Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12006
Konstantinos Damanakis
The high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will create a more challenging and demanding environment for the operation of the CMS detector. The peak instantaneous luminosity of the HL-LHC machine will reach 5–7 × 1034 cm-2s-1, which by the end of its lifetime will have delivered up to 4000 fb-1. To cope with these conditions the CMS Tracker will be fully replaced with a more advanced system. The new sub-detector is divided into an Outer Tracker, instrumented by short strips and macro pixels, and a more granular Inner Tracker using pixelated sensors. This report will describe some features of the new Outer Tracker silicon sensors and modules, provide results indicating the quality of the sensors produced to date, as well as the robustness of the sensors against environmental factors such as relative humidity.
{"title":"The mass production of silicon sensors for the Phase-2 CMS Outer Tracker","authors":"Konstantinos Damanakis","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12006","url":null,"abstract":"The high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will create a more challenging and demanding environment for the operation of the CMS detector. The peak instantaneous luminosity of the HL-LHC machine will reach 5–7 × 1034 cm-2s-1, which by the end of its lifetime will have delivered up to 4000 fb-1. To cope with these conditions the CMS Tracker will be fully replaced with a more advanced system. The new sub-detector is divided into an Outer Tracker, instrumented by short strips and macro pixels, and a more granular Inner Tracker using pixelated sensors. This report will describe some features of the new Outer Tracker silicon sensors and modules, provide results indicating the quality of the sensors produced to date, as well as the robustness of the sensors against environmental factors such as relative humidity.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"21 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139017055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/T12005
S. Yamamoto, T. Yamashita, Y. Kobashi, T. Yabe, T. Akagi, M. Yamaguchi, Naoki Kawachi, K. Kamada, A. Yoshikawa, J. Kataoka
Prompt secondary electron bremsstrahlung X-ray (prompt X-ray) imaging using a low-energy X-ray camera is a promising method for observing the beam shape from outside a subject. However, it has sometimes been necessary to conduct such imaging at a higher dose than the clinical level to acquire images with acceptable quality. To solve this problem, we optimized a prompt X-ray imaging system to use for spot scanning proton therapy system. The new camera had more than one order higher sensitivity to image several types of beams, including those at the clinical dose level. The optimized prompt X-ray imaging system uses a 4 mm diameter pinhole collimator to increase sensitivity, and it is combined with a larger YAP(Ce) scintillator to increase the magnification ratio and thus improve spatial resolution. We used a list-mode data-acquisition system with high count rate capability. Prompt X-ray images were acquired by irradiating a water phantom with proton beams from the spot scanning proton therapy system. Measurements were taken for pencil beams, spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) beams, and a beam utilized in actual clinical therapy. For all of the beams, we could measure scanning spot images within a spill and evaluate the ranges for the accumulated images at the clinical dose level. From the list-mode data, we measured the temporarily altered positions of the scanning beams as well as the accumulations of the prompt X-ray images. The optimized prompt X-ray imaging system could improve sensitivity while maintaining better spatial resolution. The new system realized prompt X-ray imaging at the clinical dose level and holds promise for future clinical imaging of prompt X-rays.
{"title":"Optimization of a YAP(Ce) prompt X-ray camera for imaging with spot scanning proton beams at clinical dose levels","authors":"S. Yamamoto, T. Yamashita, Y. Kobashi, T. Yabe, T. Akagi, M. Yamaguchi, Naoki Kawachi, K. Kamada, A. Yoshikawa, J. Kataoka","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/T12005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/T12005","url":null,"abstract":"Prompt secondary electron bremsstrahlung X-ray (prompt X-ray) imaging using a low-energy X-ray camera is a promising method for observing the beam shape from outside a subject. However, it has sometimes been necessary to conduct such imaging at a higher dose than the clinical level to acquire images with acceptable quality. To solve this problem, we optimized a prompt X-ray imaging system to use for spot scanning proton therapy system. The new camera had more than one order higher sensitivity to image several types of beams, including those at the clinical dose level. The optimized prompt X-ray imaging system uses a 4 mm diameter pinhole collimator to increase sensitivity, and it is combined with a larger YAP(Ce) scintillator to increase the magnification ratio and thus improve spatial resolution. We used a list-mode data-acquisition system with high count rate capability. Prompt X-ray images were acquired by irradiating a water phantom with proton beams from the spot scanning proton therapy system. Measurements were taken for pencil beams, spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) beams, and a beam utilized in actual clinical therapy. For all of the beams, we could measure scanning spot images within a spill and evaluate the ranges for the accumulated images at the clinical dose level. From the list-mode data, we measured the temporarily altered positions of the scanning beams as well as the accumulations of the prompt X-ray images. The optimized prompt X-ray imaging system could improve sensitivity while maintaining better spatial resolution. The new system realized prompt X-ray imaging at the clinical dose level and holds promise for future clinical imaging of prompt X-rays.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"101 28","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138609089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/P12003
Jintao Li, Na Wang, Sen Yue, Saike Tian
Undulators with small gap have been widely used in various light sources all over the world for the demand of high brilliance. A large number of in-air undulators with small gap will be installed in the storage ring of the High Energy Photon Source, and become one of the important impedance contributors. Antechambers are adopted for the bypass of the synchrotron radiations, as well as to reach high vacuum in the beam pipe with small aperture. Due to the asymmetric structure of the vacuum chamber, monopole wakefield in the transverse planes will be excited by the beam passage. In addition, photon absorbers will be installed in the vacuum chamber of the in-air undulators to shield the downstream components, which will introduce extra resonances in the transverse planes. In this paper, a series of numerical simulations are performed to investigate the impedance of the in-air undulator vacuum chamber. The high order modes generated by the photon absorber and their mitigations are also investigated.
