Journal of energy storage最新文献_第3页

Experimental evaluation of a double-layered radial flow packed bed thermal energy storage 双层径向流填料床储热的实验评价

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-20 Epub Date: 2026-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121456

Konstantinos Apostolopoulos-Kalkavouras, Silvia Trevisan, Rafael Guedez

High-temperature thermal energy storage (TES) is increasingly regarded as essential for sustainable energy systems, enabling the decoupling of supply and demand in renewable-heavy scenarios where flexibility and reliability are critical. This work builds on previous authors work and presents a novel double-layered packed bed TES prototype and its experimental assessment. The prototype, with 35 kWh capacity, operates between 20 °C and 600 °C at ambient pressure. Its key feature is two coaxial particle layers, whose sizes can be independently adjusted to test multiple configurations, offering unique flexibility for performance evaluation. Experiments explore variations in charging/discharging mass flow rates, operating temperatures, and particle/layer sizes. Temperature sensors embedded within the bed capture detailed thermocline development. Performance is quantified through key performance indicators and dimensionless parameters. Results show robust and repeatable behavior, with efficiencies around 90% and consistently high temperature uniformity across the bed. The pressure drop remains minimal, below 1 mbar, while particle size has a strong influence: larger particles reduce pressure drop, whereas smaller ones enhance thermal performance. Nevertheless, under the tested operating conditions, the discharge temperature exhibits a decreasing profile. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of radial-flow packed bed concepts, while also showing that certain coaxial layering configurations can reduce pressure drop by about 30% without compromising thermal performance, maintaining efficiencies near 90%.

高温热能储存（TES）越来越被认为是可持续能源系统的关键，在可再生能源重的情况下，灵活性和可靠性至关重要，可以实现供需解耦。本工作建立在前人工作的基础上，提出了一种新型双层填充床TES原型及其实验评估。原型车的容量为35千瓦时，在20°C至600°C的环境压力下工作。其主要特点是两个同轴颗粒层，其大小可以独立调整以测试多种配置，为性能评估提供了独特的灵活性。实验探讨了充电/放电质量流速率、操作温度和颗粒/层尺寸的变化。嵌入地层的温度传感器可以捕捉到温跃层发展的细节。通过关键绩效指标和无量纲参数对绩效进行量化。结果显示出稳定且可重复的性能，效率约为90%，整个床层的温度均匀性始终如一。压降仍然很小，低于1mbar，而颗粒尺寸有很大的影响：较大的颗粒会降低压降，而较小的颗粒会提高热性能。然而，在测试的操作条件下，放电温度呈下降趋势。总的来说，这项研究展示了径向流填充床概念的潜力，同时也表明某些同轴分层配置可以在不影响热性能的情况下减少约30%的压降，使效率保持在90%左右。

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引用次数: 0

Electrochemical performance and mass transfer properties of dual electrode assemblies for aqueous vanadium redox flow batteries 钒液流电池双电极组件的电化学性能和传质性能

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-20 Epub Date: 2026-03-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121282

Baichen Liu , Salvatore De Angelis , Vedrana Andersen Dahl , Søren Bredmose Simonsen , Johan Hjelm

Recognizing the urgent need of further cost reduction to drive wider adoption of redox flow batteries, it is critical to improve the reactor performance, which has been regarded as a key approach to reduce the high capital cost. Porous electrodes with properly designed structure and optimized physiochemical properties offer pathways for reduced voltage losses, including kinetic and concentration overpotentials. Recently, carbon cloth electrodes have been explored in flow battery applications owing to their bimodal pore size distributions. Although the unique woven structure of cloth provides flexibilities in electrode designs, it is still a barrier to strike a trade-off between the electrolyte penetration pathways and abundant active surface area. This study investigates a dual-layer electrode design combining carbon cloth and carbon paper to achieve high performance in a flow-through vanadium redox flow battery. The carbon cloth, placed adjacent to the flow plate, acts as an electrolyte distributor, while the carbon paper sub-layer near the membrane provides dense reactive sites. Electrochemical testing in a symmetric cell setup using both V²⁺/V³⁺ and VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ redox couples was conducted to isolate polarization losses. Additionally, 3D-reconstructed electrode structures were analyzed using the Lattice Boltzmann Method to reveal electrolyte flow distribution and velocity profiles. The dual-layer strategy demonstrated improved electrochemical performance, lower mass transfer resistance, reduced pressure drop, and enhanced membrane durability. It can be regarded as a promising approach for high system efficiency while maintaining cycling stability in a flow-through configuration.

