Journal of energy storage最新文献_第10页

A queueing-based framework for packetized energy in renewable storage systems 基于排队的可再生能源存储系统能量分组框架

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120682

Tho Minh-Duong, Syed Maaz Shahid, Sungoh Kwon

In this paper, we propose an analytical model for a renewable energy-based energy storage system (ESS). Renewable energy (RE) is crucial for the future grid, ensuring energy security and sustainability while reducing carbon emissions amid growing global demand. ESSs play a vital role in integrating RE by addressing the variability of energy generation and consumption; however, limited storage capacity constrains their effectiveness. To address ESS capacity constraints, packetized energy networks dynamically coordinate supply and demand via discrete energy packets, optimizing infrastructure utilization and enabling better integration of RE. However, analyzing the integrated system presents many challenges due to the stochastic nature of RE. To tackle this issue, we propose a queueing-based analysis scheme to study the interaction between energy generation and consumption, aiming to capture the system’s behavior. Using the M/M/1 queueing model, we derive a closed-form expression to estimate the time until the system fails due to energy insufficiency.Our analysis effectively captures the expected time to failure and the energy deficit during the failure period. The validity of our analysis is verified through simulations.

本文提出了一个基于可再生能源的储能系统的分析模型。可再生能源（RE）对未来电网至关重要，可以确保能源安全和可持续性，同时在全球需求不断增长的情况下减少碳排放。通过解决能源生产和消费的可变性，ess在整合可再生能源方面发挥着至关重要的作用；然而，有限的存储容量限制了它们的有效性。为了解决ESS容量约束问题，分组能源网络通过离散能量包动态协调供需，优化基础设施利用率并实现可再生能源的更好集成。然而，由于可再生能源的随机性，分析集成系统存在许多挑战。为了解决这一问题，我们提出了一种基于队列的分析方案来研究能源产生和消耗之间的相互作用，旨在捕捉系统的行为。利用M/M/1排队模型，导出了系统因能量不足而失效时间的封闭表达式。我们的分析有效地捕获了故障的预期时间和故障期间的能量赤字。通过仿真验证了分析的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-agent hierarchical consensus framework for frequency and voltage regulation with cooperative battery storage units 基于多智能体的协同电池存储单元频率和电压调节层次共识框架

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120955

Gabriel E. Mejia-Ruiz , Vipin Chandra Pandey , Martha Lucia Orozco-Gutierrez

High penetration of renewable resources reduces inertia and short-circuit strength in transmission networks. This loss of electromechanical stiffness directly compromises the ability of the system to withstand power imbalances. This paper proposes a hierarchical multi-agent control framework to coordinate distributed battery energy storage. The architecture integrates a fast local layer for sub-second voltage support and primary frequency response. A secondary layer employs dual-consensus algorithms to harmonize the state of charge and historical regulation effort over a communication graph. The adaptive active-power reference is computed through a multiplicative formulation. This law couples frequency deviation, area control error, and available capacity while strictly enforcing apparent-power constraints. Thus, the controller ensures capacity-aware dispatch, prevents overcompensation, and preserves

P / Q

limits. Validation was conducted on a modified IEEE 14-bus system with 47.8% non-synchronous generation. Scenarios included a 204% load step, a 25% renewable surge, and a three-phase fault. Results demonstrate enhanced scalability and resilience. For operational (non-fault) events, frequency deviations remain within

\leq \pm 0.08 %

and return to the NERC

20 – 36 mHz

band within 2 s. Furthermore, bus voltages satisfy IEEE Std C84.1 limits (

0.95 – 1.05 pu

), while state-of-charge dispersion falls below

0.05 pu

.

