Journal of energy storage最新文献_第2页

Experimental study on influence of multi-physics fields induced dual interface and Rayleigh-Bénard convection on thermal storage characteristics 多物理场诱导双界面和rayleigh - badjnard对流对储热特性影响的实验研究

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120787

Jiajing Wang , Yijie Zhuang , Jing-Chun Feng

Phase change materials (PCMs) play a crucial role in thermal energy storage systems. However, their inherent low thermal conductivity limits further improvements in energy storage efficiency. To address this, this study experimentally investigates the thermal behavior of nano-enhanced phase change materials (NEPCM) and hybrid nano-enhanced phase change materials (HNEPCM) under coupled magnetic and variable gravitational fields. The focus is on the evolution of dual interfaces (the first being the solid-liquid phase change interface, the second being the heat mass transfer interface formed within the liquid phase region). And Rayleigh-Bénard (R-B) convection structures, and the dynamic evolution of overall thermal energy storage. This reveals enhanced heat transfer mechanisms driven by multi-physics field synergies. Key experimental findings include: within a bilateral non-uniform magnetic field environment, HNEPCMs exhibit superior comprehensive performance due to their enhanced heat transfer network formed by multi-component nanostructures. Under high acceleration (5 g), the top magnetic field synergistically enhances the primary convective vortex with horizontal centrifugal forces, achieving a total energy storage of 16.29 kJ. Notably, in the bilateral magnetic field configuration, the energy storage efficiency exhibits a marked decline (from 77.65% to 54.47%) with stepwise increases in centrifugal acceleration, while the energy storage rate decreases from 3.88 J/s to 2.72 J/s. This phenomenon reveals a competitive relationship between magnetic and centrifugal forces in regulating flow field structures, highlighting their significant influence on energy transfer pathways.

相变材料在热储能系统中起着至关重要的作用。然而，它们固有的低导热性限制了能量存储效率的进一步提高。为了解决这一问题，本研究通过实验研究了纳米增强相变材料（NEPCM）和混合纳米增强相变材料（HNEPCM）在耦合磁场和变引力场下的热行为。重点是双界面的演化（第一是固液相变界面，第二是液相区域内形成的传热传质界面）。与rayleigh - bassimard （R-B）对流结构，以及整体储热的动态演化。这揭示了由多物理场协同作用驱动的增强传热机制。关键实验发现包括：在双边非均匀磁场环境下，hnepcm由于其多组分纳米结构形成的强化传热网络而表现出优越的综合性能。在高加速度（5 g）下，顶部磁场与水平离心力协同增强初级对流涡，实现了16.29 kJ的总蓄能。值得注意的是，在双侧磁场构型下，随着离心加速度的逐步增大，储能效率从77.65%下降到54.47%，储能速率从3.88 J/s下降到2.72 J/s。这一现象揭示了磁场和离心力在调节流场结构方面的竞争关系，突出了它们对能量传递途径的重要影响。

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引用次数: 0

Interactive data-model hybrid method based on unscented Kalman filter and bidirectional long short-term memory network with self-attention for lithium-ion battery remaining useful life prediction 基于无气味卡尔曼滤波和自关注双向长短期记忆网络的锂离子电池剩余使用寿命预测交互式数据模型混合方法

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120840

Zhijun Gao , Xinlu Wang , Xifeng Guo , Zihao Cui

Lithium-ion batteries are widely deployed in energy storage, power systems, and transportation, where accurate remaining useful life (RUL) prediction is essential for ensuring safety and reliability. However, model-based methods often suffer from limited adaptability, while data-driven methods lack physical interpretability. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a hybrid interactive prediction method, termed UKF-BiLSTM-SA, which integrates offline deep learning and online model-based correction. In the offline stage, bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) network with self-attention (SA) extracts temporal degradation features and adaptively emphasizes critical degradation phases. In the online stage, a Fourier battery degradation model combined with an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) enables dynamic parameter updates. The interaction between BiLSTM-SA and UKF forms an iterative correction mechanism, where the posterior capacity estimated by UKF is fed back to enhance input feature sequence of BiLSTM-SA. Experiments on the NASA battery dataset demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior accuracy compared with existing models, keeping absolute error within three cycles. Moreover, the generalization performance of the model on the Oxford dataset was evaluated, yielding an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.00459 and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.00738 across all eight cells. Compared to other hybrid methods, RMSE value has decreased by 27.02%, and MAPE value has decreased by 29.00%, which confirm its robustness and practical effectiveness.

