Pub Date : 2026-04-20Epub Date: 2026-03-09DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121454
Rigumala Wu , Guodong Li
Storing renewable energy in buildings has become a new form of energy storage. The use of industrial solid waste as raw material for the production of building materials is an environmentally friendly project that not only effectively reduces construction costs but also comply with national policy guidance. Therefore, this paper selected fly ash to partially replace cement in the preparation of supercapacitors. We focus on optimizing the addition ratio of two conductive materials and identifying the impact of fly ash content on energy storage capacity. Results indicate that the optimal performance is achieved with a carbon black to carbon fiber ratio of 5:4. Subsequently, increasing the fly ash substitution rate enhances electrochemical performance but also reduces compressive strength, revealing a clear trade-off between the two properties. Comprehensive analysis shows FA40 exhibits the optimal overall performance, achieving compressive strength of 15 MPa and capacitance of 831 mF/cm2. This demonstrates that cement electrodes containing a small amount of fly ash exhibit comparatively good compressive strength and electrochemical performance, providing a reference for the application of fly ash in energy storage applications.
{"title":"Investigating the effects of fly ash substitution rate and carbon black-carbon fiber ratio on performance of cement-based supercapacitors","authors":"Rigumala Wu , Guodong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Storing renewable energy in buildings has become a new form of energy storage. The use of industrial solid waste as raw material for the production of building materials is an environmentally friendly project that not only effectively reduces construction costs but also comply with national policy guidance. Therefore, this paper selected fly ash to partially replace cement in the preparation of supercapacitors. We focus on optimizing the addition ratio of two conductive materials and identifying the impact of fly ash content on energy storage capacity. Results indicate that the optimal performance is achieved with a carbon black to carbon fiber ratio of 5:4. Subsequently, increasing the fly ash substitution rate enhances electrochemical performance but also reduces compressive strength, revealing a clear trade-off between the two properties. Comprehensive analysis shows FA40 exhibits the optimal overall performance, achieving compressive strength of 15 MPa and capacitance of 831 mF/cm<sup>2</sup>. This demonstrates that cement electrodes containing a small amount of fly ash exhibit comparatively good compressive strength and electrochemical performance, providing a reference for the application of fly ash in energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 121454"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-20Epub Date: 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121471
Youhao Zhang, Yuxuan Lyu, Qiangyu Zong, Yi Fang, Yingjie Li
The development of efficient and stable calcium-based materials is of great importance for achieving directly solar-driven thermochemical energy storage (TCES). To address key challenges such as poor cyclic energy storage performance and low photothermal conversion of calcium-based materials, this study proposes a synergistic strategy combining microstructure regulation with the doping of multifunctional additive. Cr-doped calcium-based material with a hollow microsphere structure was synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and its cyclic TCES capacity was tested. The results indicate that Cr exists primarily in form of CaCr2O4 spinel, functioning simultaneously as the inert support, reaction promoter, and photothermal conversion agent. The hollow microsphere structure not only shortens the diffusion paths of CO2 and provides larger reaction interfaces, but also effectively buffers against pore structure degradation caused by the sintering during TCES cycles. Experimental results demonstrate that the CaCr2O4-doped hollow microsphere structured calcium-based material maintains an energy storage density of 2090 kJ/kg in the 20th cycle, which is 2.28 times that of commercial CaO. Furthermore, owing to the intrinsic light-absorbing properties of CaCr2O4 and the multi-level scattering effect of the hollow structure, CaCr2O4 -doped hollow microsphere structured calcium-based material exhibits enhanced heating rates and steady-state temperatures under simulated sunlight. Mechanistic studies based on Density functional theory calculations reveal that the spinel structure of CaCr2O4 significantly reduces the oxygen vacancy formation energy, thereby enhancing reaction activity. And CaCr2O4 effectively inhibits the sintering of calcium-based materials by anchoring CaO clusters. This study provides a novel design strategy and theoretical foundation for developing high-performance calcium-based materials for direct solar-driven TCES.