可再生资源的高度渗透减少了输电网络的惯性和短路强度。这种机电刚度的损失直接损害了系统承受功率不平衡的能力。提出了一种分层多智能体控制框架来协调分布式电池储能系统。该架构集成了用于亚秒电压支持和主频率响应的快速本地层。第二层采用双共识算法来协调通信图上的收费状态和历史监管工作。通过乘法公式计算自适应有功基准。该定律将频率偏差、区域控制误差和可用容量耦合在一起，同时严格执行明显的功率约束。因此，控制器保证了容量感知调度，防止了过度补偿，并保持了P/Q限制。在改进的IEEE 14总线系统上进行了验证，非同步发电量为47.8%。场景包括204%负载步进、25%可再生浪涌和三相故障。结果显示增强了可伸缩性和弹性。对于操作（非故障）事件，频率偏差保持在≤±0.08%，并在2s内恢复到NERC 20-36mHz频段。此外，母线电压满足IEEE标准C84.1限值（0.95-1.05pu），而电荷状态色散低于0.05pu。

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引用次数: 0

Direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4 cathode using a reduction agent of natural amino acid 用天然氨基酸还原剂直接再生废LiFePO4正极

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120841

Siman Yang , Zongnan Li , Yao Huang , Mingwei Hu , Ting Yang , Qiaohua Wei , Longyuan Guo , Mingdeng Wei

In recent years, the recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries has garnered significant attention as an important strategy to alleviate resource scarcity and advance resource circularity. Among different recycling technologies for spent LFP batteries, emerging direct regeneration technology represents a sustainable recycling approach capable of restoring LFP cathode materials without compromising their olivine crystal structure. In our study, we proposed an environmentally friendly and efficient one-step hydrothermal regeneration strategy to achieve synergistic structural and functional restoration of spent LFP in the presence of lithium supplement. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) serves as the lithium precursor, with the natural amino acid l-serine (C₃H₇NO₃) used as a green reducing agent. The primary alcohol group of l-serine can provide a reducing environment, enabling the reduction of Fe³⁺ ions and alleviating the Li-Fe inversion defect. Concurrently, nitrogen atoms from the amino group of l-serine were incorporated into the carbon coating, enhancing the electrochemical performance of the material. Consequently, the regenerated LFP exhibited exceptional electrochemical property and outstanding cycling stability. The specific discharge capacity reached 140.6 mAh g⁻¹ at 1C rate, demonstrating 86.13% capacity retention over 1000 cycles. Crucially, the material maintains a capacity retention of 84.44% over 1000 cycles even at a high rate of 5C. Such a strategy can effectively regenerate LFP cathode with a restored superior electrochemical property, offering a viable pathway for scalable recycling of spent LFP in the future.

近年来，废旧磷酸铁锂（LFP）电池的回收利用作为缓解资源短缺和促进资源循环的重要策略受到了广泛关注。在废LFP电池的各种回收技术中，新兴的直接再生技术代表了一种可持续的回收方法，能够在不损害其橄榄石晶体结构的情况下恢复LFP正极材料。在我们的研究中，我们提出了一种环保高效的一步水热再生策略，以实现废LFP在补充锂的情况下结构和功能的协同恢复。以氢氧化锂（LiOH）为锂前体，天然氨基酸l-丝氨酸（C3H7NO3）为绿色还原剂。l-丝氨酸的伯醇基团可以提供还原环境，使Fe3+离子还原，缓解Li-Fe倒置缺陷。同时，l-丝氨酸氨基的氮原子被加入到碳涂层中，提高了材料的电化学性能。结果表明，再生的LFP具有优异的电化学性能和循环稳定性。在1C倍率下，比放电容量达到140.6 mAh g−1，在1000次循环中，容量保持率为86.13%。至关重要的是，即使在5C的高倍率下，该材料也能在1000次循环中保持84.44%的容量保持率。该策略可以有效地再生LFP阴极，并恢复其优越的电化学性能，为未来大规模回收废LFP提供了可行的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Advancing green lithium-ion battery supply chains: A two-stage framework integrating reinforcement learning and mathematical modeling 推进绿色锂离子电池供应链：整合强化学习和数学建模的两阶段框架

