Pub Date : 1985-11-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578508081964
G. Zaikov
Abstract Over the last several decades extensive clinical research has been devoted to the medical application of polymeric implants. Scientists in the last few years have paid special attention to the chemical physics of the processes that accompany the reaction of polymers with living tissue. Two main questions must first be answered in this type of study.
{"title":"QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF POLYMER DEGRADATION IN THE LIVING BODY","authors":"G. Zaikov","doi":"10.1080/07366578508081964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578508081964","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over the last several decades extensive clinical research has been devoted to the medical application of polymeric implants. Scientists in the last few years have paid special attention to the chemical physics of the processes that accompany the reaction of polymers with living tissue. Two main questions must first be answered in this type of study.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"30 1","pages":"551-597"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80734760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-11-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578508081963
Daniel J. P. Harrison, W. R. Yates, Julian F. Johnson
Abstract This review describes the current status of methods for characterizing the crosslink structure in network polymers. It is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the literature itself, but rather a critical survey of key papers in the field. It is hoped that this information will provide researchers with an up-to-date background of presently available techniques and suggest alternatives to more traditional methods of analysis.
{"title":"TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CROSSLINKED POLYMERS","authors":"Daniel J. P. Harrison, W. R. Yates, Julian F. Johnson","doi":"10.1080/07366578508081963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578508081963","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review describes the current status of methods for characterizing the crosslink structure in network polymers. It is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the literature itself, but rather a critical survey of key papers in the field. It is hoped that this information will provide researchers with an up-to-date background of presently available techniques and suggest alternatives to more traditional methods of analysis.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"12 1","pages":"481-549"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78861694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578508081959
K. Devi, P. Vasudevan
Abstract Sutures are sterile’ filaments used to close wounds and are made of either absorbable or nonabsorbable materials. The choice of suture materials for surgery is made mainly on the basis of biocompatibility and mechanical properties. The biological interaction with the tissues is considered from the point of view of the inflammatory reaction caused. An ideal suture is one that does not merely avoid negative reactions but also keeps a sterile environment and stimulates the process of healing. An absorbable suture is one which is degraded in body tissues to soluble products and disappears from the implant site, usually within 2 to 6 months. A nonabsorbable suture is resistant to biodegradation, becomes encapsulated in a fibrous sheath, and remains in the tissue as a foreign body unless it is surgically removed (e.g., skin sutures) or extruded. Sutures may be fabricated as monofilaments or multifilaments. The latter are generally braided but sometimes twisted or spun and may be coated with wax, silico...
{"title":"ABSORBABLE SURGICAL SUTURES","authors":"K. Devi, P. Vasudevan","doi":"10.1080/07366578508081959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578508081959","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sutures are sterile’ filaments used to close wounds and are made of either absorbable or nonabsorbable materials. The choice of suture materials for surgery is made mainly on the basis of biocompatibility and mechanical properties. The biological interaction with the tissues is considered from the point of view of the inflammatory reaction caused. An ideal suture is one that does not merely avoid negative reactions but also keeps a sterile environment and stimulates the process of healing. An absorbable suture is one which is degraded in body tissues to soluble products and disappears from the implant site, usually within 2 to 6 months. A nonabsorbable suture is resistant to biodegradation, becomes encapsulated in a fibrous sheath, and remains in the tissue as a foreign body unless it is surgically removed (e.g., skin sutures) or extruded. Sutures may be fabricated as monofilaments or multifilaments. The latter are generally braided but sometimes twisted or spun and may be coated with wax, silico...","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"34 1","pages":"315-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87143941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578508081960
J. Milton Harris
Abstract In recent years, derivatives of polyethylene glycol (PEG) have proven valuable in a variety of diverse chemical and biological endeavors. Such applications include peptide synthesis, phase transfer catalysis, pharmaceutical modification, protein and cell purifications, polymer-bound reagents, and binding assays. Because of the great deal of interest surrounding this subject, this review will describe generally applicable laboratory methods for preparing PEG derivatives from the parent PEG. We have largely restricted discussion to this starting material because most research laboratories interested in applications are not equipped to handle complex ethylene oxide polymerizations used in large-scale industrial preparations and because PEG and some of its ethers and esters are the only commonly available polymeric starting materials. For the purpose of this review, PEG is defined as those polyoxyethylenes having hydroxyl endgroups and a molecular weight of 20,000 daltons or less.
