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Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 9, No. 2 《Journal of Materials Science Research》第9卷第2期审稿人致谢
Pub Date : 2020-04-30 DOI: 10.5539/jmsr.v9n2p71
L. Green
Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2020
《材料科学研究》,Vol. 9, No. 2, 2020
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of the Emissivity Curve at High Temperatures of Low Carbon Steel 低碳钢高温发射率曲线的预测
Pub Date : 2020-04-30 DOI: 10.5539/jmsr.v9n2p59
Vinicius Santos de Deus, J. A. Castro, S. Correa
The thermography is an attractive technique to record the real-time temperature during the continuous welding processes. The temperature distribution during the weld zone is essential for understanding and evaluating the metallurgical properties of the joints. The knowledge of the material emissivity curve is necessary for the precise acquisition of thermography data. This emissivity value is usually assumed constant in the thermography software data acquisition, resulting in inaccurate thermographic data. The surface emissivity usually depends on the temperature. Thus, the values obtained in the literature may not be valid for materials of interest under the process’s conditions. Especially in the case of the low carbon steels, the emissivity data available are scarce and frequently obtained at low temperatures (below 200oC). Therefore, we proposed a methodological procedure to measure the effective surface emissivity, which considers the effect of temperatures and surface conditions. This research was focused on the development of an experimental methodology for determining the emissivity curve, using as the sample, a low carbon steel (0.07% C) with 0.21 mm thickness obtained from the productive stock of a continuous annealing line in the steel plant of the Companhia Siderurgica Nacional (CSN). The normal sample emissivity was evaluated in the temperature range from 100oC to 800oC. It was proposed a model based on a sigmoid function to represent the effective emissivity during temperature rise. The sigmoid model parameters were obtained by a fitting procedure using temperature measurements obtained by thermocouples. The results showed an effective emissivity variation as a function of temperature, where emissivity values raged in the interval of 0.09 to 0.83. Thus, the useful emissivity curve was used to correct the thermography data obtained in electrical resistance seam welding (RSEW) with three levels of heats inputs. The correlation for the emissivity curve incorporated in the thermography software was applied to the thermal profiles of the welds analyzed from 441oC to 713oC. These values are consistent with the welding process used. The developed methodology can be applied, in a similar way, in the correction of profiles in other types of welding processes.
热成像技术是一种记录连续焊接过程中实时温度的有吸引力的技术。焊接区的温度分布对于了解和评价接头的冶金性能至关重要。材料发射率曲线的知识是精确获取热成像数据所必需的。在热成像软件数据采集中,通常假设该发射率值为常数,导致热成像数据不准确。表面发射率通常取决于温度。因此,在该工艺条件下,文献中获得的值可能对感兴趣的材料无效。特别是在低碳钢的情况下,可用的发射率数据很少,并且经常在低温(低于200℃)下获得。因此,我们提出了一种考虑温度和表面条件影响的有效表面发射率测量方法。本研究的重点是开发一种用于确定发射率曲线的实验方法,以一种厚度为0.21 mm的低碳钢(0.07% C)为样本,该低碳钢来自Companhia Siderurgica Nacional (CSN)钢厂连续退火生产线的生产原料。在100 ~ 800℃的温度范围内测量了正常样品的发射率。提出了一种基于s型函数的有效发射率模型。利用热电偶测得的温度,通过拟合程序获得了s型模型参数。结果表明,辐射率随温度的变化是有效的,辐射率值在0.09 ~ 0.83之间波动。因此,利用有用的发射率曲线对电阻缝焊(RSEW)中三阶热输入的热成像数据进行了校正。将热像仪软件中包含的发射率曲线的相关性应用于从441oC到713oC分析的焊缝热剖面。这些值与所使用的焊接工艺一致。所开发的方法可以以类似的方式应用于其他类型焊接工艺的轮廓校正。
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引用次数: 1
Adoption of NPS Fertilizer on Sorghum Crop Production by Smallholder Farmers in Gemechis and Mieso Districts of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚奥罗米亚州西哈拉尔河地区Gemechis和Mieso地区小农在高粱作物生产中采用NPS肥料
Pub Date : 2020-04-15 DOI: 10.5539/jmsr.v9n2p46
Muhammed Shako Hiko
The adoption of inorganic fertilizer such as NPS which is concerned by development clients and government is different from one farmer to another farmer and this makes productivity of agricultural crops to vary from one plot to another plot due to socio-economic, institutional and other factors. Therefore, this study was intended to know the socio-economic factors that significantly affect utilization of inorganic fertilizer NPS. Primary data was collected from 201 sampled households of selected districts. Secondary data was collected from stakeholders related with production of sorghum and inorganic fertilizer NPS in the study areas. In the sampling procedure, two stage simple random sampling was used. In the first stage, kebeles were randomly taken from total kebeles in the two districts. In the second stage, households were randomly selected from the selected kebeles. Data was analyzed using descriptive, inferential statistics and econometric models methods of data analysis. In econometric models Double Hurdle model was use to know factors affect adoption decision of inorganic fertilizer NPS and intensity use of inorganic fertilizer NPS. Double Hurdle model result confirms that district of the household, education level, family size, extension visit, expectation of the coming rainfall by the household, number of farm plot owned, total farm land owned and off/non-farm income earned by the household significantly affect adoption decision inorganic fertilizer NPS. Double hurdle model result also reveals that, district of the household, livestock holding, number of farm plot owned, participation on agricultural training by the household significantly affect intensity use of inorganic fertilizer NPS. Government and concerned stakeholders should give attention on these significant socio-economic factors so that utilization inorganic fertilizer can be improved to sorghum crop productivity.
