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Mechanism of Softening Effect of Fabric Softener 织物柔顺剂的软化作用机理
Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.5539/JMSR.V8N1P35
T. Igarashi, K. Nakamura
The mechanism of softening effect for fabric softeners has been explained as lowering of friction between the fibers. This explanation, however, has not been verified. The trend date of B-value of KES-FB2 and the result of perfect drying cotton threads indicate that the increase of hardness of cotton threads after the process of wetting by water and drying is caused by the cross-linking by the bound water between the cotton fibers. Thus, the softening effect of fabric softeners can mainly be discussed as the prevention of the formation of this cross-linkage.
织物柔顺剂的软化作用机理是降低纤维间的摩擦。然而,这一解释尚未得到证实。KES-FB2的b值趋势数据和棉线完全干燥的结果表明,棉线经过水润湿和干燥过程后硬度的增加是由棉纤维之间的结合水交联引起的。因此,织物柔顺剂的软化作用主要可以从防止这种交叉连接的形成来讨论。
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引用次数: 2
Hydrogenated Nano-Crystalline Silicon Thin Films in SiO2 Matrix for Next Generation Solar Cells Using Glow Discharged Decomposition 利用辉光放电分解技术制备新一代太阳能电池的SiO2基氢化纳米晶硅薄膜
Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.5539/JMSR.V8N1P25
M. Syed, C. Hynes, Brittany Anderson, T. S. Ahmadi, B. Goh, Nur Fatin Farhanah binti Nazarudin, M. Syed, A. Ali
Hydrogenated Nanocrystalline Silicon (nc-Si:H) thin films using SiH4/H2 mixture by glow discharged decomposition were investigated on c-Si and glass substrates. The effects of substrate temperature on the Structural, Optical and Electrical properties of the films were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, FT/IR, Optical transmission and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Substrate temperatures ([TSB]) of the films were changed from 100oC to 250oC. It has been revealed the strong dependence on the film’s properties with the substrate temperatures. XRD and Raman measurements were shown that the higher substrate temperature (250oC) exhibits the highest crystalline volume fraction ([ρ] = 95%) and the lowest crystalline size ([Ω] = 3.5 nm) as well, having the highest H-content and the lowest O-content. At 250oC, the lowest mobility and the highest resistivity were also found to be ~37.5 cm2/v.s and 7.35 Ω-cm. Refractive index and the optical energy gap (Eg) were estimated by 3.8 and 1.9 eV having the growth rate of 4.2 nm/min. At 250oC, it was resulted in a blue shift of the absorption edge having uniform grain distributions. Results indicate that in situ hydrogen cleaning effects is prominent and localized orderly high density Si-Si bonds are exhibiting quantum size effects at highest substrate temperature.
在c-Si衬底和玻璃衬底上研究了以SiH4/H2混合物为基材,通过辉光分解制备氢化纳米晶硅薄膜。采用x射线衍射、拉曼散射、红外光谱、透射光谱和原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了衬底温度对薄膜结构、光学和电学性能的影响。薄膜的衬底温度([TSB])从100℃变化到250℃。结果表明,薄膜的性能与衬底温度密切相关。XRD和Raman测试结果表明,衬底温度越高(250℃),晶体体积分数越高([ρ] = 95%),晶粒尺寸越小([Ω] = 3.5 nm), h含量越高,o含量越低。在250℃时,迁移率最低,电阻率最高,为~37.5 cm2/v。S和7.35 Ω-cm。折射率和光能隙(Eg)分别为3.8和1.9 eV,增长率为4.2 nm/min。在250℃时,吸收边出现蓝移,晶粒分布均匀。结果表明,在最高衬底温度下,原位氢清洗效应显著,局域有序高密度Si-Si键表现出量子尺寸效应。
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引用次数: 0
Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 8, No. 1 《材料科学研究杂志》第8卷第1期审稿人致谢
Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.5539/jmsr.v8n1p43
L. Green
Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2019
《材料科学研究》,2019年第1期
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引用次数: 0
Experimentally and Numerically Analyzed Piezoelectric Characteristics of PZT Ceramics 实验和数值分析了压电陶瓷的压电特性
Pub Date : 2018-12-12 DOI: 10.5539/JMSR.V8N1P10
Lale Yang, Hirokazu Nagano, M. Okayasu
The electric generation characteristics of the PZT piezoelectric ceramics were examined experimentally and numerically. In this case, cyclic bending loading was applied to the PZT ceramics: bulk and thin-film membrane. Electric voltage increased with increasing the strain value. There was a sharp initial increase in positive voltage for the PZT ceramics as bending load was applied. Following this initial increase stage, a rapid fall to zero occurred. The reduction rate of the positive voltage was changed depending on the rigidly of the PZT ceramic: the higher the reduction rate, the higher the rigid of the ceramic. The electrical voltage from the circular membrane PZT ceramic during cyclic loading showed the higher level compared to that for the bulk one, in which the flexibility of the PZT ceramic was significant factor to obtain the high electric voltage. The variation of the electric voltages was estimated numerically, which was relatively in good agreement with the experimental one.
