Journal of energy storage最新文献_第10页

Physics-enhanced data-driven charging strategies for lithium-ion batteries with safety consciousness 具有安全意识的锂离子电池物理增强数据驱动充电策略

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120878

Wonoo Choo, Yuichi Kajiura, Jorge Espin, Zhicheng Xu, Dong Zhang

Fast charging of Lithium-ion Batteries (LiBs) is fundamentally limited by lithium plating, a degradation mechanism that undermines safety and accelerates performance loss. While prior machine learning methods in battery modeling have primarily focused on improving voltage predictions, this work introduces a physics-enhanced data-driven charging framework that directly predicts plating risk and enforces safety constraints during charging. A Gaussian Process (GP) surrogate is trained on high-fidelity Doyle–Fuller–Newman (DFN) simulations to capture overpotential dynamics near the anode–separator interface, the region most prone to plating. This surrogate is embedded within Model Predictive Control (MPC) schemes based on the Single Particle Model with Electrolyte (SPMe), to enforce physically meaningful safety constraints in real-time during fast charging. Simulation studies demonstrate that the GP-augmented MPC reduces lithium plating risk by up to 89%, achieving nearly a tenfold reduction in peak overpotential violations and a 95% decrease in cumulative degradation compared to standard Constant-Current Constant-Voltage and nominal MPC strategies. Importantly, these improvements were realized with marginal increase in total charging time. Furthermore, the same GP surrogate is integrated with an Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) achieving comparable safety improvements with a 97% reduction in computational overhead, making it viable for embedded deployment. Overall, the proposed approach offers a modular, data-efficient and computationally tractable pathway toward safer and faster charging protocols, supporting the reliable adoption of electrified transportation.

锂离子电池（LiBs）的快速充电从根本上受到锂镀层的限制，这是一种破坏安全性并加速性能损失的退化机制。虽然之前电池建模中的机器学习方法主要集中在改进电压预测上，但这项工作引入了一种物理增强的数据驱动充电框架，可以直接预测电镀风险，并在充电过程中强制执行安全约束。在高保真Doyle-Fuller-Newman （DFN）模拟中训练高斯过程（GP）代理，以捕获阳极-分离器界面附近的过电位动态，这是最容易电镀的区域。该替代品被嵌入到基于电解质单粒子模型（SPMe）的模型预测控制（MPC）方案中，以在快速充电过程中实时执行物理上有意义的安全约束。仿真研究表明，与标准恒流恒压和标称MPC策略相比，gp增强MPC将锂电镀风险降低了89%，峰值过电位违反降低了近10倍，累积退化降低了95%。重要的是，这些改进是在总充电时间略有增加的情况下实现的。此外，相同的GP代理与等效电路模型（ECM）集成在一起，实现了相当的安全性改进，计算开销减少了97%，使其适用于嵌入式部署。总的来说，所提出的方法提供了一个模块化的、数据高效的、计算易于处理的途径，以实现更安全和更快的充电协议，支持可靠的电气化运输。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative evaluation of horizontal and vertical vibrations for enhancing phase change material melting in annular thermal energy storage 水平振动和垂直振动对环形储能中相变材料熔化的影响

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120785

Hamza M Mjbel , Hameed K. Hamzah , Qasim Hassen Alammar , Razan Alkhazaleh , Ali Alahmer

Phase change materials (PCMs) are widely used in thermal energy storage (TES) systems; however, their low thermal conductivity leads to prolonged melting and solidification times. This study numerically investigates the effectiveness of mechanical vibration in enhancing PCM melting performance within an annular cavity formed by two concentric cylinders, where the inner wall is subjected to a constant heat flux and the outer wall is insulated. A simulation framework was developed in COMSOL Multiphysics 6.3 to capture the effects of vibration frequency, amplitude, and heat flux under horizontal and vertical vibration orientations. The parametric analysis considered vibration frequencies of 1, 5, and 10 Hz; amplitudes of 2.225, 4.45, and 6.675 cm; and heat fluxes of 868, 1821.3, and 3022.6 W/m². To assess the combined influence of active enhancement and thermophysical modification, 0.2% nanoparticles were incorporated under horizontal vibration. While thermal conductivity increased, the resulting rise in dynamic viscosity caused a slight damping of vibration-induced flow, yielding melting enhancements of 65–70% compared with 68–76% for vibration alone. Overall, mechanical vibration intensified convective heat transfer within the molten PCM. Horizontal vibration demonstrated robustness and stability across operating conditions, reducing total melting time by up to 73%. Although vertical vibration achieved slightly higher peak enhancement (up to 76%), its performance was more sensitive to low amplitudes and heat fluxes. At high heat flux, performance convergence at 5 and 10 Hz indicated a convection saturation limit. These findings highlight horizontal vibration as a practical strategy for improving PCM-based TES performance.