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120927

Negin Bakhshi, Ehsan Dehghani, Mohammad Saeed Jabalameli

Lithium-ion batteries have become the leading energy source for electronic devices and electric vehicles, driven by surging demand. This growth poses new challenges in supply chain management. Designing an efficient supply chain for battery production and recycling is critical to minimizing environmental impacts and advancing a sustainable economy. In this context, the present study proposes a novel two-stage approach that integrates reinforcement learning and mathematical modeling to create a green supply chain management framework for Lithium-ion batteries. In the first stage, reinforcement learning is utilized to select the optimal supplier of raw materials by considering market dynamics and uncertainties, ensuring the procurement of high-quality materials at minimal cost. In the second stage, a closed-loop supply chain network is formulated through linear mathematical modeling, simultaneously reducing costs and minimizing environmental footprint. Time-series forecasting further enhances the framework by accurately predicting future battery demand, enabling adaptability to market fluctuations. This combined approach allows the model to adapt flexibly to market fluctuations while fostering a green and efficient supply chain. To evaluate the proposed framework, a case study on the supply chain of Lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles in Iran is conducted. The results demonstrate that the developed approach can effectively lower costs and enhance the environmental sustainability of the battery supply chain.

在需求激增的推动下，锂离子电池已成为电子设备和电动汽车的主要能源。这种增长对供应链管理提出了新的挑战。设计一个高效的电池生产和回收供应链对于最大限度地减少环境影响和推进可持续经济至关重要。在此背景下，本研究提出了一种新的两阶段方法，该方法集成了强化学习和数学建模，以创建锂离子电池的绿色供应链管理框架。在第一阶段，通过考虑市场动态和不确定性，利用强化学习选择最优的原材料供应商，确保以最小的成本采购高质量的材料。第二阶段，通过线性数学建模构建闭环供应链网络，同时降低成本，最大限度地减少环境足迹。时间序列预测通过准确预测未来电池需求进一步增强了框架，使其能够适应市场波动。这种综合方法使该模式能够灵活地适应市场波动，同时培养绿色高效的供应链。为了评估拟议的框架，对伊朗电动汽车使用的锂离子电池供应链进行了案例研究。结果表明，所开发的方法可以有效地降低成本，提高电池供应链的环境可持续性。

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引用次数: 0

Unveiling the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and molecular pillars in empowering ultra-long life vanadium oxide cathodes 揭示了氧空位和分子柱在超长寿命氧化钒阴极中的协同作用

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121013

Huixiong Jiang , Jinyang Tan , Yajiang Wang, Xiaoduo Jiang, Ping Yan, Jin-Hang Liu, Changchao Zhan, Xiaohua Cao, Xiudong Chen

Layered vanadium oxides, recognized as promising cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) due to their superior ion-insertion capability and rich multivalent states, face practical application challenges stemming from inherent structural instability and sluggish Zn²⁺ transport kinetics. Herein, we proposed a dual-regulatory strategy to obtain VOH-EMIM⁺ cathode materials ([(C₆H₁₁N₂)_0.08]V₂O₅·0.255H₂O) through the simultaneous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) reduction-induced oxygen vacancy construction and intercalation of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole (EMIM⁺) organic cations. Synergistic interaction between oxygen vacancies and EMIM⁺ significantly expands the interlayer spacing of V₂O₅ (from 5.74 Å to 12.3 Å), effectively stabilizes the layered framework, and establishes rapid Zn²⁺ diffusion pathways. Electrochemical evaluation demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 394.6 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.2 A g⁻¹ and exceptional cycling stability with 82% capacity retention after 8000 cycles at a high rate of 10 A g⁻¹. In-situ Raman and ex-situ XRD/XPS/SEM characterizations, combined with DFT calculations, revealed that the VOH-EMIM⁺ cathode material is based on an H⁺/Zn²⁺ co-intercalation/deintercalation energy storage mechanism. Furthermore, these analyses elucidate that enhanced electronic conductivity and weakened electrostatic interactions collectively facilitate efficient ion transport within the VOH-EMIM⁺ structure. Notably, flexible batteries fabricated using this cathode exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance, validating its practical feasibility. This study provides a novel design pathway and robust theoretical foundation for developing high-performance AZIBs cathodes.