对PZT压电陶瓷的发电特性进行了实验和数值研究。在这种情况下,循环弯曲加载应用于PZT陶瓷:本体和薄膜膜。电压随应变值的增大而增大。当施加弯曲载荷时,PZT陶瓷的正电压有一个急剧的初始增加。在这个最初的增长阶段之后,迅速下降到零。正电压的还原速率随PZT陶瓷的刚性而变化:还原速率越高,陶瓷的刚性越高。圆膜PZT陶瓷在循环加载过程中产生的电压比体膜PZT陶瓷高,其中PZT陶瓷的柔韧性是获得高电压的重要因素。数值估计了电压的变化,与实验结果比较吻合。
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引用次数: 2
Structure Property Correlation of Thin Wall Ductile Iron 薄壁球墨铸铁的组织性能相关性
Pub Date : 2018-11-14 DOI: 10.5539/JMSR.V8N1P1
R. Upadhyaya, K. Singh
This research work concerns an assessment of the effect of one step inoculation method on thin section castings (2-5) mm analyzed. In this study inoculants representing Ce, Zr and Sr bearing Fe-Si alloys were used. It has been observed that section thickness of 2 mm thin plate containing Ce bearing Fe-Si alloys at 0.4wt% contain mainly pearlitic matrix having microhardness (HV20), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and percentage of elongation are 272 HV, 720 MPa and 4.5% respectively. It was observed that wear of 2 mm section thickness of thin plate containing Ce bearing Fe-Si alloys have greater wear resistance (272HV) compare to Zr bearing Fe-Si alloys (262HV) and Sr bearing Fe-Si alloys (259HV) respectively at 0.4wt% due to reason of pearlitic and ferritic volume fraction contents present in matrix.
研究了一步孕育法对2 ~ 5 mm薄壁铸件的影响。本研究采用了含Ce、Zr和Sr的Fe-Si合金作为孕育剂。结果表明,含Ce铁硅合金厚度为0.4wt%的2 mm薄板断面厚度主要为珠光体基体,显微硬度(HV20)、极限抗拉强度(UTS)和延伸率分别为272 HV、720 MPa和4.5%。结果表明,由于基体中珠光体和铁素体体积分数的存在,含Ce的Fe-Si合金在2 mm截面厚度的薄板上的耐磨性(272HV)比含Zr的Fe-Si合金(262HV)和含Sr的Fe-Si合金(259HV)分别提高了0.4wt%。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Na2O and B2O3 Addition on Nonlinear Electrical Properties of WO3-Based Capacitor–Varistors Na2O和B2O3对wo3基电容-压敏电阻非线性电性能的影响
Pub Date : 2018-09-29 DOI: 10.5539/jmsr.v7n4p53
Hidetoshi Miyazaki, Hiraku Oyabu, T. Ota
WO3-based varistors with added Na2O and B2O3 were synthesized by the solid-state reaction. The undoped and B2O3-doped WO3 ceramics exhibited weak nonlinear I–V characteristics. The nonlinear I–V characteristics of the ceramics increased slightly after the addition of Na2O and more significantly after the addition of Na2O and B2O3. The nonlinearity coefficients α of the WO3, Na0.005WO3, and Na0.005WO3–5 wt % B2O3 ceramics were 1.86, 2.03, and 5.22, respectively. The breakdown voltages of the WO3, Na0.005WO3, and Na0.005WO3–5 wt % B2O3 ceramics were 1.56, 6.05, and 12.42 V/cm, respectively. The dielectric constant and the dielectric loss of the Na0.005WO3–5 wt % B2O3 ceramic were ~50–150 and less than 0.3, respectively, for frequencies ranging from 1 to 1000 kHz.