开发客户和政府所关注的无机肥料(如NPS)的采用情况因农民而异,这使得农作物的生产力因社会经济、制度和其他因素而因地而异。因此,本研究旨在了解显著影响无机肥料NPS利用的社会经济因素。主要数据收集自所选地区201个抽样家庭。从研究区高粱和无机肥料NPS生产相关的利益相关者处收集二次数据。在抽样过程中,采用两阶段简单随机抽样。在第一阶段,从两个地区的所有kebeles中随机抽取kebeles。在第二阶段,从选定的户口户中随机抽取住户。数据分析采用描述性统计、推理统计和计量经济模型等数据分析方法。在计量经济模型中,采用双栏模型了解影响无机肥料NPS采用决策和无机肥料NPS使用强度的因素。双栏模型结果证实,家庭所在地区、受教育程度、家庭规模、外延访问、家庭对未来降雨的预期、拥有的农地数量、拥有的农地总量和家庭的非农收入对采用无机肥料NPS的决策有显著影响。双栏模型结果还显示,农户的户型、牲畜存栏数、拥有的耕地面积、农户参加农业培训的情况对无机肥料NPS的使用强度有显著影响。政府和相关利益方应重视这些重要的社会经济因素,以便利用无机肥料提高高粱作物的生产力。
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引用次数: 3
Bio-Based Composites from Industrial By-products and Wastes as Raw Materials 以工业副产品和废弃物为原料的生物基复合材料
Pub Date : 2020-04-09 DOI: 10.5539/jmsr.v9n2p29
R. Dinu, A. Mija
Innovative bio-based composites combining humins as biorefinery by-product with keratin or lignin as wastes or industrial side-products were developed. The bio-composites were prepared using three types of matrix formulations allowing the synthesis of elastic to rigid thermosets. These matrices were combined with chicken feathers powder, non-woven chicken feathers mat or lignin to produce bio-composites. A maximum quantity of bio-fillers was used, around 10 wt.%. The effect of the bio-fillers on the matrix’s crosslinking was studied by rheology and DSC. Then, the obtained materials were analyzed by TGA, DMA, tensile tests, water absorption and SEM. The results show a very good compatibility of the humins matrix with the bio-fillers, without any preliminary modification of the matrix, that is exceptional for the point of view of a composite. The overall performances of the neat matrix were maintained or improved through the composites. Therefore, bio-composites with potentially interesting thermal and mechanical properties have been synthesized. In the case of the elastic ductile matrix the Young’s modulus value was improved from 1 to 22 MPa, while for the rigid matrix the increase was from 106 to 443 or 667 MPa, in the case of composites with non-woven chicken feathers mat or lignin. To our knowledge this is the first study combining humins matrix with keratin. The obtained bio-composites are sustainable materials linked via the used raw materials to the circular economy and biomass valorization.