层状钒氧化物由于其优异的离子插入能力和丰富的多价态而被认为是极有前途的水性锌离子电池（AZIBs）正极材料，但由于其固有的结构不稳定性和缓慢的Zn2+传输动力学，在实际应用中面临着挑战。本文提出了双调控策略，通过过氧化氢（H2O2）还原诱导氧空位的同时构建和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑（EMIM+）有机阳离子的插入，获得VOH-EMIM+正极材料（[(C6H11N2)0.08]V2O5·0.255H2O）。氧空位与EMIM+的协同作用显著地扩大了V2O5的层间间距（从5.74 Å增加到12.3 Å），有效地稳定了层状框架，建立了Zn2+的快速扩散途径。电化学评价表明，在0.2 a g−1条件下具有394.6 mAh g−1的高可逆容量，并且在10 a g−1的高倍率下具有优异的循环稳定性，在8000次循环后仍保持82%的容量。原位拉曼和非原位XRD/XPS/SEM表征，结合DFT计算，揭示了VOH-EMIM+正极材料基于H+/Zn2+共插/脱插储能机制。此外，这些分析表明，增强的电子导电性和减弱的静电相互作用共同促进了VOH-EMIM+结构内有效的离子传输。值得注意的是，使用该阴极制造的柔性电池表现出出色的电化学性能，验证了其实际可行性。该研究为开发高性能azib阴极提供了新的设计途径和坚实的理论基础。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing energy and regulation services for energy communities with uncertain PV and demand: A bilevel adaptive robust approach 具有不确定光伏和需求的能源社区优化能源和监管服务：一种双层自适应鲁棒方法

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120968

Meysam Khojasteh , Pedro Faria , Vitor Lopes , João Alves , Pedro Salomé , Zita Vale

This paper develops an adaptive robust optimization (ARO) model for the optimal market participation of energy communities (ECs) under demand and photovoltaic (PV) uncertainty. The model jointly considers the day-ahead (DA) energy market, real-time regulation market, grid trading, and the operation of shared resources such as a community battery energy storage system (BESS). In the DA stage, operational costs are minimized by scheduling local generation, storage, and internal energy exchanges while respecting technical and market constraints. The framework prioritizes the use of local resources to enhance self-sufficiency and reduce reliance on the external grid. In the regulation stage, the model extends DA decisions by enabling the BESS to provide both up- and down-regulation services. These actions are coordinated with the EC's prior DA commitments to ensure feasibility under dual imbalance pricing and to avoid penalties. Uncertainty in demand and PV generation is addressed through a robust optimization approach. The problem is structured as a min–max–min model: the outer minimization determines DA decisions, the maximization captures worst-case realizations of uncertain demand and PV generation, and the inner minimization optimizes real-time regulation responses. This formulation guarantees feasibility against all admissible uncertainty scenarios within a defined budget of uncertainty, ensuring resilient and reliable EC operation. To improve tractability, the min–max–min problem is reformulated as a min–max problem using strong duality theory and solved through a decomposition method. Simulation studies on a 250-member EC validate the model, achieving a daily cost of €631.64 with 5666.46 kWh of demand met internally and up to 1052.64 kW of up-regulation via the BESS, even under worst-case uncertainty (budget of uncertainty = 6). Prioritizing local resources reduces grid dependence by 77% compared to market-driven strategies while preserving regulation revenue (€127.17). The results demonstrate that the proposed ARO framework reduces operational costs, enhances flexibility, and strengthens EC resilience to market volatility and renewable variability.

