Journal of energy storage最新文献_第3页

Experimental study on an improved direct-contact thermal energy storage container 改进型直接接触式热能储存容器的实验研究

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114201

Direct-contact thermal energy storage (TES) systems characterized by high heat density and rapid heat transfer rates have been exploited for the collection of industrial waste or surplus heat for subsequent utilization. In order to address blockage issue at the initial stage of charging process, an improved direct-contact TES container was developed by incorporating a double-pipe structure at both the inlet and outlet. Within the container, a U-shaped tube serving as the inner tube was concentrically positioned from the inlet to the outlet. Erythritol was selected as the phase change material (PCM), while heat transfer oil (HTO) functioned as the heat transfer medium during experimentation. During the charging process, hot HTO initially flowed through the U-shaped tube, establishing an indirect contact with the PCM. The high thermal conductivity of the U-shaped tube wall expedited the formation of a flow channel within the solid PCM. The duration of forming flow channel was 6 to 13 min. In the discharging phase, the liquid PCM was segregated into convection and conduction zones. The indirect-contact TES experiments were also conducted in the same container. Comparison between indirect-contact and direct-contact TES were analysed from the aspects of phase change behavior, charging and discharging time with the identical container structure and theoretical heat capacity. Results indicated that the direct-contact TES container exhibited superior heat storage and release rates, with the direct-contact discharging time being approximately a quarter of the indirect-contact duration. The phase change behavior of the PCM was notably influenced by the movement of HTO within the direct-contact storage container.

直接接触式热能储存（TES）系统具有热密度高、传热速度快的特点，已被用于收集工业废热或剩余热量以供后续利用。为了解决充电过程初期的堵塞问题，我们开发了一种改进的直接接触式热能储存容器，在入口和出口处都采用了双管结构。在容器内，作为内管的 U 形管从入口到出口同心设置。在实验过程中，选择赤藓糖醇作为相变材料（PCM），而导热油（HTO）则作为传热介质。在加料过程中，热 HTO 最初流经 U 形管，与 PCM 间接接触。U 形管壁的高导热性加快了固体 PCM 内部流道的形成。形成流道的持续时间为 6 至 13 分钟。在放电阶段，液体 PCM 分离为对流区和传导区。间接接触 TES 实验也在同一容器中进行。在容器结构和理论热容量完全相同的情况下，从相变行为、充放电时间等方面分析了间接接触式 TES 和直接接触式 TES 的比较。结果表明，直接接触式 TES 容器的热量储存和释放率更高，直接接触式的放电时间约为间接接触式的四分之一。PCM 的相变行为明显受到 HTO 在直接接触储存容器内移动的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Extraction and modification of cigarette smoke aerosol derived nanoparticle for supercapacitor 用于超级电容器的香烟烟雾衍生纳米粒子的提取和改性

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114099

Developing sustainable solutions for utilizing toxic pollutants in different applications is a significant challenge. This article explores how cigarette smoke—an aerosol containing numerous hazardous organic compounds and metals—was captured and transformed into metal and carbon-based nanoparticles (carbon dots) through a straightforward hydrothermal process. Cigarette smoke extract was prepared in water and then hydrothermally treated to obtain solid particulates. These metal and carbon-based nanoparticles were subsequently combined with carbon black and carbon nanotubes to enhance their stability and electrochemical activity. An asymmetric supercapacitor was developed by utilizing these modified nanoparticles to demonstrate the potential of cigarette smoke aerosol-derived nanomaterials for energy storage. Photoluminescence and TEM analysis confirmed the formation of carbon dots, while FESEM and elemental mapping validated the presence of metal-based nanoparticles. The asymmetric supercapacitor device was fabricated with carbon black modified aerosol-derived carbon and metal-based nanoparticles achieved a specific capacitance of 161 F/g along with energy and power density of 72 W h/kg and 1798 W/kg, at 1 A/g current density, respectively. Overall, this study illustrates that capturing and converting hazardous aerosols can simultaneously tackle two critical issues: environmental pollution and the demand for energy storage, using a simple and scalable approach applicable to various toxic aerosol systems.

