Pub Date : 2026-02-14DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120953
Qingfeng Zhang , Wenxuan Xia , Yaning Lan , Jiang Yan , Jianqiu Zhou
Solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) utilize a solid-state electrolyte (SE), replacing the liquid electrolyte in conventional lithium batteries (LIBs), which store and release electrical energy via the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes. This study employs an electrochemical-thermal-mechanical coupled multiphysics model as its fundamental framework, elucidating the mechanistic underpinnings for the substantial degradation in SSLBs' performance at cryogenic temperatures. Then, we subsequently develop several strategies aimed at the sub-zero temperature charging efficiency of SSLBs. The simulation results demonstrate that the impact of electrolyte thickness on ionic transport kinetics is first examined by varying the electrolyte thickness. Secondly, thermal management strategies are systematically evaluated to mitigate diminished ionic conductivity in SSLBs under sub-zero conditions. Finally, the pulse current charging technique is introduced to investigate its influence on the concentration distribution and polarization effect of lithium ions within the battery, and the migration behavior and polarization changes of lithium ions in the battery are observed through simulating the charging process under different duty cycle pulses. This study proposes an optimization framework to enhance cryogenic charging capabilities of SSLBs, advancing their operational viability in sub-zero temperature environments.
{"title":"Research on optimization methodologies for the charging behavior of solid-state lithium batteries operating at sub-zero temperatures","authors":"Qingfeng Zhang , Wenxuan Xia , Yaning Lan , Jiang Yan , Jianqiu Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) utilize a solid-state electrolyte (SE), replacing the liquid electrolyte in conventional lithium batteries (LIBs), which store and release electrical energy via the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes. This study employs an electrochemical-thermal-mechanical coupled multiphysics model as its fundamental framework, elucidating the mechanistic underpinnings for the substantial degradation in SSLBs' performance at cryogenic temperatures. Then, we subsequently develop several strategies aimed at the sub-zero temperature charging efficiency of SSLBs. The simulation results demonstrate that the impact of electrolyte thickness on ionic transport kinetics is first examined by varying the electrolyte thickness. Secondly, thermal management strategies are systematically evaluated to mitigate diminished ionic conductivity in SSLBs under sub-zero conditions. Finally, the pulse current charging technique is introduced to investigate its influence on the concentration distribution and polarization effect of lithium ions within the battery, and the migration behavior and polarization changes of lithium ions in the battery are observed through simulating the charging process under different duty cycle pulses. This study proposes an optimization framework to enhance cryogenic charging capabilities of SSLBs, advancing their operational viability in sub-zero temperature environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120953"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121043
Weimin Tao , Xiaoyu Zhang , Xinxing Lin , Wen Su , Xiaodai Xue , Peng Li , Xiguang Lu
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a promising large-scale energy storage technology. However, in existing CAES systems, heat exchangers for charging and discharging process are always deployed respectively. This configuration leads to heat exchanger idleness, high investment costs and poor system compactness. Consequently, a natural idea is to utilize shared heat exchangers to meet the requirements of air cooling and heating in the process of charging and discharging, while reducing the total number of heat exchangers. Therefore, in order to evaluate the feasibility of this idea, this work takes a AA-CAES system with five compression-cooling stages and four expansion-heating stages as an example. Firstly, under design conditions, heaters and coolers are independently designed by using HTRI software based on the type of hairpin heat exchanger. Then, according to the design results of heaters and coolers, three innovative heat exchanger reuse schemes are proposed: Case 1 (direct reuse of the independently designed heaters), Case 2 (direct reuse of the independently designed coolers), and Case 3 (reusing the independently designed coolers supplemented with newly parallel heaters). By evaluating the thermal performance of each case under charging and discharging conditions, it is found that the discharging heaters can meet the air cooling requirements during the charging stage in Case 1, while the pressure drops of coolers designed in charging process significantly increase under the condition of discharging in Case 2, and there is a particularly large deviation in heat duty at the fourth stage. For Case 3, the combination of reused coolers and added heaters adequately meet the heat transfer requirements for air heating. Finally, performances of the three reuse schemes are compared, and an optimal scheme is determined for each stage based on heat duty, pressure drop, and heat transfer area, so as to minimize the total areas and obtain the best thermal performance. The results indicate that: Case 1 is optimal for the first and second stages heat exchangers. For the third stage heat exchangers, Case 2 is suitable; For the fourth stage, Case 3 is recommended. Compared to using independent heat exchangers, the proposed scheme can reduce the total heat transfer area while meeting the requirements of air cooling and heating. As for the economy, even if considering the additional cost of required valves and pipes, the proposed scheme still has great economy advantages. The above research provides a novel approach for the efficient integration and economic improvement of heat exchangers in AA-CAES systems.