认识到进一步降低成本以推动更广泛采用氧化还原液流电池的迫切需要，提高反应器性能至关重要，这已被视为降低高资本成本的关键途径。多孔电极具有合理设计的结构和优化的物理化学性质，为降低电压损失（包括动力学和浓度过电位）提供了途径。近年来，碳布电极由于其双峰孔径分布而在液流电池中得到了应用。尽管织物独特的编织结构为电极设计提供了灵活性，但在电解质渗透途径和丰富的活性表面积之间进行权衡仍然是一个障碍。本文研究了一种结合碳布和碳纸的双层电极设计，以实现高性能的流过式钒氧化还原液流电池。靠近流板的碳布充当电解质分布器，而靠近膜的碳纸子层提供密集的反应位点。在对称电池设置中，使用V2+/V3+和VO2+/VO2+氧化还原对进行电化学测试，以隔离极化损失。此外，利用晶格玻尔兹曼方法分析了三维重建的电极结构，以揭示电解质的流动分布和速度分布。双膜策略改善了电化学性能，降低了传质阻力，降低了压降，增强了膜的耐久性。它可以被认为是一种很有前途的方法，既能提高系统效率，又能在流通配置中保持循环稳定性。

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引用次数: 0

Towards efficient ramp-up: A material-guided parameterization and process control setup for electrode calendering 迈向高效爬坡：电极压延的材料导向参数化和过程控制设置

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-20 Epub Date: 2026-03-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121286

Andreas Mayr , Sebastian Thiem , Maximilian Lechner , Sophie Grabmann , Rüdiger Daub

The demand for lithium-ion batteries continues to rise as industries pursue electrification and emission-free production. However, battery manufacturing remains a complex and resource-intensive process involving an iterative optimization of both processes and products. Due to material costs accounting for a large proportion of the total cost of battery cell production, scrap generated during process ramp-up represents a key economic challenge. Calendering, a crucial step during electrode manufacturing, significantly impacts the mechanical and electrochemical characteristics of lithium-ion battery cells. The configuration of the calendering process remains predominantly guided by empirical tuning and trial-and-error approaches, resulting in inefficiencies during ramp-up. This highlights the need for efficient parameterization and process control strategies in electrode production, enabling faster process stabilization and minimizing scrap during the initial production phases. To address these challenges, this study proposes a material-guided process control approach for calendering. Using an in-line thickness measurement and a stepwise compaction strategy, a control model and an automated, material-dependent parameterization routine are derived. To precisely control the thickness of the electrode, the presented approach utilizes a predictive feedforward control to adjust the roll gap, complemented by a closed-loop correction during calendering. The proposed approach is demonstrated on graphite anodes at various web speeds and transferred to cathode calendering. The findings show that the developed methodology allows for a streamlined ramp-up process for novel electrode formulations, thereby reducing process setup time, and material scrap. This contributes to the enhancement of cost efficiency, overall productivity, and sustainability in battery manufacturing.

