Journal of energy storage最新文献_第10页

An in-depth review of phase change materials in concrete for enhancing building energy-efficient temperature control systems 深入探讨混凝土中的相变材料，加强建筑节能温度控制系统

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114533

Zizheng Yu , Ruizhe Shao , Jun Li , Chengqing Wu

To address the environmental and energy challenges in modern construction, integrating phase change materials (PCMs) into concrete has emerged as a sustainable solution. This literature review critically examines the incorporation of PCMs in concrete, highlighting its potential to transform building energy efficiency and thermal management. The study categorizes PCMs into four main types: organic, inorganic, eutectic, and bio-based, each with distinctive properties and applications. Additionally, this review explores the thermal energy regulation of PCMs in concrete, focusing on integration methods like microencapsulation and vacuum impregnation while maintaining structural integrity. Practical applications demonstrate that PCMs help mitigate temperature fluctuations, enhancing indoor comfort and reducing energy demand. However, despite their energy-saving benefits, the integration of PCMs can negatively affect the mechanical properties of concrete. Empirical evidence from multiple case studies under various climatic conditions further validates the effectiveness of PCM-enhanced concrete in real-world scenarios. In summary, while PCMs can significantly improve thermal efficiency in buildings and reduce energy consumption, it is crucial to balance thermal management performance with mechanical properties through appropriate PCM selection and advanced integration techniques. Future research should focus on enhancing the dispersion, stability, and long-term durability of PCMs in concrete to ensure they maintain their effectiveness without compromising structural integrity. In addition, addressing the fire resistance and environmental stability of PCMs under various conditions will be essential for broader adoption in construction.

为了应对现代建筑所面临的环境和能源挑战，将相变材料（PCM）融入混凝土中已成为一种可持续的解决方案。本文献综述批判性地研究了在混凝土中加入 PCM 的问题，强调了其在改变建筑能效和热管理方面的潜力。本研究将 PCM 主要分为四种类型：有机、无机、共晶和生物基，每种类型都具有不同的特性和应用。此外，本综述还探讨了混凝土中 PCM 的热能调节，重点关注微胶囊和真空浸渍等集成方法，同时保持结构的完整性。实际应用表明，PCM 有助于缓解温度波动，提高室内舒适度并减少能源需求。然而，尽管 PCMs 具有节能优势，但其集成会对混凝土的机械性能产生负面影响。在各种气候条件下进行的多个案例研究的经验证据进一步验证了 PCM 增强混凝土在实际应用中的有效性。总之，虽然 PCM 可以显著提高建筑物的热效率并降低能耗，但通过适当选择 PCM 和先进的集成技术来平衡热管理性能和力学性能至关重要。未来的研究应侧重于提高 PCM 在混凝土中的分散性、稳定性和长期耐久性，以确保它们在不影响结构完整性的情况下保持其有效性。此外，解决 PCM 在各种条件下的耐火性和环境稳定性问题对于在建筑中更广泛地应用也至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Hydrothermal co-processing of plastic waste with lignocellulosic biomass and its application as a supercapacitor material 塑料废弃物与木质纤维素生物质的水热协同处理及其作为超级电容器材料的应用

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114475

Sarath Sekar , Chitra Devi Venkatachalam , Mothil Sengottian , Sathish Raam Ravichandran

Designing and optimizing a continuous process for hydrothermal conversion of biomass is critical in increasing the production capacity of valuable products. This study investigates the use of a continuous high-pressure single screw reactor for converting a mixed feedstock comprising sawdust and polypropylene wastes into a carbon-rich solid product that can be used in energy storage devices, especially as supercapacitor material. The process parameters for the continuous operation were optimized using the Box-Behnken design, the maximum yield obtained after the optimization was to be 50.15 % at 305.3 °C. Subsequently, the produced solid (biochar) was further activated using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) to improve the surface properties which would eventually improve the energy storage capability of the material. Electrochemical tests conducted on pristine biochar, KOH, and H₂SO₄ activated biochar showed that the specific capacitance values of 196.8 F/g for non-activated biochar, 403.67 F/g for KOH-activated biochar, and 325.96 F/g for H₂SO₄-activated biochar at a current density of 1 A/g. Energy density analysis indicated that the alkali and acid-activated biochar had energy densities of 45.53 Wh/kg and 36.0 Wh/kg, with corresponding power densities of 427.5 W/kg and 423.0 W/kg, respectively. These findings highlight the feasibility of utilizing hydrothermal co-processing along with a continuous process as a sustainable and efficient approach for waste management and the production of high-performance energy storage materials.