{"title":"Design and performance study of shared heat exchanger for advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage","authors":"Weimin Tao , Xiaoyu Zhang , Xinxing Lin , Wen Su , Xiaodai Xue , Peng Li , Xiguang Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a promising large-scale energy storage technology. However, in existing CAES systems, heat exchangers for charging and discharging process are always deployed respectively. This configuration leads to heat exchanger idleness, high investment costs and poor system compactness. Consequently, a natural idea is to utilize shared heat exchangers to meet the requirements of air cooling and heating in the process of charging and discharging, while reducing the total number of heat exchangers. Therefore, in order to evaluate the feasibility of this idea, this work takes a AA-CAES system with five compression-cooling stages and four expansion-heating stages as an example. Firstly, under design conditions, heaters and coolers are independently designed by using HTRI software based on the type of hairpin heat exchanger. Then, according to the design results of heaters and coolers, three innovative heat exchanger reuse schemes are proposed: <span><span>Case 1</span></span> (direct reuse of the independently designed heaters), <span><span>Case 2</span></span> (direct reuse of the independently designed coolers), and <span><span>Case 3</span></span> (reusing the independently designed coolers supplemented with newly parallel heaters). By evaluating the thermal performance of each case under charging and discharging conditions, it is found that the discharging heaters can meet the air cooling requirements during the charging stage in <span><span>Case 1</span></span>, while the pressure drops of coolers designed in charging process significantly increase under the condition of discharging in <span><span>Case 2</span></span>, and there is a particularly large deviation in heat duty at the fourth stage. For <span><span>Case 3</span></span>, the combination of reused coolers and added heaters adequately meet the heat transfer requirements for air heating. Finally, performances of the three reuse schemes are compared, and an optimal scheme is determined for each stage based on heat duty, pressure drop, and heat transfer area, so as to minimize the total areas and obtain the best thermal performance. The results indicate that: <span><span>Case 1</span></span> is optimal for the first and second stages heat exchangers. For the third stage heat exchangers, <span><span>Case 2</span></span> is suitable; For the fourth stage, <span><span>Case 3</span></span> is recommended. Compared to using independent heat exchangers, the proposed scheme can reduce the total heat transfer area while meeting the requirements of air cooling and heating. As for the economy, even if considering the additional cost of required valves and pipes, the proposed scheme still has great economy advantages. The above research provides a novel approach for the efficient integration and economic improvement of heat exchangers in AA-CAES systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 121043"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121015
Kumcham Prasad , Thupakula Venkata Madhukar Sreekanth , Salla Kamakshi , Sungbo Cho , Kisoo Yoo , Jonghoon Kim
The intrinsic low energy density of supercapacitors poses a significant barrier to their widespread acceptance and large-scale production. Therefore, multiple characteristics engendered into a single material have become the current research interest. Herein, we have developed a highly porous hydrangea flower-like CoMoO4 (CMO) featuring rich cationic vacancies and successfully embedded with CeO2 nanoparticles of different concentrations (10, 25 and 50 mM) via a facile two-step solvothermal strategy, labelled as CMCO–10, CMCO–25 and CMCO–50, respectively. The incorporation of CeO2 nanoparticles significantly improved the structural, morphological and surface characteristics. However, the distinctive 2D flakes-like units with many voids and pores that make up the optimized and hierarchical structure of CMCO-25 enable quick ion intercalation/deintercalation, followed by the faradaic redox reactions to encourage intercalation pseudocapacitance. Excellent electrochemical activity is facilitated by the numerous oxidation states of the multiple metal ions. Thus, the CMCO–25 cathode manifested an impressive specific capacitance of 1402.3 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1, outperforming the other electrodes. Furthermore, we devised an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) using CMCO–25 cathode assembled with bamboo leaves-derived porous carbon (BLPC) anode operated in a potential window of 1.8 V. The device yielded a remarkable energy density of 129.88 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1961.16 W kg−1 and delivered 96.97 Wh kg−1 even at a high-power density of 12,214.84 W kg−1. Therefore, this study delineates a viable strategy to develop composite electrode materials with vacancy engineering and novel charge storage mechanism for asymmetric supercapacitors with elevated energy densities.