{"title":"CaCr2O4 spinel doped calcium-based material with hollow sphere microstructure for directly solar-driven thermochemical energy storage: An experimental and density functional theory study","authors":"Youhao Zhang, Yuxuan Lyu, Qiangyu Zong, Yi Fang, Yingjie Li","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of efficient and stable calcium-based materials is of great importance for achieving directly solar-driven thermochemical energy storage (TCES). To address key challenges such as poor cyclic energy storage performance and low photothermal conversion of calcium-based materials, this study proposes a synergistic strategy combining microstructure regulation with the doping of multifunctional additive. Cr-doped calcium-based material with a hollow microsphere structure was synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and its cyclic TCES capacity was tested. The results indicate that Cr exists primarily in form of CaCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel, functioning simultaneously as the inert support, reaction promoter, and photothermal conversion agent. The hollow microsphere structure not only shortens the diffusion paths of CO<sub>2</sub> and provides larger reaction interfaces, but also effectively buffers against pore structure degradation caused by the sintering during TCES cycles. Experimental results demonstrate that the CaCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-doped hollow microsphere structured calcium-based material maintains an energy storage density of 2090 kJ/kg in the 20th cycle, which is 2.28 times that of commercial CaO. Furthermore, owing to the intrinsic light-absorbing properties of CaCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and the multi-level scattering effect of the hollow structure, CaCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> -doped hollow microsphere structured calcium-based material exhibits enhanced heating rates and steady-state temperatures under simulated sunlight. Mechanistic studies based on Density functional theory calculations reveal that the spinel structure of CaCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> significantly reduces the oxygen vacancy formation energy, thereby enhancing reaction activity. And CaCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> effectively inhibits the sintering of calcium-based materials by anchoring CaO clusters. This study provides a novel design strategy and theoretical foundation for developing high-performance calcium-based materials for direct solar-driven TCES.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 121471"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-20Epub Date: 2026-03-09DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121444
Yifan Wang , Sarah K. Lier , Fangqi Li , Sebastian Maier , Tim Oestreich , Michael H. Breitner , Wolfgang Schade
Accurate and efficient Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery State-of-Health (SOH) estimation is essential for reliable energy storage management. Current data-driven approaches often prioritize model complexity over systematic and explainable feature engineering, which may limit their robustness and transparency in practical applications. We propose an integrated framework that combines systematic feature engineering with explainability analysis to identify robust feature engineering strategies for lightweight data-driven SOH estimation using multiple machine learning models and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Our results and findings show that accurate battery SOH estimation can be achieved using short-time data by adopting explainable feature engineering strategies. Hybrid-feature fusion that integrates raw measurements with derived features and their smoothed counterparts consistently outperforms single-feature groups across both charging and discharging phases. External validation on an independent dataset confirms the robustness and generalization capability of the identified feature combinations, yielding stable and low error SOH estimation across multiple battery cells. SHAP-based analysis reveals clear phase-dependent feature relevance, with voltage-related features dominating during charging, while derived features capturing dynamic behavior are more critical during discharging. Overall, our results and findings indicate that carefully designed and explainable feature engineering strategies are more important than model complexity for short-time SOH estimation, providing a practical and lightweight solution for fast battery health diagnostics.
