The paradoxical role of oxygen as an interstitial strengthening element in titanium alloys, where it enhances strength while severely compromising ductility at cryogenic temperature (CT), has long posed a fundamental challenge in materials science. Herein, we present an interstitial site engineering strategy that enables the stabilization of oxygen atoms at metastable hexahedral interstitial sites (hex-O), as opposed to the conventional observed octahedral occupation (oct-O). Through the integration of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and copper alloying, we achieve bulk stabilization of hex-O in the Ti-0.15 wt.% O-0.60 wt.% Cu (Ti-0.15O-0.60Cu) alloy, resulting in a combination of an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1561 MPa and a fracture elongation (FE) of 4.2% at 77 K. It reveals that hex-O facilitates the formation of three oriented thermally stable twins and activates extensive nanoscale stacking faults (SFs). Furthermore, the hex-O arrangement enables dynamic interstitial migration, which effectively dissipates strain energy while preserving load-bearing capacity. These synergistic mechanisms contribute to sustained strain hardening through enhanced cross-slip between pyramidal and basal slip systems. This work establishes interstitial site engineering as a novel design principle, demonstrating a pathway to tailor the cryogenic deformation behavior of oxygen-containing titanium alloys.
在钛合金中，氧作为一种间隙强化元素，在提高强度的同时严重损害了低温下的延展性，这一矛盾的作用长期以来一直是材料科学的一个基本挑战。在此，我们提出了一种间隙位工程策略，使氧原子稳定在亚稳的六面体间隙位（hexx - o），而不是传统观察到的八面体占据（oct-O）。通过激光粉末床熔合（L-PBF）和铜合金化的结合，我们在Ti-0.15 wt.% O-0.60 wt.% Cu （Ti-0.15O-0.60Cu）合金中实现了六向o的体稳定，从而在77 K时获得了1561 MPa的极限抗拉强度和4.2%的断裂伸长率。结果表明，六向o有利于形成三个取向的{101¯1}{101¯1}孪晶，并激活了广泛的纳米级层错（SFs）。此外，六向o排列可以实现动态间隙迁移，在保持承载能力的同时有效地消散应变能。这些协同机制通过增强锥体和基底滑移系统之间的交叉滑移来促进持续的应变硬化。本研究建立了间隙点工程作为一种新的设计原则，展示了一条定制含氧钛合金低温变形行为的途径。
{"title":"Activating multi-scale deformation mechanisms via interstitial site engineering in oxygen-containing titanium at cryogenic temperature","authors":"Xiaobin Lin, Jianteng Wang, Xudong Rong, Hao Wu, Xinru Wang, Dongdong Zhao, Zhihang Xu, Xiang Zhang, Chunsheng Shi, Chunnian He, Naiqin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.015","url":null,"abstract":"The paradoxical role of oxygen as an interstitial strengthening element in titanium alloys, where it enhances strength while severely compromising ductility at cryogenic temperature (CT), has long posed a fundamental challenge in materials science. Herein, we present an interstitial site engineering strategy that enables the stabilization of oxygen atoms at metastable hexahedral interstitial sites (hex-O), as opposed to the conventional observed octahedral occupation (oct-O). Through the integration of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and copper alloying, we achieve bulk stabilization of hex-O in the Ti-0.15 wt.% O-0.60 wt.% Cu (Ti-0.15O-0.60Cu) alloy, resulting in a combination of an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1561 MPa and a fracture elongation (FE) of 4.2% at 77 K. It reveals that hex-O facilitates the formation of three oriented thermally stable <span><span><math><mrow is=\"true\"><mo is=\"true\">{</mo><mrow is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">10</mn><mover accent=\"true\" is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">1</mn><mo is=\"true\">¯</mo></mover><mn is=\"true\">1</mn></mrow><mo is=\"true\">}</mo></mrow></math></span><script type=\"math/mml\"><math><mrow is=\"true\"><mo is=\"true\">{</mo><mrow is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">10</mn><mover accent=\"true\" is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">1</mn><mo is=\"true\">¯</mo></mover><mn is=\"true\">1</mn></mrow><mo is=\"true\">}</mo></mrow></math></script></span> twins and activates extensive nanoscale stacking faults (SFs). Furthermore, the hex-O arrangement enables dynamic interstitial migration, which effectively dissipates strain energy while preserving load-bearing capacity. These synergistic mechanisms contribute to sustained strain hardening through enhanced cross-slip between pyramidal and basal slip systems. This work establishes interstitial site engineering as a novel design principle, demonstrating a pathway to tailor the cryogenic deformation behavior of oxygen-containing titanium alloys.","PeriodicalId":16154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science & Technology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147439935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2026.02.039
Jing Tian, Mei-Jing Cao, Jin Dang, Wen-Long Liu, Yang Zhou, Zhen-Yu Zhang, Ying Li, Jia-Run Li