设计和优化生物质水热转化连续工艺对于提高有价值产品的生产能力至关重要。本研究调查了使用连续高压单螺杆反应器将锯屑和聚丙烯废料混合原料转化为富碳固体产品的情况，这种富碳固体产品可用于储能设备，特别是用作超级电容器材料。采用 Box-Behnken 设计对连续运行的工艺参数进行了优化，优化后在 305.3 °C 下获得的最大产量为 50.15%。随后，使用氢氧化钾（KOH）和硫酸（H2SO4）对生成的固体（生物炭）进行进一步活化，以改善其表面特性，最终提高材料的储能能力。对原始生物炭、KOH 和 H2SO4 活化生物炭进行的电化学测试表明，在电流密度为 1 A/g 时，未活化生物炭的比电容值为 196.8 F/g，KOH 活化生物炭的比电容值为 403.67 F/g，H2SO4 活化生物炭的比电容值为 325.96 F/g。能量密度分析表明，碱和酸活化生物炭的能量密度分别为 45.53 Wh/kg 和 36.0 Wh/kg，相应的功率密度分别为 427.5 W/kg 和 423.0 W/kg。这些发现凸显了利用水热协同处理和连续工艺作为废物管理和生产高性能储能材料的可持续高效方法的可行性。

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引用次数: 0

Comparison analysis of thermal behavior of Lithium-ion batteries based on a novel multi-modal composite immersion liquid cooling system coupled with fin/micro-heat pipe array 基于鳍片/微热管阵列的新型多模式复合浸入式液体冷却系统的锂离子电池热行为对比分析

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114379

Rongqing Bao , Zhaohui Wang , Haonan Yang , Bowen Zhang , Quanjie Gao , Si Chen

Immersion liquid cooling technology demonstrates significant potential for rapid heat dissipation from Lithium-ion batteries under extreme discharge conditions. To mitigate the effects of temperature inconsistency and liquid shock on battery life, a novel multi-mode composite immersion cooling (CILC) method is proposed in this study by combining static immersion liquid cooling (SILC) and conventional dynamic immersion liquid cooling (DILC). The cooling performances of both DILC and CILC modules were compared under various conditions. Compared to DILC, the CILC reduced the maximum temperature by 9.48 % and the temperature difference by 78.36 %. Notably, the temperature difference of the CILC remains relatively stable and is less influenced by coolant flow variations. Additionally, the concept of fluctuation effect was introduced to quantify the maximum temperature and temperature difference, enabling a deeper evaluation of the impact of various coolant types on the thermal equalization behavior of both DILC and CILC modules. The results indicate that the thermal equalization rate of DILC is low and experiences significant fluctuations. In contrast, CILC consistently demonstrates efficient and stable thermal equalization behavior. Furthermore, even under various failure scenarios, the CILC system retains its fundamental heat dissipation capabilities, effectively safeguarding the thermal integrity and stability of the module. Overall, the proposed CILC thermal solution outperforms traditional DILC in terms of heat dissipation uniformity, shock protection for battery surfaces, and stable thermal equalization behavior, providing a novel approach for the thermal management of immersed battery systems.