锂离子电池广泛应用于能源存储、电力系统和交通运输等领域，准确的剩余使用寿命（RUL）预测对于确保其安全性和可靠性至关重要。然而，基于模型的方法往往适应性有限，而数据驱动的方法缺乏物理可解释性。为了克服这些限制，本文提出了一种混合交互式预测方法，称为UKF-BiLSTM-SA，该方法集成了离线深度学习和在线基于模型的校正。在离线阶段，具有自注意的双向长短期记忆（BiLSTM）网络提取时间退化特征，自适应地强调关键退化阶段。在在线阶段，傅立叶电池退化模型与无气味卡尔曼滤波器（UKF）相结合，实现了动态参数更新。BiLSTM-SA与UKF之间的相互作用形成了一种迭代校正机制，其中UKF估计的后验容量被反馈，增强BiLSTM-SA的输入特征序列。在NASA电池数据集上的实验表明，与现有模型相比，该方法具有更高的精度，绝对误差保持在3个周期以内。此外，对模型在牛津数据集上的泛化性能进行了评估，所有8个单元格的平均均方根误差（RMSE）为0.00459，平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）为0.00738。与其他混合方法相比，RMSE值降低了27.02%，MAPE值降低了29.00%，验证了其鲁棒性和实用性。

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引用次数: 0

Development and experimental validation of the comprehensive electro-thermal model of kW scale Vanadium Redox Flow Battery storage system under the impact of dynamic flow rate 动态流量影响下kW级钒氧化还原液流电池储能系统综合电热模型的建立与实验验证

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120844

Pragada Dheeraj Abhinav, Ankur Bhattacharjee

In this work, a comprehensive electro-thermal model of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) is developed and the performance has been validated with experimental studies. A dynamic model has been developed in MATLAB simulation environment to investigate the electrochemical and thermal characteristics of VRFB storage systems. The electrochemical and thermodynamic parameter inter-relationship has been utilised in depth in this model. Simulation results demonstrate the variation of VRFB electrical parameters (voltage, internal resistance, power loss etc.) and stack electrolyte temperature, under the impact of dynamic electrolyte flow rate and ambient temperature at a certain charge-discharge rate. Further, the simulation results are experimentally validated by a practical 5 kW 15kWh VRFB storage system performance. The dynamic electrolyte flow rate improves the overall VRFB system efficiency up to 71.2%, with an improvement of around 2.5%, compared to the manufacturer specified constant electrolyte flow rates; whereas, the stack electrolyte temperature rise is maintained within permissible limit of 40 °C. The simulation results closely match with experimental results, with a maximum relative percentage error < 2%, establishes the high accuracy of the proposed VRFB electro-thermal model. The proposed model is a generalized one and claims to be very useful for optimizing the scalable VRFB performance for renewable energy applications.

本文建立了钒氧化还原液流电池（VRFB）的综合电热模型，并对其性能进行了实验验证。在MATLAB仿真环境下建立了动态模型，研究了VRFB储能系统的电化学和热特性。该模型深入利用了电化学参数和热力学参数的相互关系。仿真结果显示了在一定的充放电速率下，在动态电解质流速和环境温度的影响下，VRFB电学参数（电压、内阻、功率损耗等）和堆液温度的变化规律。并通过实际的5kw 15kWh VRFB存储系统的性能对仿真结果进行了实验验证。与制造商指定的恒定电解质流速相比，动态电解质流速将VRFB系统的整体效率提高了71.2%，提高了约2.5%；而叠层电解质温升保持在40°C的允许范围内。仿真结果与实验结果吻合较好，最大相对百分比误差为2%，表明所提出的VRFB电热模型具有较高的精度。所提出的模型是一个广义模型，并声称对优化可再生能源应用的可伸缩VRFB性能非常有用。

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引用次数: 0

Semi-empirical modeling and experimental evaluation of partial immersive thermal management performance for 21700 cylindrical cells targeted towards automotive battery packs 针对汽车电池组的21700个圆柱形电池的半经验建模和部分浸入式热管理性能的实验评估

