Journal of energy storage最新文献

{"title":"Electrochemical performance of Sr-doped cobalt nickel ferrite ceramics for supercapacitor applications","authors":"K.M. Srinivasamurthy ,&nbsp;Chengwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Jagadeesha Gouda V ,&nbsp;Kiran Bhaskar ,&nbsp;Igor Zhitomirsky ,&nbsp;Sheng Yun Wu ,&nbsp;V. Ganesh ,&nbsp;I.S. Yahia ,&nbsp;H. Algarni ,&nbsp;K. Manjunatha ,&nbsp;Nagaraj Basavegowda","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the synthesis, structural characterization, and electrochemical performance of strontium-doped cobalt nickel ferrite nanoparticles, Co₀.₅Ni₀.₅₋ₓSrₓFe₂O₄ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5), prepared via solution combustion synthesis for the first time. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) confirmed the successful incorporation of Sr²⁺ ions into the ferrite lattice without impurity peaks. The crystallite size, internal strain, lattice parameter, cell volume, and density were systematically analyzed, revealing a decrease in crystallite size and an increase in internal strain and lattice parameter with higher Sr doping. SEM analysis revealed a porous structure in the synthesized ferrite nanoparticles, which contributed to enhanced electrolyte interaction and improved electrochemical properties. The porosity, attributed to gas evolution during combustion, enhances surface area and interaction with the electrolyte, critical for supercapacitor applications. Electrochemical measurements, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), indicated superior capacitive behavior for Sr-doped samples, especially those prepared with gum arabic (GA) as a dispersant. The addition of GA significantly increased specific capacitance and reduced impedance by improving the dispersion and interaction of active materials. The capacitance values, determined from CV and GCD data, showed a trend of decreasing with increasing scan rates and current densities, but Sr-doped samples exhibited better retention of capacitance and reduced impedance. These findings suggest that Sr-doped Co₀.₅Ni₀.₅₋ₓSrₓFe₂O₄ ferrites, particularly those synthesized with GA, hold significant potential for high-performance supercapacitor and energy storage applications. The study highlights the importance of optimizing doping levels and employing effective dispersants to enhance the electrochemical properties of ferrite-based materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 115735"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-physics modeling of thermochemical storage in porous medium reactors using the lattice Boltzmann method for heat storage applications: Bridging pore-scale dynamics and macroscopic performance","authors":"H. Xu ,&nbsp;B. Guo ,&nbsp;G. Yu ,&nbsp;Y. Zhou ,&nbsp;F. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermochemical heat storage is of great potential for the development of efficient and sustainable energy systems. This study presents the Representative Elementary Volume (REV) model, applied through the Lattice Boltzmann Method, to simulate the complex thermochemical processes of CaO/Ca(OH)₂ in heat storage applications. The REV model abstracts the intricate fluid transport between pores, using statistical parameters like effective viscosity and porosity to characterize the material properties. In the process of thermochemical reaction, it is not the existence of velocity, temperature and concentration fields alone, but the complex interaction between these fields affecting each other. Different from the typical convective heat transfer simulation, not only heat transfer is considered. The interdependence of these factors needs to be considered. For example, the velocity field has a significant effect on the temperature field and the concentration field, and the similar temperature field will also affect the velocity field and the concentration field. Therefore, we have established a comprehensive numerical model involving multi-physical field coupling of velocity field, temperature field and concentration field to compare and analyze the fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer in the reactor at the REV scale. Key findings include the prediction of velocity, concentration, and temperature distributions, with results showing that as porosity decreases, the average flow velocity increase in the flow direction increases. Comparative analysis between REV and pore-scale models reveals consistent trends, validating the REV model accuracy in capturing essential transport phenomena. Results demonstrate that the REV model can accurately predict the macroscopic reactor performance with average discrepancies in temperature and concentration distributions between the scales within 5 %, underscoring the REV model potential for evaluating macroscopic performance while simplifying the computational complexity associated with pore-scale dynamics. This work is significant for enhancing the design and efficiency of thermochemical storage systems, contributing to the broader adoption of renewable energy solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 115761"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inconsistency analysis and comprehensive performance quantization of lithium-ion battery module configurations considering multi-factor cell-to-cell variation","authors":"Zheming Tong ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Xing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the inhomogeneity of the battery module is crucial for optimizing its performance and ensuring the safe operation of the energy storage system (ESS). This paper examines how various factors that can cause inconsistencies affect the modules' performance under two scenarios for ESS and conducts a comprehensive module performance evaluation. Initially, the influences of topology structure, connector resistance, temperature, and manufacturing tolerances are investigated. Different topologies exhibit distinct differences in various aspects of the module performance, especially State of Charge (SOC) consistency and temperature consistency. Among the remaining factors, connector resistance has the greatest impact on SOC consistency, while manufacturing tolerance exerts significant influence on discharge consistency and state of health consistency. The substantial impact of application scenarios on module temperature performance underscores the critical importance of considering both scenarios and topological configurations when designing thermal management systems. Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation method is proposed, considering the distribution uncertainty of internal parameters and seven performance evaluation indicators. Using orthogonal experiments, the comprehensive performance score (CPS) of the four modules in scenario 1 is compared, considering the effect of operating conditions, design parameters, initial state, and manufacturing tolerance which indicates Cross-end has the highest CPS, 13.31 % higher than that of Ladder-up. Furthermore, in Scenario 2, a reasonable parallel connector resistance can enhance the CPS of the Cross-end module by 74.9 %. This research provides valuable insights into battery module inconsistency, which can significantly contribute to performance enhancement, thermal safety, and the optimization of design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 115669"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rule-based energy management system integrating a semi-empirical battery model for hybrid wheel loaders","authors":"Orlando Delgado Fernández ,&nbsp;Ari Hentunen ,&nbsp;Samppa Jenu ,&nbsp;Mohamed Allam ,&nbsp;Azwirman Gusrialdi ,&nbsp;Tatiana Minav","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper addresses the challenge of developing an energy management system (EMS) for a series hybrid wheel loader that must operate in extreme temperatures (i.e., −20 °C and 35 °C) without an active cooling/heating system. Current research solving similar challenges often relies on EMS strategies that require prior knowledge of future driving conditions, and neglects critical battery behaviours. To overcome these limitations, one of the main contributions of this paper is the experimental characterisation and derivation of a semi-empirical electrical and thermal model for a battery module. In addition, by integrating the battery model, a rule-based EMS is designed to control the battery temperature through the mechanisms, such as decreasing the charging current and maintaining a charge-sustaining at the optimal state of charge. The optimal state of charge is calculated based on the minimisation of average resistance, irreversible heat, and reversible heat by employing the semi-empirical battery model. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed EMS enables the battery to operate for 8 h without exceeding its thermal limits. In summary, this study offers a practical EMS solution that operates independently of future driving condition forecasts, providing significant advantages for real-time implementations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 115721"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective configuration optimization model of shared energy storage on the power side","authors":"Jicheng Liu,&nbsp;Yanan Song","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the continuous growth of distributed renewable energy sources, it has become particularly important to optimize the configuration of shared energy storage (SES) for effective management in power-side energy. Therefore, the study focuses on the centralized shared energy storage on power side and investigates its configuration optimization model. Firstly, the study designs a double-layer control strategy for SES based on model predictive control (MPC). The upper layer aims to compensate wind power forecast bias for determining the charging and discharging requirements, while the lower layer uses MPC to smooth out wind power fluctuation to optimize the charging and discharging strategies. Secondly, this double-layer control strategy is applied to the configuration process of SES by constructing a multi-objective configuration optimization model. The model aims to maximize the typical daily operating benefit of SES, compensate wind power forecast bias and smooth out wind power fluctuation. Thirdly, the multi-objective Harris Hawk optimization (MOHHO) algorithm is used to solve and determine the optimal configuration scheme. Finally, the case shows that SES may smooth out wind power fluctuation by about 26 MW/month. It verifies the effectiveness and superiority of the model in practical application. The study shows that the model proposed provides new perspective and