Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120609
Tingzhi Jiang , Mingyao Ma , Liping Mo , Qian Xu , Tong Bao
The entropy coefficient is a key parameter for calculating battery heat generation. Addressing the issues of existing measurement methods being complex, time-consuming, and failing to account for the impact of non-uniform temperature fields in large-capacity energy storage batteries, this paper proposes a method for determining the entropy coefficient based on temperature distribution data from charging and discharging tests in a constant-temperature chamber. This method uses a three-dimensional thermal model as the optimization target. By integrating matrix theory-based thermal parameter sensitivity analysis, it systematically accounts for both tab heat generation and non-uniform temperature field effects. Consequently, a Spatio-Temporal step division staged multi-parameter joint optimization algorithm is developed, enabling efficient and accurate inversion of the entropy coefficient. Compared to the overall error of entropy coefficients obtained via calorimetry, the proposed method reduces the error by over 17% relative to the lumped model, and the entire experimental testing process can be completed within one day.
{"title":"A time-saving and accurate method for determining the entropy coefficient of high-capacity energy storage batteries","authors":"Tingzhi Jiang , Mingyao Ma , Liping Mo , Qian Xu , Tong Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The entropy coefficient is a key parameter for calculating battery heat generation. Addressing the issues of existing measurement methods being complex, time-consuming, and failing to account for the impact of non-uniform temperature fields in large-capacity energy storage batteries, this paper proposes a method for determining the entropy coefficient based on temperature distribution data from charging and discharging tests in a constant-temperature chamber. This method uses a three-dimensional thermal model as the optimization target. By integrating matrix theory-based thermal parameter sensitivity analysis, it systematically accounts for both tab heat generation and non-uniform temperature field effects. Consequently, a Spatio-Temporal step division staged multi-parameter joint optimization algorithm is developed, enabling efficient and accurate inversion of the entropy coefficient. Compared to the overall error of entropy coefficients obtained via calorimetry, the proposed method reduces the error by over 17% relative to the lumped model, and the entire experimental testing process can be completed within one day.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 120609"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120608
Zhe Gao , Jianying Jiang
Dielectric capacitors play an irreplaceable role in numerous high-tech fields due to their ultra-high-power density. However, their miniaturization development is severely hindered by low energy density. Polymer-ceramic nanocomposites have emerged as a key material to overcome this bottleneck by synergizing the high dielectric constant of ceramic fillers with the high breakdown field strength of polymer matrices. This paper systematically reviews the latest research advancements in this field: In terms of nano-filler regulation, the polarization characteristics and size effects of zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional fillers are elucidated. The mechanisms by which novel fillers such as relaxor ferroelectrics and antiferroelectrics reduce dielectric loss are revealed, and the innovative proposal is made that multistage structured fillers can simultaneously enhance the dielectric constant and breakdown field strength. Regarding interface optimization, the significant effects of surface functional group modification and core-shell structure design on improving filler dispersion and mitigating electric field distortion are demonstrated, with particular emphasis on the ability of multi-shell structures to gradient-regulate interfacial dielectric properties. In the context of multilayer structure design, the synergistic mechanism between high-dielectric and high-insulation layers in sandwich structures is analyzed, and the optimization principle of gradient composite structures for uniform electric field distribution is clarified, highlighting the design advantages of dual-gradient multi-filler systems. By conducting an in-depth analysis of the structure-property relationships at both micro and macro levels, this paper provides theoretical foundations and methodological guidance for the design of high-performance dielectric energy storage materials. Finally, it is pointed out that the development of novel two-dimensional fillers, enhancement of energy efficiency, multi-strategy synergistic optimization, and device integration will be key future research directions aimed at promoting the practical application of polymer-ceramic composites in dielectric capacitors.