随着工业追求电气化和无排放生产，对锂离子电池的需求持续上升。然而，电池制造仍然是一个复杂的、资源密集型的过程，涉及过程和产品的迭代优化。由于材料成本占电池生产总成本的很大一部分，在工艺提升过程中产生的废料是一个关键的经济挑战。压延加工是锂离子电池电极制造过程中的关键环节，它对锂离子电池的力学和电化学特性有着重要的影响。压延过程的配置仍然主要由经验调整和试错方法指导，导致在爬坡期间效率低下。这突出了在电极生产中需要有效的参数化和过程控制策略，从而在初始生产阶段实现更快的过程稳定并最大限度地减少废料。为了解决这些挑战，本研究提出了一种以材料为导向的压延工艺控制方法。利用在线厚度测量和逐步压实策略，推导了控制模型和自动化的、与材料相关的参数化程序。为了精确控制电极的厚度，本文提出的方法利用预测前馈控制来调整轧制间隙，并在压延过程中辅以闭环校正。所提出的方法在石墨阳极上以不同的卷材速度进行了演示，并转移到阴极压延。研究结果表明，开发的方法允许新型电极配方的流线型爬坡过程，从而减少工艺设置时间和材料废料。这有助于提高电池制造的成本效率、整体生产率和可持续性。

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引用次数: 0

Ignition of lithium-ion battery vent gases: Combined experimental and numerical investigation 锂离子电池排气点火：实验与数值结合研究

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-20 Epub Date: 2026-03-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121310

N.A.C.J.D. Senarathna, M.-A. Bérubé, P. Versailles, E. Robert, B. Savard

The demand for Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) is increasing amid the global transition towards sustainable energy solutions. However, these cells present an inherent risk of thermal runaway (TR), which releases flammable gases and incandescent particles. Upon venting, these gases may ignite when exposed to air, generating a significant amount of heat, thus increasing the likelihood of TR propagation across battery modules containing hundreds or thousands of cells. Despite significant progress in TR characterization, the exact ignition mechanism of the vented gases remains unclear; both particle-assisted ignition and auto-ignition (AI) are hypothesized, yet lack direct evidence in the literature. In this study, the role of incandescent particles in enhancing ignition is confirmed through high-speed imaging of TR venting events. Additionally, the images capture ignition kernels forming in the absence of particles, providing strong evidence that AI also occurs. A comparison between the order of magnitude of numerically estimated AI delay times and experimentally observed values demonstrates that AI requires temperatures higher than the commonly reported cell wall temperature (

\sim

950 K). Measurements using two-color pyrometry (2-CP) reveal that the cell cap reaches temperatures of

\sim

1200 K—well within the range necessary for AI in the gas phase—confirming AI and indicating that cell wall temperatures underpredict actual gas temperatures. The insights gained in this study are particularly valuable for vent gas combustion modeling, as they clarify ignition mechanisms and provide improved boundary conditions for CFD models, aiding in the design of safer battery modules.

随着全球向可持续能源解决方案的过渡，对锂离子电池（LiBs）的需求正在增加。然而，这些电池存在固有的热失控风险（TR），它释放可燃气体和白炽颗粒。在排气时，这些气体暴露在空气中可能会点燃，产生大量的热量，从而增加TR在包含数百或数千个电池的电池模块之间传播的可能性。尽管在TR表征方面取得了重大进展，但排放气体的确切点火机制仍不清楚；粒子辅助点火和自动点火（AI）都是假设的，但在文献中缺乏直接证据。在本研究中，通过对TR排气事件的高速成像，证实了白炽灯颗粒在促进点火中的作用。此外，这些图像捕捉到了在没有粒子的情况下形成的点火核，为人工智能的发生提供了强有力的证据。数值估计的AI延迟时间和实验观察值之间的数量级比较表明，AI需要的温度高于通常报道的细胞壁温度（~ 950 K）。使用双色热法（2-CP）的测量显示，细胞帽达到了~ 1200 k的温度，在气相AI所需的范围内，证实了AI，并表明细胞壁温度低于实际气体温度。在这项研究中获得的见解对于排气燃烧建模特别有价值，因为它们阐明了点火机制，并为CFD模型提供了改进的边界条件，有助于设计更安全的电池模块。

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引用次数: 0

Interfacial charge transfer modulation in metal sulfides/CFₓ heterostructures for ultrahigh-rate Lithium primary batteries 超高速锂原电池中金属硫化物/CFₓ异质结构中的界面电荷转移调制

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-20 Epub Date: 2026-03-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121366