针对需求和光伏（PV）不确定的情况下能源社区（ec）的最优市场参与，建立了一个自适应鲁棒优化（ARO）模型。该模型综合考虑了日前能源市场、实时调控市场、电网交易以及社区电池储能系统（BESS）等共享资源的运行。在数据共享阶段，在尊重技术和市场约束的前提下，通过调度本地发电、存储和内部能源交换，将运营成本降至最低。该框架优先考虑使用当地资源，以提高自给自足并减少对外部电网的依赖。在调节阶段，该模型通过允许BESS提供上调和下调服务来扩展数据处理决策。这些行动与欧共体先前的数据保护承诺相协调，以确保在双重不平衡定价下的可行性并避免处罚。需求和光伏发电的不确定性通过鲁棒优化方法解决。该问题的结构是一个最小-最大-最小模型：外部最小化决定了数据支持决策，最大化捕获了不确定需求和光伏发电的最坏情况实现，而内部最小化优化了实时监管响应。该公式保证了在确定的不确定性预算内所有可接受的不确定性情景的可行性，确保了弹性和可靠的EC操作。为了提高可处理性，利用强对偶理论将最小-最大-最小问题重新表述为最小-最大问题，并通过分解方法求解。在250个成员的EC上进行的仿真研究验证了该模型，即使在最坏的不确定情况下（不确定预算= 6），通过BESS满足5666.46千瓦时的内部需求和高达1052.64千瓦时的提升，每天的成本为631.64欧元。与市场驱动策略相比，优先考虑本地资源可减少77%的电网依赖，同时保留监管收入（127.17欧元）。结果表明，所提出的ARO框架降低了运营成本，提高了灵活性，并增强了EC对市场波动和可再生变化的抵御能力。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of immersion cooling in removing heat and gas from 26700 lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway 26700锂离子电池热失控过程中浸没冷却除热除气的实验研究

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121044

Ya Wang, Tong Hao, Yongwu Qi, Yangyang Fu

Immersion cooling (IC) stands out among thermal management technologies for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to its excellent heat dissipation performance. Most studies focus on the effect of IC on the heat generation of the LIBs, while relatively few studies have investigated the effect of immersion liquid types and immersion heights on gas released by LIBs during thermal runaway (TR). This work systematically investigates the effects of three immersion liquids and three immersion heights on heat and gas removal from 26700 LIBs during TR. The experimental results indicate that the cooling performance of No.10 transformer oil and dimethyl silicone oil are comparable, which is better than the No.15 hydraulic oil. Compared with natural air convection cooling, the maximum surface temperature rises of the LIBs immersed in No.10 transformer oil and dimethyl silicone oil decrease by 73.4% and 72.9%. Dimethyl silicone oil demonstrates the most prominent gas suppression effect. In addition, a model is established to evaluate the inhibitory effect of three immersion liquids on the LIBs TR, and dimethyl silicone oil presents the optimal comprehensive effect. Furthermore, as the immersion height increases from 0 mm to 75 mm, the maximum surface temperature decreases by 69%, mass loss reduces by 90%, and the peak gas production of EX, CO, H₂, HF, CO₂ decreases by 100%, 99%, 99%, 85%, 36%, respectively. This study presents valuable guidelines for immersion cooling applications in electrochemical energy storage systems and electric vehicles.

浸没式冷却（IC）由于其优异的散热性能，在锂离子电池（LIBs）的热管理技术中脱颖而出。大多数研究集中在IC对lib产热的影响上，而相对较少的研究涉及浸液类型和浸液高度对lib热失控过程中释放气体的影响。本文系统研究了三种浸泡液体和三种浸泡高度对26700个液压泵TR过程中除热除气的影响。实验结果表明，10号变压器油和二甲基硅油的冷却性能相当，且优于15号液压油。与自然空气对流冷却相比，浸在10号变压器油和二甲基硅油中的锂离子电池最大表面温升分别降低了73.4%和72.9%。二甲基硅油的抑气效果最为突出。此外，建立了模型，评价了三种浸泡液对lib TR的抑制效果，二甲基硅油的综合效果最佳。当浸泡高度从0 mm增加到75 mm时，最高表面温度降低了69%，质量损失降低了90%，EX、CO、H₂、HF、CO₂的峰值产气量分别降低了100%、99%、99%、85%和36%。该研究为浸入式冷却在电化学储能系统和电动汽车中的应用提供了有价值的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Comprehensive modeling of lithium-ion batteries at the system level to minimize experimental lifetime testing effort 在系统层面对锂离子电池进行全面建模，以最大限度地减少实验寿命测试的工作量