{"title":"Multi-scale structural regulation of polymer-ceramic nanocomposites for high energy density capacitor design","authors":"Zhe Gao , Jianying Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dielectric capacitors play an irreplaceable role in numerous high-tech fields due to their ultra-high-power density. However, their miniaturization development is severely hindered by low energy density. Polymer-ceramic nanocomposites have emerged as a key material to overcome this bottleneck by synergizing the high dielectric constant of ceramic fillers with the high breakdown field strength of polymer matrices. This paper systematically reviews the latest research advancements in this field: In terms of nano-filler regulation, the polarization characteristics and size effects of zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional fillers are elucidated. The mechanisms by which novel fillers such as relaxor ferroelectrics and antiferroelectrics reduce dielectric loss are revealed, and the innovative proposal is made that multistage structured fillers can simultaneously enhance the dielectric constant and breakdown field strength. Regarding interface optimization, the significant effects of surface functional group modification and core-shell structure design on improving filler dispersion and mitigating electric field distortion are demonstrated, with particular emphasis on the ability of multi-shell structures to gradient-regulate interfacial dielectric properties. In the context of multilayer structure design, the synergistic mechanism between high-dielectric and high-insulation layers in sandwich structures is analyzed, and the optimization principle of gradient composite structures for uniform electric field distribution is clarified, highlighting the design advantages of dual-gradient multi-filler systems. By conducting an in-depth analysis of the structure-property relationships at both micro and macro levels, this paper provides theoretical foundations and methodological guidance for the design of high-performance dielectric energy storage materials. Finally, it is pointed out that the development of novel two-dimensional fillers, enhancement of energy efficiency, multi-strategy synergistic optimization, and device integration will be key future research directions aimed at promoting the practical application of polymer-ceramic composites in dielectric capacitors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 120608"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120562
Zeming Ren , Ruichao Wei , Shenshi Huang , Yi He , Songfeng Liang , Zhijun Deng , Jiaxin Gao
The ability to accurately predict the state of health (SOH) of a battery plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safety and dependability of electric vehicles (EVs). However, under real-world operating conditions, the SOH estimation is hindered by various challenges, including sensor noise, heterogeneous multi-source features, and insufficient physical constraints of models. To address these challenges, this study introduces a physics-constrained multi-scale cross-channel attention network (PCMCANet) model. The proposed model develops a specialized channel-as-token paradigm tailored for battery aging data, where multi-source sensor data are regarded as independent tokens, allowing for explicit modeling of their dynamic dependencies using a cross-attention mechanism. In addition, to facilitate simultaneous capturing of short-term fluctuations and overarching degradation patterns, the proposed framework integrates a Transformer model with multi-scale temporal convolutions. Moreover, a hybrid physics-consistency loss function, which incorporates Arrhenius temperature dependence and monotonicity constraints, is implemented to enhance physical consistency. The proposed model is verified by extensive experiments conducted on three-year operational data collected from ten EVs. The results indicate that the proposed PCMCANet model achieves a low MAPE value of 0.49% on the unseen test dataset. In early-life prediction scenarios, the proposed model achieves long-term forecasting with an MAPE value of 0.68% using six-month data, improving the MAPE value to 0.53% for 18-month data, nearly overlapping with the ground-truth degradation trajectory. The robustness tests reveal that the proposed PCMCANet model can maintain stable performance under strong Gaussian noise, with an error increase of less than 2.5%, significantly outperforming conventional deep learning models.
{"title":"A physics-constrained multi-scale cross-channel attention network for real-world battery state of health prediction","authors":"Zeming Ren , Ruichao Wei , Shenshi Huang , Yi He , Songfeng Liang , Zhijun Deng , Jiaxin Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ability to accurately predict the state of health (SOH) of a battery plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safety and dependability of electric vehicles (EVs). However, under real-world operating conditions, the SOH estimation is hindered by various challenges, including sensor noise, heterogeneous multi-source features, and insufficient physical constraints of models. To address these challenges, this study introduces a physics-constrained multi-scale cross-channel attention network (PCMCANet) model. The proposed model develops a specialized channel-as-token paradigm tailored for battery aging data, where multi-source sensor data are regarded as independent tokens, allowing for explicit modeling of their dynamic dependencies using a cross-attention mechanism. In addition, to facilitate simultaneous capturing of short-term fluctuations and overarching degradation patterns, the proposed framework integrates a Transformer model with multi-scale temporal convolutions. Moreover, a hybrid physics-consistency loss function, which incorporates Arrhenius temperature dependence and monotonicity constraints, is implemented to enhance physical consistency. The proposed model is verified by extensive experiments conducted on three-year operational data collected from ten EVs. The results indicate that the proposed PCMCANet model achieves a low MAPE value of 0.49% on the unseen test dataset. In early-life prediction scenarios, the proposed model achieves long-term forecasting with an MAPE value of 0.68% using six-month data, improving the MAPE value to 0.53% for 18-month data, nearly overlapping with the ground-truth degradation trajectory. The robustness tests reveal that the proposed PCMCANet model can maintain stable performance under strong Gaussian noise, with an error increase of less than 2.5%, significantly outperforming conventional deep learning models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 120562"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.120313