The low electrical conductivity and inferior catalytic activity of cobalt sulfide are the primary factors limiting their application in electrocatalytic water splitting. In this work, CoS/Co3S4 and Fe-CoS/Co3S4 were initially synthesized via a hydrothermal method and subsequently annealed in an NH3 atmosphere to obtain Fe, N-CoS/Co3S4. On the one hand, introducing the Fe element resulted in the modulation of the electronic structure and increased the electrochemically active surface area, promoting charge transfer efficiency and providing more active sites for the oxygen evolution reaction and overall water splitting reactions. On the other hand, doping N element introduced sulfur vacancies, enhancing the electrical conductivity and charge transfer efficiency. Consequently, Fe, N-CoS/Co3S4 exhibits significantly higher oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and overall water splitting activity at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 compared to CoS/Co3S4, with overpotentials of 294 mV and 332 mV, respectively. Furthermore, this catalyst demonstrates excellent stability. The design of the catalyst structure provides theoretical support for researching Co-based catalysts in oxygen evolution reactions and overall water splitting.
硫化钴电导率低、催化活性差是制约其电催化裂解水应用的主要因素。本文首先通过水热法合成CoS/Co3S4和Fe-CoS/Co3S4，然后在NH3气氛中退火得到Fe， N-CoS/Co3S4。一方面，Fe元素的引入导致了电子结构的调制，增加了电化学活性表面积，提高了电荷传递效率，为析氧反应和整体水裂解反应提供了更多的活性位点。另一方面，N元素的掺杂引入了硫空位，提高了电导率和电荷转移效率。因此，Fe， N-CoS/Co3S4在电流密度为10 mA cm−2时表现出明显高于CoS/Co3S4的析氧反应（OER）和总水分解活性，过电位分别为294 mV和332 mV。此外，该催化剂表现出优异的稳定性。催化剂结构的设计为co基催化剂在析氧反应和整体水裂解中的研究提供了理论支持。
{"title":"Fe, N co-doping and sulfur vacancy modification synergistically enhance oxygen evolution reaction and overall water splitting activity of CoS/Co3S4 heterojunction","authors":"Jing Tian, Mei-Jing Cao, Jin Dang, Wen-Long Liu, Yang Zhou, Zhen-Yu Zhang, Ying Li, Jia-Run Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jmst.2026.02.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2026.02.039","url":null,"abstract":"The low electrical conductivity and inferior catalytic activity of cobalt sulfide are the primary factors limiting their application in electrocatalytic water splitting. In this work, CoS/Co<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub> and Fe-CoS/Co<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub> were initially synthesized via a hydrothermal method and subsequently annealed in an NH<sub>3</sub> atmosphere to obtain Fe, N-CoS/Co<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>. On the one hand, introducing the Fe element resulted in the modulation of the electronic structure and increased the electrochemically active surface area, promoting charge transfer efficiency and providing more active sites for the oxygen evolution reaction and overall water splitting reactions. On the other hand, doping N element introduced sulfur vacancies, enhancing the electrical conductivity and charge transfer efficiency. Consequently, Fe, N-CoS/Co<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub> exhibits significantly higher oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and overall water splitting activity at a current density of 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> compared to CoS/Co<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, with overpotentials of 294 mV and 332 mV, respectively. Furthermore, this catalyst demonstrates excellent stability. The design of the catalyst structure provides theoretical support for researching Co-based catalysts in oxygen evolution reactions and overall water splitting.","PeriodicalId":16154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science & Technology","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147465948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.014
Mingxin Ma, Di Lan, Lu Zhang, Yuan Wang, Zirui Jia, Zhenguo Gao, Hua Qiu, Guanglei Wu
High-performance microwave absorbers have attracted considerable attention as an effective means to mitigate the increasingly severe challenge of electromagnetic (EM) pollution. Among various structural engineering strategies, the construction of hollow hierarchical architectures with multiscale heterogeneous interfaces has emerged as an effective approach to enhancing EM attenuation. In this study, a hollow hierarchical fibrous composite is rationally designed by encapsulating magnetic nanoparticles within nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanofibers and integrating them with externally grown NiO nanosheet arrays. This unique architecture establishes continuous conductive networks and abundant heterogeneous interfaces, thereby enabling synergistic EM loss mechanisms (conductive loss and interfacial polarization), as well as enhanced multiple reflections and scattering. As a result, the Fe3C/Fe3O4/NHCNFs/NiO composite exhibits an ultralow minimum reflection loss of −70.77 dB and a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 7.52 GHz at a thickness of only 2.9 mm. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that the Fe3C/Fe3O4 heterojunction induces pronounced interfacial charge redistribution and built-in electric fields, which substantially enhance polarization loss. This work provides a feasible and generalizable strategy for the rational design of hollow hierarchical fibrous microwave absorbers with optimized impedance matching and ultra-broadband EM wave absorption performance.