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120843

Tobias Brehler , Claudius Diez , Sven Maisel , Lorenzo Nicoletti , Michael Kick , Cristina Grosu , Markus Lienkamp

The operating conditions of lithium-ion batteries substantially influence their aging behavior. In interconnected systems, these conditions differ from one cell to another, and hence, analyzing aging solely at the cell level is inadequate. System-level lifetime tests are costly and require significant time because of their inherent complexity. This study introduces a comprehensive approach for the modeling of batteries at the cell and system levels to reduce the need for extensive experimental testing. The system model incorporates an equivalent circuit electrical and a lumped thermal cell model, along with four integrated semi-empirical aging models to consider the degradation of the capacity and all three resistances. A parameterization for each model, requiring minimal experimental testing effort, is included. The electro-thermal system model is validated using commercial cells and self-assembled modules with each 16 cells in series, parallel, and series-parallel connection. A simulation-based sensitivity analysis shows that pronounced variations in the cell capacity within interconnected battery systems significantly impact the degradation process due to their influence on the aging stress factors.

锂离子电池的工作条件对其老化行为有很大影响。在相互关联的系统中，这些条件因细胞而异，因此，仅在细胞水平上分析衰老是不够的。系统级生命周期测试由于其固有的复杂性是昂贵的，并且需要大量的时间。本研究介绍了一种全面的方法，用于在电池和系统级别对电池进行建模，以减少对大量实验测试的需要。该系统模型包括等效电路和集总热电池模型，以及四个集成的半经验老化模型，以考虑容量和所有三个电阻的退化。每个模型的参数化，需要最小的实验测试工作，包括。电热系统模型使用商用电池和自组装模块进行验证，每16个电池采用串联，并联和串并联连接。基于仿真的灵敏度分析表明，互联电池系统中电池容量的显著变化由于其对老化应力因素的影响而显著影响了电池的退化过程。

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引用次数: 0

Porous carbon materials for lithium batteries: Synthesis methods, modification strategies, and applications 锂电池用多孔碳材料：合成方法、改性策略及应用

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120898

CaiYi Deng , Qi Sun , Shaohua Luo , Lei Ma , Qing Wang , Wenning Mu , Zhi Chen , Minglu Li , Yahui Zhang , Shengbin Wang , Shengxue Yan

Lithium batteries represent a highly promising energy storage technology and have attracted significant attention due to their high energy density. Porous carbon materials have gained extensive interest as critical electrode materials in advanced lithium-based batteries. However, when applied to battery cathodes and anodes, the core challenges requiring resolution for porous carbon and the corresponding design strategies exhibit fundamental differences. This paper systematically reviews porous carbon preparation techniques, including soft/hard template methods, self-templating approaches, activation methods, and heteroatom doping modification strategies. It emphasizes customized design principles tailored to the distinct functional requirements of anodes and cathodes. For anode materials, porous carbon primarily serves as a mechanical buffer and conductive matrix. Its design centers on constructing a hierarchical pore structure with high porosity and toughness to accommodate significant volume expansion. For cathode materials, porous carbon must evolve to integrate physical confinement, chemical adsorption, and catalytic conversion functions. Performance enhancement critically depends on the future development trajectory of the material in high-performance lithium batteries, aiming to provide rational design guidance for carbon materials tailored to specific applications.