创新的生物基复合材料将人类作为生物炼制副产品与角蛋白或木质素作为废物或工业副产品相结合。使用三种类型的基质配方制备生物复合材料,允许合成弹性到刚性热固性材料。将这些基质与鸡毛粉、无纺布鸡毛垫或木质素结合制成生物复合材料。生物填料的最大使用量约为10%。通过流变学和DSC研究了生物填料对基质交联的影响。然后对所得材料进行TGA、DMA、拉伸试验、吸水率和扫描电镜分析。结果表明,人类基质与生物填料具有很好的相容性,无需对基质进行任何初步修饰,这对于复合材料的观点来说是例外的。通过复合材料保持或改善了整齐基体的整体性能。因此,具有潜在的有趣的热性能和力学性能的生物复合材料已经被合成。在弹性延性基体中,杨氏模量值从1提高到22 MPa,而在无纺鸡毛垫或木质素复合材料中,刚性基体的杨氏模量值从106提高到443或667 MPa。据我们所知,这是首次将人蛋白基质与角蛋白结合的研究。所获得的生物复合材料是通过使用的原材料与循环经济和生物质增值联系在一起的可持续材料。
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引用次数: 1
Sustainable Thermosets Obtained by Copolymerization of Humins with Triglycidyl Ether of Phloroglucinol 人类素与间苯三酚三缩水甘油酯醚共聚制备可持续热固性聚合物
Pub Date : 2020-04-03 DOI: 10.5539/jmsr.v9n2p1
R. Dinu, A. Mija
The environmental pollution is growing continuously - causing a worldwide problem. Production and use of petroleum-based materials but also huge quantities of industrial wastes are important factors that affect the well-being of the environment. New scientific researches place great emphasis on waste valorization, and also on developing new environmentally friendly bio-based materials. In this work we focus on the valorization of humins, a biorefinery side product, by its copolymerization with a bio-based triepoxide. In this manner we produce materials with a very high bio-based carbon content (BCC) » 94%. The physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the cured bio-based resins were investigated using different technics as TGA, DMA, Shore hardness test, water absorption and solvents resistance. It was revealed that the obtained materials present very good mechanical properties with values of E’ in glassy region » 3.7–5 GPa. The tan δ – maxima of the three humins-based resins are ranging from 122 to 154 °C. The thermosets’ hardness values » 82–85 SD confirm the stiffness of these materials.
环境污染日益严重,已成为世界性的问题。石油基材料的生产和使用以及大量工业废物是影响环境健康的重要因素。新的科学研究非常重视废物增值,也重视开发新的环保生物基材料。在这项工作中,我们专注于人类的价值,生物精炼副产物,通过其共聚与生物基三氧化物。通过这种方式,我们生产的材料具有非常高的生物基碳含量(BCC)»94%。采用TGA、DMA、邵氏硬度、吸水率和耐溶剂性等不同工艺对固化后的生物基树脂进行了理化性能和力学性能研究。结果表明,制备的材料具有良好的力学性能,其玻璃区E′值为»3.7 ~ 5 GPa。三种人源树脂的tan δ -最大值在122 ~ 154℃之间。热固性硬度值»82-85 SD证实了这些材料的刚度。
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引用次数: 2
Use of Hardwood Species (Robinia pseudoaccacia from Short-rotation Plantations as Raw Material in Particleboards 短轮作人工林硬木树种刺槐作为刨花板原料的应用
Pub Date : 2020-04-03 DOI: 10.5539/jmsr.v9n2p18
J. Tayo, Achale Travolta Achale, M. Euring
The problem of climate change, coupled to the propagation of wood diseases (bark beetles for example), is leading to a shortage in softwood supply for the particleboard industries. Furthermore, the recent changes in the German forest policies which promote the conversion of coniferous forest into mixed stands are likely to enhance this phenomenon. There is, therefore, a growing need for research on possibilities of substituting the softwood with hardwood and other alternative material. For the first time, young six to seven years old Black locust (Robinia pseudoaccacia) stems from a short-rotation plantation were used at a laboratory scale with the objective of assessing the suitability of particleboard production. Four different variants were produced using different resin types: UF K350, UF K340, albumin, and PMDI, with a target density and thickness of 650 kg/m3 and 20 mm respectively for each board. The boards were tested regarding their mechanical (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding), physical (water absorption and thickness swelling) properties according to the European standard (EN 310, EN 317 and EN 319), and their formaldehyde content and emission following the EN 120 and EN 717. Industrial particles were used as reference material for the purpose of comparison. Promising bending strength was obtained with UF resins-bonded boards. The modulus of elasticity of all four variants fulfilled the EN 2003 requirements. The internal bond of the UF resins-bonded boards also met the general product standard, with values above 0.35 N/mm2. The bending strength and the internal bonding strength properties of the UF-bonded boards were superior to that of the reference boards produced with the industrial particles. Based on these results, black locust is a potential substitute for softwood in particleboard production and can be used in the industry as alternative raw material for panel production.