Jiaxing Lu , Yuyang Guo , Bo Zhou , Ming Zhao , Chuan Zhang , Chenxi Huang , Xiaobing Liu
The variable-speed pump-turbine serves as the core equipment in modern pumped storage (PS) power plants. By enabling rotational speed adjustment, it facilitates rapid active power response and provides critical energy storage services to the grid, such as frequency and peak regulation. This functionality is essential for supporting the integration of fluctuating renewable energy sources, including wind and photovoltaic power. In pump mode, the unit precisely controls active-power absorption by adjusting speed. Accurate speed control also keeps the operating point stable across a wide speed range. This study investigates the critical role of variable-speed control. A dynamic speed control model based on the Bézier function was developed in CFX Expression Language (CEL) and integrated with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and entropy production theory. The combined model resolves the transient flow field during speed changes and clarifies how unsteady motion dissipates energy under variable-speed pump operation. Entropy production theory is employed to quantify the distribution of energy losses under different operating conditions, revealing the underlying mechanisms of complex transient flows. The results show that the length of the speed-transition phase strongly influences flow stability and entropy generation. A Bézier curve speed ramp suppresses large-scale separation and cuts irreversible losses. Relative to fixed-speed operation, variable-speed regulation shrinks high-entropy zones and lowers overall losses. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing control strategies for variable-speed pump-turbines and advance the application of PS technology in smart grids.
{"title":"Transient hydraulic characteristics and energy loss mechanisms in a variable-speed pumped storage unit operating in pump mode","authors":"Jiaxing Lu , Yuyang Guo , Bo Zhou , Ming Zhao , Chuan Zhang , Chenxi Huang , Xiaobing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2025.120313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2025.120313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The variable-speed pump-turbine serves as the core equipment in modern pumped storage (PS) power plants. By enabling rotational speed adjustment, it facilitates rapid active power response and provides critical energy storage services to the grid, such as frequency and peak regulation. This functionality is essential for supporting the integration of fluctuating renewable energy sources, including wind and photovoltaic power. In pump mode, the unit precisely controls active-power absorption by adjusting speed. Accurate speed control also keeps the operating point stable across a wide speed range. This study investigates the critical role of variable-speed control. A dynamic speed control model based on the Bézier function was developed in CFX Expression Language (CEL) and integrated with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and entropy production theory. The combined model resolves the transient flow field during speed changes and clarifies how unsteady motion dissipates energy under variable-speed pump operation. Entropy production theory is employed to quantify the distribution of energy losses under different operating conditions, revealing the underlying mechanisms of complex transient flows. The results show that the length of the speed-transition phase strongly influences flow stability and entropy generation. A Bézier curve speed ramp suppresses large-scale separation and cuts irreversible losses. Relative to fixed-speed operation, variable-speed regulation shrinks high-entropy zones and lowers overall losses. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing control strategies for variable-speed pump-turbines and advance the application of PS technology in smart grids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 120313"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120540
Xiaojuan Han , Tianyang Bai , Ruizhe Quan
To address the economic inefficiency of energy storage systems and insufficient utilization of hydropower flexibility in renewable energy integration, this paper proposes a two-stage market-driven coordination framework for hydropower-photovoltaic-energy storage integrated systems (HPESIS). The framework dynamically couples fluctuation smoothing with energy trading. First, an adaptive wavelet decomposition algorithm is introduced to decompose load deviations, and a coordinated smoothing control strategy for HPESIS is developed. Then, considering the uncertainties of photovoltaic output and electricity prices, a two-stage robust optimization model is established, covering both day-ahead and intraday-real-time market clearing. The day-ahead scheduling is solved using Gurobi, while the real-time bidding is optimized via the Auxiliary-Augmented Column-and-Constraint Generation (A-C&CG) algorithm. Simulation analysis based on operational data from a Chinese HPESIS demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with solely participating in the energy market, the proposed method increases daily revenue by 28.71% (from 171,441 USD to 297,963 USD) and reduces the deviation assessment cost by 250.76 USD, providing a scalable solution for enhancing grid stability and maximizing profits in multi-energy markets.