采用固相反应合成了添加Na2O和B2O3的wo3基压敏电阻。未掺杂和掺杂b2o3的WO3陶瓷表现出微弱的非线性I-V特性。添加Na2O后,陶瓷的非线性I-V特性略有增加,添加Na2O和B2O3后,陶瓷的非线性I-V特性更加显著。WO3、Na0.005WO3和Na0.005WO3 - 5 wt % B2O3陶瓷的非线性系数α分别为1.86、2.03和5.22。WO3、Na0.005WO3和Na0.005WO3 - 5 wt % B2O3陶瓷的击穿电压分别为1.56、6.05和12.42 V/cm。在1 ~ 1000 kHz的频率范围内,na0.005 wo3 ~5 wt % B2O3陶瓷的介电常数为~50 ~ 150,介电损耗小于0.3。
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引用次数: 2
Effect of Solvent on Catalysis of Protease Adsorbed on Biochar in Organic Media 有机介质中溶剂对生物炭吸附蛋白酶的催化作用
Pub Date : 2018-09-28 DOI: 10.5539/JMSR.V7N4P46
H. Noritomi, Jumpei Nishigami, N. Endo, Satoru Kato, S. Takagi
We have found that the adsorption immobilization of the serine protease α-chymotrypsin (Alpha-CT) onto bamboo charcoal powder (BCP), which is a kind of biochar, improves the transesterification rate of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (N-Ac-Tyr-OEt) with n-butanol (BuOH) in 9 organic solvents. Organic solvents strongly affected the catalysis of BCP-adsorbed Alpha-CT. The transesterification rate of BCP-adsorbed Alpha-CT was much superior to that of free Alpha-CT in every organic solvent. Especially, the transesterification rate of BCP-adsorbed Alpha-CT was about 760 times higher than that of free α-CT in n-butyl acetate.
研究发现,将丝氨酸蛋白酶α-胰凝乳蛋白酶(α- ct)吸附固定化在生物炭竹炭粉(BCP)上,可提高n-乙酰- l-酪氨酸乙酯(N-Ac-Tyr-OEt)与正丁醇(BuOH)在9种有机溶剂中的酯交换速率。有机溶剂对bcp吸附α - ct的催化作用影响较大。在各种有机溶剂中,bcp吸附的α - ct的酯交换速率都明显优于游离的α - ct。特别是bcp吸附的α-CT在乙酸正丁酯中的酯交换速率是游离α-CT的760倍左右。
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引用次数: 5
Relation between Sub-grain Size and Dislocation Density During Steady-State Dislocation Creep of Polycrystalline Cubic Metals 多晶立方金属稳态位错蠕变过程中亚晶粒尺寸与位错密度的关系
Pub Date : 2018-07-26 DOI: 10.5539/JMSR.V7N4P26
M. Tamura
The sub-grain size, d, during steady-state dislocation creep of polycrystalline metals is theoretically formulated to be inversely proportional to the dislocation density, ρ, which is defined as the number of dislocations swept out of a sub-grain divided by the cross-sectional area of the sub-grain. This dislocation density differs from the typically observed dislocation density inside a sub-grain after unloading, ρ_ob. In the current work, the ρ_ob values inside sub-grains in steadily crept specimens of Al, Cu, Fe, Fe–Mo alloy, austenitic stainless steel, and high-Cr martensitic steel reported in the literature were used to evaluate the relation ρ_ob=ηρ. It was confirmed that η≈1 for pure metals (regardless of the type of metal) crept at high temperatures and low stresses or for long durations and η>1 for Mo-containing alloys and martensitic steel crept at low temperatures and/or high stresses. Moreover, it is suggested that the condition η>1 corresponds to a state of excess immobile dislocations inside the sub-grain. The theoretical relation d_ob (≈d)∝η∙〖ρ_ob〗^(-1), where d_ob is the observed sub-grain size, essentially differs from the well-known empirical relation d_ob∝〖ρ_ob〗^(-0.5).