气候变化的问题,再加上木材病害(例如树皮甲虫)的蔓延,正在导致用于刨花板工业的软木供应短缺。此外,最近德国森林政策的变化促进将针叶林转变为混交林,这可能会加强这一现象。因此,越来越需要研究用硬木和其他替代材料代替软木的可能性。首次在实验室规模上使用短轮作人工林的6 ~ 7年幼龄刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)茎,目的是评估生产刨花板的适宜性。使用不同的树脂类型生产了四种不同的变体:UF K350, UF K340,白蛋白和PMDI,每种板的目标密度和厚度分别为650 kg/m3和20 mm。根据欧洲标准(EN 310, EN 317和EN 319)测试了板材的机械性能(断裂模量,弹性模量和内部粘合),物理性能(吸水率和厚度膨胀),并根据EN 120和EN 717测试了甲醛含量和释放量。以工业颗粒为对照物进行比较。UF树脂粘接板获得了良好的抗弯强度。所有四种变体的弹性模量都满足en2003的要求。UF树脂粘接板的内键值也符合一般产品标准,均在0.35 N/mm2以上。uf结合板的抗弯强度和内粘接强度性能均优于用工业颗粒生产的基准板。基于这些结果,刺槐是刨花板生产中软木的潜在替代品,可以在工业中用作面板生产的替代原材料。
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引用次数: 1
Synthesis and Study of Thermo Physical Properties of Phthalic anhydride glycerol Resin (PAGR) from Soybean Oil 大豆油苯二酸酐甘油树脂(PAGR)的合成及热物理性能研究
Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.5539/jmsr.v9n1p42
Shafqat Abbas, Zaheer Ahmad
Phthalic anhydride-glycerol Resin(PAGR) increase the flexibility of paint, resist to acid rain effect, increases the adhesiveness, brushing power, film hardness, layer flexibility, durability, gloss retention, resistance to abrasion also helps to decrease the overall drying time of paints. Phthalic anhydride-glycerol Resin is produced by reacting polyfunctional alcohol with the poly basic and monofunctional acid by Alcoholysis process. Moreover, Phthalic anhydride-glycerol Resin (PAGR) is a major raw material for coatings, varnishes and binders. Phthalic anhydride-glycerol Resin (PAGR) is used in paints coating compositions, adhesive, plastics, varnishes, printing ink, floor coverings. In the present research work, Phthalic anhydride-glycerol Resin is synthesized using soybean oil, pentaerythritol, phthalic anhydride and litharge (PbO). It was further characterized by FTIR, DSC TGA and acid value.
邻苯二甲酸酐-甘油树脂(PAGR)增加油漆的柔韧性,抗酸雨效果,增加附着力,涂刷力,膜硬度,层柔韧性,耐久性,保光性,抗磨损性也有助于减少油漆的整体干燥时间。邻苯二酸酐-甘油树脂是由多官能团醇与多碱和单官能团酸用醇解法反应而成。此外,苯二酸酐-甘油树脂(PAGR)是涂料、清漆和粘合剂的主要原料。邻苯二甲酸酐甘油树脂(PAGR)用于油漆涂料组合物,粘合剂,塑料,清漆,油墨,地板覆盖物。本研究以大豆油、季戊四醇、邻苯二酸酐和邻苯二酸酐(PbO)为原料合成邻苯二酸酐-甘油树脂。并用FTIR、DSC、TGA和酸值对其进行了表征。
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引用次数: 0
Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 9, No. 1 《Journal of Materials Science Research》第9卷第1期审稿人致谢
Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.5539/jmsr.v9n1p48
L. Green
Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2020
《材料科学研究》,Vol. 9, No. 1, 2020
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引用次数: 0
Vibratory Stress Relief and Vibratory Weld Conditioning of Flux cored arc welded CA6NM steel CA6NM钢药芯弧焊振动应力消除与振动焊缝调理
Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.5539/jmsr.v9n1p32
Luiz Fernando Cursino Briet de Almeida, J. C. Lourenço, M. Faria, D. Vieira, A. Robin, C. A. Nunes
ASTM A743 CA6NM steel is used in the manufacturing of hydraulic turbines components. Multipass welding is commonly used for their fabrication or repairing. In this work, two different vibratory welding procedures were studied: vibration applied during welding (VWC) and vibration applied after welding (VSR). Results have shown that in both conditions, CA6NM steel presented a martensitic microstructure, in which the VSR welded joint presented column-shaped packets and fine martensite delineating the individual beads, while VWC joint presented grain refinement. Heat affected zones (HAZ) presented δ-phase in small amounts for both conditions in the regions which reached higher temperatures. VSR and VWC conditions presented similar behavior in terms of hardness, HAZ hardness values being close to those of the weld metal, except for the root regions, where higher values were obtained. Charpy-V results showed that HAZs presented higher impact values than those of the weld metal. The low impact values of the weld metal were attributed to presence of inclusions from the welding electrode.