{"title":"LABORATORY SYNTHESIS OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL DERIVATIVES","authors":"J. Milton Harris","doi":"10.1080/07366578508081960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578508081960","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, derivatives of polyethylene glycol (PEG) have proven valuable in a variety of diverse chemical and biological endeavors. Such applications include peptide synthesis, phase transfer catalysis, pharmaceutical modification, protein and cell purifications, polymer-bound reagents, and binding assays. Because of the great deal of interest surrounding this subject, this review will describe generally applicable laboratory methods for preparing PEG derivatives from the parent PEG. We have largely restricted discussion to this starting material because most research laboratories interested in applications are not equipped to handle complex ethylene oxide polymerizations used in large-scale industrial preparations and because PEG and some of its ethers and esters are the only commonly available polymeric starting materials. For the purpose of this review, PEG is defined as those polyoxyethylenes having hydroxyl endgroups and a molecular weight of 20,000 daltons or less.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"76 1","pages":"325-373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85831051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578508081961
A. D. Pomogailo, V. Savostyanov
Abstract Polymerization and copolymerization of metal-containing monomers (MCM) is a unique method of synthesizing metal-containing polymers wherein practically all functional groups are bound to the metal.
{"title":"ADVANCES IN THE SYNTHESIS AND POLYMERIZATION OF METAL-CONTAINING MONOMERS","authors":"A. D. Pomogailo, V. Savostyanov","doi":"10.1080/07366578508081961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578508081961","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polymerization and copolymerization of metal-containing monomers (MCM) is a unique method of synthesizing metal-containing polymers wherein practically all functional groups are bound to the metal.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"124 1","pages":"375-479"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79503198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578508079459
M. K. Naqvi
Abstract Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was first prepared in the laboratory over a hundred years ago. Due to its inherent instability the commercial applications of the polymer could only be developed after the development of effective means for its stabilization. PVC started to gain commercial significance in the late thirties and since then has continued to gain in importance. By using modifying agents (plasticizers, fillers, stabilizers, and other additives), it can be modified to exhibit an extremely wide range of properties.
{"title":"Structure and Stability of Polyvinyl Chloride","authors":"M. K. Naqvi","doi":"10.1080/07366578508079459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578508079459","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was first prepared in the laboratory over a hundred years ago. Due to its inherent instability the commercial applications of the polymer could only be developed after the development of effective means for its stabilization. PVC started to gain commercial significance in the late thirties and since then has continued to gain in importance. By using modifying agents (plasticizers, fillers, stabilizers, and other additives), it can be modified to exhibit an extremely wide range of properties.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"14 1","pages":"119-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75396971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578508079456
K. Choi, W. Ray
Abstract High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a major commodity thermoplastic used for a variety of applications such as blow molding, injection molding, and pipe and tubing. This remarkable polymer has been manufactured since the early 1950s, but because of its industrial importance, the production of HDPE continues to be a very active area of technology. In recent years, the worldwide recession, reduced and varying demand, overcapacity, and fierce price competition has stimulated polyolefin manufacturers to modify their existing facilities, making it feasible to interchangeably manufacture a variety of resins. New improved catalysts and processes have been developed to produce HDPE of desired properties at lower manufacturing cost.