开发可持续的解决方案，在不同应用中利用有毒污染物是一项重大挑战。本文探讨了香烟烟雾--一种含有大量有害有机化合物和金属的气溶胶--如何通过直接的水热法捕获并转化为金属和碳基纳米颗粒（碳点）。香烟烟雾提取物在水中制备，然后通过水热处理获得固体颗粒。这些金属和碳基纳米颗粒随后与碳黑和碳纳米管结合，以增强其稳定性和电化学活性。利用这些改性纳米粒子开发了一种不对称超级电容器，证明了香烟烟雾气溶胶衍生纳米材料在能量存储方面的潜力。光致发光和 TEM 分析证实了碳点的形成，而 FESEM 和元素图谱则验证了金属基纳米粒子的存在。用炭黑修饰的气溶胶衍生碳和金属基纳米粒子制造的不对称超级电容器装置在 1 A/g 电流密度下的比电容达到 161 F/g，能量和功率密度分别为 72 W h/kg 和 1798 W/kg。总之，这项研究表明，利用一种适用于各种有毒气溶胶系统的简单、可扩展的方法，捕获和转换有害气溶胶可以同时解决两个关键问题：环境污染和能源储存需求。

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引用次数: 0

A renewable bifunctional structural supercapacitor using the recycled geopolymer membrane and MnO2/CNTs electrode 使用再生土工聚合物膜和 MnO2/CNTs 电极的可再生双功能结构超级电容器

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114203

A bifunctional supercapacitor based on the recycled montmorillonite geopolymer membrane and MnO₂/CNTs composite electrodes was designed and assembled. The recycled geopolymer was prepared from recycled montmorillonite geopolymer powder and alkali activators and used as a solid electrolyte skeleton, with a maximum compressive strength of 30.6 MPa after 28 days of curing, which is comparable to the strength of the initially polymerized geopolymer. The MnO₂/CNTs electrodes were prepared by electrodeposition method, and the electrode materials containing 2 wt% CTAB and 1 wt% CNTs had the best area specific capacity of 3310 mF cm⁻² at a current density of 1 mA cm⁻². The regenerated geopolymer electrolyte framework was injected with 0.5 M Na₂SO₄ and assembled with MnO₂/CNTs electrode to form a structural load-bearing supercapacitor, which had a specific capacity of 2094.4 mF cm⁻² at a load of 15 MPa, with a capacity retention rate of 65.43 % after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles.

设计并组装了基于再生蒙脱石土工聚合物膜和 MnO2/CNTs 复合电极的双功能超级电容器。再生土工聚合物由再生蒙脱石土工聚合物粉末和碱活化剂制备而成，用作固体电解质骨架，固化 28 天后的最大抗压强度为 30.6 兆帕，与初步聚合的土工聚合物强度相当。通过电沉积法制备了 MnO2/CNTs 电极，其中含有 2 wt% CTAB 和 1 wt% CNTs 的电极材料在电流密度为 1 mA cm-2 时的面积比容量最好，为 3310 mF cm-2。将再生的土工聚合物电解质框架注入 0.5 M Na2SO4，并与 MnO2/CNTs 电极组装成结构性负载超级电容器，在负载为 15 MPa 时，比容量为 2094.4 mF cm-2，充放电循环 10,000 次后容量保持率为 65.43%。

引用次数: 0

Core temperature estimation of lithium-ion battery based on numerical model fusion deep learning 基于数值模型融合深度学习的锂离子电池电芯温度估算

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114148

Temperature has a critical impact on the lifespan and safety of lithium batteries. This paper proposes a battery core temperature estimation method based on numerical model fused with long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. The proposed technique extracts features from the numerical model, estimates the volume-averaged temperature by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), uses an LSTM neural network to learn thermodynamic parameters and complex calculations, which takes advantage of the strengths of each method, and achieves accurate core temperature estimation. The effects of state of charge (SOC) and temperature on EIS are explored, impedance properties are selected on the criteria of robustness and rapidity, and the estimation of the volume-averaged temperature is achieved using the imaginary part of the impedance. The proposed method can achieve root mean squared error (RMSE) of less than 0.28 °C and mean absolute error (MAE) of less than 0.23 °C. The proposed method has advantages of high estimation accuracy and does not require an electrothermal model. It also considers the effect of ambient temperature and has a good generalization capability.