浸液冷却技术在极端放电条件下为锂离子电池快速散热方面具有巨大潜力。为了减轻温度不一致和液体冲击对电池寿命的影响，本研究结合静态浸入式液体冷却（SILC）和传统动态浸入式液体冷却（DILC），提出了一种新型多模式复合浸入式冷却（CILC）方法。比较了 DILC 和 CILC 模块在各种条件下的冷却性能。与 DILC 相比，CILC 模块的最高温度降低了 9.48%，温差降低了 78.36%。值得注意的是，CILC 的温差保持相对稳定，受冷却剂流量变化的影响较小。此外，还引入了波动效应的概念来量化最高温度和温差，从而能够更深入地评估各种冷却剂类型对 DILC 和 CILC 模块热平衡行为的影响。结果表明，DILC 的热均衡率较低，且波动较大。相比之下，CILC 始终表现出高效、稳定的热平衡行为。此外，即使在各种故障情况下，CILC 系统仍能保持基本的散热能力，有效保障模块的热完整性和稳定性。总之，所提出的 CILC 热解决方案在散热均匀性、电池表面的防震保护和稳定的热平衡行为等方面都优于传统的 DILC，为浸入式电池系统的热管理提供了一种新方法。

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引用次数: 0

Preparation of lignite-based porous carbon for high performance supercapacitor and the correlation between pore structures and electrochemical performance 高性能超级电容器用褐煤基多孔碳的制备及孔隙结构与电化学性能之间的相关性

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114428

Junyun Liu, Liguo Wei, Lishuang Zhao, Run Wang, Xindan Zhang, Xiaohu Xu

Porous carbon exhibits considerable potential in energy storage field due to its remarkable electrical conductivity and adjustable pore structure. Nevertheless, the electrochemical performance of the material will be significantly impacted by its unreasonable pore structure. In this study, lignite was used as raw material to prepare lignite-based porous carbon by one-step activation method and the pore structure was optimized to improve its electrochemical performance and expand the utilization of low-rank coal. The results reveal that the porous carbon prepared at 600 °C has a higher specific surface area (940 m² g⁻¹) and a suitable pore structure (71 % mesopore), which enable adequate charge storage and fast transport of electrolyte ions, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance. In the three-electrode system, the lignite-based porous carbon exhibits a notable specific capacity of 331 F g⁻¹ at the current density of 0.5 A g⁻¹ and retains 96.4 % initial capacitance after undergoing 10,000 cycles. When assembled into a symmetrical supercapacitor, the device provides an energy density of 6.5 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 250 W kg⁻¹. Even after 10,000 cycles, the capacitance retention rate is kept at 91 %, and the coulombic efficiency remains close to 100 %. These findings demonstrate that cost-effective porous carbon can be prepared by a simple route using lignite, hence exhibiting promise as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors.

多孔碳因其卓越的导电性和可调节的孔隙结构，在储能领域具有相当大的潜力。然而，不合理的孔隙结构会严重影响材料的电化学性能。本研究以褐煤为原料，采用一步活化法制备了褐煤基多孔炭，并对其孔隙结构进行了优化，以提高其电化学性能，扩大低阶煤的利用范围。结果表明，在 600 °C 下制备的多孔碳具有较高的比表面积（940 m2 g-1）和合适的孔隙结构（71 % 的中孔），能够充分存储电荷和快速传输电解质离子，从而获得优异的电化学性能。在三电极系统中，褐煤基多孔碳在 0.5 A g-1 的电流密度下显示出 331 F g-1 的显著比容量，并在经历 10,000 次循环后保持 96.4 % 的初始电容。当组装成一个对称的超级电容器时，该装置在功率密度为 250 W kg-1 时可提供 6.5 Wh kg-1 的能量密度。即使经过 10,000 次循环，电容保持率也保持在 91%，库仑效率接近 100%。这些研究结果表明，利用褐煤可以通过简单的方法制备出具有成本效益的多孔碳，因此有望成为高性能超级电容器的电极材料。

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引用次数: 0

Detecting abnormality of battery decline for unbalanced samples via ensemble learning optimization 通过集合学习优化检测不平衡样本电池电量下降的异常情况