{"title":"Hollow hierarchical structures enabled synergistic loss mechanisms for ultra-broadband microwave absorption","authors":"Mingxin Ma, Di Lan, Lu Zhang, Yuan Wang, Zirui Jia, Zhenguo Gao, Hua Qiu, Guanglei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.014","url":null,"abstract":"High-performance microwave absorbers have attracted considerable attention as an effective means to mitigate the increasingly severe challenge of electromagnetic (EM) pollution. Among various structural engineering strategies, the construction of hollow hierarchical architectures with multiscale heterogeneous interfaces has emerged as an effective approach to enhancing EM attenuation. In this study, a hollow hierarchical fibrous composite is rationally designed by encapsulating magnetic nanoparticles within nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanofibers and integrating them with externally grown NiO nanosheet arrays. This unique architecture establishes continuous conductive networks and abundant heterogeneous interfaces, thereby enabling synergistic EM loss mechanisms (conductive loss and interfacial polarization), as well as enhanced multiple reflections and scattering. As a result, the Fe<sub>3</sub>C/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/NHCNFs/NiO composite exhibits an ultralow minimum reflection loss of −70.77 dB and a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 7.52 GHz at a thickness of only 2.9 mm. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that the Fe<sub>3</sub>C/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> heterojunction induces pronounced interfacial charge redistribution and built-in electric fields, which substantially enhance polarization loss. This work provides a feasible and generalizable strategy for the rational design of hollow hierarchical fibrous microwave absorbers with optimized impedance matching and ultra-broadband EM wave absorption performance.","PeriodicalId":16154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science & Technology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147465949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.017
Huixian Zhang, Xinyu Tong, Chunsheng Ding, Qiwen Su, Jing Leng, Minghua Xu, Depeng Meng, Guozhen Fang, Malik Zeeshan Shahid, Xiaowen Ruan, Xiaoqiang Cui
Artificial photosynthesis presents a sustainable approach for H2O2 production; however, inefficient electronic modulation in photocatalysts remains a formidable challenge, leading to low activity. Here, a distinct CdIn2S4 catalyst with co-mediation of O-doping and S-vacancies (O-CISv) is constructed, featuring optimal electronic modulation to achieve spatial charge carrier separation and directional transfer, resulting in enhanced H2O2 production (22.32 μmol g−1 min−1, surpassing its counterparts). Detailed experimental and theoretical investigations uncover the function of co-mediation in O-CISv. The formed trap states suppress charge recombination while shifting the d-band center upward, facilitating the adsorption of O2 and lowering the energy barrier for the conversion of O2 to *OOH, thereby promoting the generation of H2O2, and further enhancing H2O2 production through the water oxidation reaction process. This co-mediation strategy is extendable to diverse photocatalysts (e.g., O-Zn3In2S6v, O-CaIn2S4v, and O-In2S3v), offering a potential catalyst design approach for artificial photosynthesis.