相变材料（PCMs）广泛应用于热储能（TES）系统；然而，它们的低导热性导致了较长的熔化和凝固时间。本文通过数值模拟研究了机械振动在由两个同心圆柱体组成的环形腔内提高PCM熔化性能的有效性，其中内壁受到恒定的热流密度，而外壁则是绝缘的。在COMSOL Multiphysics 6.3中开发了仿真框架，以捕获水平和垂直振动方向下振动频率、振幅和热流密度的影响。参数分析考虑振动频率为1,5和10hz；振幅为2.225、4.45和6.675 cm；热通量分别为868、1821.3和3022.6 W/m2。为了评估主动增强和热物理改性的联合影响，在水平振动下加入0.2%纳米颗粒。当热导率增加时，由此引起的动粘度的上升导致振动诱导流动的轻微阻尼，产生65-70%的熔化增强，而单独振动则为68-76%。总体而言，机械振动加剧了熔融PCM内的对流换热。水平振动显示出在各种操作条件下的稳健性和稳定性，将总熔化时间缩短了73%。尽管垂直振动实现了稍高的峰值增强（高达76%），但其性能对低振幅和热通量更为敏感。在高热流密度下，5 Hz和10 Hz的性能收敛表明存在对流饱和极限。这些发现强调了水平振动是改善基于pcm的TES性能的实用策略。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal performance enhancement of a building using nano enhanced phase change materials (PCMs) and metallic fins 利用纳米增强相变材料（PCMs）和金属翅片增强建筑物的热性能

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120886

Said M.A. Ibrahim , Abdelrahman A. Shaheen

Improving building energy efficiency in hot arid climates remains a critical challenge for sustainable development. This study investigates the thermal performance optimization of a residential building in Cairo, Egypt, by integrating phase change materials (PCMs) with advanced enhancement techniques. Using Design Builder for dynamic simulations, the research evaluates various configurations: a baseline building, pure PCM integration, nano enhanced PCMs (NePCM) using Al₂O₃, CuO, and silica aerogel, metallic fins (aluminum and copper), and hybrid NePCM fin systems. The results indicate that the baseline building's annual energy demand of 211.64kWh/m² was reduced by 17.3% through PCM integration alone. Among NePCMs, silica aerogel at 3 vol% achieved only marginal improvement (174.53 kWh/m²), while Al₂O₃ and CuO nanoparticles increased energy consumption. Conversely, fin-assisted PCMs provided superior results; 1 mm copper fins reduced annual demand to 150.99kWh/m², a 28.7% saving over the baseline. Analysis of peak summer day loads revealed that PCM integration achieved a 29.6% reduction in peak demand, with copper fins maintaining a stable operative temperature of 26.5 °C and significantly enhancing indoor thermal comfort by improving the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). The hybrid system (NePCM with copper fins) yielded the maximum energy saving of 28.8% (150.69kWh/m²). The study concludes that thin copper fins are more effective and practical than nanoparticles for energy reduction and peak shaving in hot arid regions, offering a robust solution for improving cooling efficiency and indoor climate stability.

提高炎热干旱气候下的建筑能效仍然是可持续发展面临的重大挑战。本研究通过将相变材料（PCMs）与先进的增强技术相结合，研究了埃及开罗一座住宅建筑的热性能优化。该研究使用Design Builder进行动态模拟，评估了各种配置：基线建筑、纯PCM集成、使用Al₂O₃、CuO和二氧化硅气凝胶的纳米增强PCM （NePCM）、金属鳍（铝和铜）和混合NePCM鳍系统。结果表明，仅通过PCM集成，基线建筑的年能源需求211.64kWh/m2就减少了17.3%。在nepcm中，3 vol%的二氧化硅气凝胶仅取得了边际改善（174.53 kWh/m2），而Al₂O₃和CuO纳米颗粒增加了能量消耗。相反，鳍辅助PCMs提供了更好的结果；1毫米铜翅片将年需求量减少到150.99千瓦时/平方米，比基线节省28.7%。对夏季高峰日负荷的分析表明，PCM集成使峰值需求减少了29.6%，铜翅片保持了26.5°C的稳定工作温度，并通过提高预测平均投票（PMV）显著提高了室内热舒适性。混合动力系统（带铜翅片的NePCM）最大节能28.8% （150.69kWh/m2）。该研究得出结论，在炎热干旱地区，薄铜翅片在节能和调峰方面比纳米颗粒更有效和实用，为提高冷却效率和室内气候稳定性提供了一个强有力的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Improving the performance of supercapacitor-based pulsed power systems in DC microgrids using a fast integral terminal super-twisting sliding mode controller 采用快速积分终端超扭滑模控制器改善基于超级电容的直流微电网脉冲电源系统的性能