超级电容器固有的低能量密度对其广泛接受和大规模生产构成了重大障碍。因此，在单一材料中产生多种特性已成为当前的研究热点。在此，我们开发了一种具有丰富阳离子空位的高多孔球状CoMoO4 (CMO)，并通过简单的两步溶剂热策略成功地嵌入了不同浓度（10、25和50 mM）的CeO2纳米颗粒，分别标记为CMCO-10、CMCO-25和CMCO-50。CeO2纳米颗粒的掺入显著改善了材料的结构、形态和表面特性。然而，独特的二维片状单元具有许多空隙和孔隙，构成了优化的CMCO-25分层结构，可以实现快速的离子插入/脱嵌，然后进行法拉第氧化还原反应，以促进插入赝电容。优异的电化学活性是由多种金属离子的众多氧化态促成的。因此，CMCO-25阴极在1.0 A g−1时表现出令人印象深刻的1402.3 F g−1比电容，优于其他电极。此外，我们设计了一种不对称超级电容器（ASC），该电容器采用CMCO-25阴极与竹叶衍生多孔碳（BLPC）阳极组装，在1.8 V的电位窗口下工作。该器件在功率密度为1961.16 W kg - 1时产生了129.88 Wh kg - 1的能量密度，在功率密度为12214.84 W kg - 1时产生了96.97 Wh kg - 1。因此，本研究为非对称高能量密度超级电容器开发具有空位工程和新型电荷存储机制的复合电极材料提供了可行的策略。
{"title":"Construction of CeO2@CoMoO4 hydrangea flower-like architectures: Insights into faradaic-dominated intercalation pseudocapacitance and high energy density supercapacitor using bio-mass derived porous carbon anode","authors":"Kumcham Prasad , Thupakula Venkata Madhukar Sreekanth , Salla Kamakshi , Sungbo Cho , Kisoo Yoo , Jonghoon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intrinsic low energy density of supercapacitors poses a significant barrier to their widespread acceptance and large-scale production. Therefore, multiple characteristics engendered into a single material have become the current research interest. Herein, we have developed a highly porous hydrangea flower-like CoMoO<sub>4</sub> (CMO) featuring rich cationic vacancies and successfully embedded with CeO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles of different concentrations (10, 25 and 50 mM) via a facile two-step solvothermal strategy, labelled as CMCO–10, CMCO–25 and CMCO–50, respectively. The incorporation of CeO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles significantly improved the structural, morphological and surface characteristics. However, the distinctive 2D flakes-like units with many voids and pores that make up the optimized and hierarchical structure of CMCO-25 enable quick ion intercalation/deintercalation, followed by the faradaic redox reactions to encourage intercalation pseudocapacitance. Excellent electrochemical activity is facilitated by the numerous oxidation states of the multiple metal ions. Thus, the CMCO–25 cathode manifested an impressive specific capacitance of 1402.3 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 1.0 A g<sup>−1</sup>, outperforming the other electrodes. Furthermore, we devised an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) using CMCO–25 cathode assembled with bamboo leaves-derived porous carbon (BLPC) anode operated in a potential window of 1.8 V. The device yielded a remarkable energy density of 129.88 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> at a power density of 1961.16 W kg<sup>−1</sup> and delivered 96.97 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> even at a high-power density of 12,214.84 W kg<sup>−1</sup>. Therefore, this study delineates a viable strategy to develop composite electrode materials with vacancy engineering and novel charge storage mechanism for asymmetric supercapacitors with elevated energy densities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 121015"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120830
Xiaoqiang Zhang , Chaomurilige , Xingchao Han , Zongkun Chen , Hongkun Ma , Mingxi Ji , Dongyu Meng , Jiakang Yao , Guangyao Zhao , Geng Qiao , Tongtong Zhang , Yulong Ding
Cobalt (Co-) and copper (Cu-) based metal oxides are promising materials for high-temperature thermochemical energy storage (HT-TCES) due to their rapid redox kinetics, low thermal hysteresis, substantial energy density, and unlimited storage duration. However, their commercial application is hindered by challenges involving multi-physics and cross-scale coupling phenomenon. A comprehensive investigation is essential for material optimization and scale up. Therefore, this study experimentally explores Co- and Cu-based metal oxides mixed with Al2O3 and MgO respectively through comprehensive micro/macro-structure, thermodynamic and kinetics characterization. The results reveal that Co3O4/CoO with 10 wt% Al2O3 (CoAl10) shows redox-enthalpy of 378 J g-1 and 359 J g-1 after 150 cycles, corresponding to reductions of 1.6 % and 8.8 %. While for CuO/Cu2O with 15 wt% MgO (CuMg15), maintains redox-reaction enthalpy of 448 J g-1 and 446 J g-1 with reductions of 24 % and 21 %. During cycling, spinel CoAl2O4 and spinel-like Cu2MgO3 structures formed enhance oxygen vacancy formation and mechanical strength. Notably, CoAl10 can withstand maximum compressive stress of 8 MPa for after 60 cycles. Kinetic models for CoAl10 and CuMg15 were developed using experimental data, providing insights to improve thermochemical energy storage models and advance material development for HT-TCES applications. This work aims to elucidate the multi-scale mechanisms governing performance and durability, paving the way for optimized Co- and Cu-based metal oxides in high-temperature energy storage systems.