ASTM A743 CA6NM钢用于制造水轮机部件。多道焊接通常用于它们的制造或修复。本文研究了两种不同的振动焊接工艺:焊接过程中的振动(VWC)和焊接后的振动(VSR)。结果表明,在两种条件下,CA6NM钢均呈现马氏体组织,其中VSR焊接接头呈现柱状包状,细小的马氏体勾勒出单个微珠,而VWC焊接接头呈现晶粒细化。在温度较高的区域,热影响区(HAZ)均出现少量δ相。VSR和VWC条件在硬度方面表现出相似的行为,HAZ硬度值与焊缝金属接近,但根部区域的HAZ硬度值更高。Charpy-V结果表明,haz的冲击值高于焊缝金属的冲击值。焊缝金属的低冲击值归因于来自焊条的夹杂物的存在。
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引用次数: 1
Study of Martensitic Transformation in 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel after Tensile and Low Cycle Fatigue Tests 304L奥氏体不锈钢拉伸和低周疲劳试验后马氏体相变的研究
Pub Date : 2019-12-17 DOI: 10.5539/jmsr.v9n1p22
G. S. Fonseca, Silvana Carreiro de Oliveira, Jéssica Gadêlha Chaves, Pedro Pena Leite, F. Silva, L. Lopes
There are many studies on austenitic stainless steels with transformation induced plasticity (TRIP). Basically, in these steels, there is a significant increase in strength and toughness with the transformation of austenite to martensite. 304L steel finds extensive application in industry. Studies relating to martensitic transformation with plastic deformation are quite common. Many studies involve monotonic loading relating to the martensite formed. In practice, 304L steels are subject to distinct types of loading and possibly with stress concentrators. Thus, also in smaller quantities, it is possible to find in the literature studies involving cyclic loading with the TRIP effect. To contribute to the literature on the analysis of the TRIP effect on these steels, 304L steel samples with stress concentrators underwent interrupted monotonic tensile tests. Optical microscopy (OM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique characterized the martensitic transformation. Other 304L steel samples with a stress concentrator underwent a low cycle fatigue test. The martensitic transformation, in this case, was possible to follow with the electron backscatter diffraction technique (EBSD). The samples after the interrupted monotonic tests show a high martensite volume fraction formed 1mm away from the notch (30% to 50%), due to the plastic deformation suffered. From 5.5mm of the notch, the samples again display a microstructure like that of the as-received (AR) sample. For the low cycle fatigue tested sample, the high concentration of deformation-induced martensite was within 15mm of the discontinuity. Approximately 0.5mm from the circular discontinuity, the sample again has a microstructure like the initial sample (IS).
奥氏体不锈钢相变诱发塑性(TRIP)的研究很多。基本上,在这些钢中,随着奥氏体向马氏体的转变,强度和韧性显著提高。304L钢在工业上有广泛的应用。有关马氏体相变与塑性变形的研究是相当普遍的。许多研究涉及与马氏体形成有关的单调加载。在实践中,304L钢受到不同类型的载荷,可能有应力集中器。因此,在较小数量的文献研究中,也有可能发现循环加载与TRIP效应。为了分析TRIP对这些钢的影响,304L钢样品进行了应力集中器的间断单调拉伸试验。光学显微镜(OM)和x射线衍射(XRD)技术表征了马氏体相变。其他带有应力集中器的304L钢试样进行了低周疲劳试验。在这种情况下,可以用电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)跟踪马氏体转变。中断单调试验后的样品显示,由于塑性变形,在距缺口1mm处形成了高马氏体体积分数(30% ~ 50%)。从缺口的5.5mm处,样品再次显示出与接收(AR)样品相似的微观结构。对于低周疲劳试样,变形诱发马氏体的高浓度分布在断裂面15mm以内。在距离圆形不连续点约0.5mm处,样品再次具有与初始样品(IS)相似的微观结构。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Journal of Materials Science Research
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