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120660

Amirhossein Hosseini , Jafar Adabi , Seyyed Asghar Gholamian , Seyyed Yousef Mousazadeh Mousavi

Pulsed power loads (PPLs) in DC microgrids (DCMGs) impose fast and high-power transients that challenge the stability and performance of energy storage systems (ESS). Supercapacitor-based ESSs offer a promising solution due to their exceptional power density and fast charge–discharge capability, yet their effective utilization under severe pulsed conditions remains a key challenge. This paper proposes a fast integral terminal super-twisting sliding mode controller (FITSTSMC) to enhance the dynamic performance and energy management of a supercapacitor-based ESS in pulsed power applications. The controller directly governs energy exchange between the supercapacitor bank and the DC bus, enabling the storage system to deliver instantaneous power surges and maintain voltage stability during repetitive load pulses. A fast integral terminal sliding surface is introduced to accelerate response convergence, while a super-twisting sliding mode observer (STSMO) minimizes sensing requirements and reduces implementation cost. Lyapunov-based stability analysis confirms large-signal stability of the controlled ESS. Both simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed FITSTSMC-STSMO strategy significantly improves the ESS's performance, limiting voltage overshoot to below 4%, achieving settling time below 0.5 ms, and enhancing transient response by over 60% compared with SMC methods reported in the literature. These findings demonstrate that advanced control of supercapacitor-based ESS is essential for reliable and efficient pulsed power operation in DCMGs.

直流微电网（dcmg）中的脉冲功率负载（ppl）带来了快速、高功率的暂态，对储能系统（ESS）的稳定性和性能提出了挑战。基于超级电容器的ess因其卓越的功率密度和快速充放电能力而提供了一个很有前途的解决方案，但其在恶劣脉冲条件下的有效利用仍然是一个关键挑战。本文提出了一种快速积分终端超扭滑模控制器（FITSTSMC），以提高脉冲功率应用中基于超级电容器的ESS的动态性能和能量管理。控制器直接控制超级电容器组与直流母线之间的能量交换，使存储系统能够在重复负载脉冲时提供瞬时功率浪涌并保持电压稳定。引入了快速积分终端滑动面来加速响应收敛，而超扭转滑模观测器（STSMO）最大限度地降低了传感要求并降低了实现成本。基于lyapunov的稳定性分析证实了被控ESS具有大信号稳定性。仿真和实验结果都验证了所提出的FITSTSMC-STSMO策略显著提高了ESS的性能，将电压超调限制在4%以下，实现了0.5 ms以下的稳定时间，与文献报道的SMC方法相比，瞬态响应提高了60%以上。这些发现表明，基于超级电容器的ESS的先进控制对于DCMGs中可靠和高效的脉冲功率运行至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Quantum machine learning approaches to state-of-health prediction and optimization in energy storage devices 量子机器学习方法在能量存储设备的健康状态预测和优化