{"title":"High temperature metal oxide thermochemical energy storage materials: Thermodynamic and kinetic investigations","authors":"Xiaoqiang Zhang , Chaomurilige , Xingchao Han , Zongkun Chen , Hongkun Ma , Mingxi Ji , Dongyu Meng , Jiakang Yao , Guangyao Zhao , Geng Qiao , Tongtong Zhang , Yulong Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cobalt (Co-) and copper (Cu-) based metal oxides are promising materials for high-temperature thermochemical energy storage (HT-TCES) due to their rapid redox kinetics, low thermal hysteresis, substantial energy density, and unlimited storage duration. However, their commercial application is hindered by challenges involving multi-physics and cross-scale coupling phenomenon. A comprehensive investigation is essential for material optimization and scale up. Therefore, this study experimentally explores Co- and Cu-based metal oxides mixed with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MgO respectively through comprehensive micro/macro-structure, thermodynamic and kinetics characterization. The results reveal that Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/CoO with 10<!--> <!-->wt% Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (CoAl10) shows redox-enthalpy of 378<!--> <!-->J<!--> <!-->g<sup>-1</sup> and 359<!--> <!-->J<!--> <!-->g<sup>-1</sup> after 150 cycles, corresponding to reductions of 1.6<!--> <!-->% and 8.8<!--> <!-->%. While for CuO/Cu<sub>2</sub>O with 15<!--> <!-->wt% MgO (CuMg15), maintains redox-reaction enthalpy of 448<!--> <!-->J<!--> <!-->g<sup>-1</sup> and 446<!--> <!-->J<!--> <!-->g<sup>-1</sup> with reductions of 24<!--> <!-->% and 21<!--> <!-->%. During cycling, spinel CoAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and spinel-like Cu<sub>2</sub>MgO<sub>3</sub> structures formed enhance oxygen vacancy formation and mechanical strength. Notably, CoAl10 can withstand maximum compressive stress of 8<!--> <!-->MPa for after 60 cycles. Kinetic models for CoAl10 and CuMg15 were developed using experimental data, providing insights to improve thermochemical energy storage models and advance material development for HT-TCES applications. This work aims to elucidate the multi-scale mechanisms governing performance and durability, paving the way for optimized Co- and Cu-based metal oxides in high-temperature energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120830"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120968
Meysam Khojasteh , Pedro Faria , Vitor Lopes , João Alves , Pedro Salomé , Zita Vale
This paper develops an adaptive robust optimization (ARO) model for the optimal market participation of energy communities (ECs) under demand and photovoltaic (PV) uncertainty. The model jointly considers the day-ahead (DA) energy market, real-time regulation market, grid trading, and the operation of shared resources such as a community battery energy storage system (BESS). In the DA stage, operational costs are minimized by scheduling local generation, storage, and internal energy exchanges while respecting technical and market constraints. The framework prioritizes the use of local resources to enhance self-sufficiency and reduce reliance on the external grid. In the regulation stage, the model extends DA decisions by enabling the BESS to provide both up- and down-regulation services. These actions are coordinated with the EC's prior DA commitments to ensure feasibility under dual imbalance pricing and to avoid penalties. Uncertainty in demand and PV generation is addressed through a robust optimization approach. The problem is structured as a min–max–min model: the outer minimization determines DA decisions, the maximization captures worst-case realizations of uncertain demand and PV generation, and the inner minimization optimizes real-time regulation responses. This formulation guarantees feasibility against all admissible uncertainty scenarios within a defined budget of uncertainty, ensuring resilient and reliable EC operation. To improve tractability, the min–max–min problem is reformulated as a min–max problem using strong duality theory and solved through a decomposition method. Simulation studies on a 250-member EC validate the model, achieving a daily cost of €631.64 with 5666.46 kWh of demand met internally and up to 1052.64 kW of up-regulation via the BESS, even under worst-case uncertainty (budget of uncertainty = 6). Prioritizing local resources reduces grid dependence by 77% compared to market-driven strategies while preserving regulation revenue (€127.17). The results demonstrate that the proposed ARO framework reduces operational costs, enhances flexibility, and strengthens EC resilience to market volatility and renewable variability.