Chang Wang , Guowen Chen , Xiaotao Chen , Weihua Wan , Zaifang Yuan , Xinlu Li , Shusen Kang , Bin Shi , Kangkang Tang

Primary batteries composed of lithium and carbon fluoride (CF_x) are acknowledged for their remarkable attributes, such as superior energy density, enhanced safety features, and a notable shelf life. However, existing research predominantly emphasizes the mass energy density of carbon fluoride (CF_x), with limited attention devoted to the applicable power energy requirements. A new class of hybrid composites has been developed to address this issue, combining cobalt sulfides with carbon fluoride (CoS₂/CF_x). These composites are synthesized using a vacuum planetary ball milling (VPBM) technique, which is instrumental in enhancing the power densities of Li/CF_x batteries. Remarkably, the CoS₂/CF_x hybrid composites achieve a power density of 19.53 kW kg⁻¹ and an impressive energy density of 1250.91 Wh kg⁻¹ when subjected to a current density of 9000 mA g⁻¹. The CoS₂/CF_x hybrid composites as cathodes show two discharge plateaus due to bidirectional regulation and synergistic interactions from lattice modulation and charge reorganization at hybrid interfaces during the VPBM process, indicating advanced chemistry beyond a simple combination of individual components. Consequently, CoS₂/CF_x (CC-2) cathode delivers 6463.79 Wh L⁻¹ volumetric energy and 792.38 Wh kg⁻¹ mass energy density in a 2.5 Ah pouch-type battery. Interfacial optimization among metal sulfides offers a promising strategy to enhance Li/CF_x primary battery performance.

由锂和氟化碳（CFx）组成的原电池以其卓越的特性而闻名，例如优越的能量密度、增强的安全特性和显著的保质期。然而，现有的研究主要强调氟化碳（CFx）的质量能量密度，对适用的电力能量需求的关注有限。为了解决这一问题，开发了一类新的杂化复合材料，将硫化钴与氟化碳（CoS2/CFx）结合在一起。这些复合材料是使用真空行星球磨（VPBM）技术合成的，该技术有助于提高Li/CFx电池的功率密度。值得注意的是，当电流密度为9000 mA g−1时，CoS2/CFx杂化复合材料的功率密度为19.53 kW kg−1，能量密度为1250.91 Wh kg−1。作为阴极的CoS2/CFx杂化复合材料在VPBM过程中，由于双向调节和杂化界面上晶格调制和电荷重组的协同相互作用，表现出两个放电平台，表明超越单个组分简单组合的先进化学。因此，在2.5 Ah的袋式电池中，CoS2/CFx （CC-2）阴极提供6463.79 Wh L−1的体积能量和792.38 Wh kg−1的质量能量密度。金属硫化物之间的界面优化为提高锂/CFx一次电池的性能提供了一种有前途的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Ga3+ modulated V10O24·nH2O cathode with tailored electron structure for durable zinc-ion batteries 具有定制电子结构的Ga3+调制V10O24·nH2O阴极，用于耐用的锌离子电池

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-20 Epub Date: 2026-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121428

Lijie Song , Zhengguang Zou , Shenglin Zhong , Dongsheng Li , Shengkun Jia , Fangan Liang , Yunjie Wang , Rong Zheng , Weilin Cao , Luyao Sun , Shengping Wang

The advancement of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) has long been hindered by critical limitations in cathode materials, especially their insufficient electronic conductivity and structural instability. The pursuit of cathode materials that simultaneously exhibit high electrical conductivity with robust structural stability remains a paramount challenge. In this work, Ga³⁺-modified V₁₀O₂₄·nH₂O (GVO-0.5) was synthesized as a cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and experimental characterization demonstrate that the incorporated Ga³⁺ forms a stable bonding network with oxygen, thereby optimizing the layered structure and effectively mitigating structural collapse during cycling. Additionally, Ga³⁺ modulates the electronic structure, which not only significantly enhances the electrical conductivity but also reduces the Zn²⁺ diffusion barrier. GVO-0.5 delivers extraordinary zinc-storage performance and ultra-high cycling stability, achieving a high capacity of 208.92 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 A g⁻¹ and maintaining 97.13% capacity retention after 8000 cycles. In particular, the H⁺/Zn²⁺ co-intercalation mechanism behind the excellent performance was studied in depth using ex-situ testing and kinetic analysis. This work elucidates the fundamental role of Ga³⁺ in enhancing cathode performance via DFT simulations, offering a strategic approach for designing high-rate and ultra-stable ZIB cathodes.