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120939

Mojtaba Khakpour Komarsofla , Amirkianoosh Kiani

Energy storage devices such as lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors are essential for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems, yet their long-term reliability is limited by capacity degradation. Accurate prediction of state-of-health (SOH), state-of-charge (SOC), and capacity retention are therefore critical for extending device lifetimes and improving safety. Classical machine learning (ML) methods including LSTMs, CNNs, and ensemble approaches have achieved success in forecasting degradation trends, but they face limitations in scalability, data requirements, and capturing complex electrochemical behaviors. Quantum computing, and in particular quantum machine learning (QML), offers new opportunities by exploiting superposition and entanglement to process information more efficiently and compactly. This review surveys recent advances in applying QML to energy storage, with a focus on CQ approaches (classical data–quantum processing), distinguishing Hybrid-CQ architectures. Comparative analyses highlight trade-offs: CQ and Hybrid-CQ models achieve higher accuracy and parameter efficiency but are constrained by noise, limited qubits, and slower runtimes on real devices. Looking forward, integrating error-mitigation strategies, benchmarking on actual quantum hardware, and embedding physics-informed modeling are critical to closing the gap between theoretical promise and practical deployment. Beyond prediction tasks, quantum approaches hold potential for dynamic charging optimization, materials discovery, and quantum battery concepts. Collectively, these developments underscore how QML can complement and eventually surpass classical ML, paving the way toward more accurate, sustainable, and efficient energy storage systems.

锂离子电池和超级电容器等储能设备对于便携式电子产品、电动汽车和可再生能源系统至关重要，但它们的长期可靠性受到容量退化的限制。因此，准确预测健康状态（SOH）、充电状态（SOC）和容量保留对于延长设备使用寿命和提高安全性至关重要。经典的机器学习（ML）方法，包括lstm、cnn和集成方法，已经在预测降解趋势方面取得了成功，但它们在可扩展性、数据需求和捕获复杂的电化学行为方面存在局限性。量子计算，特别是量子机器学习（QML），通过利用叠加和纠缠来更高效、更紧凑地处理信息，提供了新的机会。本文综述了QML应用于能量存储的最新进展，重点介绍了CQ方法（经典数据量子处理），区分了Hybrid-CQ架构。对比分析突出了权衡：CQ和Hybrid-CQ模型实现了更高的精度和参数效率，但受到噪声、有限的量子位和在实际设备上较慢的运行时间的限制。展望未来，集成错误缓解策略、对实际量子硬件进行基准测试以及嵌入物理信息建模对于缩小理论承诺与实际部署之间的差距至关重要。除了预测任务，量子方法还具有动态充电优化、材料发现和量子电池概念的潜力。总的来说，这些发展强调了QML如何补充并最终超越经典ML，为更准确、可持续和高效的能源存储系统铺平道路。

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引用次数: 0

Collaborative optimization operation method of electrical-thermal‑hydrogen multi-energy storage system based on variable mode decomposition 基于变模态分解的电-热-氢多储能系统协同优化运行方法

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120542

Di Wu , Shiyang Yu , Ao Liu , Zhijian Liu , Zhuoying Liang , Shicong Zhang , Xinyan Yang , Guiqiang Li , Wentao Wu

The integration and utilization of renewable energy into the grid is key to building a clean and low-carbon energy system, but its intermittency and volatility cause significant wind and solar curtailment. To address this, this paper proposes a multi-energy storage system integrating electrical, thermal, and hydrogen storage. The system firstly uses Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) to decompose and reconstruct the power difference between the source and the load. The power allocation based on the dynamic response characteristics of supercapacitors, hydrogen storage, and thermal storage tanks. Three progressive operating strategies are designed: baseline power allocation based on VMD (Strategy 1), adaptive VMD adjustment considering the state of charge (SOC) of energy storage (Strategy 2), and coordinated optimization introducing grid regulation (Strategy 3). An experimental platform focused on lithium batteries and supercapacitors was built to verify the feasibility of the power allocation and real-time adjustment strategies. Furthermore, the experimentally validated control strategies were applied to a simulation case of a Beijing community to conduct system modeling based on a physical model. Results show that Strategy 3 achieves zero SOC violation in energy storage, significantly outperforming Strategy 1 (which had a 47.5% violation rate) and Strategy 2 (37%), with operational costs reduced by 13.3% and 17.7% compared to Strategies 1 and 2, respectively, and a system excess capacity ratio of 0%. The conclusions indicate that the proposed VMD-based multi-energy storage coordinated optimization method, especially Strategy 3 combined with grid regulation, can effectively enhance system stability and economy, providing an effective solution for multi-energy system management in scenarios with a high proportion of renewable energy.