{"title":"Co-mediation of oxygen-doping and S-vacancies in CdIn2S4 enables optimal electronic modulation for boosted light-driven H2O2 production","authors":"Huixian Zhang, Xinyu Tong, Chunsheng Ding, Qiwen Su, Jing Leng, Minghua Xu, Depeng Meng, Guozhen Fang, Malik Zeeshan Shahid, Xiaowen Ruan, Xiaoqiang Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.017","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial photosynthesis presents a sustainable approach for H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production; however, inefficient electronic modulation in photocatalysts remains a formidable challenge, leading to low activity. Here, a distinct CdIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> catalyst with co-mediation of O-doping and S-vacancies (O-CISv) is constructed, featuring optimal electronic modulation to achieve spatial charge carrier separation and directional transfer, resulting in enhanced H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production (22.32 μmol g<sup>−1</sup> min<sup>−1</sup>, surpassing its counterparts). Detailed experimental and theoretical investigations uncover the function of co-mediation in O-CISv. The formed trap states suppress charge recombination while shifting the d-band center upward, facilitating the adsorption of O<sub>2</sub> and lowering the energy barrier for the conversion of O<sub>2</sub> to *OOH, thereby promoting the generation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and further enhancing H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production through the water oxidation reaction process. This co-mediation strategy is extendable to diverse photocatalysts (e.g., O-Zn<sub>3</sub>In<sub>2</sub>S<sub>6</sub>v, O-CaIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>v, and O-In<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>v), offering a potential catalyst design approach for artificial photosynthesis.","PeriodicalId":16154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science & Technology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147465952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.010
Weiyin Song, Jiang Zheng, Tianjiao Li, Yu Liu, Wenkai Li, Lihong Xia, Dongdi Yin, Jiangfeng Song, Yan Yang, Bin Jiang
Modification plays a critical role in tailoring the morphology of eutectic silicon and improving the mechanical performance of Al-Si alloys. In this study, the effects of modifying elements, specifically Sr and Li, on the twin characteristics and morphology of eutectic Si, as well as on the mechanical properties of a high-pressure die-casting Al-7Si alloy, are systematically investigated. The results show that the addition of modifying elements, particularly Li, significantly increases twin density and promotes extensive twin branching, leading to a transition of eutectic Si from a coarse flaky morphology to a finer and more homogeneous structure. Compared with the unmodified alloy, both Li-modified and Sr-modified alloys exhibit greater scatter in mechanical properties. For samples containing only small pores, defined as those with an area fraction of the largest pore on the fracture surface ≤ 0.2%, the modified alloys demonstrate higher strength and improved ductility relative to the unmodified alloy. The mechanisms underlying the enhanced strength-ductility synergy and the increased scatter in mechanical response are discussed.
{"title":"The microstructure and mechanical properties of high-pressure die casting Al-7Si-based alloys: The role of Sr and Li in modification","authors":"Weiyin Song, Jiang Zheng, Tianjiao Li, Yu Liu, Wenkai Li, Lihong Xia, Dongdi Yin, Jiangfeng Song, Yan Yang, Bin Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"Modification plays a critical role in tailoring the morphology of eutectic silicon and improving the mechanical performance of Al-Si alloys. In this study, the effects of modifying elements, specifically Sr and Li, on the twin characteristics and morphology of eutectic Si, as well as on the mechanical properties of a high-pressure die-casting Al-7Si alloy, are systematically investigated. The results show that the addition of modifying elements, particularly Li, significantly increases twin density and promotes extensive twin branching, leading to a transition of eutectic Si from a coarse flaky morphology to a finer and more homogeneous structure. Compared with the unmodified alloy, both Li-modified and Sr-modified alloys exhibit greater scatter in mechanical properties. For samples containing only small pores, defined as those with an area fraction of the largest pore on the fracture surface ≤ 0.2%, the modified alloys demonstrate higher strength and improved ductility relative to the unmodified alloy. The mechanisms underlying the enhanced strength-ductility synergy and the increased scatter in mechanical response are discussed.","PeriodicalId":16154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science & Technology","volume":"8 9-10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147439897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.009
Bo Cui, Rui Fan, Xiaoxi Chen, Kang Wang, Yimin Zhuo, Wei Cai
In TiNi-based shape memory alloys, multi-step phase transformations typically involve the R-phase. However, a distinct two-step transformation peak was observed for the first time in the Ti–Ni–Nb–Co alloy developed in this study after annealing at temperatures between 550 and 750°C. In-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy confirmed that both steps correspond to martensitic transformations, which occur sequentially in the core and periphery regions of the TiNi matrix. Atom Probe Tomography, precise composition characterization, was employed to analyze clusters/GPzones/precipitates in both regions for abnormal martensitic transformation. Annealing at 550°C, the core region contains numerous Ti-rich atomic clusters, while Guinier–Preston (GP) zones (averaging 28 atoms) dominate in the periphery region. At 650°C, the clusters in the core grow into larger GP zones with an average of ∼68 atoms, while the periphery region is primarily occupied by ∼10 nm precipitates. At 750°C, both regions form compositionally stable precipitates, though their number densities differ. Collectively, the distinct composition and state of the precipitates in the two regions dictate the occurrence of the two-step martensitic transformation. Simulation results indicate that Ti-rich clusters and GP zones will increase the martensitic transformation energy to 0.0038 and 0.0077 eV, respectively. The significant variation in the martensitic transformation energy barriers between different regions leads to distinct martensitic transformation temperatures, thereby inducing the two-step transformation. This study suggests that controlling the annealing process can create heterogeneous microstructures with localized transformation energy variations, providing a strategy for designing advanced smart materials with complex phase transformation sequences.