温度对锂电池的寿命和安全性有着至关重要的影响。本文提出了一种基于数值模型与长短期记忆（LSTM）神经网络融合的电池芯温度估算方法。该技术从数值模型中提取特征，通过电化学阻抗谱（EIS）估算体积平均温度，利用 LSTM 神经网络学习热力学参数和复杂计算，发挥了每种方法的优势，实现了精确的电芯温度估算。探讨了电荷状态（SOC）和温度对 EIS 的影响，根据鲁棒性和快速性标准选择了阻抗特性，并利用阻抗的虚部实现了体积平均温度的估计。所提方法的均方根误差（RMSE）小于 0.28 °C，平均绝对误差（MAE）小于 0.23 °C。该方法具有估计精度高、无需电热模型等优点。它还考虑了环境温度的影响，具有良好的泛化能力。

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引用次数: 0

Frequency sensitivity analysis of battery states and parameters for data-agnostic online estimation 对电池状态和参数进行频率敏感性分析，以实现与数据无关的在线估算

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114078

Recent research on battery state estimation typically focuses on battery modeling and estimation algorithms, while poor data quality can also lead to unsatisfactory estimation accuracy. It results from a lack of sufficient frequency components in battery current for state-parameter co-estimation. Conventional approaches using current injection are developed to increase the data quality, but such an intrusive approach degrades the battery operation and thus suffers from limited applicability. This article coordinates the frequency sensitivity analysis with the estimator design, aiming to propose a data-agnostic online estimator (DOE). The battery states and parameters can be accurately estimated using the proposed DOE without data adaptation. Specifically, this article first derives the limitations of existing estimation techniques. The DOE structure is then proposed and identified as robust regardless of the data frequency information. The scheme is experimentally verified with drive cycles at different temperatures, and results show that the DOE outperforms the conventional control groups.

近期有关电池状态估计的研究通常侧重于电池建模和估计算法，而数据质量差也会导致估计精度不理想。这是因为电池电流中缺乏足够的频率成分，无法进行状态参数协同估计。为了提高数据质量，人们开发了使用电流注入的传统方法，但这种侵入式方法会降低电池的运行性能，因此适用性有限。本文将频率灵敏度分析与估计器设计相结合，旨在提出一种与数据无关的在线估计器（DOE）。使用所提出的 DOE，无需数据适配即可准确估计电池状态和参数。具体来说，本文首先得出了现有估计技术的局限性。然后提出了 DOE 结构，并确定了其不受数据频率信息影响的鲁棒性。该方案通过不同温度下的驱动循环进行了实验验证，结果表明 DOE 优于传统的控制组。

引用次数: 0

Optimization of liquid air energy storage systems using a deterministic mathematical model 利用确定性数学模型优化液态空气储能系统

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.113940

Liquid air energy storage (LAES) systems are a promising technology for storing electricity due to their high energy density and lack of geographic constraints. However, some LAES systems still have relatively low round-trip efficiencies. This work aims to improve LAES system performance through optimization strategies.

Deterministic non-linear mathematical models were implemented in an object-oriented equation-based programming language. An optimization algorithm was applied to the LAES system. The model was designed to facilitate the removal of components and find novel configurations, despite not incorporating discrete decisions (binary variables). After successful verification, the model was used to maximize round-trip efficiency. Compared to the base case, the round-trip efficiency and liquid air yield increased by approximately 63 % and 48 %, respectively. The optimal solution obtained had an impact on the LAES system structure, eliminating a heat exchanger in the cold box compared to the base case and resulting in a new system configuration. The proposed mathematical model is a valuable tool for decision-making in optimizing LAES systems, effectively simulating and optimizing these systems. This work represents an advance in mathematical modeling from the perspective of Process System Engineering (PSE). It showcases the application of simultaneous optimization, derivative-based algorithms, and rigorous property package estimation through dynamic link libraries to optimize a LAES system.