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120424

Saulius Pakštys, Marco Maritano, Fabio Boscarino, Angelo Bonfitto

Thermal management of lithium-ion cells in battery packs is of paramount importance, ensuring that their extended service life and safety are guaranteed. This paper explores the potential benefits that partial direct thermal management may offer for automotive battery packs. It presents a systematic modeling and experimentation campaign of a battery pack composed of 21700 cylindrical cells, evaluating its thermal response under six thermal management conditions at the same electrical load. Static air and forced air-cooling are performed, setting a baseline for the analysis. The effectiveness of a single-phase dielectric liquid coolant for direct thermal management is evaluated with varying immersion levels of the cells. The level of the fluid is increased from 25% to 100% of the battery cell height, following 25% increments. For each condition, the pack is tested with a discharge rate of 0.5C, with temperature measurements recorded at the positive terminal, negative terminal and the body of the central cell of the pack. The work presents the development of a multiphysics model considering electrochemical and thermal physics coupling, based on a semi-empirical lumped battery representation. The model results to have a good fit with the experimental data, with a maximum error of 1.4 °C when simulating the partial immersion conditions. The experimental outcomes indicate that an immersion ratio of 50% is an agreeable trade-off between maximum temperature reached, maximum temperature difference between the positive and negative terminals, and coolant volume for the studied battery pack.

电池组中锂离子电池的热管理至关重要，可以确保其延长使用寿命和安全性。本文探讨了部分直接热管理可能为汽车电池组提供的潜在好处。本文提出了一个由21700个圆柱形电池组成的电池组的系统建模和实验活动，评估了其在相同电负载下六种热管理条件下的热响应。静态空气和强制空气冷却进行，为分析设置基线。单相介质液体冷却剂对直接热管理的有效性与不同浸没水平的电池进行了评估。液体的液位从电池高度的25%增加到100%，每增加25%。对于每种情况，以0.5C的放电率对电池组进行测试，并在电池组的正极、负极和中心电池体处记录温度测量。这项工作提出了一个考虑电化学和热物理耦合的多物理场模型的发展，基于半经验的集总电池表示。结果表明，该模型与实验数据拟合较好，在模拟部分浸没条件时，最大误差为1.4℃。实验结果表明，50%的浸没比是在所研究的电池组中达到的最高温度、正负极最大温差和冷却剂体积之间的一个令人满意的折衷。

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引用次数: 0

Enrichment and thermal characteristics study of coconut oil based phase change material configured concentrated solar heat exchanger 椰子油基相变材料配置聚光太阳能换热器富集及热特性研究

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120845

M. Aruna , Nagabhooshanam Nagarajan , Rintu Kumar , Mamata Chahar , T. Sudhakar , N B C N Murthy , R. Venkatesh , Ramya Maranan , S. Sathiyamurthy , Senthil Kumar Vishnu

Solar-based heat exchange is well-known and widely used in a variety of commercial applications, including textiles, food drying, chemical plants, and water heating. The conventional solar heater equipped with a hybrid nanofluid demonstrated superior heat transfer capabilities. However, it faces the constraints of inadequate energy storage at high thermal radiation and limited operation due to the availability of solar energy. The scope of research is utilizes coconut oil-based phase change material (PCM) and hybrid nanofluid (HNF) as a primary phase to enhance the overall heat storage and thermal characteristics of a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC)-aided heat exchanger. Its combinations overcome the conventional collector drawbacks, including fluctuation of solar radiation, uneven heat transfer, and limited thermal characteristics of the heat exchanger and also provide better energy storage behaviour. During the experimentations, the shell and tube heat exchanger setup was investigated using water, HNF, and a combination of PCM with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 wt% concentration of HNF composed with Propylene Glycol/water/zinc oxide nanoparticles at a flow rate of 0.03 kg/s. The collective PCM with 0.2% concentration of HNF provided better functional behaviours, such as a higher heat transfer rate (2647.9 W), optimum thermal conductivity (0.95 W/mK), a hiked temperature for the outlet (87.1 °C), superior heat energy storage behaviour (220.4 kJ/kg), and an attained optimum thermal efficiency of 67.1%. The conditions of 0.2% concentration of HNF with coconut oil-based PCM-operated CPC are more suitable for heat exchanger applications than conventional systems.