在多晶金属的稳态位错蠕变过程中,亚晶粒尺寸d在理论上与位错密度ρ成反比,其定义为从亚晶粒中扫出的位错数除以亚晶粒的横截面积。这种位错密度不同于卸载后亚晶内部典型观察到的位错密度ρ_ob。本文采用文献报道的Al、Cu、Fe、Fe - mo合金、奥氏体不锈钢和高cr马氏体钢稳定蠕变试样亚晶内的ρ_ob值来评价ρ_ob=ηρ的关系。结果表明,纯金属(无论何种金属)在高温和低应力下或长时间蠕变,η≈1,含钼合金和马氏体钢在低温和高应力下蠕变,η>1。结果表明,当η>1时,亚晶内部存在过多的不动位错。理论关系d_ob(≈d)∝η∙〖ρ_ob〗^(-1)与众所周知的经验关系d_ob(≈d)∝〖ρ_ob〗^(-0.5)有本质区别。
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引用次数: 7
Optical and Photoacoustic Properties of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles Solutions 胶体银纳米粒子溶液的光学和光声性质
Pub Date : 2018-07-20 DOI: 10.5539/JMSR.V7N4P1
F. Aldosari, A. M. Azzeer, A. Hassib
The study has aimed to investigate optical and photoacoustic properties of some colloidal silver nanoparticles at different concentration over the time. The phase purity with crystal structure of silver nanoparticles were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Optical property was changed during the variable concentration of nanoparticles and duration time of sample. The absorbance of silver colloidal solutions is increased, when concentration increases but decreased with respective to the longer period of sample. Absorption peaks and stability of particles in solutions is influenced by the duration time of solution and its concentration. The low concentration-based solutions fall in the absorbance over the times. The observed PA signal is subjected by the factor of parameters; such as, pump wavelengths, energy, repetition rate, concentrations, and temperature. Stability of fluorescence and absorption peaks are influenced by the concentration of particles and time period of colloidal solution. Effects on PA signal with fluorescent and absorption peaks upon the concentration was also significant.
本研究旨在研究不同浓度的胶体银纳米粒子随时间的光学和光声特性。采用x射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了纳米银的相纯度和晶体结构。不同浓度的纳米粒子和不同的停留时间改变了样品的光学性质。银胶体溶液的吸光度随浓度的增加而增加,但随样品存放时间的延长而降低。粒子在溶液中的吸收峰和稳定性受溶液持续时间和浓度的影响。低浓度溶液的吸光度随时间而下降。观测到的扩音信号受到参数因素的影响;例如,泵浦波长,能量,重复率,浓度和温度。荧光峰和吸收峰的稳定性受胶体溶液浓度和时间的影响。具有荧光峰和吸收峰的PA信号对浓度的影响也很显著。
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引用次数: 4
Preparation and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Films with Embedded Essential Oils 精油包埋羧甲基纤维素膜的制备与表征
Pub Date : 2018-07-20 DOI: 10.5539/JMSR.V7N4P16
A. Biswas, R. Furtado, M. Bastos, S. Benevides, M. Oliveira, V. Boddu, H. N. Cheng
There is current interest in using biobased materials to produce food packaging that can increase the shelf-lives of fruits and vegetables and minimize food spoilage in supermarkets and at the same time not generating plastic waste that causes long-term disposal problems. A good candidate for such materials is the polysaccharide, such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), which is edible and biodegradable. In this work films were produced from two CMC materials with different degrees of substitution (DS) that encapsulated four different essential oils (eugenol, rosemary oil, coriander oil, and nutmeg oil) that are known to have beneficial properties for food applications. The mechanical properties, opacity, and water vapor permeation were evaluated. In general, the essential oil-embedded CMC with the two DS values behaved rather differently. In particular, the essential oil-embedded CMC with 0.7 DS degree of substitution gave stronger and more flexible films and may be more suited for use in food packaging.
目前人们对使用生物基材料生产食品包装很感兴趣,这种包装可以延长水果和蔬菜的保质期,最大限度地减少食品在超市中的变质,同时不会产生塑料废物,造成长期的处理问题。这种材料的一个很好的候选者是多糖,如羧甲基纤维素(CMC),它是可食用和可生物降解的。在这项工作中,用两种不同取代度(DS)的CMC材料制成薄膜,这些材料封装了四种不同的精油(丁香酚、迷迭香油、香菜油和肉豆蔻油),这些精油已知对食品应用具有有益的特性。对其力学性能、不透明度和水蒸气渗透性进行了评价。总体而言,两种DS值的精油包埋CMC表现有较大差异。特别是,0.7 DS取代度的精油包埋CMC薄膜更坚固、更柔韧,更适合用于食品包装。
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引用次数: 19
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Journal of Materials Science Research
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