液态空气储能（LAES）系统因其能量密度高且不受地域限制，是一种前景广阔的电力储存技术。然而，一些液气储能系统的往返效率仍然相对较低。这项工作旨在通过优化策略提高 LAES 系统的性能。确定性非线性数学模型是用面向对象的方程编程语言实现的。确定性非线性数学模型由面向对象的方程编程语言实现，优化算法应用于 LAES 系统。尽管该模型不包含离散决策（二进制变量），但其目的是便于移除组件并找到新的配置。验证成功后，该模型被用于最大限度地提高往返效率。与基本情况相比，往返效率和液态空气产量分别提高了约 63% 和 48%。所获得的最佳解决方案对 LAES 系统结构产生了影响，与基本方案相比，取消了冷箱中的热交换器，并形成了新的系统配置。所提出的数学模型是优化 LAES 系统的重要决策工具，可有效模拟和优化这些系统。这项工作代表了从过程系统工程（PSE）角度进行数学建模的进步。它展示了同步优化、基于导数的算法以及通过动态链接库进行严格的属性包估算在优化 LAES 系统中的应用。

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引用次数: 0

Physical interpretation of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) characteristics for diffusion-controlled intercalation and surface-redox charge storage behaviors 扩散控制的插层和表面氧化还原电荷存储行为的电化学阻抗谱（EIS）特性的物理解释

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114021

AC impedance response is an important criteria in characterizing the electrochemical performance of metal ion batteries, including sodium ion batteries (SIBs) and lithium ion batteries (LIBs). This work investigates the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of diffusion-controlled intercalation in LIBs and surface-redox charge storage in SIBs. To do so, a first-principle based physical modeling was performed for a nanoparticle of TiO

_{2}

immersed in lithium ion or sodium ion electrolytes. Nyquist plots showed typical charge transfer resistance, diffusion impedance, and capacitive behaviors for lithium ion storage. The diffusion impedance was absent for sodium ion storage. Similarly, the radial distribution of ion concentration response showed significant slope jump for lithium ion storage, also absent for sodium ion storage. In addition, the charge transfer resistance first remained constant then increased with the increase in bias potential for both lithium ion storage and sodium ion storage, both numerically and experimentally. This corresponded to the Faradaic and capacitive regimes in the CV curves. Furthermore, distribution of relaxation time (DRT) analysis showed two distinct peaks, corresponding to the charge transfer process and the diffusion process. Finally, the resistances of lithium ion storage increased with the increase in electrode nanoparticle diameter, due to the increase in diffusion pathways. On the other hand, sodium ion intercalation was independent of the size of the electrode nanoparticle. This investigation offered insights in distinguishing extrinsic pseudocapacitance from intrinsic pseudocapacitance through EIS analysis.

交流阻抗响应是表征金属离子电池（包括钠离子电池和锂离子电池）电化学性能的重要标准。这项工作研究了锂离子电池中扩散控制插层和钠离子电池中表面氧化还原电荷存储的电化学阻抗谱（EIS）。为此，对浸入锂离子或钠离子电解质中的 TiO2 纳米粒子进行了基于第一原理的物理建模。奈奎斯特图显示了锂离子存储的典型电荷转移电阻、扩散阻抗和电容行为。钠离子储存则没有扩散阻抗。同样，离子浓度响应的径向分布显示，锂离子存储有明显的斜率跃变，钠离子存储也没有。此外，在数值和实验中，锂离子存储和钠离子存储的电荷转移电阻都是先保持不变，然后随着偏置电位的增加而增加。这与 CV 曲线中的法拉第和电容状态相对应。此外，弛豫时间分布（DRT）分析显示了两个不同的峰值，分别对应于电荷转移过程和扩散过程。最后，随着电极纳米粒子直径的增加，锂离子存储的电阻也增加了，这是因为扩散途径增加了。另一方面，钠离子插层与电极纳米粒子的大小无关。这项研究为通过 EIS 分析区分外在假电容和内在假电容提供了启示。