{"title":"Unveiling the origin of the abnormal two-stage martensitic transformation in Ti–Ni–Nb–Co shape memory alloys via atom probe tomography","authors":"Bo Cui, Rui Fan, Xiaoxi Chen, Kang Wang, Yimin Zhuo, Wei Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"In TiNi-based shape memory alloys, multi-step phase transformations typically involve the R-phase. However, a distinct two-step transformation peak was observed for the first time in the Ti–Ni–Nb–Co alloy developed in this study after annealing at temperatures between 550 and 750°C. In-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy confirmed that both steps correspond to martensitic transformations, which occur sequentially in the core and periphery regions of the TiNi matrix. Atom Probe Tomography, precise composition characterization, was employed to analyze clusters/GPzones/precipitates in both regions for abnormal martensitic transformation. Annealing at 550°C, the core region contains numerous Ti-rich atomic clusters, while Guinier–Preston (GP) zones (averaging 28 atoms) dominate in the periphery region. At 650°C, the clusters in the core grow into larger GP zones with an average of ∼68 atoms, while the periphery region is primarily occupied by ∼10 nm precipitates. At 750°C, both regions form compositionally stable precipitates, though their number densities differ. Collectively, the distinct composition and state of the precipitates in the two regions dictate the occurrence of the two-step martensitic transformation. Simulation results indicate that Ti-rich clusters and GP zones will increase the martensitic transformation energy to 0.0038 and 0.0077 eV, respectively. The significant variation in the martensitic transformation energy barriers between different regions leads to distinct martensitic transformation temperatures, thereby inducing the two-step transformation. This study suggests that controlling the annealing process can create heterogeneous microstructures with localized transformation energy variations, providing a strategy for designing advanced smart materials with complex phase transformation sequences.","PeriodicalId":16154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science & Technology","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147393173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mg-Mn alloys are promising for lightweight crash components, yet their high-strain-rate energy absorption mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that a fine-grained, strongly textured Mg-Mn alloy achieves a superior specific energy absorption (32.4 kJ kg−1) under high-rate impact (1500 s−1) along the extrusion direction, which is comparable to commercial TWIP-steel and 6061 aluminum alloy. The performance advantage is driven by the anomalously high hardening rate of 3.3 GPa (2 to 4 times that of other conditions), characterized by the “low-yield-steep-hardening” response triggered by the high rates. This behavior also deviates significantly from the descriptions of standard phenomenological Johnson-Cook (J-C) models. While the J-C model fails to capture this characteristic, a crystal plasticity finite element (CPFEM) model incorporating rate-insensitive twinning kinetics accurately reproduces it. Multi-scale characterization (activation volume, EBSD, and TEM) reveals the underlying physics: high strain rates trigger a burst of rate-insensitive twinning. This twinning-dominated deformation rapidly reorients grains to activate high-density pyramidal II <c+a> slip, creating a "high-rate-induced twinning → reorientation → <c+a> slip " mechanism chain. These findings overturn the traditional presumption for the energy absorption mechanism of fine-grained Mg-Mn alloys at high rates and offer a new texture-based design strategy for energy-absorbing structures.