{"title":"Market-driven coordination of hydro-PV-storage systems: A two-stage approach integrating fluctuation smoothing and energy trading","authors":"Xiaojuan Han , Tianyang Bai , Ruizhe Quan","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the economic inefficiency of energy storage systems and insufficient utilization of hydropower flexibility in renewable energy integration, this paper proposes a two-stage market-driven coordination framework for hydropower-photovoltaic-energy storage integrated systems (HPESIS). The framework dynamically couples fluctuation smoothing with energy trading. First, an adaptive wavelet decomposition algorithm is introduced to decompose load deviations, and a coordinated smoothing control strategy for HPESIS is developed. Then, considering the uncertainties of photovoltaic output and electricity prices, a two-stage robust optimization model is established, covering both day-ahead and intraday-real-time market clearing. The day-ahead scheduling is solved using <em>Gurobi</em>, while the real-time bidding is optimized via the Auxiliary-Augmented Column-and-Constraint Generation (A-C&CG) algorithm. Simulation analysis based on operational data from a Chinese HPESIS demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with solely participating in the energy market, the proposed method increases daily revenue by 28.71% (from 171,441 USD to 297,963 USD) and reduces the deviation assessment cost by 250.76 USD, providing a scalable solution for enhancing grid stability and maximizing profits in multi-energy markets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 120540"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120567
Kun-Mei Yang , Pei-Yao Li , Yu-Jing Chen , Ding-Hao Le , Pei Yang , Qing Wen , Wei-Jie Wang , Tian Chen , Xia-Hui Zhang , Jun-Chao Zheng
As a derivative of lithium iron phosphate, LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4 (LMFP) preserves its intrinsic safety and outstanding cycling stability, while achieving enhanced energy density enabled by its higher operating voltage (4.1 V), potentially addressing the intrinsic limitations of LiFePO4. Nonetheless, persistent issues such as sluggish Li+ diffusion, low electronic conductivity, and Mn dissolution continue to hinder its practical deployment. To overcome these issues, nanosized single-crystalline LMFP was synthesized through a facile solvothermal approach. The single-crystalline structure effectively removes grain boundaries, thereby lowering interfacial impedance and improving electronic conductivity, while the nanosized morphology shortens Li+ diffusion pathways to enhance ionic transport kinetics. To mitigate intensified interfacial side reactions induced by the nanostructure, a high-valent W6+ doping strategy was employed. The introduction of W6+ suppresses the formation of highly reactive Fe3+/Mn3+ species via charge compensation, thereby mitigating interfacial reactions and inhibiting Mn dissolution. This modification strengthens the structural integrity and improves the cycling stability of the material. The optimized LMFP delivers superior electrochemical performance, achieving a specific capacity of 117.5 mAh·g−1 at 5C, and maintaining 96.5% capacity retention after 400 cycles, providing insights for designing high-performance lithium-ion cathodes.