{"title":"An explainable artificial intelligence-based feature engineering strategy for lightweight battery health estimation","authors":"Yifan Wang , Sarah K. Lier , Fangqi Li , Sebastian Maier , Tim Oestreich , Michael H. Breitner , Wolfgang Schade","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate and efficient Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery State-of-Health (SOH) estimation is essential for reliable energy storage management. Current data-driven approaches often prioritize model complexity over systematic and explainable feature engineering, which may limit their robustness and transparency in practical applications. We propose an integrated framework that combines systematic feature engineering with explainability analysis to identify robust feature engineering strategies for lightweight data-driven SOH estimation using multiple machine learning models and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Our results and findings show that accurate battery SOH estimation can be achieved using short-time data by adopting explainable feature engineering strategies. Hybrid-feature fusion that integrates raw measurements with derived features and their smoothed counterparts consistently outperforms single-feature groups across both charging and discharging phases. External validation on an independent dataset confirms the robustness and generalization capability of the identified feature combinations, yielding stable and low error SOH estimation across multiple battery cells. SHAP-based analysis reveals clear phase-dependent feature relevance, with voltage-related features dominating during charging, while derived features capturing dynamic behavior are more critical during discharging. Overall, our results and findings indicate that carefully designed and explainable feature engineering strategies are more important than model complexity for short-time SOH estimation, providing a practical and lightweight solution for fast battery health diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 121444"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-20Epub Date: 2026-03-10DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121162
Shang Chen , Muhammad Umair , Shafa Guliyeva , Zibeyda Shakaraliyeva , Muhammad Tayyab
This study develops a stochastic network-constrained unit commitment framework integrating hydrogen energy storage trains, solar photovoltaic generation uncertainty, and demand response programs to optimize operational costs and enhance grid reliability. A Vector Autoregressive Moving Average model coupled with Kantorovich Distance scenario reduction captures solar variability while preserving critical tail events and spatial-temporal correlations. The framework employs Generalized Benders Decomposition to solve the two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear program, where first-stage decisions determine unit commitment and train routing. At the same time, second-stage subproblems evaluate operational feasibility across solar scenarios. Hydrogen trains are explicitly modeled as mobile energy storage assets through a vehicle routing formulation that incorporates delivery time windows, capacity constraints, and multi-station scheduling. Case studies on the IEEE 24-bus system demonstrate 10.01% total cost reduction compared to deterministic baselines, with 12.88% savings from advanced scenario reduction versus conventional methods. The Kantorovich Distance approach reduces solar curtailment penalties by 56.9% and fuel costs by 14.3% through coordinated dispatch of renewable and hydrogen sources. Sensitivity analyses reveal diminishing returns beyond threshold capacities for hydrogen production and storage, while variations in transportation costs significantly impact optimal routing strategies and delivery frequencies.
{"title":"Stochastic network-constrained unit commitment integrating hydrogen energy storage trains, solar power uncertainty, and demand response","authors":"Shang Chen , Muhammad Umair , Shafa Guliyeva , Zibeyda Shakaraliyeva , Muhammad Tayyab","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops a stochastic network-constrained unit commitment framework integrating hydrogen energy storage trains, solar photovoltaic generation uncertainty, and demand response programs to optimize operational costs and enhance grid reliability. A Vector Autoregressive Moving Average model coupled with Kantorovich Distance scenario reduction captures solar variability while preserving critical tail events and spatial-temporal correlations. The framework employs Generalized Benders Decomposition to solve the two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear program, where first-stage decisions determine unit commitment and train routing. At the same time, second-stage subproblems evaluate operational feasibility across solar scenarios. Hydrogen trains are explicitly modeled as mobile energy storage assets through a vehicle routing formulation that incorporates delivery time windows, capacity constraints, and multi-station scheduling. Case studies on the IEEE 24-bus system demonstrate 10.01% total cost reduction compared to deterministic baselines, with 12.88% savings from advanced scenario reduction versus conventional methods. The Kantorovich Distance approach reduces solar curtailment penalties by 56.9% and fuel costs by 14.3% through coordinated dispatch of renewable and hydrogen sources. Sensitivity analyses reveal diminishing returns beyond threshold capacities for hydrogen production and storage, while variations in transportation costs significantly impact optimal routing strategies and delivery frequencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 121162"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-20Epub Date: 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121415
Islam A. Sayed, Yousef Mahmoud
Accurate state of charge (SOC) estimation is vital for ensuring the safety, performance, and longevity of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs). However, reliable estimation remains challenging due to the nonlinear dynamics of batteries and their sensitivity to temperature, aging, and load variations. This paper introduces two additional KalmanNet architectures that extend the neural–Kalman filtering framework beyond the previously reported architecture, enhancing estimation accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency. The proposed models integrate a neural Kalman gain learner with a self-correcting equivalent circuit model (ECM) to adaptively infer system states. Three KalmanNet architectures are benchmarked against the extended Kalman filter (EKF), sigma-point Kalman filter (SPKF), particle filter (PF), and recent hybrid and deep learning (DL)–based methods under a unified modeling and testing framework. Comprehensive experiments across multiple battery cells and dynamic driving cycles evaluate robustness under sensor noise, temperature variation, parameter mismatch due to aging, and external disturbances. Processor-in-the-Loop (PIL) validation on a Texas Instruments C2000 microcontroller confirms real-time feasibility. The results demonstrate that KalmanNet achieves superior accuracy and robustness while maintaining low computational cost, establishing it as a scalable and real-time-capable SOC estimation framework for next-generation energy management systems (EMS) in EVs.