{"title":"Anomalous dynamic hardening and superior energy absorption in Mg-Mn alloys driven by rate-induced twinning","authors":"Haifeng Liu, Shiwei Xu, Yinan Lou, Shudong He, Zhanwei Su, Weiying Huang, Zhuoran Zeng, Zhenyu Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.jmst.2026.02.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2026.02.038","url":null,"abstract":"Mg-Mn alloys are promising for lightweight crash components, yet their high-strain-rate energy absorption mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that a fine-grained, strongly textured Mg-Mn alloy achieves a superior specific energy absorption (32.4 kJ kg<sup>−1</sup>) under high-rate impact (1500 s<sup>−1</sup>) along the extrusion direction, which is comparable to commercial TWIP-steel and 6061 aluminum alloy. The performance advantage is driven by the anomalously high hardening rate of 3.3 GPa (2 to 4 times that of other conditions), characterized by the “low-yield-steep-hardening” response triggered by the high rates. This behavior also deviates significantly from the descriptions of standard phenomenological Johnson-Cook (J-C) models. While the J-C model fails to capture this characteristic, a crystal plasticity finite element (CPFEM) model incorporating rate-insensitive twinning kinetics accurately reproduces it. Multi-scale characterization (activation volume, EBSD, and TEM) reveals the underlying physics: high strain rates trigger a burst of rate-insensitive <span><span><math><mrow is=\"true\"><mo is=\"true\">{</mo><mrow is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">10</mn><mover accent=\"true\" is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">1</mn><mo is=\"true\">¯</mo></mover><mn is=\"true\">2</mn></mrow><mo is=\"true\">}</mo></mrow></math></span><script type=\"math/mml\"><math><mrow is=\"true\"><mo is=\"true\">{</mo><mrow is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">10</mn><mover accent=\"true\" is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">1</mn><mo is=\"true\">¯</mo></mover><mn is=\"true\">2</mn></mrow><mo is=\"true\">}</mo></mrow></math></script></span> twinning. This twinning-dominated deformation rapidly reorients grains to activate high-density pyramidal II <<em>c</em>+<em>a</em>> slip, creating a \"high-rate-induced twinning → reorientation → <<em>c</em>+<em>a</em>> slip \" mechanism chain. These findings overturn the traditional presumption for the energy absorption mechanism of fine-grained Mg-Mn alloys at high rates and offer a new texture-based design strategy for energy-absorbing structures.","PeriodicalId":16154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science & Technology","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147393602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2026.01.060
Zhaolin Hua, Dechuang Zhang, Lin Guo, Lian Huang, Yuncang Li, Cuie Wen, Hua Zhong
Zirconium (Zr) alloys have been extensively investigated as potential orthopedic implant materials due to their unique combination of favorable mechanical properties, minimal magnetic interference, high corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, improving their elastic admissible strain while maintaining adequate ductility remains essential for achieving reliable high performance in clinical applications. In this study, spinodal Zr70Ta30, Zr60Ta40, and Zr50Ta50 (at.%) alloys were selected from the miscibility gap based on the Zr-Ta phase diagram and prepared using suction casting. Their microstructure, mechanical properties, wear and corrosion resistance, magnetic susceptibility, and biocompatibility were systematically investigated. Spinodal decomposition in the Zr-Ta alloys produced alternating nanoscale Zr-rich β1 and Ta-rich β2 phases, endowing the alloy with outstanding yield strength (σys) and elastic admissible strain (δ), and favorable elongation at break (εb). In particular, the Zr70Ta30 alloy exhibited the best combination of mechanical properties with a σys of ∼1374 MPa, δ of ∼1.70%, and εb of ∼11.6%. The wear resistance of the Zr-Ta alloys increased with increasing Ta content, whereas their corrosion resistance decreased correspondingly. The magnetic susceptibilities of the Zr-Ta alloys were approximately one-third that of the medical Ti6Al4V alloy. In addition, the Zr-Ta alloys showed relative cell viabilities exceeding 96% toward MCT3-E1 cells. Overall, the spinodal Zr70Ta30 alloy demonstrates strong potential as an orthopedic implant material due to its optimal combination of σys, δ, and εb, together with effective wear and corrosion resistance and suitable biocompatibility.