{"title":"High-rate performance in W6+-doped single-crystal LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4 nanocrystals","authors":"Kun-Mei Yang , Pei-Yao Li , Yu-Jing Chen , Ding-Hao Le , Pei Yang , Qing Wen , Wei-Jie Wang , Tian Chen , Xia-Hui Zhang , Jun-Chao Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a derivative of lithium iron phosphate, LiMn<sub>0.8</sub>Fe<sub>0.2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (LMFP) preserves its intrinsic safety and outstanding cycling stability, while achieving enhanced energy density enabled by its higher operating voltage (4.1 V), potentially addressing the intrinsic limitations of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>. Nonetheless, persistent issues such as sluggish Li<sup>+</sup> diffusion, low electronic conductivity, and Mn dissolution continue to hinder its practical deployment. To overcome these issues, nanosized single-crystalline LMFP was synthesized through a facile solvothermal approach. The single-crystalline structure effectively removes grain boundaries, thereby lowering interfacial impedance and improving electronic conductivity, while the nanosized morphology shortens Li<sup>+</sup> diffusion pathways to enhance ionic transport kinetics. To mitigate intensified interfacial side reactions induced by the nanostructure, a high-valent W<sup>6+</sup> doping strategy was employed. The introduction of W<sup>6+</sup> suppresses the formation of highly reactive Fe<sup>3+</sup>/Mn<sup>3+</sup> species via charge compensation, thereby mitigating interfacial reactions and inhibiting Mn dissolution. This modification strengthens the structural integrity and improves the cycling stability of the material. The optimized LMFP delivers superior electrochemical performance, achieving a specific capacity of 117.5 mAh·g<sup>−1</sup> at 5C, and maintaining 96.5% capacity retention after 400 cycles, providing insights for designing high-performance lithium-ion cathodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 120567"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120547
Ruichao Zhang, Ying Yan, Ru Wang, Song Gu, Lei Huang, Guobin Zhu, Honghe Zheng
With the surging demand for large-scale energy storage, the shortage and cost issues of lithium resources have become increasingly prominent. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have become important candidates for the next-generation energy storage systems due to their abundant sodium resources, environmental friendliness and excellent low-temperature performance. However, the radius of sodium ions (1.02 Å) is larger than that of lithium ions (0.76 Å), resulting in slow kinetics and structural deterioration of traditional electrode materials. There is an urgent need to develop suitable electrode materials and system design strategies. Moreover, degradation mechanisms of sodium-ion batteries at the full-cell level remain insufficiently explored, leading to limited understanding of how operational conditions impact system-level failure. This article investigated the capacity decay and failure mechanism of O3 type NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2||hard carbon pouch cell under different temperature storage conditions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests show that the intensity of the characteristic peaks of the cathode material decreases after high-temperature storage, indicating that the positive electrode structure undergoes limited degradation at high temperatures. Observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) did not reveal obvious particle breakage of the positive or negative electrode, indicating that under storage conditions, due to the absence of the volume expansion and contraction effect caused by the repeated deintercalation and intercalation of sodium ions, the particle structure remained intact. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that the CC bond signal of the hard carbon bulk weakened after storage at 60 °C, indicating that high temperature promoted the thickening of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film, thereby weakening the CC bond strength of the bulk material. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP) detection revealed that there were transition metal elements dissolved and deposited from the positive electrode material on the negative electrode side, and the dissolution amount was higher at high temperatures. And the TEM of the negative electrode also confirmed the thickening effect of high temperature on SEI. The thickness of SEI stored at 60 °C reached 122 nm, which is much thicker than the 83 nm and 89 nm stored at 45 °C and 50 °C. HRTEM characterization shows that high temperature also induces severe structural degradation and disordering in the cathode. Comprehensive analysis indicates that the main causes of high-temperature storage failure are the thickening of the SEI film, the consumption of available sodium ions, and the failure of the cathode material itself.
{"title":"Elucidate the failure mechanism of sodium ion pouch cell with layered cathode cycled under high temperature","authors":"Ruichao Zhang, Ying Yan, Ru Wang, Song Gu, Lei Huang, Guobin Zhu, Honghe Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the surging demand for large-scale energy storage, the shortage and cost issues of lithium resources have become increasingly prominent. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have become important candidates for the next-generation energy storage systems due to their abundant sodium resources, environmental friendliness and excellent low-temperature performance. However, the radius of sodium ions (1.02 Å) is larger than that of lithium ions (0.76 Å), resulting in slow kinetics and structural deterioration of traditional electrode materials. There is an urgent need to develop suitable electrode materials and system design strategies. Moreover, degradation mechanisms of sodium-ion batteries at the full-cell level remain insufficiently explored, leading to limited understanding of how operational conditions impact system-level failure. This article investigated the capacity decay and failure mechanism of O3 type NaNi<sub>1/3</sub>Fe<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>1/3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>||hard carbon pouch cell under different temperature storage conditions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests show that the intensity of the characteristic peaks of the cathode material decreases after high-temperature storage, indicating that the positive electrode structure undergoes limited degradation at high temperatures. Observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) did not reveal obvious particle breakage of the positive or negative electrode, indicating that under storage conditions, due to the absence of the volume expansion and contraction effect caused by the repeated deintercalation and intercalation of sodium ions, the particle structure remained intact. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that the C<img>C bond signal of the hard carbon bulk weakened after storage at 60 °C, indicating that high temperature promoted the thickening of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film, thereby weakening the C<img>C bond strength of the bulk material. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP) detection revealed that there were transition metal elements dissolved and deposited from the positive electrode material on the negative electrode side, and the dissolution amount was higher at high temperatures. And the TEM of the negative electrode also confirmed the thickening effect of high temperature on SEI. The thickness of SEI stored at 60 °C reached 122 nm, which is much thicker than the 83 nm and 89 nm stored at 45 °C and 50 °C. HRTEM characterization shows that high temperature also induces severe structural degradation and disordering in the cathode. Comprehensive analysis indicates that the main causes of high-temperature storage failure are the thickening of the SEI film, the consumption of available sodium ions, and the failure of the cathode material itself.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 120547"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120340
Hui Li, Jinyi Liu, Jiaming Liu, Wenke Lu, Lan Yang, Zihui Feng, Yue Liu
The increasing demand for fast, efficient, and durable energy storage systems highlights the need for electrode materials that can simultaneously deliver high energy and power densities. Here, we report a NiMo3S4/Ti3C2Tx MXene composite synthesized through a two-step hydrothermal strategy, which couples the high pseudocapacitance of NiMo3S4 with the excellent electrical conductivity and layered structure of Ti3C2Tx MXene. The composite delivers a remarkable specific capacitance of 1443.6 F·g−1, more than twice that of pristine NiMo3S4, benefiting from accelerated charge-transfer kinetics and the exposure of abundant electroactive sites. When assembled into an asymmetric supercapacitor, the device operates stably within a 1.5 V window and retains 82.84 % of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, it achieves a notable high energy density of 46.85 Wh·kg−1 at a power density of 786.16 W·kg−1. Density functional theory calculations reveal an increased density of electronic states near the Fermi level and a lowered K+ diffusion energy barrier, corroborating the improved electrochemical kinetics. This work demonstrates a synergistic hybrid design that narrows the performance gap between batteries and supercapacitors, offering a promising pathway toward high-energy, high-power energy storage technologies.
{"title":"Heterostructured NiMo3S4/Ti3C2Tx MXene composite with enhanced electrochemical performance for supercapacitor electrodes","authors":"Hui Li, Jinyi Liu, Jiaming Liu, Wenke Lu, Lan Yang, Zihui Feng, Yue Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for fast, efficient, and durable energy storage systems highlights the need for electrode materials that can simultaneously deliver high energy and power densities. Here, we report a NiMo<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>/Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene composite synthesized through a two-step hydrothermal strategy, which couples the high pseudocapacitance of NiMo<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub> with the excellent electrical conductivity and layered structure of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene. The composite delivers a remarkable specific capacitance of 1443.6 F·g<sup>−1</sup>, more than twice that of pristine NiMo<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, benefiting from accelerated charge-transfer kinetics and the exposure of abundant electroactive sites. When assembled into an asymmetric supercapacitor, the device operates stably within a 1.5 V window and retains 82.84 % of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, it achieves a notable high energy density of 46.85 Wh·kg<sup>−1</sup> at a power density of 786.16 W·kg<sup>−1</sup>. Density functional theory calculations reveal an increased density of electronic states near the Fermi level and a lowered K<sup>+</sup> diffusion energy barrier, corroborating the improved electrochemical kinetics. This work demonstrates a synergistic hybrid design that narrows the performance gap between batteries and supercapacitors, offering a promising pathway toward high-energy, high-power energy storage technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 120340"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120438
M.A. Palmero-González , E. Batuecas , C. Marugán-Cruz , C. Prieto
This study evaluates the environmental and techno-economic performance of a 110 MW central tower Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plant with molten salt Thermal Energy Storage (TES) under three configurations (6, 9, and 12 h of storage) and two operational scenarios: (i) integration of a molten salt electric heater (MSEH) powered by curtailed photovoltaic (PV) energy, and (ii) MSEH integration combined with expanded TES capacity to fully utilize surplus PV electricity. The work introduces a novel consequential-Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)-based framework to quantify the environmental effects of integrating curtailed PV into CSP TES. Using LCA, the study quantifies the impacts of the proposed configurations on four environmental impact categories: climate change, particulate matter, ozone depletion, and land use.