可再生能源并网利用是建设清洁低碳能源系统的关键，但其间歇性和波动性导致风能和太阳能大幅弃电。为了解决这一问题，本文提出了一种集电、热、氢存储于一体的多能量存储系统。该系统首先利用变分模态分解（VMD）对源与负载之间的功率差进行分解重构。基于超级电容器、储氢罐和储热罐动态响应特性的功率分配。设计了三种渐进式运行策略：基于VMD的基线功率分配（策略1）、考虑储能荷电状态（SOC）的自适应VMD调整（策略2）和引入电网调节的协同优化（策略3）。建立了以锂电池和超级电容器为研究对象的实验平台，验证了功率分配和实时调整策略的可行性。并将实验验证的控制策略应用于北京某社区的仿真案例，进行了基于物理模型的系统建模。结果表明，策略3在储能系统中实现了零SOC违规，显著优于策略1（47.5%）和策略2(37%)，运行成本比策略1和策略2分别降低13.3%和17.7%，系统过剩容量率为0%。研究结果表明，提出的基于vmd的多储能协同优化方法，特别是策略3与电网调控相结合，可有效提高系统稳定性和经济性，为可再生能源比例较高的场景下多能源系统管理提供了有效的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

A self-actuating internal stirring mechanism to maintain dispersion uniformity in paraffin/carbon nanotube phase change composites 一种保持石蜡/碳纳米管相变复合材料分散均匀性的自驱动内搅拌机制

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120891

Yinfeng Xia , Takushi Saito

Paraffin-based Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are promising candidates for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems, but their low thermal conductivity is often a significant drawback. While the addition of high-conductivity nanoparticles like Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) can address this, long-term performance can be compromised as CNTs agglomerate and separate from the paraffin matrix over repeated thermal cycles. This degradation is driven by fundamental solidification phenomena such as particle pushing, which leads to a breakdown of the conductive nanoparticle network. To address this, we developed a novel self-actuating internal stirring mechanism that maintains dispersion uniformity without external power. Leveraging the volumetric expansion of the PCM itself (the “wax motor” principle), the device autonomously converts thermal energy into rotational mixing during the melting phase. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-optimized Sawtooth impeller was engineered to generate high local shear rates (>140 s⁻¹) sufficient to initiate CNT deagglomeration. Experimental validation over 50 thermal cycles demonstrated that the active stirring effectively suppressed phase separation. From the 128.7% initial improvement over pure paraffin, the stirred composite retained ∼90% of its initial thermal conductivity (0.391 W/(m·K)), significantly outperforming the unstirred control which degraded by 26% (0.334 W/(m·K)). This work establishes a successful proof-of-concept for a semi-active stabilization strategy to overcome the long-term reliability barriers in latent heat storage systems.

石蜡基相变材料（PCMs）是热能存储（TES）系统的有前途的候选者，但其低导热性往往是一个重大的缺点。虽然添加高导电性纳米颗粒（如碳纳米管）可以解决这个问题，但长期性能可能会受到影响，因为碳纳米管会在重复的热循环中与石蜡基体团聚和分离。这种退化是由基本的凝固现象驱动的，比如粒子推动，这会导致导电纳米粒子网络的破坏。为了解决这个问题，我们开发了一种新的自驱动内部搅拌机构，无需外部动力即可保持分散均匀性。利用PCM本身的体积膨胀（“蜡马达”原理），该装置在熔化阶段自动将热能转化为旋转混合。计算流体动力学（CFD）优化的锯齿形叶轮能够产生高的局部剪切速率（>140 s−1），足以启动碳纳米管脱团聚。50多个热循环的实验验证表明，主动搅拌有效地抑制了相分离。与纯石蜡相比，经过搅拌的复合材料的初始导热系数提高了128.7%，保持了约90%的初始导热系数（0.391 W/(m·K)），显著优于未搅拌的对照组，后者的导热系数下降了26% （0.334 W/(m·K)）。这项工作为半主动稳定策略建立了一个成功的概念验证，以克服潜热储存系统的长期可靠性障碍。

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引用次数: 0

Lamellar graphene oxide stabilizes spinel LiMn2O4 cathode structure for high-temperature longevity 层状氧化石墨烯稳定尖晶石LiMn2O4阴极结构，提高高温寿命

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120767

Xiaowei Shi , Bihe Liu , Bonan Tan , Qing Chen , Lei Li , Yane Gao

Spinel LiMn₂O₄ (LMO) suffers from quick capacity decay, which hampers its practical application in lithium-ion batteries. Engineering LMO cathode structure is a solution to improve its cycling stability. Here, we experimentally realize lamellar additives of graphene oxide (GO) reinforced LMO cathode structure prolongs the cycling stability of LMO at high temperature of 45 °C. The experimental and theoretical results prove that GO induces the α-to-β phase transformation of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. This enhances its dielectric constant and storage modulus. GO increases LMO particles and Al current collector adhesion via strong adsorption between GO functional groups and Al surface Al₂O₃ (OH). GO also works as a barrier to prevent HF etching LMO and Mn²⁺ dissolution into electrolyte. Their synergetic improves the cycling stability of LMO with high capacity retention of >84.1% compared to LMO/PVDF (77.7%) at 1C after 200 cycles at 45 °C. This study is beneficial for the design of cathode additives to improve the electrochemical performance of cathode.

