plants balance the ionome.

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引用次数: 0
Building Climate-Resilient Crops: Genetic, Environmental, and Technological Strategies for Heat and Drought Stress Tolerance. 建设气候适应性作物:耐热和耐旱胁迫的遗传、环境和技术战略》(Genetic, Environmental, and Technological Strategies for Heat and Drought Stress Tolerance)。
IF 5.6 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraf111
Karine Prado, Bethany L Holland, Brian McSpadden Gardener, Peter K Lundquist, James P Santiago, Robert VanBuren, Seung Y Rhee

Global crop production faces increasing threats from the rise in frequency, duration, and intensity of drought and heat stress events due to climate change. Most staple food crops, including wheat, rice, soybean, and corn that provide over half of the world's caloric intake, are not well-adapted to withstand heat or drought. Efforts to breed or engineer stress-tolerant crops have had limited success due to the complexity of tolerance mechanisms and the variability of agricultural environments. Effective solutions require a shift towards fundamental research that incorporates realistic agricultural settings and focuses on practical outcomes for farmers. This review explores the genetic and environmental factors affecting heat and drought tolerance in major crops, examines the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying these stress responses, and evaluates the limitations of current breeding programs and models. It also discusses emerging technologies and approaches that could enhance crop resilience, such as synthetic biology, advanced breeding techniques, and high-throughput phenotyping. Finally, this review emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research and collaboration with stakeholders to translate fundamental research into practical agricultural solutions.

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引用次数: 0
Hydrogen Sulfide and Protein Persulfidation in Plant Stress Signaling.
IF 5.6 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraf100
Mingjian Zhou, Yanjie Xie, Frank Van Breusegem, Jingjing Huang

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is increasingly recognized as a crucial signaling molecule in plants, playing key roles in regulating physiological processes and enhancing stress tolerance. This review provides an updated summary of H2S signaling in plant stress responses, discussing its uptake from external environmental sources, its endogenous biosynthesis, and its broader functions in stress adaptation. We summarize the impact of H2S on plants under various stress conditions and review the mechanisms through which it mediates signaling functions, with a particular focus on H2S-mediated protein persulfidation. Additionally, we provide an overview of the current understanding of protein persulfidation in regulating physiological processes and stress responses in plants, offering both a general discussion of its effects under different stress conditions and specific examples to highlight its significance. Finally, we review recent proteomic studies on protein persulfidation in plants, comparing the identified persulfidated proteins across studies and highlighting shared biological processes and pathways. This review aims to consolidate the current understanding of H2S signaling and its roles mediated by protein persulfidation in plants, while also offering insights to inspire future research in this rapidly evolving field.

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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Experimental Botany
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