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114522

Jingcai Du, Caiping Zhang, Shuowei Li, Linjing Zhang, Weige Zhang

Aiming at the challenges of one single algorithm's limited performance on unbalanced samples and restricted analysis dimensions in battery risk detection, this paper proposes an early abnormal decline battery diagnosis method based on feature engineering and ensemble learning optimized convolutional neural network (CNN) applicable to unbalanced datasets. Initially, comprehensive dimensionless indicators (DI) are derived from the discharge voltage-capacity (V-Q) data, and the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) is then conducted to precisely screen out the optimal DI subset that is highly sensitive to abnormal battery decline. Subsequently, an ensemble CNN-based model for diagnosing abnormal decline batteries is constructed. By integrating the prediction results of multiple CNN models, ensemble learning can leverage the strengths of each model across different categories. It effectively balances the model's ability to recognize both minority and majority classes, thereby enhancing the model's adaptability and generalization when dealing with class-imbalanced data. Ultimately, one single CNN model is adopted as a benchmark to highlight the advantages of the ensemble CNN model in addressing the classification problem posed by class-imbalanced datasets. The proposed method is validated using a class-imbalanced Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) battery dataset. The results demonstrate that the ensemble CNN-based method achieves a 100 % accuracy rate in diagnosing abnormal decline batteries.

针对电池风险检测中单一算法在不平衡样本上性能有限、分析维度受限等难题，本文提出了一种基于特征工程和集合学习优化卷积神经网络（CNN）的早期异常衰退电池诊断方法，适用于不平衡数据集。首先，从放电电压-容量（V-Q）数据中得出综合无量纲指标（DI），然后通过皮尔逊相关系数（PCC）精确筛选出对电池异常衰退高度敏感的最优无量纲指标子集。随后，构建了一个基于 CNN 的集合模型，用于诊断异常衰退电池。通过整合多个 CNN 模型的预测结果，集合学习可以充分利用每个模型在不同类别中的优势。它有效地平衡了模型识别少数类和多数类的能力，从而增强了模型在处理类不平衡数据时的适应性和泛化能力。最后，以一个单一的 CNN 模型为基准，突出了集合 CNN 模型在解决类别不平衡数据集带来的分类问题方面的优势。使用类不平衡锂钴氧化物（LCO）电池数据集对所提出的方法进行了验证。结果表明，基于集合 CNN 的方法在诊断异常衰退电池方面达到了 100% 的准确率。

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引用次数: 0

Hydrogen integration in power grids, infrastructure demands and techno-economic assessment: A comprehensive review 电网中的氢能集成、基础设施需求和技术经济评估：全面回顾

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114520

Surajudeen Sikiru , Habeeb Bolaji Adedayo , John Oluwadamilola Olutoki , Zia ur Rehman

Nations are making substantial changes to the worldwide energy situation to address climate change, decrease the release of greenhouse gases, and shift towards sustainable energy systems. Hydrogen is gaining prominence as a prominent candidate among alternative energy sources owing to its versatility and ecological advantages. Incorporating this technology into the existing electricity grid presents opportunities and obstacles, notably in infrastructure and economic viability. Hydrogen may be generated from several sources, such as natural gas, biomass, and water, using methods like steam methane reforming (SMR) and electrolysis. This paper investigates the economic analysis of integrating steam methane reforming (SMR) technology with electrolysis and carbon capture. The study utilizes Elsevier Scopus and Web of Science data to uncover substantial research activity, revealing that North America and Europe, emerge as the leading contributors with 1263 and 756 citations in the research domain, respectively, while highlighting the lack of African contributions to the cited documents. The results underscore the need to incorporate cost-efficient CO₂ collection into SMR operations to generate “blue hydrogen” and the possibility of obtaining green hydrogen from renewable sources. Technological progress and favorable legislation are essential for lowering production expenses and improving the feasibility of hydrogen as a sustainable energy transporter. This study highlights the need for worldwide cooperation and financial support in hydrogen technologies to accomplish a future with reduced carbon emissions. This study offers an extensive economic assessment of integrating SMR with electrolysis and CO₂ capture. It emphasizes technological developments, cost considerations, and the possibility of international cooperation to enhance hydrogen production and aid in mitigating climate change.