{"title":"Spinodal Zr-Ta alloys with superior strength, notable elastic admissible strain, and low magnetic susceptibility for bone implants","authors":"Zhaolin Hua, Dechuang Zhang, Lin Guo, Lian Huang, Yuncang Li, Cuie Wen, Hua Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.jmst.2026.01.060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2026.01.060","url":null,"abstract":"Zirconium (Zr) alloys have been extensively investigated as potential orthopedic implant materials due to their unique combination of favorable mechanical properties, minimal magnetic interference, high corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, improving their elastic admissible strain while maintaining adequate ductility remains essential for achieving reliable high performance in clinical applications. In this study, spinodal Zr<ce:inf loc=\"post\">70</ce:inf>Ta<ce:inf loc=\"post\">30</ce:inf>, Zr<ce:inf loc=\"post\">60</ce:inf>Ta<ce:inf loc=\"post\">40</ce:inf>, and Zr<ce:inf loc=\"post\">50</ce:inf>Ta<ce:inf loc=\"post\">50</ce:inf> (at.%) alloys were selected from the miscibility gap based on the Zr-Ta phase diagram and prepared using suction casting. Their microstructure, mechanical properties, wear and corrosion resistance, magnetic susceptibility, and biocompatibility were systematically investigated. Spinodal decomposition in the Zr-Ta alloys produced alternating nanoscale Zr-rich β<ce:inf loc=\"post\">1</ce:inf> and Ta-rich β<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> phases, endowing the alloy with outstanding yield strength (<ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">ys</ce:inf>) and elastic admissible strain (<ce:italic>δ</ce:italic>), and favorable elongation at break (<ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">b</ce:inf>). In particular, the Zr<ce:inf loc=\"post\">70</ce:inf>Ta<ce:inf loc=\"post\">30</ce:inf> alloy exhibited the best combination of mechanical properties with a <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">ys</ce:inf> of ∼1374 MPa, <ce:italic>δ</ce:italic> of ∼1.70%, and <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">b</ce:inf> of ∼11.6%. The wear resistance of the Zr-Ta alloys increased with increasing Ta content, whereas their corrosion resistance decreased correspondingly. The magnetic susceptibilities of the Zr-Ta alloys were approximately one-third that of the medical Ti6Al4V alloy. In addition, the Zr-Ta alloys showed relative cell viabilities exceeding 96% toward MCT3-E1 cells. Overall, the spinodal Zr<ce:inf loc=\"post\">70</ce:inf>Ta<ce:inf loc=\"post\">30</ce:inf> alloy demonstrates strong potential as an orthopedic implant material due to its optimal combination of <ce:italic>σ</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">ys</ce:inf>, <ce:italic>δ</ce:italic>, and <ce:italic>ε</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">b</ce:inf>, together with effective wear and corrosion resistance and suitable biocompatibility.","PeriodicalId":16154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science & Technology","volume":"19 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147392943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A thin hydrous TiO2 passive film confers high corrosion resistance to titanium in many environments, but the stability of this film in microbially active environments is poorly understood. Here, we show that the electroactive bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens (G. sulfurreducens) directly reduces TiO2 in the passive film, driving passive-film thinning, accumulation of more reduced titanium oxides (Ti3+/Ti2+), and a marked increase in donor density and electronic conductivity. High-resolution microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical analyses revealed a 50-fold increase in corrosion current density, reduced polarization and charge-transfer resistances, and pronounced pitting correlated with TiO2 depletion. Genetic disruption of the outer-surface cytochrome OmcS significantly attenuated TiO2 reduction, passive-film thinning, and corrosion kinetics, demonstrating that microbial extracellular electron transfer machinery mediates this process. G. sulfurreducens growth with hydrous TiO2 as the sole electron acceptor confirmed that TiO2 reduction is physiologically and thermodynamically feasible. These findings identify bioelectrochemical TiO2 reduction as a possible mechanism of passive film destabilization and highlight defect-mediated conductivity enhancement as a potential key driver of microbial titanium corrosion, with direct implications for passive-film engineering, alloy design, and the development of protective coatings to insulate titanium from electroactive microbes.