{"title":"Robust state of charge estimation in electric vehicle batteries using neural-network aided Kalman filter","authors":"Islam A. Sayed, Yousef Mahmoud","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate state of charge (SOC) estimation is vital for ensuring the safety, performance, and longevity of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs). However, reliable estimation remains challenging due to the nonlinear dynamics of batteries and their sensitivity to temperature, aging, and load variations. This paper introduces two additional KalmanNet architectures that extend the neural–Kalman filtering framework beyond the previously reported architecture, enhancing estimation accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency. The proposed models integrate a neural Kalman gain learner with a self-correcting equivalent circuit model (ECM) to adaptively infer system states. Three KalmanNet architectures are benchmarked against the extended Kalman filter (EKF), sigma-point Kalman filter (SPKF), particle filter (PF), and recent hybrid and deep learning (DL)–based methods under a unified modeling and testing framework. Comprehensive experiments across multiple battery cells and dynamic driving cycles evaluate robustness under sensor noise, temperature variation, parameter mismatch due to aging, and external disturbances. Processor-in-the-Loop (PIL) validation on a Texas Instruments C2000 microcontroller confirms real-time feasibility. The results demonstrate that KalmanNet achieves superior accuracy and robustness while maintaining low computational cost, establishing it as a scalable and real-time-capable SOC estimation framework for next-generation energy management systems (EMS) in EVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 121415"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-20Epub Date: 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121422
Yong Jin , Xianjin Huang , Zhihong Zhong , Min Tang , Fei Lin , Zhongping Yang
To effectively utilize the regenerative braking energy (RBE) generated by AC electrified railways, the integration of energy storage system (ESS) has become increasingly prevalent. Nevertheless, limited research systematically investigates how to select suitable energy storage media (ESMs) for different railway types—such as high-speed railways, heavy-haul freight railways, and conventional lines. Accordingly, a comprehensive adaptability analysis framework for multiple energy storage configurations is proposed in the research. The framework emphasizes the diversification of evaluation indicators, the objective quantification of evaluation methods, the fusion of load characteristics, and the flexible adjustment of evaluation strategies. Field load measurement from traction substations is analyzed to derive the power-time characteristics, ensuring an appropriate match between ESMs and load characteristics. Furthermore, a multi-indicator evaluation system is established, and a hybrid evaluation method combining the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is introduced to achieve quantitative and objective evaluation based on the precondition of full utilization of RBE. The proposed framework enables comprehensive adaptability analysis of ESM under various application scenarios. By integrating the respective strengths of AHP and TOPSIS, the method effectively quantifies the relative suitability of different ESMs. Additionally, by iteratively optimizing the evaluation indicators, the boundary conditions under which each storage scheme attains optimal performance are determined. At last, the generalization of the framework is further discussed. The proposed framework provides a systematic and flexible approach for assessing and selecting ESS in AC electrified railways. It offers a reliable theoretical foundation for future large-scale deployment of ESS, enhancing the utilization efficiency of RBE and supporting the sustainable development of AC electrified railways.