The results show that enhancing the TES through MSEH integration improves plant dispatchability, increases annual electricity output by up to 6.2 %, reduces parasitic standby losses, and leads to better overall environmental performance. Among the configurations, the combined MSEH and expanded TES option achieved the best performance, reducing life-cycle burdens by up to 10 %. The Energy Payback Time remained below 1.25 years, while the Energy Return on Investment exceeded 20, confirming high system efficiency. Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) analysis also indicates economic gains. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential of curtailed PV as a complementary resource for dispatchable CSP systems and provides insights applicable to future hybrid renewable designs in high-penetration solar regions.
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Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.120443
Kai Zheng , Hui Zhang , Tao Xu , Shihao Ma , Xinjian Xie , Yi Fang , Guifeng Chen
In the contemporary era of rapid advancements in the domain of information technology, the development and utilisation of novel electrode materials are subject to perpetual technological progress and material innovation. However, silicene is regarded as a highly promising 2D electrode material capable of replacing bulk silicon in the CMOS era due to its high compatibility with silicon-based technologies. The present study provides a rigorous demonstration of the excellent structure and stability of hhk-silicene, a conclusion which is supported by first-principles calculations of density functional theory. A more thorough investigation was conducted into the adsorption behaviour of K/Li/Na on the surface of hhk-silicene monolayers. It was determined that potassium atoms can be stably adsorbed on the hhk-silicene monolayer structure, and that the monolayer exhibits enhanced electrical conductivity both before and after the adsorption of potassium. It is noteworthy that the hhk-silicene monolayer exhibits a high theoretical capacity (718 mA h g−1), a suitable open-circuit voltage (0.76 V–1.11 V) and a low diffusion barrier (236 meV). The results of this study indicate that the hhk-silicene monolayer has the potential to be a promising 2D anode material.
在信息技术飞速发展的当今时代，新型电极材料的开发和利用是技术进步和材料创新的必然要求。然而，由于硅基技术的高兼容性，硅烯被认为是一种非常有前途的二维电极材料，能够在CMOS时代取代大块硅。本研究严谨地证明了hhk-硅烯具有优良的结构和稳定性，这一结论得到了密度泛函理论第一性原理计算的支持。对K/Li/Na在hhk-硅烯单层膜表面的吸附行为进行了更深入的研究。结果表明，钾原子可以稳定地吸附在hhk-硅烯单层结构上，并且在吸附钾之前和之后，单层结构的电导率都有所提高。值得注意的是，hhk-硅烯单层具有较高的理论容量（718 mA h g−1），合适的开路电压（0.76 V - 1.11 V）和较低的扩散势垒（236 meV）。本研究结果表明，hhk-硅烯单层材料有潜力成为一种有前景的二维阳极材料。
{"title":"Novel hybrid honeycomb silicene as anode material for potassium-ion batteries","authors":"Kai Zheng , Hui Zhang , Tao Xu , Shihao Ma , Xinjian Xie , Yi Fang , Guifeng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.est.2026.120443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the contemporary era of rapid advancements in the domain of information technology, the development and utilisation of novel electrode materials are subject to perpetual technological progress and material innovation. However, silicene is regarded as a highly promising 2D electrode material capable of replacing bulk silicon in the CMOS era due to its high compatibility with silicon-based technologies. The present study provides a rigorous demonstration of the excellent structure and stability of hhk-silicene, a conclusion which is supported by first-principles calculations of density functional theory. A more thorough investigation was conducted into the adsorption behaviour of K/Li/Na on the surface of hhk-silicene monolayers. It was determined that potassium atoms can be stably adsorbed on the hhk-silicene monolayer structure, and that the monolayer exhibits enhanced electrical conductivity both before and after the adsorption of potassium. It is noteworthy that the hhk-silicene monolayer exhibits a high theoretical capacity (718 mA h g<sup>−1</sup>), a suitable open-circuit voltage (0.76 V–1.11 V) and a low diffusion barrier (236 meV). The results of this study indicate that the hhk-silicene monolayer has the potential to be a promising 2D anode material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15942,"journal":{"name":"Journal of energy storage","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 120443"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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