{"title":"Optimizing energy and regulation services for energy communities with uncertain PV and demand: A bilevel adaptive robust approach","authors":"Meysam Khojasteh , Pedro Faria , Vitor Lopes , João Alves , Pedro Salomé , Zita Vale","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper develops an adaptive robust optimization (ARO) model for the optimal market participation of energy communities (ECs) under demand and photovoltaic (PV) uncertainty. The model jointly considers the day-ahead (DA) energy market, real-time regulation market, grid trading, and the operation of shared resources such as a community battery energy storage system (BESS). In the DA stage, operational costs are minimized by scheduling local generation, storage, and internal energy exchanges while respecting technical and market constraints. The framework prioritizes the use of local resources to enhance self-sufficiency and reduce reliance on the external grid. In the regulation stage, the model extends DA decisions by enabling the BESS to provide both up- and down-regulation services. These actions are coordinated with the EC's prior DA commitments to ensure feasibility under dual imbalance pricing and to avoid penalties. Uncertainty in demand and PV generation is addressed through a robust optimization approach. The problem is structured as a min–max–min model: the outer minimization determines DA decisions, the maximization captures worst-case realizations of uncertain demand and PV generation, and the inner minimization optimizes real-time regulation responses. This formulation guarantees feasibility against all admissible uncertainty scenarios within a defined budget of uncertainty, ensuring resilient and reliable EC operation. To improve tractability, the min–max–min problem is reformulated as a min–max problem using strong duality theory and solved through a decomposition method. Simulation studies on a 250-member EC validate the model, achieving a daily cost of €631.64 with 5666.46 kWh of demand met internally and up to 1052.64 kW of up-regulation via the BESS, even under worst-case uncertainty (budget of uncertainty = 6). Prioritizing local resources reduces grid dependence by 77% compared to market-driven strategies while preserving regulation revenue (€127.17). The results demonstrate that the proposed ARO framework reduces operational costs, enhances flexibility, and strengthens EC resilience to market volatility and renewable variability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120968"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120988
Nithiya Streethran , Keith Byrne , James White , Nick O'Neill , Paul Leahy
There is growing interest in large-scale energy storage using green hydrogen produced from renewable sources such as offshore wind energy. This is being driven by a desire for energy security; the push towards zero‑carbon electricity; and the need for back-up power to complement variable renewables. Storing hydrogen in subsurface caverns has several advantages: the offshore location minimises impacts on land-based communities and infrastructure; the large potential volumes are suitable for long-duration energy storage; and the technology is modular and scalable. There are several locations around the world with plentiful wind resources adjacent to geological features such as salt caverns or depleted gas fields suitable for subsurface storage of hydrogen. The Kish Basin of the Irish Sea is one such location, with several major offshore wind projects under development, and substantial deep and thick layers of subsurface halite suitable for storage facilities. This study develops a model of offshore wind generation, conversion to hydrogen, and subsurface storage in order to examine the feasibility of such a facility. Potential cavern locations and their theoretical storage capacities are determined using geological data of halite distribution. The model was applied to optimise the number, and locations, of caverns required. The cost of transmission of hydrogen by pipeline from offshore wind power-to-gas plants to storage caverns was shown to primarily depend on production volume and to a lesser extent on transmission distance. Following the application of constraints, a total of 218 potential caverns of height 120 m was identified in the Kish Basin. This corresponds to 23.68 TWh of energy storage capacity (as hydrogen), equivalent to up to 14.1% of Ireland's projected total electricity demand in 2050.