锂电池是一种非常有前途的储能技术，由于其高能量密度而备受关注。多孔碳材料作为先进锂基电池的关键电极材料，受到了广泛的关注。然而，当应用于电池阴极和阳极时，多孔碳需要解决的核心挑战和相应的设计策略表现出根本的差异。本文系统地综述了多孔碳的制备技术，包括软/硬模板法、自模板法、活化法和杂原子掺杂修饰策略。它强调根据阳极和阴极的不同功能要求定制设计原则。对于阳极材料，多孔碳主要用作机械缓冲和导电基体。它的设计重点是构建具有高孔隙率和韧性的分层孔隙结构，以适应显著的体积膨胀。对于正极材料，多孔碳必须进化到集物理约束、化学吸附和催化转化功能于一体。性能提升关键取决于材料在高性能锂电池中的未来发展轨迹，旨在为针对特定应用的碳材料提供合理的设计指导。

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引用次数: 0

Research on transient energy dissipation characteristics and dynamic evolution mechanism in pump mode of variable-speed pumped storage units 变速抽水蓄能机组泵态暂态能量耗散特性及动态演化机制研究

IF 8.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Journal of energy storage

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120940

Chenhao Li , Xitong Wu , Zhenyu Chen , Xingqi Luo , Guojun Zhu , Jianjun Feng , Like Wang

Variable-speed operation of pump-turbines enhances efficiency and grid stability in renewable-rich power systems. However, the internal complex flow and energy dissipation mechanisms during speed regulation, particularly throughout complete speed increase and decrease cycles, are not well understood, posing challenges to operational safety and efficiency optimization. This study systematically investigates and compares the internal flow and energy dissipation under linear speed increase and decrease processes in pump mode using high-fidelity numerical simulation, experimental validation, and entropy generation theory. The results indicate that variable-speed operation significantly affects the internal flow structure and energy distribution: although the speed increase process locally improves the flow pattern at the stay vanes, the total system entropy generation increases by 17.9% compared to constant-speed operation, indicating intensified flow disturbance; during the speed decrease process, velocity distribution at runner outlet becomes more uniform, the velocity gradient decreases significantly, effectively suppressing flow separation and vortex dissipation in areas of runner and guide vanes, leading to a significant 12.6% reduction in total system entropy generation compared to constant-speed operation and improved energy efficiency. The runner and double-row cascades remain the primary sources of energy loss, accounting for over 62.7% of entropy generation. Entropy gradients are strongest near the runner crown, while the spiral casing exhibits nonlinear loss and the draft tube remains stable. These findings, derived from a direct comparison of bidirectional speed regulation, fill a gap in understanding transient loss mechanisms and provide a theoretical basis for the optimized design and safe operation of variable-speed pump-turbines.

水泵水轮机的变速运行提高了可再生能源发电系统的效率和电网的稳定性。然而，在速度调节过程中，特别是在整个增减速度循环过程中，内部复杂的流动和能量耗散机制尚未得到很好的理解，这给运行安全和效率优化带来了挑战。本研究采用高保真数值模拟、实验验证和熵生成理论，系统地研究和比较了泵模式下线性增减转速过程中的内部流动和能量耗散。结果表明，变速运行显著影响了内部流动结构和能量分布：虽然增速过程局部改善了停留叶处的流态，但系统总熵产比等速运行增加了17.9%，表明流动扰动加剧；在减速过程中，流道出口处的速度分布更加均匀，速度梯度显著减小，有效抑制了流道和导叶区域的流动分离和涡耗散，使系统总熵产比等速运行显著减少12.6%，提高了能效。流道和双排叶栅仍然是能量损失的主要来源，占熵产的62.7%以上。在流道顶部附近，熵梯度最强，螺旋机匣呈现非线性损失，尾水管保持稳定。这些发现来源于双向调速的直接比较，填补了暂态损失机理的空白，为变频水泵水轮机的优化设计和安全运行提供了理论依据。

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引用次数: 0