{"title":"Recent Developments in Transition Metal Catalyzed Olefin Polymerization–A Survey. I. Ethylene Polymerization","authors":"K. Choi, W. Ray","doi":"10.1080/07366578508079456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578508079456","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a major commodity thermoplastic used for a variety of applications such as blow molding, injection molding, and pipe and tubing. This remarkable polymer has been manufactured since the early 1950s, but because of its industrial importance, the production of HDPE continues to be a very active area of technology. In recent years, the worldwide recession, reduced and varying demand, overcapacity, and fierce price competition has stimulated polyolefin manufacturers to modify their existing facilities, making it feasible to interchangeably manufacture a variety of resins. New improved catalysts and processes have been developed to produce HDPE of desired properties at lower manufacturing cost.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79919389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578508079458
A. K. Mukherjee, H. R. Coel
Abstract Polyamides or nylons are linear thermoplastic polymers with recurring amide groups as integral parts of the polymer chain. Polyamides or nylon fibers have been defined by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission as “a manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substances are any long chain synthetic polyamides having amide groups (— CONH —) as an integral part of the polymer chain.”
{"title":"Modification of Nylons via Graft Copolymerization","authors":"A. K. Mukherjee, H. R. Coel","doi":"10.1080/07366578508079458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578508079458","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polyamides or nylons are linear thermoplastic polymers with recurring amide groups as integral parts of the polymer chain. Polyamides or nylon fibers have been defined by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission as “a manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substances are any long chain synthetic polyamides having amide groups (— CONH —) as an integral part of the polymer chain.”","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"30 1","pages":"99-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87826805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578408079448
G. A. Senich, R. Florin
Abstract Printing inks, paints, and other coatings are applied as a liquid or paste but must change to a solid and nontacky state before the painted or coated article can be used. The change is known as curing or drying. Sometimes it occurs by physical means, the evaporation of a solvent or dispersion medium for example, and sometimes by chemical changes such as polymerization and cross-linking. These chemical processes connect the many relatively small molecules of the original liquid or paste into a large molecular network or insoluble solid, which may be either rigid or rubbery in consistency depending upon the requirements of a particular application. Among traditional materials, gravure inks and many lacquers dry by solvent evaporation while paints and inks based upon linseed oil “dry” by chemical cross-linking promoted by oxygen in the air. Considerable time is usually required for curing in both methods, and the evaporation of solvents can result in air pollution and potential fire hazards. There i...
{"title":"Radiation Curing of Coatings","authors":"G. A. Senich, R. Florin","doi":"10.1080/07366578408079448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578408079448","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Printing inks, paints, and other coatings are applied as a liquid or paste but must change to a solid and nontacky state before the painted or coated article can be used. The change is known as curing or drying. Sometimes it occurs by physical means, the evaporation of a solvent or dispersion medium for example, and sometimes by chemical changes such as polymerization and cross-linking. These chemical processes connect the many relatively small molecules of the original liquid or paste into a large molecular network or insoluble solid, which may be either rigid or rubbery in consistency depending upon the requirements of a particular application. Among traditional materials, gravure inks and many lacquers dry by solvent evaporation while paints and inks based upon linseed oil “dry” by chemical cross-linking promoted by oxygen in the air. Considerable time is usually required for curing in both methods, and the evaporation of solvents can result in air pollution and potential fire hazards. There i...","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"30 1","pages":"239-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76983441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578408079453
P. Bajaj, R. Chavan, B. Manjeet
Abstract “Thickeners” [1,2] used in textile printing are high molecular weight compounds, giving viscous pastes in water. These impart stickiness and plasticity to the printing paste so that it can be applied to a fabric surface without spreading and be capable of maintaining the design outlines even under high pressure. Their main function is to hold or adhere the dye particles in the desired place on the fabric until the transfer of dye into the fabric and its fixation are complete.
{"title":"A Critique of Literature on Thickeners in Textile Printing","authors":"P. Bajaj, R. Chavan, B. Manjeet","doi":"10.1080/07366578408079453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578408079453","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract “Thickeners” [1,2] used in textile printing are high molecular weight compounds, giving viscous pastes in water. These impart stickiness and plasticity to the printing paste so that it can be applied to a fabric surface without spreading and be capable of maintaining the design outlines even under high pressure. Their main function is to hold or adhere the dye particles in the desired place on the fabric until the transfer of dye into the fabric and its fixation are complete.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"64 1","pages":"387-417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73589229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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