{"title":"Optimising production and long-term bulk storage of hydrogen from offshore wind in subsurface salt caverns","authors":"Nithiya Streethran , Keith Byrne , James White , Nick O'Neill , Paul Leahy","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is growing interest in large-scale energy storage using green hydrogen produced from renewable sources such as offshore wind energy. This is being driven by a desire for energy security; the push towards zero‑carbon electricity; and the need for back-up power to complement variable renewables. Storing hydrogen in subsurface caverns has several advantages: the offshore location minimises impacts on land-based communities and infrastructure; the large potential volumes are suitable for long-duration energy storage; and the technology is modular and scalable. There are several locations around the world with plentiful wind resources adjacent to geological features such as salt caverns or depleted gas fields suitable for subsurface storage of hydrogen. The Kish Basin of the Irish Sea is one such location, with several major offshore wind projects under development, and substantial deep and thick layers of subsurface halite suitable for storage facilities. This study develops a model of offshore wind generation, conversion to hydrogen, and subsurface storage in order to examine the feasibility of such a facility. Potential cavern locations and their theoretical storage capacities are determined using geological data of halite distribution. The model was applied to optimise the number, and locations, of caverns required. The cost of transmission of hydrogen by pipeline from offshore wind power-to-gas plants to storage caverns was shown to primarily depend on production volume and to a lesser extent on transmission distance. Following the application of constraints, a total of 218 potential caverns of height 120 m was identified in the Kish Basin. This corresponds to 23.68 TWh of energy storage capacity (as hydrogen), equivalent to up to 14.1% of Ireland's projected total electricity demand in 2050.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120988"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions in high specific energy density lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) battery are still suffered from the sluggish kinetics and poor reversibility. Herein, an Ag-modified CoMoP/Mo heterostructure is developed as an efficient oxygen electrode catalyst. The synergistic interaction between ultra-small Ag nanoclusters and the CoMoP/Mo matrix enables dynamic interfacial charge redistribution and multivalent Mo redox buffering, thereby regulating the adsorption-desorption behavior of oxygen intermediates. When employed in aprotic Li-O2 batteries, the optimized CoMoP/Ag-500 electrode delivers stable cycling over 224 cycles at a high current density, with a low overpotential of 1.15 V. The enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to the cooperative multi-center catalytic interface formed by Ag, Mo, and Co sites, which effectively accelerates ORR/OER kinetics while suppressing parasitic reactions. This work provides a rational strategy for designing durable Li-O2 cathodes by tuning metal-support interactions and interfacial electronic structures.
{"title":"Rationally regulating the metal-supports interaction in bimetallic components to promote LiOx conversion kinetics","authors":"Juchun Zhao , Jiehong Yin , Wei Xiong , Siao Li , Cheng Zhang , Jingshen Xu , Xingzi Zheng , Mengwei Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions in high specific energy density lithium-oxygen (Li-O<sub>2</sub>) battery are still suffered from the sluggish kinetics and poor reversibility. Herein, an Ag-modified CoMoP/Mo heterostructure is developed as an efficient oxygen electrode catalyst. The synergistic interaction between ultra-small Ag nanoclusters and the CoMoP/Mo matrix enables dynamic interfacial charge redistribution and multivalent Mo redox buffering, thereby regulating the adsorption-desorption behavior of oxygen intermediates. When employed in aprotic Li-O<sub>2</sub> batteries, the optimized CoMoP/Ag-500 electrode delivers stable cycling over 224 cycles at a high current density, with a low overpotential of 1.15 V. The enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to the cooperative multi-center catalytic interface formed by Ag, Mo, and Co sites, which effectively accelerates ORR/OER kinetics while suppressing parasitic reactions. This work provides a rational strategy for designing durable Li-O<sub>2</sub> cathodes by tuning metal-support interactions and interfacial electronic structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 121077"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120995
M.S.A. Fouzi , N.A.M. Amin , A. Mohamad , M.S. Mohamad , M.S.A. Majid , N.A. Aziz , M. Belusko , F. Bruno
This review combines experimental and modelling perspectives across five major phase change materials (PCMs) configurations—bulk, encapsulated, composite, porous, and finned—providing a broader view than previous reviews that usually focus on a single configuration or method. It highlights the important gaps that remain underexplored, including high-temperature applications, structural–thermal interactions, and long-term cycling performance. A comprehensive analysis of effective thermal conductivity in latent heat thermal energy storage systems using phase change materials is also presented. Both experimental and simulation-based studies are examined to assess the thermal performance of different thermal energy storage configurations. Due to the complexity and high computational cost of directly simulating natural convection during phase change, many studies employ simplified mathematical models. Effective thermal conductivity is a critical parameter that captures multiple heat transfer mechanisms, including conduction, convection, and radiation. This paper examines how effective thermal conductivity has been modelled and measured for a variety of phase change material configurations. These configurations include bulk, encapsulated, composite, porous, and finned systems. By consolidating experimental results and theoretical correlations, this review provides insight into selecting or developing reliable models to improve the thermal performance and design efficiency of thermal energy storage systems. In addition, this work identifies a lack of effective thermal conductivity correlations for high-temperature and non-paraffinic phase change materials, which represents a critical research gap for future applications such as concentrated solar power.