为了应对气候变化、减少温室气体排放和转向可持续能源系统，各国正在对全球能源状况进行重大变革。氢因其多功能性和生态优势，正逐渐成为替代能源中的重要候选者。将这一技术融入现有电网既是机遇也是障碍，尤其是在基础设施和经济可行性方面。氢气可通过多种来源产生，如天然气、生物质和水，使用的方法包括蒸汽甲烷重整（SMR）和电解。本文研究了将蒸汽甲烷转化（SMR）技术与电解和碳捕集技术相结合的经济分析。研究利用 Elsevier Scopus 和 Web of Science 数据揭示了大量研究活动，发现北美和欧洲在研究领域分别以 1263 和 756 次引用成为主要贡献者，同时强调了非洲在引用文件中缺乏贡献。研究结果突出表明，有必要将具有成本效益的二氧化碳收集纳入 SMR 运行，以生成 "蓝色氢气"，并有可能从可再生资源中获得绿色氢气。技术进步和有利的立法对于降低生产成本和提高氢作为可持续能源运输工具的可行性至关重要。本研究强调了在氢技术方面开展全球合作和提供财政支持的必要性，以实现减少碳排放的未来。本研究对 SMR 与电解和二氧化碳捕获的整合进行了广泛的经济评估。它强调了技术发展、成本考虑以及国际合作的可能性，以提高氢气生产并帮助减缓气候变化。

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引用次数: 0

Achievement of in-situ solid-to-solid conversion mechanism of thick ZnO-based anodes (30 mAh cm−2) in lean electrolyte environment for alkaline NiZn batteries 在碱性镍锌电池贫电解质环境中实现厚氧化锌基阳极（30 mAh cm-2）的原位固-固转换机制

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114506

Juan Li , Yuxiu Liu , Chenxu Liu , Heliang Du , Xu Ji , Shuang Cheng

Alkaline NiZn batteries exhibit promising prospects owing to the advantages on safety, cost, eco-compatibility and considerable energy density. Nevertheless, their commercialization is still under great restrictions owing to the poor cycling life. To overcome this challenge, it is critical to explore the charge storage behavior and the corresponding failure mechanism of full cells in practical environment with thick electrodes and lean electrolyte. Herein, an in-situ ZnO↔Zn conversion dominate mechanism is accomplished in the system assembled with ZnO@C as anode with 100 % depth of charge (DOC) and a charge capacity of ~30 mAh cm⁻², which can induce all the Zn formed in the core, resulting in dendrites and deformation-free charging. With a lower DOC of ~33 %, the cell can be well remained for ~320 cycles with a high average coulombic efficiency of ~93 % cycled at 10 mA cm⁻²/10 mAh cm⁻². Even after the cell failure, there is still no dendrites or passivation on the anode. Yet, Zn phase dominates the anode, and obvious polarization increase can be detected accompanied by the decrease of pH. Therefore, water decomposition, and mismatch of reaction kinetics of anode and cathode are proposed to be the main reason of cell failure.

碱性镍锌电池在安全性、成本、生态兼容性和可观的能量密度等方面具有优势，因此前景广阔。然而，由于循环寿命较短，其商业化仍受到很大限制。为了克服这一挑战，探索厚电极和贫电解质全电池在实际环境中的电荷存储行为和相应的失效机制至关重要。在这里，以 ZnO@C 为阳极组装的系统完成了原位 ZnO↔Zn 转换支配机制，其电荷深度（DOC）为 100%，充电容量为 ~30 mAh cm-2，可诱导核心中形成的所有 Zn，导致树枝状和无变形充电。在较低的 DOC（约 33%）条件下，电池可在约 320 次循环中保持良好状态，在 10 mA cm-2/10 mAh cm-2 循环条件下的平均库仑效率高达约 93%。即使在电池失效后，阳极上仍然没有树枝状突起或钝化。然而，阳极上的锌相占主导地位，而且可以检测到明显的极化增加，同时 pH 值下降。因此，水分解和正负极反应动力学不匹配被认为是电池失效的主要原因。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of the heat transfer performance of a phase change cold energy storage device based on flat miniature heat pipe arrays 基于扁平微型热管阵列的相变冷储能装置传热性能的实验研究