长期以来，水锌离子电池的发展一直受到阴极材料的限制，特别是其电子导电性不足和结构不稳定。追求同时表现出高导电性和强大的结构稳定性的阴极材料仍然是一个最大的挑战。本文合成了Ga3+修饰的V10O24·nH2O （GVO-0.5）作为水相锌离子电池正极材料。密度泛函理论（DFT）计算和实验表征表明，加入的Ga3+与氧形成了稳定的键合网络，从而优化了层状结构，有效地减轻了循环过程中的结构坍塌。此外，Ga3+调节了电子结构，不仅显著提高了电导率，而且降低了Zn2+的扩散势垒。GVO-0.5具有非凡的储锌性能和超高的循环稳定性，在10 ag - 1下可达到208.92 mAh g - 1的高容量，在8000次循环后保持97.13%的容量保留率。通过非原位测试和动力学分析，深入研究了H+/Zn2+共插层机理。本工作通过DFT模拟阐明了Ga3+在提高阴极性能方面的基本作用，为设计高速率和超稳定的ZIB阴极提供了一种策略方法。

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引用次数: 0

State-of-charge equalization control for photovoltaic energy storage units in source-grid-load-storage systems with converter reactive-power regulation 带变流器无功调节的源-网-负荷-蓄电系统中光伏储能单元的状态均衡控制

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-20 Epub Date: 2026-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121339

Lei Chen , Qi Han

Because photovoltaic energy storage units need to respond quickly to grid demands, the state-of-charge equalization control strategy must possess high real-time performance. Accordingly, this paper proposes an equalization control strategy for the state of charge of photovoltaic energy storage cells in a source-grid system that considers the reactive power regulation of converters. The core innovation is the organic integration of voltage stability, power distribution, and battery state management through a multilevel cooperative control mechanism. In the state-of-charge-factor-based charge-discharge control layer for energy storage batteries, the remaining available capacity of each battery is monitored in real time, and a droop control strategy is implemented. The droop coefficient is adjusted according to the battery's state-of-charge value to modify its power output priority. To overcome the issue that traditional droop control is affected by line impedance, a control loop emulating motor characteristics is introduced to enhance the anti-interference ability of the bus voltage. At the system level, by setting reactive power thresholds, the converter can rapidly adjust the voltage at the point of common coupling, thereby providing a stable voltage environment for the power regulation of the energy storage unit. To achieve coordination among multiple units, the proposed control strategy dynamically optimizes the power distribution of each unit by modifying the droop coefficient according to its own state of charge. Finally, a distributed cooperative control law is designed so that the state of charge and the output power of each energy storage unit converge to balanced values simultaneously under closed-loop control. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively maintains system stability and improves equalization efficiency. The bus voltage sag is only 0.5 V, with a recovery time of about 0.1 s; the line loss is 10.106 MWh, and the system frequency deviation is significantly reduced.

由于光伏储能单元需要快速响应电网需求，故充电状态均衡控制策略必须具有较高的实时性。据此，本文提出了一种考虑变流器无功调节的源网系统光伏储能电池充电状态均衡控制策略。其核心创新是通过多层协同控制机制，将电压稳定、配电和电池状态管理有机集成。在基于充电状态因子的储能电池充放电控制层中，实时监测每个电池的剩余可用容量，并实施下垂控制策略。根据电池的充电状态值调整下垂系数，以修改其功率输出优先级。为了克服传统的下垂控制受线路阻抗影响的问题，引入了仿真电机特性的控制回路，提高了母线电压的抗干扰能力。在系统层面，通过设置无功阈值，变流器可以快速调节共耦合点的电压，从而为储能单元的功率调节提供稳定的电压环境。为了实现多机组间的协调，该控制策略根据各机组自身的充电状态，通过修改下垂系数来动态优化各机组的功率分配。最后，设计分布式协同控制律，使各储能单元的充电状态和输出功率在闭环控制下同时收敛到平衡值。实验结果表明，该方法有效地保持了系统的稳定性，提高了均衡效率。母线电压凹陷仅0.5 V，恢复时间约0.1 s；线路损耗为10.106 MWh，显著降低了系统频率偏差。