{"title":"Effective thermal conductivity of phase change materials: A review of experimental studies and modelling approaches in bulk, encapsulated, composite, porous, and finned configurations","authors":"M.S.A. Fouzi , N.A.M. Amin , A. Mohamad , M.S. Mohamad , M.S.A. Majid , N.A. Aziz , M. Belusko , F. Bruno","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review combines experimental and modelling perspectives across five major phase change materials (PCMs) configurations—bulk, encapsulated, composite, porous, and finned—providing a broader view than previous reviews that usually focus on a single configuration or method. It highlights the important gaps that remain underexplored, including high-temperature applications, structural–thermal interactions, and long-term cycling performance. A comprehensive analysis of effective thermal conductivity in latent heat thermal energy storage systems using phase change materials is also presented. Both experimental and simulation-based studies are examined to assess the thermal performance of different thermal energy storage configurations. Due to the complexity and high computational cost of directly simulating natural convection during phase change, many studies employ simplified mathematical models. Effective thermal conductivity is a critical parameter that captures multiple heat transfer mechanisms, including conduction, convection, and radiation. This paper examines how effective thermal conductivity has been modelled and measured for a variety of phase change material configurations. These configurations include bulk, encapsulated, composite, porous, and finned systems. By consolidating experimental results and theoretical correlations, this review provides insight into selecting or developing reliable models to improve the thermal performance and design efficiency of thermal energy storage systems. In addition, this work identifies a lack of effective thermal conductivity correlations for high-temperature and non-paraffinic phase change materials, which represents a critical research gap for future applications such as concentrated solar power.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120995"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121051
Simon Raffenberg , Uta Rodehorst , Katrin Junghans , Martin Winter , Markus Börner
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of five lithium iron phosphate (LFP) grades, examining the inherent material properties in dry battery electrodes (DBE). The study demonstrated that both particle size and particle stability/breakage under shear force drastically influences granulate processability and electrode film formation during calendering. Smaller particles were found to hinder binder fibrillation, due to extensive surface coverage of the binder. Additionally, particle breakage during electrode processing was identified as contributor to accelerated material aging for DBE, whereby particles with a high specific surface area proved to be particularly stable against shear force. Furthermore, a correlation between LFP crystallite size and electrochemical electrode properties was observed, with intermediate crystallite sizes showing a favourable influence on the specific discharge capacity. Contrary to prevailing assumptions derived from wet processed electrodes, the rate capability and specific discharge capacity of DBE were found to be less associated with tortuosity or porosity. Instead, a necessity of enhancing electronic conductivity within DBE through stable carbon-binder networks was identified. Furthermore, the study introduced rheological granulate metrics to quantify PTFE-based granulate processability for calendering. These findings contribute valuable insights for the design of not only DBE and their processing strategies, but also for general advanced LFP processing.