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114449

Chongbo Sun , Yanhua Diao , Dongran Fang , Yaohua Zhao , Chuanqi Chen , Yawen Pan , Yuhan Li

Phase change cold energy storage devices (PCCESDs) that use thermoelectric coolers (TEC) as cooling sources have promising application prospects for alleviating the mismatch between energy supply and demand. Here, a new type of PCCESD based on flat miniature heat pipe arrays (FMHPAs) was designed. The device utilized a TEC as the cooling source and 10# paraffin wax as the phase change cold energy storage material. The effects of the operating voltage and flow rate of the chilled water of TEC and the different flow rates and temperatures of heat transfer air (HTA) were analyzed. The results indicated that the addition of FMHPA could effectively enhance the performance of the device. Under the experimental conditions of this study, when the chilled water flow rate was fixed at 1 m³/h, the cooling power of the TEC peaked at 14.94 W as the operating voltage increased to 6 V; then, the cooling power tapered off. The cooling power of the TEC reached 15.97 W at an operating voltage of 7 V and a chilled water flow rate of 1.5 m³/h. Under this condition, the charging process was completed in the shortest time (134 min). Additionally, when the flow rate and temperature of the HTA were 2 m/s and 33 °C, respectively, the discharging process was completed first (62 min).

使用热电冷却器（TEC）作为冷却源的相变冷储能装置（PCCESD）在缓解能源供需不匹配方面具有广阔的应用前景。本文设计了一种基于扁平微型热管阵列（FMHPA）的新型 PCCESD。该装置采用 TEC 作为冷源，10# 石蜡作为相变冷能存储材料。分析了 TEC 的工作电压和冷冻水流量以及不同流量和温度的导热空气（HTA）的影响。结果表明，添加 FMHPA 可以有效提高设备的性能。在本研究的实验条件下，当冷冻水流量固定为 1 m3/h 时，TEC 的冷却功率在工作电压升至 6 V 时达到峰值 14.94 W，随后冷却功率逐渐减小。当工作电压为 7 V、冷冻水流量为 1.5 m3/h 时，TEC 的冷却功率达到 15.97 W。在此条件下，充电过程在最短时间（134 分钟）内完成。此外，当 HTA 的流速和温度分别为 2 m/s 和 33 °C 时，放电过程最先完成（62 分钟）。

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引用次数: 0

Decomposition on the degradation mechanism of the cathode catalyst layer under 1000 h of on-road heavy-duty transportation 重型公路运输 1000 小时后阴极催化剂层降解机理的分解研究

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114426

Caizheng Yue, Weibo Zheng, Yutao Lian, Jialun Kang, Siqi Chen, Xinyu Dong, Bing Li, Cunman Zhang, Pingwen Ming

The lifespan of proton exchange membrane fuel cells in commercial vehicles is frequently constrained by the accelerated degradation of the cathode catalyst layer (CCL) under heavy-duty operational conditions. However, the determinant degradation mechanism of the CCL under on-road heavy-duty conditions remains uncertain. This study reveals the determinant degradation mechanism of the CCL under 1000 h of on-road heavy-duty transportation through multiple diagnostics and quantitative theoretical analysis. The results indicate that the ionomer migration is the fundamental drive of the fuel cell performance loss. The ionomer migration induces the detachment between the Pt catalyst and ionomer, reaching 37.3 % of the electrochemical surface area loss. The proton conduction process is primarily impeded by the discontinuous ionomer network within the CCL, resulting from ionomer migration. Furthermore, the migrating ionomer intrudes the primary pore region, thereby increasing the oxygen transport resistance to the Pt catalyst surface. Performance evolution indicates that the degraded CCL has the maximum power density loss of 42.5 % in comparison to the fresh CCL. The increase in activation and ohmic overpotentials contribute to 43.2 % and 36.5 % of the fuel cell performance loss, respectively. This study highlights the significance of inhibiting ionomer migration and provides a deeper insight into the degradation modes of CCL under on-road heavy-duty operations.