尖晶石LiMn2O4 （LMO）容量衰减快，阻碍了其在锂离子电池中的实际应用。工程化LMO阴极结构是提高其循环稳定性的一种解决方案。本文通过实验实现了氧化石墨烯（GO）层状添加剂增强LMO阴极结构，延长了LMO在45℃高温下的循环稳定性。实验和理论结果证明，氧化石墨烯诱导聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）粘结剂发生α-to-β相变。这提高了它的介电常数和存储模量。氧化石墨烯通过氧化石墨烯官能团与Al表面Al2O3 （OH）之间的强吸附增强了LMO颗粒和Al集流器的粘附性。氧化石墨烯还可以作为一种屏障，防止HF腐蚀LMO和Mn2+溶解到电解质中。它们的协同作用提高了LMO的循环稳定性，与LMO/PVDF（77.7%）相比，在45°C下循环200次后，LMO在1C下的容量保留率为84.1%。该研究有助于阴极添加剂的设计，提高阴极的电化学性能。

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引用次数: 0

Starburst macromonomers with carbazole arms: From electropolymerization to electrochromic prototypes with energy storage capability 具有咔唑臂的星爆大单体：从电聚合到具有储能能力的电致变色原型

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120901

Radu-Dan Rusu, Ioana-Alexandra Trofin, Mariana-Dana Damaceanu, Catalin-Paul Constantin

This study follows three directions in developing smart materials with electrochromic and energy storage functions: effective macromolecular blueprint, viable electropolymerization processing, and the design-prototype pathway. A fully conjugated macromonomer with an aryl focal point and three carbazole branches was used as the main core for two dendrimer-like macromonomers with amide-linked carbazole or triphenylamine arms. Their electropolymerization rendered defect-free polymeric films with a granular surface. Systematic connections between structural variations and the optical, electronic, morphological, and electrochemical conduct were established. The electrochromic activity and stability, coloration efficiency, charge-discharge patterns, specific areal capacitance, and electron-transfer processes highly depend on external building blocks, conjugation type, and films' topography and topology. A laboratory-scale prototype using the most balanced polymer showed reliable electrochromic performance: 0.41 s for coloration, 3.82 s for bleaching, 31.33% maximum optical contrast, 125 cm² C⁻¹ coloring efficiency, and 25% efficiency decay after 100 cycles. The same prototype acted as a hybrid-type pseudocapacitor and delivered convincing energy storage outcome: 0.62 mF cm⁻² (GCD, 10 μA cm⁻², relatively stable at higher current density) areal capacitance, 98.2% Coulombic efficiency, 1453 μW cm⁻² power density, 542 μWh cm⁻² energy density, 7.14% capacitance decay after 500 cycles, and a 0.34 S cm⁻¹ conductivity.

本研究在开发具有电致变色和储能功能的智能材料方面遵循三个方向：有效的大分子蓝图、可行的电聚合工艺和设计-原型途径。一个具有芳基焦点和三个咔唑分支的完全共轭大单体被用作两个具有酰胺连接咔唑或三苯胺臂的树状大单体的主核。它们的电聚合使无缺陷的聚合物薄膜具有颗粒状表面。结构变化与光学、电子、形态和电化学行为之间建立了系统的联系。电致变色活性和稳定性、着色效率、充放电模式、比面积电容和电子转移过程高度依赖于外部构建块、共轭类型和薄膜的形貌和拓扑结构。使用最平衡聚合物的实验室规模原型显示出可靠的电致变色性能：着色0.41 s，漂白3.82 s，最大光学对比度31.33%，125 cm2 C−1着色效率，100次循环后效率衰减25%。同样的原型作为混合型伪电容器，并提供了令人信服的储能结果：0.62 mF cm−2 （GCD, 10 μA cm−2，在高电流密度下相对稳定）面电容，98.2%的库仑效率，1453 μW cm−2功率密度，542 μWh cm−2能量密度，500次循环后7.14%的电容衰减和0.34 S cm−1电导率。