{"title":"Impedance of in-air undulator vacuum chamber in HEPS","authors":"Jintao Li, Na Wang, Sen Yue, Saike Tian","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/P12003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/P12003","url":null,"abstract":"Undulators with small gap have been widely used in various light sources all over the world for the demand of high brilliance. A large number of in-air undulators with small gap will be installed in the storage ring of the High Energy Photon Source, and become one of the important impedance contributors. Antechambers are adopted for the bypass of the synchrotron radiations, as well as to reach high vacuum in the beam pipe with small aperture. Due to the asymmetric structure of the vacuum chamber, monopole wakefield in the transverse planes will be excited by the beam passage. In addition, photon absorbers will be installed in the vacuum chamber of the in-air undulators to shield the downstream components, which will introduce extra resonances in the transverse planes. In this paper, a series of numerical simulations are performed to investigate the impedance of the in-air undulator vacuum chamber. The high order modes generated by the photon absorber and their mitigations are also investigated.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":" 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138609671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12014
A. Georgadze, V. Kudryavtsev
Traditional X-ray scanning systems for cargo use ionising radiation which can be harmful to operators and the environment and requires shielding. Fully passive muon tomography is a promising alternative or a complementary approach to X-ray scanners. Muon tomography is a non-invasive technique that uses naturally occurring cosmic-ray muons and their scattering in various materials to create images of cargo in trucks or containers without applying ionising radiation. Muons are high-energy particles that are produced when primary cosmic rays collide with the Earth's atmosphere. These muons can penetrate through thick materials, such as concrete or metal, and are therefore useful for detecting hidden objects, including contraband. Muon tomography is expected to be used for detection of a wide range of materials, including metals, plastics, and organic materials like drugs or cigarettes, as well as weapons and explosives. In this work we have used the GEANT4 toolkit to simulate the performance of muon tomography in identifying the contraband hidden inside the legal cargo. We have used the Point of Closest Approach (PoCA) reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct the three-dimensional image of a loaded truck.
传统的货物 X 射线扫描系统使用电离辐射，可能对操作人员和环境有害，并且需要屏蔽。全被动μ介子层析成像技术是一种很有前途的替代或补充 X 射线扫描仪的方法。μ介子层析成像技术是一种非侵入式技术，它利用自然产生的宇宙射线μ介子及其在各种材料中的散射，在不使用电离辐射的情况下生成卡车或集装箱中货物的图像。μ介子是原生宇宙射线与地球大气层碰撞时产生的高能粒子。这些μ介子可以穿透混凝土或金属等厚材料，因此可用于探测包括违禁品在内的隐藏物品。μ介子层析成像技术有望用于多种材料的探测，包括金属、塑料、毒品或香烟等有机材料，以及武器和爆炸物。在这项工作中，我们使用 GEANT4 工具包模拟了μ介子层析成像技术在识别合法货物中隐藏的违禁品方面的性能。我们使用了最接近点（PoCA）重建算法来重建装载卡车的三维图像。
{"title":"Geant4 simulation study of low-Z material detection using muon tomography","authors":"A. Georgadze, V. Kudryavtsev","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12014","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional X-ray scanning systems for cargo use ionising radiation which can be harmful to operators and the environment and requires shielding. Fully passive muon tomography is a promising alternative or a complementary approach to X-ray scanners. Muon tomography is a non-invasive technique that uses naturally occurring cosmic-ray muons and their scattering in various materials to create images of cargo in trucks or containers without applying ionising radiation. Muons are high-energy particles that are produced when primary cosmic rays collide with the Earth's atmosphere. These muons can penetrate through thick materials, such as concrete or metal, and are therefore useful for detecting hidden objects, including contraband. Muon tomography is expected to be used for detection of a wide range of materials, including metals, plastics, and organic materials like drugs or cigarettes, as well as weapons and explosives. In this work we have used the GEANT4 toolkit to simulate the performance of muon tomography in identifying the contraband hidden inside the legal cargo. We have used the Point of Closest Approach (PoCA) reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct the three-dimensional image of a loaded truck.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"350 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139017024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12009
Y. Urano, S. Kurosawa, A. Yamaji, A. Yoshikawa, Y. Wu