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引用次数: 0

Storing daily temperature fluctuations in deserts for affordable cooling services 在沙漠中储存每日的温度波动，以提供经济实惠的冷却服务

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-20 Epub Date: 2026-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121472

Julian David Hunt , Cristiano Vitorino da Silva , Abdulrahman M. Alajlan , Sami G. Al-Ghamdi , Hussam Qasem , Yoshihide Wada

Dry locations with high solar irradiation experience double-digit daily temperature fluctuations. These temperature changes are used as passive solutions for cooling buildings. However, this resource is substantially underutilized for other cooling services. Daily temperature fluctuations can be harnessed to provide sustainable and affordable cooling services, particularly in regions with low access to electricity. This paper introduces a novel method, daily temperature fluctuation cooling (DTFC), that extends the concept of passive thermal storage beyond buildings to deliver low-cost cooling services. Predictable cold air at night cools a rock pile, and then the cooled rocks are used to chill air during the day. The paper explores the system's design, including rock size, rock pile height and fan energy consumption. Results show that DTFC provides 10 °C of cooling in locations where the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures is 13.5 °C, at a cooling cost of 8.84 USD MWth⁻¹ and a coefficient of performance of 80. DTFC has demonstrated potential as a renewable, circular economy, low-cost cooling solution for desert areas.

太阳辐照度高的干燥地区每天的温度波动达到两位数。这些温度变化被用作建筑物冷却的被动解决方案。但是，这一资源在其他冷却服务方面基本上没有得到充分利用。可以利用每天的温度波动来提供可持续和负担得起的冷却服务，特别是在电力供应不足的地区。本文介绍了一种新颖的方法，即每日温度波动冷却（DTFC），它将被动式蓄热的概念扩展到建筑物之外，以提供低成本的冷却服务。夜间可预测的冷空气冷却了岩石堆，然后冷却的岩石在白天用来冷却空气。本文对系统的设计进行了探讨，包括岩石尺寸、岩桩高度和风机能耗。结果表明，在最高温度和最低温度之差为13.5℃的位置，DTFC提供10℃的冷却，冷却成本为8.84 USD MWth - 1，性能系数为80。DTFC作为一种可再生的、循环经济的、低成本的沙漠地区冷却解决方案已经证明了它的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Predictive optimization of a battery and flywheel storage system for cost-effective reduction of peak electricity demand 电池和飞轮储能系统的预测优化，以降低峰值电力需求的成本效益

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-20 Epub Date: 2026-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121476

Sarah Schwarz , Alexander Kretschmer , Stephan Rinderknecht

From both economic and sustainability perspectives, the effective operation of modern storage systems is increasingly important. The ETA Factory at TU Darmstadt operates a hybrid energy storage system comprising a lithium-ion battery and a flywheel for research. In this work, a model predictive control (MPC) approach is developed for peak shaving that minimizes electricity costs while accounting for storage losses and degradation. To reduce computational complexity, the MPC optimization is implemented in both single-stage and two-stage mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulations. Forecasting is achieved via a transparent monthly median-profile method and a lightweight machine learning (ML)-based forecast. Using 30-s power measurements from April–September 2021, the ML-based forecast achieves the highest accuracy among deployable forecasts and delivers robust closed-loop economic performance, while the median forecast remains a low-overhead, interpretable fallback. Across all cases, the two-stage MILP further reduces computation time and improves the cost outcome. In this study, total electricity costs are reduced by up to 47.07% with a perfect forecast, 22.67% with the ML-based forecast, and 14.15% with the median forecast.