由于阴极催化剂层（CCL）在重负荷运行条件下加速降解，商用车辆中质子交换膜燃料电池的使用寿命经常受到限制。然而，CCL 在公路重载条件下的决定性降解机制仍不确定。本研究通过多重诊断和定量理论分析，揭示了 CCL 在道路重载运输 1000 小时条件下的决定性降解机制。结果表明，离子膜迁移是导致燃料电池性能下降的根本原因。离子膜迁移导致铂催化剂与离子膜脱离，电化学表面积损失达到 37.3%。质子传导过程主要受到 CCL 中不连续的离子膜网络的阻碍，这是离子膜迁移的结果。此外，迁移的离子聚合物侵入了主孔区域，从而增加了铂催化剂表面的氧传输阻力。性能演变表明，与新鲜的 CCL 相比，降解的 CCL 功率密度损失最大，达到 42.5%。活化过电位和欧姆过电位的增加分别造成了 43.2% 和 36.5% 的燃料电池性能损失。这项研究强调了抑制离子体迁移的重要性，并使人们更深入地了解了 CCL 在公路重载运行条件下的降解模式。

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引用次数: 0

Research on temperature control of smartwatch based on composite phase change material 基于复合相变材料的智能手表温度控制研究

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114452

Huimin Qiu, Yu Bai, Shuangfeng Wang

The smartwatch is one of the most widely used wearable electronics, which combines networking, health monitoring, communication, and other multifunctional features. As it gets smaller, more integrated, and denser, its power consumption increases. Owing to its strong sealing and waterproof capabilities, the equipment has trouble dissipating the heat produced during operation, which raises the equipment's temperature. Since smartwatches come into direct contact with human skin, they can burn skin when temperatures rise beyond 45 °C. Phase change material (PCM) is suitable for thermal management of intermittent electronic devices because they absorb a large amount of heat and can maintain a constant temperature during the phase transition, which means that they absorb heat when the device is in use and release heat when it is out of use. In this study, paraffin wax (PA) is used as the phase change material, styrene ethylene butylene styrene (SEBS) is used as the flexible support material, and expanded graphite (EG) is used as the thermal conductivity enhancer to prepare PCM sheets for thermal management of smartwatches. The effects of SEBS and EG on the shape stability, enthalpy, and thermal conductivity of the composite phase change material (CPCM) with different ratios were investigated, in which PA:SEBS of 7:3 has better shape stability, so CPCM with a PA:SEBS ratio of 7:3 and different EG contents was used to make PCM sheet, which were placed in the smartwatch, and it was verified experimentally that this PCM sheet could delay the temperature rise of the case and chip of the smartwatch and prolong its usage time. This CPCM is promising for smartwatch thermal management applications.

智能手表是应用最广泛的可穿戴电子设备之一，集联网、健康监测、通信和其他多功能于一身。随着其体积越来越小、集成度越来越高、密度越来越大，其功耗也随之增加。由于其强大的密封性和防水功能，设备在运行过程中产生的热量难以散发，从而导致设备温度升高。由于智能手表与人体皮肤直接接触，当温度超过 45 °C，就会灼伤皮肤。相变材料（PCM）适用于间歇性电子设备的热管理，因为它们能吸收大量热量，并能在相变过程中保持恒温，即在设备使用时吸收热量，在停止使用时释放热量。本研究采用石蜡（PA）作为相变材料，苯乙烯-乙烯-丁烯-苯乙烯（SEBS）作为柔性支撑材料，膨胀石墨（EG）作为导热增强剂，制备用于智能手表热管理的 PCM 片材。研究了 SEBS 和 EG 对不同比例的复合相变材料（CPCM）的形状稳定性、热焓和热导率的影响，其中 PA:SEBS 的比例为 7:3 具有更好的形状稳定性，因此使用 PA:SEBS 的比例为 7:3 和不同 EG 含量的 CPCM 制作 PCM 片材，并将其置于智能手表中，实验验证了这种 PCM 片材可以延缓智能手表外壳和芯片的温度上升，延长其使用时间。这种 CPCM 在智能手表热管理应用中大有可为。

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