以太阳能为基础的热交换是众所周知的，并广泛应用于各种商业应用，包括纺织、食品干燥、化工厂和水加热。配备混合纳米流体的传统太阳能加热器显示出优越的传热能力。然而，它面临着高热辐射下能量储存不足和由于太阳能的可用性而限制运行的限制。研究的范围是利用椰子油基相变材料（PCM）和混合纳米流体（HNF）作为初级相来提高复合抛物聚光器（CPC）辅助换热器的整体储热性能和热特性。它的组合克服了传统集热器的缺点，包括太阳辐射波动、传热不均匀和热交换器的热特性有限，并且还提供了更好的储能性能。在实验过程中，研究了壳管式换热器的设置，使用水、HNF和PCM的组合，以0.1、0.2和0.3 wt%的浓度由丙二醇/水/氧化锌纳米颗粒组成的HNF，流速为0.03 kg/s。当HNF浓度为0.2%时，聚集体PCM具有较高的传热速率（2647.9 W）、最佳导热系数（0.95 W/mK）、较高的出口温度（87.1°C）、优异的储热性能（220.4 kJ/kg）和67.1%的最佳热效率。椰子油基pcm操作的CPC系统在0.2%浓度的HNF条件下比传统系统更适合用于换热器。

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引用次数: 0

Applications of biomimetic design in phase change energy storage technology: Materials, structures, and systems 仿生设计在相变储能技术中的应用：材料、结构和系统

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120852

Junkui Niu , Pengcheng Tang , Binbin Wang , Jinhao Liu , Tong Xiao

Phase change thermal storage technology offers high energy density and near-isothermal characteristics, making it valuable for applications. However, solid-liquid phase change materials face two key limitations: leakage risks and low thermal conductivity. This article reviews the progress in applying biomimetic strategies for the optimization of phase change materials and thermal storage devices. The principles and characteristics of various synthesis techniques are analyzed, including bio-templating methods, dopamine biomimetic strategy, cellular structure-based capsules, and multi-porous biomimetic frameworks. These strategies demonstrate how natural structural and functional principles can address the deficiencies of phase change materials. Hierarchical structure design and surface biomimetic simulation have achieved synergistic optimization of thermal conductivity, structural stability, and functionality. At the device level, biomimetic animal and plant structures, along with topological optimization techniques, have enhanced the heat transfer efficiency and energy utilization rates of phase change thermal storage systems. The integration of multi-level structural-functional elements provides a technical foundation for the development of high-performance phase change thermal storage systems.

相变蓄热技术具有高能量密度和近等温特性，具有广泛的应用价值。然而，固液相变材料面临两个关键的限制：泄漏风险和低导热性。本文综述了仿生策略在相变材料和储热器件优化中的应用进展。分析了各种合成技术的原理和特点，包括生物模板法、多巴胺仿生策略、基于细胞结构的胶囊和多孔仿生框架。这些策略展示了自然结构和功能原理如何解决相变材料的缺陷。分层结构设计和表面仿生仿真实现了导热性、结构稳定性和功能性的协同优化。在器件层面，仿生动植物结构和拓扑优化技术提高了相变储热系统的传热效率和能量利用率。多层结构功能单元的集成为高性能相变蓄热系统的开发提供了技术基础。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing thermal properties of composite molten salt with in-situ synthesized carbon sheets for thermal energy storage 原位合成储热炭片提高复合熔盐热性能

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120889

Shaobo Xi , Fei Liang , Jing Ding , Weilong Wang , Shule Liu , Duu-Jong Lee , Jianfeng Lu

Chloride molten salts are widely regarded as promising heat transfer fluids in concentrating solar power systems, owing to the affordability and ability to operate effectively across broad temperature ranges. In this work, composite energy storage material with molten salt and carbon sheet is efficiently prepared by waste salt, and its enhancement mechanism of thermal property is investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. By molten-salt pyrolysis, the carbon sheets are synthesized in situ via decomposition of organic pollutant in waste salt, and 10 °C/min is the appropriate heating rate based on pyrolysis kinetic equation. The composite molten salt with 1.5 wt% carbon sheet shows a maximum specific heat capacity of 1.15 J/(g·K), 18.4% higher than pure molten salt. With the increase of carbon sheet content, composite molten salt exhibits high thermal conductivity of 0.42 W/(m·K) at 2.0 wt%, representing an improvement of 10.5%. According to molecular dynamics research, the simulated thermal properties are in good agreement with the experimental data, and the enhancement of specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity is attributed to system potential energy increment. Furthermore, the composite molten salt demonstrates outstanding thermal stability even after prolonged use, making it a cost-effective and high-performance material for energy storage applications.