{"title":"Adaptive analysis method of multiple energy storage configurations integrated into AC electrified railways based on field load measurement","authors":"Yong Jin , Xianjin Huang , Zhihong Zhong , Min Tang , Fei Lin , Zhongping Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To effectively utilize the regenerative braking energy (RBE) generated by AC electrified railways, the integration of energy storage system (ESS) has become increasingly prevalent. Nevertheless, limited research systematically investigates how to select suitable energy storage media (ESMs) for different railway types—such as high-speed railways, heavy-haul freight railways, and conventional lines. Accordingly, a comprehensive adaptability analysis framework for multiple energy storage configurations is proposed in the research. The framework emphasizes the diversification of evaluation indicators, the objective quantification of evaluation methods, the fusion of load characteristics, and the flexible adjustment of evaluation strategies. Field load measurement from traction substations is analyzed to derive the power-time characteristics, ensuring an appropriate match between ESMs and load characteristics. Furthermore, a multi-indicator evaluation system is established, and a hybrid evaluation method combining the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is introduced to achieve quantitative and objective evaluation based on the precondition of full utilization of RBE. The proposed framework enables comprehensive adaptability analysis of ESM under various application scenarios. By integrating the respective strengths of AHP and TOPSIS, the method effectively quantifies the relative suitability of different ESMs. Additionally, by iteratively optimizing the evaluation indicators, the boundary conditions under which each storage scheme attains optimal performance are determined. At last, the generalization of the framework is further discussed. The proposed framework provides a systematic and flexible approach for assessing and selecting ESS in AC electrified railways. It offers a reliable theoretical foundation for future large-scale deployment of ESS, enhancing the utilization efficiency of RBE and supporting the sustainable development of AC electrified railways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 121422"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-20Epub Date: 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121416
Yaohong Li , Xiaoyang Bian , Chong Zhang , Pengxiang Wang , Bin Peng
Multiple combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) microgrid systems couple with shared energy storage offers significant advantages in improving energy efficiency, facilitating the accommodation of renewable energy sources, and achieving carbon neutrality. However, research on hybrid shared energy storage (HSES) remains scarce, particularly concerning shared electrical energy storage (SEES) and shared thermal energy storage (STES) for multiple CCHP systems. This paper proposes a two-layer optimization model for an integrated regional energy system with a HSES combining electrical and thermal storage, and investigates the impact of introducing a power-to-heat device in a shared energy storage system on the operational performance of the shared energy storage station and the CCHP system. That results indicate that configuring power-to-heat equipment on the energy storage side increases thermal storage capacity while reducing electrical storage capacity, and the investment cost of the HSES decreases by 21.39%, and the overall expense of the CCHP system is lowered by 3.6%. The configuration of power-to-heat equipment on both sides shortens the payback period by 31.40%, but compared to the baseline scenario (Csae1), carbon emissions from the system increased to different degrees under all other scenarios. The sensitivities of the electricity purchasing and selling prices significantly influence the economics when the electricity purchase price decreases by more than 40%, the cost recovery time of the energy storage station surpasses its entire life cycle, and the HSES will no longer be profitable under the current electricity price mechanism. This study quantitatively reveals the impact of power-to-heat configuration and electricity price mechanism on the economic and environmental performance of the system. It provides a decision-making basis for the planning of regional integrated energy systems.
{"title":"Research on hybrid shared energy storage regulation method for multiple combined cooling heating and power systems with power-to-heat","authors":"Yaohong Li , Xiaoyang Bian , Chong Zhang , Pengxiang Wang , Bin Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multiple combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) microgrid systems couple with shared energy storage offers significant advantages in improving energy efficiency, facilitating the accommodation of renewable energy sources, and achieving carbon neutrality. However, research on hybrid shared energy storage (HSES) remains scarce, particularly concerning shared electrical energy storage (SEES) and shared thermal energy storage (STES) for multiple CCHP systems. This paper proposes a two-layer optimization model for an integrated regional energy system with a HSES combining electrical and thermal storage, and investigates the impact of introducing a power-to-heat device in a shared energy storage system on the operational performance of the shared energy storage station and the CCHP system. That results indicate that configuring power-to-heat equipment on the energy storage side increases thermal storage capacity while reducing electrical storage capacity, and the investment cost of the HSES decreases by 21.39%, and the overall expense of the CCHP system is lowered by 3.6%. The configuration of power-to-heat equipment on both sides shortens the payback period by 31.40%, but compared to the baseline scenario (Csae1), carbon emissions from the system increased to different degrees under all other scenarios. The sensitivities of the electricity purchasing and selling prices significantly influence the economics when the electricity purchase price decreases by more than 40%, the cost recovery time of the energy storage station surpasses its entire life cycle, and the HSES will no longer be profitable under the current electricity price mechanism. This study quantitatively reveals the impact of power-to-heat configuration and electricity price mechanism on the economic and environmental performance of the system. It provides a decision-making basis for the planning of regional integrated energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 121416"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-20Epub Date: 2026-03-09DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121436
Han Yan , Xianxing Li , Huasheng Sun , Qiong Peng , Junfei Ding , Nanjing Zheng , Kairu Dou , Xin Gao , Jin Zhao , Xiaosi Qi
The practical application of 2D anode materials in lithium-ion batteries is critically hindered by structural degradation from volume expansion during cycling. Here, we introduce a novel materials design strategy, proposing that 2D transition metal dinitrides (TMN2) containing internal NN covalent bonds can achieve superior mechanical resilience. Through first-principles calculations and systematic structural searches across 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metals, we report the discovery of two stable and metallic 2D nitrides, rh-VN2 and rh-PtN2, featuring a unique tessellation of 4- and 6-membered rings. These materials exhibit outstanding mechanical robustness, with calculated Young's moduli reaching 140 N·m−1 for rh-VN2 and 256 N·m−1 for rh-PtN2, significantly outperforming common 2D materials. Kinetically, they demonstrate low Li-ion diffusion barriers (0.22 eV and 0.29 eV, respectively) and high theoretical specific capacities of 679 (rh-VN2) and 240 (rh-PtN2) at suitable open-circuit voltages (0.38 V for rh-VN2 and 0.67 V for rh-PtN2). This work identifies rh-VN2 and rh-PtN2 as highly promising anode candidates that synergistically integrate high-performance mechanical and electrochemical properties, offering a new pathway for designing degradation-resistant energy storage materials.