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引用次数: 0

Recycling of activated carbons from spent supercapacitors to refabricate improved supercapacitors 回收废超级电容器中的活性碳，重新制造改进型超级电容器

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114182

The growing market of commercial electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) will lead to a vast accumulation of waste as they arrive out of operation. Recycling the spent electrode activated carbon is a closed-loop solution to provide environmental and economic advantages for EDLC use. However, effectively regenerated methods of high-purity activated carbons are still lacked despite their considerable expense. Herein, a simple steam physical activation method is developed to regenerate high-class activated carbons from spent EDLCs. The process is first demonstrated that can effectively eliminate few electrolytes and complex organics as well as regenerate electrode carbon materials. The activation-recycled carbon materials preserve the physicochemical properties of fresh activated carbons and enhance their mesopore ratios, which contributes to improved EDLC performance, obviously surpassing recycled carbon materials by calcination method, including superior specific capacitance of 103.3 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹, rate performance and cycling stability, equal to fresh activated carbons. Moreover, the assembled activation-recycled carbon material EDLC delivers low self-discharge rate (89 % of initial voltage after 72 h), wide temperature range (−40 to 85 °C), excellent cycling stability (92.2 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles) even at elevated voltages (3.0 V) and temperature (65 °C) test. The present work provides an effective and economic method of recycling high-grade activated carbons for sustainable EDLCs.

随着商用双电层电容器（EDLC）市场的不断扩大，它们在停止使用后将产生大量的废弃物。回收利用废电极活性炭是一种闭环解决方案，可为双电层电容器的使用提供环境和经济优势。然而，尽管高纯度活性炭价格昂贵，但仍缺乏有效的再生方法。在此，我们开发了一种简单的蒸汽物理活化方法，用于从废旧乙二氯二苯醚中再生出高纯度活性炭。该工艺首次证明能有效去除少量电解质和复杂有机物，并能再生电极碳材料。活化再生碳材料保留了新鲜活性炭的物理化学特性，并提高了中孔比例，从而改善了 EDLC 的性能，明显优于煅烧法再生碳材料，包括在 0.5 A g-1 条件下 103.3 F g-1 的比电容、速率性能和循环稳定性，与新鲜活性炭相当。此外，组装后的活化再循环碳材料 EDLC 具有低自放电率（72 小时后为初始电压的 89%）、宽温度范围（-40 至 85 °C）、优异的循环稳定性（10,000 次循环后电容保持率为 92.2%），即使在电压升高（3.0 V）和温度升高（65 °C）的条件下也是如此。本研究为可持续发展的 EDLC 提供了一种有效、经济的高档活性碳回收方法。

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引用次数: 0

An adhesive interface between hydrogel electrolyte and electrode for low-temperature solid-state capacitive devices 用于低温固态电容器件的水凝胶电解质与电极之间的粘合界面

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114061

Compared to conventional liquid systems, solid-state energy storage systems show more attractive application prospects due to improved safety, higher energy density and thermal/electrochemical stability. However, the commercial development of solid-state energy storage devices is hindered by the chemo-mechanically unstable interface between solid-state electrolyte and electrode. The hydrogel electrolytes have attracted extensive attention for this issue owing to their certain adhesion, intrinsic flexibility, and eco-friendliness. Here, we report a universal strategy for adhesive hydrogel electrolyte that simultaneously achieves robust adhesion and anti-freezing properties. The robust adhesion of hydrogel electrolyte is achieved by combining the tough hydrogel matrix with strong interface interactions. Meanwhile, the hydrogel electrolyte equipped with zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) and lithium chloride (LiCl) ensures high ionic conductivity and stable mechanical elasticity at 25 ~ −60 °C, thus leading to the anti-freezing electrolyte/electrode interface. More encouragingly, the assembled carbon nanotubes (CNTs)||CNTs supercapacitors and Zn||CNTs hybrid capacitors possess excellent capacitive performance at low temperatures, delivering high energy densities of 3.5 Wh kg⁻¹ for CNTs||CNTs supercapacitors and 51.3 Wh kg^‐⁻¹ for Zn||CNTs hybrid capacitors at −60 °C, and extraordinary cycling durability with stable capacity retention over 10,000 cycles for CNTs||CNTs supercapacitors and Zn||CNTs hybrid capacitors. We expect this strategy to simplify and guide the development of solid-state energy storage devices operating under extreme conditions.