{"title":"Unveiling the impact of inherent LiFePO4 powder properties for dry-processed electrodes","authors":"Simon Raffenberg , Uta Rodehorst , Katrin Junghans , Martin Winter , Markus Börner","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides a comprehensive analysis of five lithium iron phosphate (LFP) grades, examining the inherent material properties in dry battery electrodes (DBE). The study demonstrated that both particle size and particle stability/breakage under shear force drastically influences granulate processability and electrode film formation during calendering. Smaller particles were found to hinder binder fibrillation, due to extensive surface coverage of the binder. Additionally, particle breakage during electrode processing was identified as contributor to accelerated material aging for DBE, whereby particles with a high specific surface area proved to be particularly stable against shear force. Furthermore, a correlation between LFP crystallite size and electrochemical electrode properties was observed, with intermediate crystallite sizes showing a favourable influence on the specific discharge capacity. Contrary to prevailing assumptions derived from wet processed electrodes, the rate capability and specific discharge capacity of DBE were found to be less associated with tortuosity or porosity. Instead, a necessity of enhancing electronic conductivity within DBE through stable carbon-binder networks was identified. Furthermore, the study introduced rheological granulate metrics to quantify PTFE-based granulate processability for calendering. These findings contribute valuable insights for the design of not only DBE and their processing strategies, but also for general advanced LFP processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 121051"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121065
Huizhong Zhang , Jing Zeng , Zhongya Han
With the increasing number of new energy vehicles, a large number of on-board lithium batteries are entering their end-of-life phase. The proper disposal of spent lithium batteries has become a social challenge. The recycling technology for end-of-life lithium batteries features a dual-track pattern of “closed-loop” and “non-closed-loop” recycling. The goal of closed-loop recycling is to transform end-of-life lithium battery materials back into the same or similar battery materials, enabling circular utilization. Common techniques include pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and direct regeneration. Non-closed-loop recycling does not directly use recycled materials to manufacture new batteries; instead, it converts valuable elements into other high-value-added products, placing greater emphasis on in-depth exploration and full utilization of material properties. This work systematically reviews the dual-path technical frameworks for closed-loop and non-closed-loop recycling of end-of-life lithium batteries, and performs technical-economic feasibility analyses and environmental impact assessments. Closed-loop recycling aims to maximize resource circular utilization, encompassing both cascade utilization and regenerative utilization. Cascade utilization involves downgrading or resource-based reuse of end-of-life batteries based on their remaining capacity, but it faces challenges such as immature technology, imperfect reverse logistics, and high costs. Critical processes such as testing, screening, and reassembly urgently require optimization, and introducing machine learning to enhance sorting accuracy represents an important research direction. Regenerative utilization techniques include hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, direct regeneration, and electrochemical recycling, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Non-closed-loop recycling technologies convert end-of-life lithium batteries into high-value-added products, such as catalysts, adsorbents, and energy storage electrodes, but they face challenges related to performance stability, large-scale production, and material property regulation. This work provides a robust techno-economic feasibility analysis and environmental impact assessment for the sustainable development of lithium batteries.
{"title":"Recycling technology of spent lithium batteries: Economic and environmental impact assessment of closed-loop degradation utilization and non-closed-loop high-value utilization","authors":"Huizhong Zhang , Jing Zeng , Zhongya Han","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing number of new energy vehicles, a large number of on-board lithium batteries are entering their end-of-life phase. The proper disposal of spent lithium batteries has become a social challenge. The recycling technology for end-of-life lithium batteries features a dual-track pattern of “closed-loop” and “non-closed-loop” recycling. The goal of closed-loop recycling is to transform end-of-life lithium battery materials back into the same or similar battery materials, enabling circular utilization. Common techniques include pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and direct regeneration. Non-closed-loop recycling does not directly use recycled materials to manufacture new batteries; instead, it converts valuable elements into other high-value-added products, placing greater emphasis on in-depth exploration and full utilization of material properties. This work systematically reviews the dual-path technical frameworks for closed-loop and non-closed-loop recycling of end-of-life lithium batteries, and performs technical-economic feasibility analyses and environmental impact assessments. Closed-loop recycling aims to maximize resource circular utilization, encompassing both cascade utilization and regenerative utilization. Cascade utilization involves downgrading or resource-based reuse of end-of-life batteries based on their remaining capacity, but it faces challenges such as immature technology, imperfect reverse logistics, and high costs. Critical processes such as testing, screening, and reassembly urgently require optimization, and introducing machine learning to enhance sorting accuracy represents an important research direction. Regenerative utilization techniques include hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, direct regeneration, and electrochemical recycling, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Non-closed-loop recycling technologies convert end-of-life lithium batteries into high-value-added products, such as catalysts, adsorbents, and energy storage electrodes, but they face challenges related to performance stability, large-scale production, and material property regulation. This work provides a robust techno-economic feasibility analysis and environmental impact assessment for the sustainable development of lithium batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 121065"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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