{"title":"N-N bond-reinforced 2D transition metal nitrides (rh-VN2/PtN2) as high-stability anodes for Li-ion batteries","authors":"Han Yan , Xianxing Li , Huasheng Sun , Qiong Peng , Junfei Ding , Nanjing Zheng , Kairu Dou , Xin Gao , Jin Zhao , Xiaosi Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The practical application of 2D anode materials in lithium-ion batteries is critically hindered by structural degradation from volume expansion during cycling. Here, we introduce a novel materials design strategy, proposing that 2D transition metal dinitrides (TMN<sub>2</sub>) containing internal N<img>N covalent bonds can achieve superior mechanical resilience. Through first-principles calculations and systematic structural searches across 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metals, we report the discovery of two stable and metallic 2D nitrides, rh-VN<sub>2</sub> and rh-PtN<sub>2</sub>, featuring a unique tessellation of 4- and 6-membered rings. These materials exhibit outstanding mechanical robustness, with calculated Young's moduli reaching 140 N·m<sup>−1</sup> for rh-VN<sub>2</sub> and 256 N·m<sup>−1</sup> for rh-PtN<sub>2</sub>, significantly outperforming common 2D materials. Kinetically, they demonstrate low Li-ion diffusion barriers (0.22 eV and 0.29 eV, respectively) and high theoretical specific capacities of 679 <span><math><mi>mAh</mi><mo>∙</mo><msup><mi>g</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> (rh-VN<sub>2</sub>) and 240 <span><math><mi>mAh</mi><mo>∙</mo><msup><mi>g</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> (rh-PtN<sub>2</sub>) at suitable open-circuit voltages (0.38 V for rh-VN<sub>2</sub> and 0.67 V for rh-PtN<sub>2</sub>). This work identifies rh-VN<sub>2</sub> and rh-PtN<sub>2</sub> as highly promising anode candidates that synergistically integrate high-performance mechanical and electrochemical properties, offering a new pathway for designing degradation-resistant energy storage materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 121436"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for environmental protection and resource reutilization. However, traditional recycling routes normally involve complex processes and secondary pollution. In this study, we demonstrate an effective method combining hydrothermal relithiation with low-temperature thermal annealing to directly generate the spent LIBs. We create a lithium-rich environment for spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cathode particles using LiOH solution, followed by surface-doping Nb elements on the active particles for enhanced electrochemical performance. The upgraded NCM523 exhibits a satisfactory repaired specific capacity of 150 mAh g−1 and excellent cycling stability by retaining 75.3% of its capacity after 200 cycles, owing to the stable Nb-doped structure. Hydrothermal relithiation combined with short thermal annealing reduces the temperature and time required for direct regeneration and shows priority in techno-economic and environmental analysis, which can be extended to regenerate spent LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode. This simple and efficient treatment expands the feasibility of direct regeneration and offers a promising strategy for regenerating spent LIBs.