从经济和可持续发展的角度来看，现代储能系统的有效运行越来越重要。位于达姆施塔特工业大学的ETA工厂运行着一个混合能源存储系统，该系统由锂离子电池和一个用于研究的飞轮组成。在这项工作中，开发了一种用于调峰的模型预测控制（MPC）方法，该方法在考虑存储损失和退化的同时最大限度地降低了电力成本。为了降低计算复杂度，MPC优化在单阶段和两阶段混合整数线性规划（MILP）公式中实现。预测是通过透明的月度中位数方法和基于轻量级机器学习（ML）的预测来实现的。使用2021年4月至9月的30秒功率测量，基于ml的预测在可部署的预测中实现了最高的准确性，并提供了强大的闭环经济性能，而中位数预测仍然是低开销，可解释的回调。在所有情况下，两阶段的MILP进一步减少了计算时间并提高了成本结果。在本研究中，完全预测下总电力成本降低47.07%，基于机器学习的预测降低22.67%，中位数预测降低14.15%。

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引用次数: 0

Study on the explosion behavior of liquid hydrogen storage tank in fire scenarios 火灾工况下液氢储罐爆炸行为研究

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-20 Epub Date: 2026-03-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121420

Yi Sun , Yanchao Li , Zhangqiang Dong , Guojie Zheng , Jiafeng Cheng , Zongling Zhang , Qinglun Bai , Wei Gao

Ensuring the safe large-scale storage of hydrogen is a crucial requirement throughout the hydrogen energy supply chain. This study aims to investigate the catastrophic failure and explosion behavior of 100 L and 250 L liquid hydrogen storage tanks with high filling ratios (58% - 92%) in fire scenarios, focusing on experimental data acquisition and overpressure analysis. The research addresses the scarcity of experimental data in the field of liquid hydrogen storage and compensates for the lack of experimental validation for traditional theoretical prediction models. The mechanisms and characteristics of liquid hydrogen storage tank failure and subsequent explosion were revealed, with detailed analyses conducted on the maximum fireball size, hydrogen phase transition between liquid and gas, fragment dispersion, and overpressure distribution patterns. An isothermal-based overpressure prediction formula is proposed, which requires only the initial burst pressure and hydrogen filling mass, achieving a mean absolute prediction error of 10.57%. As the liquid hydrogen storage tank fails, the hydrogen in a critical state undergoes flash evaporation, generating a large volume of gas that ignites and explodes during rapid expansion. The resulting overpressure is therefore attributed to the combined contribution of the mechanical energy from gas expansion and the chemical energy released during combustion. The model accurately estimates both near-field and far-field overpressure distributions, providing critical insight for safety assessment and hazard mitigation. These findings provide experimental data and theoretical models for evaluating the safety of liquid hydrogen storage vessels and systems.

确保氢气的安全大规模储存是整个氢能供应链的关键要求。本研究旨在研究高填充率（58% ~ 92%）的100 L和250 L液氢储罐在火灾场景下的灾难性破坏和爆炸行为，重点研究实验数据采集和超压分析。该研究解决了液氢储能领域实验数据不足的问题，弥补了传统理论预测模型缺乏实验验证的不足。揭示了液氢储罐失效及爆炸的机理和特征，对最大火球尺寸、液气氢相变、破片弥散、超压分布模式等进行了详细分析。提出了一种基于等温的超压预测公式，该公式只需要初始爆破压力和充氢质量，平均绝对预测误差为10.57%。当液氢储罐失效时，处于临界状态的氢气发生闪蒸，产生大量气体，在快速膨胀过程中引燃爆炸。因此，由此产生的超压归因于气体膨胀产生的机械能和燃烧过程中释放的化学能的共同作用。该模型可以准确地估计近场和远场超压分布，为安全评估和减轻危害提供关键的见解。这些发现为评价液氢储存容器和系统的安全性提供了实验数据和理论模型。

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