{"title":"Bioelectrochemical reduction of TiO2 destabilizing the corrosion-protective titanium passive film","authors":"Jiaqi Li, Yuting Jin, Yuqi Wang, Fuhui Wang, Dake Xu, Derek R. Lovley","doi":"10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"A thin hydrous TiO<sub>2</sub> passive film confers high corrosion resistance to titanium in many environments, but the stability of this film in microbially active environments is poorly understood. Here, we show that the electroactive bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens (<em>G. sulfurreducens</em>) directly reduces TiO<sub>2</sub> in the passive film, driving passive-film thinning, accumulation of more reduced titanium oxides (Ti<sup>3+</sup>/Ti<sup>2+</sup>), and a marked increase in donor density and electronic conductivity. High-resolution microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical analyses revealed a 50-fold increase in corrosion current density, reduced polarization and charge-transfer resistances, and pronounced pitting correlated with TiO<sub>2</sub> depletion. Genetic disruption of the outer-surface cytochrome OmcS significantly attenuated TiO<sub>2</sub> reduction, passive-film thinning, and corrosion kinetics, demonstrating that microbial extracellular electron transfer machinery mediates this process. <em>G. sulfurreducens</em> growth with hydrous TiO<sub>2</sub> as the sole electron acceptor confirmed that TiO<sub>2</sub> reduction is physiologically and thermodynamically feasible. These findings identify bioelectrochemical TiO<sub>2</sub> reduction as a possible mechanism of passive film destabilization and highlight defect-mediated conductivity enhancement as a potential key driver of microbial titanium corrosion, with direct implications for passive-film engineering, alloy design, and the development of protective coatings to insulate titanium from electroactive microbes.","PeriodicalId":16154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science & Technology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147384143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biofouling, which causes corrosion and efficiency reduction of marine engineering equipment, is becoming increasingly serious. The development of efficient and environmentally friendly anti-fouling methods remains a long-term and challenging issue. A coating loaded with antifouling agents is currently the simplest and most effective way to address fouling problems. However, environmental hazards cannot be ignored. Inspired by the changes in the biofilm microenvironment during biofouling, this study developed an intelligent and environmentally friendly protective coating system by incorporating dual-responsive microcapsules and modified graphene oxide (GO) into a solvent-free waterborne epoxy resin. Polylactic acid microcapsules functionalized with poly-L-lysine (PLL) provided a pH/enzyme-triggered controlled release of natural antifouling agent butenolide, leveraging the protonated amino groups and enzyme-sensitive peptide bonds of PLL. GO was covalently modified with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) to enhance dispersibility and stability, while the cerium dioxide nanoparticles were grown in situ on GO surfaces to form a redox protective layer. The synergistic combination endowed the coating with environmentally responsive antifouling and long-term anticorrosion performance. This approach offers a novel design strategy for producing high-performance marine protective coatings.
{"title":"Environmentally friendly marine coating integrating pH/enzyme‑responsive microcapsules and modified graphene oxide for long‑term anti-corrosion and anti-biofouling protection","authors":"Jian Wang, Juntong Pan, Muyang Xue, Huixian Wu, Xin Huang, Peiyuan Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2026.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"Biofouling, which causes corrosion and efficiency reduction of marine engineering equipment, is becoming increasingly serious. The development of efficient and environmentally friendly anti-fouling methods remains a long-term and challenging issue. A coating loaded with antifouling agents is currently the simplest and most effective way to address fouling problems. However, environmental hazards cannot be ignored. Inspired by the changes in the biofilm microenvironment during biofouling, this study developed an intelligent and environmentally friendly protective coating system by incorporating dual-responsive microcapsules and modified graphene oxide (GO) into a solvent-free waterborne epoxy resin. Polylactic acid microcapsules functionalized with poly-L-lysine (PLL) provided a pH/enzyme-triggered controlled release of natural antifouling agent butenolide, leveraging the protonated amino groups and enzyme-sensitive peptide bonds of PLL. GO was covalently modified with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) to enhance dispersibility and stability, while the cerium dioxide nanoparticles were grown in situ on GO surfaces to form a redox protective layer. The synergistic combination endowed the coating with environmentally responsive antifouling and long-term anticorrosion performance. This approach offers a novel design strategy for producing high-performance marine protective coatings.","PeriodicalId":16154,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Science & Technology","volume":"237 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147392942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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