与传统的液体系统相比，固态储能系统因其更高的安全性、能量密度和热/电化学稳定性而显示出更诱人的应用前景。然而，固态电解质与电极之间的化学机械不稳定界面阻碍了固态储能设备的商业化发展。水凝胶电解质因其良好的粘附性、固有的柔韧性和生态友好性而受到广泛关注。在此，我们报告了一种通用的粘附性水凝胶电解质策略，它能同时实现强大的粘附性和抗冻性。水凝胶电解质的牢固粘附性是通过将坚韧的水凝胶基质与强大的界面相互作用相结合而实现的。同时，含有氯化锌（ZnCl2）和氯化锂（LiCl）的水凝胶电解质确保了在 25 ~ -60 °C 温度下的高离子导电性和稳定的机械弹性，从而实现了电解质/电极界面的抗冻性。更令人鼓舞的是，组装的碳纳米管（CNTs）||CNTs 超级电容器和 Zn||CNTs 混合电容器在低温下具有优异的电容性能，能量密度高达 3.在-60 °C时，CNTs||CNTs超级电容器和Zn||CNTs混合电容器的能量密度分别为3.5 Wh kg-1和51.3 Wh kg-1。我们希望这一战略能够简化和指导在极端条件下工作的固态储能设备的开发。

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引用次数: 0

Overview of numerical, experimental and parametric studies on the spherical container-based packed bed latent heat storage 基于球形容器的填料床潜热存储的数值、实验和参数研究概述

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114089

This comprehensive review discusses the recent advancements in packed bed latent heat storage (PBLHS) with spherical containers, a promising technology for storing thermal energy. The present review deals with the underlying principles of operation, design outline and further encompasses numerical modeling, experimental studies, and parametric studies of PBLHS with salient applications. Highlights on recent developments in PBLHS gleaned from closely related numerical and experimental studies, and its potential applications in the domain of solar thermal power plants, industrial processes and heating and cooling systems were explored. It is inferred that the thermal performance of PBLHS improves with a reduction in the size of the spherical container. The presence of more bed voids and the higher heat capacity of spherical containers contribute to enhancing the thermal performance of the PBLHS. Notably, the three-layer PBLHS with multiple phase change materials outperform single and two-layer configurations in overall thermal efficiency. The study helps to understand the numerical procedure to be carried out in designing a PBLHS and provides a comprehensive and contemporary resource for researchers and practitioners in the design and optimization of PBLHS systems.

本综述讨论了球形容器填料床潜热存储（PBLHS）的最新进展，这是一种很有前途的热能存储技术。本综述论述了 PBLHS 的基本运行原理、设计概要，并进一步涵盖了 PBLHS 的数值建模、实验研究和参数研究以及突出应用。从密切相关的数值和实验研究中收集了 PBLHS 的最新发展亮点，并探讨了其在太阳能热发电厂、工业流程以及加热和冷却系统领域的潜在应用。据推断，PBLHS 的热性能会随着球形容器尺寸的减小而提高。更多的床层空隙和球形容器更高的热容量有助于提高 PBLHS 的热性能。值得注意的是，采用多种相变材料的三层 PBLHS 在整体热效率方面优于单层和双层结构。这项研究有助于理解设计 PBLHS 时需要执行的数值程序，并为 PBLHS 系统设计和优化方面的研究人员和从业人员提供了全面的现代资源。

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引用次数: 0