废旧锂离子电池的回收利用对环境保护和资源再利用具有重要意义。然而，传统的回收路线通常涉及复杂的过程和二次污染。在本研究中，我们展示了一种将水热还原与低温热退火相结合的有效方法来直接生成废lib。我们利用LiOH溶液为废LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 （NCM523）阴极粒子创造了富锂环境，然后在活性粒子表面掺杂Nb元素以增强电化学性能。升级后的NCM523具有令人满意的修复比容量（150 mAh g−1）和良好的循环稳定性，在200次循环后仍保持75.3%的容量。水热还原结合短时间热退火降低了直接再生所需的温度和时间，在技术经济和环境分析中具有优先性，可以推广到废LiCoO2 （LCO）阴极的再生。这种简单有效的处理方法扩大了直接再生的可行性，为废lib的再生提供了一种有前途的策略。
{"title":"Direct regeneration of spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathodes with Nb-doped for high-performance lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Fang Gao , Chunli Gou , Zhanxin Geng , Mingke Yang , Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for environmental protection and resource reutilization. However, traditional recycling routes normally involve complex processes and secondary pollution. In this study, we demonstrate an effective method combining hydrothermal relithiation with low-temperature thermal annealing to directly generate the spent LIBs. We create a lithium-rich environment for spent LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (NCM523) cathode particles using LiOH solution, followed by surface-doping Nb elements on the active particles for enhanced electrochemical performance. The upgraded NCM523 exhibits a satisfactory repaired specific capacity of 150 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> and excellent cycling stability by retaining 75.3% of its capacity after 200 cycles, owing to the stable Nb-doped structure. Hydrothermal relithiation combined with short thermal annealing reduces the temperature and time required for direct regeneration and shows priority in techno-economic and environmental analysis, which can be extended to regenerate spent LiCoO<sub>2</sub> (LCO) cathode. This simple and efficient treatment expands the feasibility of direct regeneration and offers a promising strategy for regenerating spent LIBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 121464"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-20Epub Date: 2026-03-10DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121433
Kaidi Kang , Songjie Li , Ruiqi Guo , Xinran Wang , Ying Bai , Chuan Wu
All-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) have shown great potentials in promoting the energy density and safety concerns in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high thermal stability, utilization of lithium metal as anode and good dendrite inhibition capability. As the key component of ASSLMBs, the properties of solid electrolytes (SEs) play an essential role. Among all SEs, sulfide SEs, especially Li-argyrodites exhibit ideal ionic conductivity, good thermal stability and low cost, which makes them the promising candidates for the next generation of energy storage devices. However, there are still some difficulties needed to be overcome to realize the commercialization of Li-argyrodite SEs, including insufficient ionic conductivity, poor air stability and time-consuming synthesis processes. This review first introduces the crystal structure and Li-ion conduction mechanism of Li-argyrodite SEs. The traditional and advanced synthesis routes for Li-argyrodite SEs in recent years are presented. Moreover, the application of doping strategy in improving the ionic conductivity and (electro)chemical stability of Li-argyrodite SEs is systematically summarized. Finally, the perspective research directions of doping Li-argyrodite SEs are proposed to achieve high-performance ASSLMBs.
{"title":"Element doping strategies: Paving the way for next-generation Li-argyrodite solid electrolytes","authors":"Kaidi Kang , Songjie Li , Ruiqi Guo , Xinran Wang , Ying Bai , Chuan Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.121433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) have shown great potentials in promoting the energy density and safety concerns in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high thermal stability, utilization of lithium metal as anode and good dendrite inhibition capability. As the key component of ASSLMBs, the properties of solid electrolytes (SEs) play an essential role. Among all SEs, sulfide SEs, especially Li-argyrodites exhibit ideal ionic conductivity, good thermal stability and low cost, which makes them the promising candidates for the next generation of energy storage devices. However, there are still some difficulties needed to be overcome to realize the commercialization of Li-argyrodite SEs, including insufficient ionic conductivity, poor air stability and time-consuming synthesis processes. This review first introduces the crystal structure and Li-ion conduction mechanism of Li-argyrodite SEs. The traditional and advanced synthesis routes for Li-argyrodite SEs in recent years are presented. Moreover, the application of doping strategy in improving the ionic conductivity and (electro)chemical stability of Li-argyrodite SEs is systematically summarized. Finally, the perspective research directions of doping Li-argyrodite SEs are proposed to achieve high-performance ASSLMBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 121433"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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