氯化物熔盐被广泛认为是聚光太阳能发电系统中有前途的传热流体，因为它的经济性和在很宽的温度范围内有效运行的能力。本文利用废盐高效制备了熔盐-碳片复合储能材料，并通过分子动力学模拟研究了其热性能增强机理。熔融盐热解法通过废盐中有机污染物的原位分解合成碳片，根据热解动力学方程，10℃/min为适宜的升温速率。含碳量为1.5 wt%的复合熔盐的最大比热容为1.15 J/(g·K)，比纯熔盐高18.4%。随着碳片含量的增加，复合熔盐的导热系数在2.0 wt%时达到0.42 W/(m·K)，提高了10.5%。分子动力学研究表明，模拟的热性能与实验数据吻合较好，比热容和导热系数的提高归因于系统势能的增加。此外，复合熔盐即使在长时间使用后也表现出出色的热稳定性，使其成为一种具有成本效益和高性能的储能材料。

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引用次数: 0

Synergistic Na doping and spinel formation for ultrathin cathode–electrolyte interphase films enabling stable lithium-rich manganese cathodes 协同钠掺杂和尖晶石形成超薄阴极-电解质间相膜，实现稳定的富锂锰阴极

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120557

Wencheng Pan , Luxiang Ma , Hongli Su , Yan Zhao , Chunxi Hai , Shengde Dong , Yanxia Sun , Qi Xu , Xin He , Jitao Chen , Yuan Zhou

Lithium-rich manganese-based layered oxides (LR) are promising cathodes for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries, but their practical application is hindered by severe voltage decay, capacity fading, and interfacial instability caused by oxygen release and sluggish Li⁺ diffusion. Here, we report a rapid surface engineering strategy that integrates Na⁺ doping and spinel phase formation to construct ultra-thin and uniform cathode–electrolyte interphase (CEI) films. Density functional theory calculations reveal that Na⁺ incorporation stabilizes lattice oxygen by forming strong NaO bonds and reduces the Li⁺ diffusion barrier by 0.22 eV. Experimentally, Na⁺ doping expands the Li layer spacing and generates oxygen vacancies, which further facilitate Li⁺ transport. Consequently, the modified cathode exhibits enhanced interfacial stability and suppressed oxygen evolution, leading to a high discharge capacity of 191 mAh·g-1 with 83.6% retention after 300 cycles at 1C, and 107.8 mAh·g⁻¹ even at 10C. This scalable and cost-effective strategy offers new insights into interfacial design for the commercialization of lithium-rich cathodes.

富锂锰基层状氧化物（LR）是高能量密度锂离子电池极具前景的阴极材料，但其实际应用受到严重的电压衰减、容量衰减以及氧释放和Li+扩散缓慢引起的界面不稳定等问题的阻碍。在这里，我们报告了一种快速表面工程策略，将Na+掺杂和尖晶石相形成结合起来，构建超薄均匀的阴极-电解质界面（CEI）膜。密度泛函理论计算表明，Na+的掺入通过形成强NaO键来稳定晶格氧，并使Li+的扩散势垒降低了0.22 eV。实验结果表明，Na+的掺杂扩大了Li层间距，产生了氧空位，进一步促进了Li+的输运。因此，改性后的阴极表现出增强的界面稳定性和抑制的析氧，在1C下循环300次后的放电容量高达191 mAh·g-1，保留率为83.6%，即使在10C下也达到107.8 mAh·g-1。这种可扩展且具有成本效益的策略为富锂阴极的商业化界面设计提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Immersion cooling control for ununiform degraded lithium-ion batteries under fast charging 快充条件下不均匀退化锂离子电池的浸没冷却控制

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120820

Liqin Qian , Wei Xiao , Gensheng Fei , Chengyu Xia , Yahui Yi , Tiancai Ma , Siqi Chen