method for the optimal configuration of SES on the power side, which is expected to achieve higher economic benefit and system stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 115706"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic performance analysis of a triplex-tube latent heat thermal energy storage unit with actively rotating central tube: A comparative study of fin geometries","authors":"Baofeng Li ,&nbsp;Xinle Yang ,&nbsp;Ning Yu ,&nbsp;Shujuan Bu ,&nbsp;Hua Li ,&nbsp;Wenzhi Dai ,&nbsp;Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Shaoyi Suo ,&nbsp;Jia Liu ,&nbsp;Linsong Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to enhance the application of active rotation in phase change heat storage by conducting numerical simulations on a horizontal triplex-tube latent heat thermal energy storage unit integrated with rectangular fins, fractal fins, Y-fins, V-fins, and T-fins. It analyzes the impact of different fin shapes on the thermodynamic performance under various rotation speeds. The results demonstrate that the novel active rotation technology plays a significant role. At a rotation speed of 2 rps, the melting time is shortened by 59.09 % compared to the stationary model, with a total heat loss of merely 3.73 %. Under the condition of dynamic rotation and at a rotation speed of 2 rps, the melting time of the rectangular fin is reduced by 75 % to 27.5 min, while that of the V-fin is only 27.5 min, which is 6.91 % faster than that of the rectangular fin, indicating a substantial reduction in the melting time. At this moment, the average heat transfer rate of the V-fin model reaches 2217.65 W, and the heat absorption during complete melting is 3406.313 kJ, which is 0.464 % lower than that of the T-fin. Although the heat absorption of the V-fin is somewhat decreased, its efficiency is significantly improved, sufficient to compensate for the energy consumption. Moreover, it has been found that the optimal arrangement of fins should be capable of improving the heat conduction in both the longitudinal and transverse directions and can be effectively integrated with the active rotation technology. These results provide significant insights for enhancing the construction of thermal energy storage systems via the use of the active rotation mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 115760"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boosting electrochemical performance of barium-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid and aniline-derived polybenzoxazole composite (Ba-BTC/pBOA) as battery grade electrode material for hybrid supercapacitors","authors":"Waqas Shoukat ,&nbsp;Muhammad Zahir Iqbal ,&nbsp;Imran Murtaza ,&nbsp;Ayesha Zakir ,&nbsp;Nacer Badi ,&nbsp;Ahmed M. Fouda ,&nbsp;H.H. Hegazy","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy storage devices are crucial for long-term viability and adaptation in dynamic electricity grid of modern world. Hybrid supercapacitors can bridge the gap between batteries and supercapacitors, potentially changing energy storage paradigms. In this domain, Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are recognized as promising electrode materials for energy storage applications. However inferior conductivity restricts their practical employment. Within this perspective, we fabricated a novel barium-1,3,5 benzene tricarboxylic acid and aniline-derived polybenzoxazole (Ba-BTC/pBOA) electrode material for a hybrid supercapacitor. Initial characterization, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were utilized to explore the crystal structure, surface morphology, and elemental composition, respectively. The material provided an excellent specific capacity of 590.23 at 0.6 A/g in a half-cell setup by using 1 M KOH aqueous solution. Furthermore, a hybrid device is assembled (Ba-BTC/pBOA//AC) revealing the energy (E_s) and power densities (P_s) of 94.32 Wh/kg and 10,200 W/kg, respectively. Moreover, two different semi-empirical models were compared and analyzed to get the most approximate capacitive and diffusive contribution of the device. Overall, the material demonstrates more stability and dominance in the faradaic process, which paves the path for improved performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 115533"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assembly of high-performance zinc-ion hybrid capacitor using soy residue-derived porous carbon as cathode and HCl treated zinc foil as anode","authors":"Song Wang ,&nbsp;Jia Xue ,&nbsp;Xuecheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a secure energy storage device, zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZHCs) have garnered significant research attention. Prior investigations have demonstrated that the performance of ZHCs is profoundly impacted by the structural characteristics or compositional design of both the anode and cathode materials, as well as the electrolyte. Consequently, this study employed porous carbon derived from soy residue as the cathode, and HCl treated zinc foil as anode to construct ZHCs. Influence of the preparation condition of the soy residue-derived porous carbon, and the morphology of the zinc foil anode on the assembled ZHCs performance was systematically explored. Utilizing a soy residue-derived porous carbon material with the specific surface area of 3216.2 m² g⁻¹ as the