{"title":"Starburst macromonomers with carbazole arms: From electropolymerization to electrochromic prototypes with energy storage capability","authors":"Radu-Dan Rusu, Ioana-Alexandra Trofin, Mariana-Dana Damaceanu, Catalin-Paul Constantin","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study follows three directions in developing smart materials with electrochromic and energy storage functions: effective macromolecular blueprint, viable electropolymerization processing, and the design-prototype pathway. A fully conjugated macromonomer with an aryl focal point and three carbazole branches was used as the main core for two dendrimer-like macromonomers with amide-linked carbazole or triphenylamine arms. Their electropolymerization rendered defect-free polymeric films with a granular surface. Systematic connections between structural variations and the optical, electronic, morphological, and electrochemical conduct were established. The electrochromic activity and stability, coloration efficiency, charge-discharge patterns, specific areal capacitance, and electron-transfer processes highly depend on external building blocks, conjugation type, and films' topography and topology. A laboratory-scale prototype using the most balanced polymer showed reliable electrochromic performance: 0.41 s for coloration, 3.82 s for bleaching, 31.33% maximum optical contrast, 125 cm<sup>2</sup> C<sup>−1</sup> coloring efficiency, and 25% efficiency decay after 100 cycles. The same prototype acted as a hybrid-type pseudocapacitor and delivered convincing energy storage outcome: 0.62 mF cm<sup>−2</sup> (GCD, 10 μA cm<sup>−2</sup>, relatively stable at higher current density) areal capacitance, 98.2% Coulombic efficiency, 1453 μW cm<sup>−2</sup> power density, 542 μWh cm<sup>−2</sup> energy density, 7.14% capacitance decay after 500 cycles, and a 0.34 S cm<sup>−1</sup> conductivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 120901"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synergistic enhancement of mechanical robustness and ion transport via internal coordination for all-solid-state zinc batteries 全固态锌电池内部协同增强机械稳健性和离子输运

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120870

Nuo Shi, Zhihao Deng, Siyi Li, Yuqin Su, Wenjun Wu

To address issues inherent to aqueous zinc-ion batteries—such as electrolyte leakage, dendrite formation, and limited cycling stability—developing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) that combine efficient Zn²⁺ transport with robust mechanical toughness remains a key challenge for all-solid-state zinc-ion batteries. In this work, l-serine was successfully incorporated into a polyethylene oxide/polyvinylidene difluoride (PEO/PVDF)-based electrolyte by reducing polymer crystallinity, enhancing interfacial coordination between functional groups and Zn²⁺, and improving the Zn deposition/stripping behavior. This strategy not only establishes rapid ion transport pathways, delivering a high ionic conductivity of 1.02 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ and a transference number of 0.56 at room temperature, but also enables the Zn||MnO₂ device to achieve a high initial specific capacity of 120 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹ with excellent rate capability. Moreover, a stable Zn deposition/stripping process was sustained for over 1400 h at 0.1 mA cm⁻². By integrating molecular design with interfacial engineering, this study delivers transformative insights that may redefine electrolyte development for all-solid-state zinc-ion batteries.

为了解决水性锌离子电池固有的问题，如电解质泄漏、枝晶形成和有限的循环稳定性，开发固体聚合物电解质（spe），将高效的Zn2+传输与强大的机械韧性结合起来，仍然是全固态锌离子电池的关键挑战。在本研究中，l-丝氨酸通过降低聚合物结晶度，增强官能团与Zn2+之间的界面配位，以及改善锌的沉积/剥离行为，成功地加入到聚氧乙烯/聚偏氟乙烯（PEO/PVDF）基电解质中。该策略不仅建立了快速离子传输途径，在室温下提供了1.02 × 10−4 S cm−1的高离子电导率和0.56的转移数，而且使Zn||MnO2器件在0.1 a g−1下实现了120 mA h g−1的高初始比容量，具有优异的速率能力。此外，在0.1 mA cm−2下，锌沉积/剥离过程持续了1400小时以上。通过将分子设计与界面工程相结合，这项研究提供了革命性的见解，可能会重新定义全固态锌离子电池的电解质开发。

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引用次数: 0