Overheating hazard of nonuniformly degraded battery systems limits battery All-lifespan safe applications. However, the evolution principle and corresponding strategies are still unlocked. Therefore, this study proposes a dynamic immersion cooling strategy to address the All-lifespan 4C fast charging issue of nonuniformly degraded modules. Firstly, heat generation of degraded batteries are experimentally measured to be more significant due to severe side reactions under fast charging, inducing nonuniform heat accumulation-degradation in systems. Moreover, maximum temperature (T_max: 437.5 K) and temperature standard deviation (TSD: 5.5 K) are detected in the harshest nonuniformly degraded module after 4C fast charging for 15 min, which can be controlled within an acceptable level (T_max: 316.85 K, TSD: 2.3 K) under the coolant flow rate threshold 0.005 kg/s with the cooling scheme. Furthermore, dynamic coolant flow rate threshold is investigated for different nonuniformly degraded modules, cooling strategies are evaluated form the temperature control (decrement and uniformity) and energy cost, coolant threshold q1 is selected with higher thermal and economically efficiency. This study provides guidance for All-lifespan thermal management in the next-generation energy storage devices, considering the nonuniformly degradation effect.

非均匀退化电池系统的过热危险限制了电池的全寿命安全应用。然而，进化原理和相应的策略仍未被解开。因此，本研究提出了一种动态浸没冷却策略，以解决非均匀退化模块的全寿命4C快速充电问题。首先，通过实验测量，在快速充电条件下，由于严重的副反应，降解电池产生的热量更加显著，从而导致系统中不均匀的热量积累-降解。此外，在4℃快速充电15 min后，最恶劣非均匀退化模块的最高温度（Tmax: 437.5 K）和温度标准偏差（TSD: 5.5 K）可以在冷却剂流量阈值0.005 kg/s下控制在可接受的水平（Tmax: 316.85 K, TSD: 2.3 K）。此外，研究了不同非均匀降解模块的动态冷却剂流量阈值，从温度控制（减量和均匀性）和能量成本方面对冷却策略进行了评估，选择了热效率和经济效率较高的冷却剂阈值q1。该研究为考虑非均匀退化效应的下一代储能器件的全寿命热管理提供了指导。

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引用次数: 0

Nail penetration safety enhancement in semisolid-state batteries via composite solid-state electrolyte separators 复合固态电解质分离器增强半固态电池穿甲安全性

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120847

Xingyu Yang , Dong Liang , Tao Zhang , Hailin Fan , Chongchong Zhao , Zhiwei Pan , Songwei Zhu , Feng Huo , Peigao Duan

This study develops a composite solid-state electrolyte (SSE) separator for semisolid-state batteries, achieving a 450 Wh/kg lithium metal battery that passes stringent nail penetration tests. The SSE, composed of PEO-LLZTO coated on a polypropylene base, exhibits superior elongation and ionic conductivity enabling effective nail encapsulation during penetration. A custom steel nail with embedded thermocouples was used to monitor the maximum temperature at the penetration site of different pouch cells during the nail penetration test, providing more accurate measurements than surface-mounted thermocouples. A parallel circuit model quantification demonstrated significant differences in peak current and short-circuit internal resistance between liquid batteries and semisolid-state batteries. Semisolid-state batteries with 1.4 g/Ah electrolyte filling demonstrated safety across capacities (3.2–7.5 Ah), whereas liquid batteries failed. The posttest microscope images confirmed the role of SSE in reducing the peak splitting height and fracture area of the electrodes. This work provides a methodological framework for nail penetration analysis, highlighting SSE separators as a solution to balance energy density and safety.

本研究开发了一种用于半固态电池的复合固态电解质（SSE）分离器，实现了450 Wh/kg的锂金属电池，并通过了严格的钉子穿透测试。SSE由PEO-LLZTO涂覆在聚丙烯基上，具有优异的伸长率和离子导电性，能够在穿透过程中有效地包裹钉子。采用嵌入热电偶的定制钢钉，在钉入测试中监测不同袋状细胞穿透部位的最高温度，提供比表面安装热电偶更准确的测量结果。并联电路模型量化表明，液体电池和半固态电池在峰值电流和短路内阻方面存在显著差异。充入1.4 g/Ah电解质的半固态电池在容量（3.2-7.5 Ah）范围内表现出安全性，而液体电池则失效。后测显微镜图像证实了SSE对降低电极峰劈裂高度和断裂面积的作用。这项工作为钉子穿透分析提供了一个方法论框架，强调SSE分离器是平衡能量密度和安全性的解决方案。

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