cathode, and a zinc foil anode featuring surface cracks markedly improved the performance of the fabricated ZHCs. The specific capacitance and power density of the assembled ZHC, incorporating the aforementioned cathode and anode, achieved 514.6 F g⁻¹ and 323.5 Wh kg⁻¹, respectively. To ensure the cycling stability of ZHC, the zinc electrode was protected using nickel foam. The assembled ZHC maintained a 100 % specific capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. For the advancement of high-performance ZHCs, it is imperative to refine the structural attributes of the porous carbon cathode and zinc foil anode, alongside optimizing the zinc anode protection method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 115616"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling heat conduction in 3D composite cathode microstructures of all-solid-state batteries","authors":"Juan Huang,&nbsp;Jiawei Hu,&nbsp;Duo Zhang,&nbsp;Yuheng Du,&nbsp;Chuan-Yu Wu,&nbsp;Qiong Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) are a promising next generation energy storage technology comparing to conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Although ASSLBs have high thermal stability, thermal degradation and thermal runaway can still occur. The thermal characteristics of the cathode of ASSLBs play a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the interface with the electrolyte. It is important to understand the thermal characteristics of ASSLBs, which is highly associated with specific microstructure geometrics of composite cathodes. Here, this paper presents a 3D lattice Boltzmann heat conduction model to simulate the effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of the multiphase solid-state cathodes, which is composed of active material LCO (LiCoO₂) and solid electrolyte LLZO (Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂), generated using the discrete element method (DEM) with different porosities, volumetric ratios, particle size ratios, and various composite tortuosities. The findings indicate that porosity, volumetric fraction, and particle size all exert the decisive factor on ETC. Tortuosity emerges as a non-negligible factor influencing thermal conductivity, highlighting the importance of microstructural optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 115692"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance analysis of integrated battery and cabin thermal management system in Electric Vehicles for discharge under drive cycle","authors":"Suyash Vikram ,&nbsp;Sagar Vashisht ,&nbsp;Dibakar Rakshit ,&nbsp;Man Pun Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.115678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An integrated thermal management system developed by integrating a battery thermal management system and vehicle cabin air conditioning system is a potential method for enhancing energy efficiency and minimizing the space requirement in Electric Vehicles. This study presents an innovative thermal management system focusing on crucial factors such as battery safety, passenger comfort, and overall system economy. There has been very little research on the study of a collaborative, integrated thermal management system incorporating both thermal management of battery packs and cabin air conditioning systems simultaneously. This study overcomes the previous limitations by investigating the performance of an integrated thermal management system for Electric Vehicles under Indian Drive Cycle. The simulations are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink, and the performance of the integrated system is studied at different ambient temperatures (25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C) and relative humidity levels (60 %, 70 %, 80 %, 90 %, and 100 %). The variation of battery pack temperatures, vehicle cabin temperature, and maximum power demand by the integrated thermal management system are investigated in this study. The model is formulated in such a way that the integrated system tries to maintain the cabin temperature in the range of 22–24 °C and battery pack temperature in the safe range of 30–35 °C. From the results, it is observed that with an increase in ambient temperature, the time required by the integrated system to achieve the desired cabin temperature in the vehicle cabin is longer due to higher heat exchange between the vehicle cabin and the ambient environment at higher ambient temperatures. At 25 °C ambient temperature, the time taken by the cabin air conditioning system to achieve the desired cabin temperature is 625 s, whereas at 30 °C and 35 °C, the corresponding values are 2045 and 2150 s, respectively. The battery thermal management system, being more crucial, gives an excellent performance by maintaining the battery pack temperature in the desired range of 30–35 °C at all ambient temperatures. The results indicate that with an increase in ambient temperature, the maximum power demand by the integrated thermal management system increases from 1.69 kW at 25 °C to 6.9 kW at 40 °C. The results also indicate that with an increase in the relative humidity levels, the maximum power demand increases from 2.9 kW at 60 % relative humidity to 5.9 kW at 100 % relative humidity at 30 °C ambient temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 115678"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}