Internal exposure for decommissioning workers at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant must be prevented, and we have developed a monitoring system for alpha-ray emitting dust (alpha dust). When the dust size is less than several tens of micrometers, a dust protection mask does not work effectively to prevent internal exposure. Since no devices have been operated to observe alpha-dust images in real-time up to now, we have developed an alpha-ray imaging detector consisting of a scintillation material and imaging detector. Scintillators are required to have high light output and chemical stability. Cs3Cu2I5 (CCI) scintillator was found to be one of the candidates, and an imaging test was operated with this material. The CCI crystal was grown by the Bridgman-Stockberger method, and a scintillation sheet for alpha-ray imaging was prepared by CCI microcrystals with a thickness of approximately 70 μm on a 200-μm thickness transparent polyethylene terephthalate film as a first imaging test. The sheet was irradiated with 5.5-MeV alpha rays from an 241Am source, and scintillation photons were detected with a CMOS camera through an optical lens. We succeeded in visualizing alpha rays, and a position resolution of our system achieved approximately 16.2 ± 2.6 μm (10–90 %). This resolution was similar value to other imaging devices with Ag:ZnS powder scintillator, and a CCI single crystal sheet was expected to reach better resolution.
{"title":"Alpha-ray imaging with alkali copper halide scintillator","authors":"Y. Urano, S. Kurosawa, A. Yamaji, A. Yoshikawa, Y. Wu","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12009","url":null,"abstract":"Internal exposure for decommissioning workers at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant must be prevented, and we have developed a monitoring system for alpha-ray emitting dust (alpha dust). When the dust size is less than several tens of micrometers, a dust protection mask does not work effectively to prevent internal exposure. Since no devices have been operated to observe alpha-dust images in real-time up to now, we have developed an alpha-ray imaging detector consisting of a scintillation material and imaging detector. Scintillators are required to have high light output and chemical stability. Cs3Cu2I5 (CCI) scintillator was found to be one of the candidates, and an imaging test was operated with this material. The CCI crystal was grown by the Bridgman-Stockberger method, and a scintillation sheet for alpha-ray imaging was prepared by CCI microcrystals with a thickness of approximately 70 μm on a 200-μm thickness transparent polyethylene terephthalate film as a first imaging test. The sheet was irradiated with 5.5-MeV alpha rays from an 241Am source, and scintillation photons were detected with a CMOS camera through an optical lens. We succeeded in visualizing alpha rays, and a position resolution of our system achieved approximately 16.2 ± 2.6 μm (10–90 %). This resolution was similar value to other imaging devices with Ag:ZnS powder scintillator, and a CCI single crystal sheet was expected to reach better resolution.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"60 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139017622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12016
S. Lee, I. Nam, M. Cho, D. Jang, S. Kwon, H. Suk, M. Kim
In plasma diagnostics using interferometry, the phase shift caused by the plasma in the fringes is extracted to determine the plasma density. The common method to extract the phase shift from the fringes is the fast-Fourier-Transform (FFT), but this technique encounters challenges when dealing with insufficient fringe numbers, spatially varying fringe frequencies, or extremely sharp phase changes. These challenges result in errors and hinder the acquisition of precise phase measurements. To tackle this issue, we introduced the fringe normalization (FN) method. The simulations demonstrated that the FN method extracts accurate phase information, surpassing the capabilities of the FFT method. As a result, this advancement enables more precise plasma diagnostics by mitigating errors that arise during the phase data processing. Furthermore, we improved the code for the inverse matrix Abel inversion to convert phase information into density. The simulation employing this code showed that the developed code provides more accurate values in the analysis of plasmas with a sharp density profile, assisting in electron beam manipulation in laser-plasma acceleration.
{"title":"Interferometry analysis with fringe normalization and matrix Abel inversion for plasma diagnostics","authors":"S. Lee, I. Nam, M. Cho, D. Jang, S. Kwon, H. Suk, M. Kim","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12016","url":null,"abstract":"In plasma diagnostics using interferometry, the phase shift caused by the plasma in the fringes is extracted to determine the plasma density. The common method to extract the phase shift from the fringes is the fast-Fourier-Transform (FFT), but this technique encounters challenges when dealing with insufficient fringe numbers, spatially varying fringe frequencies, or extremely sharp phase changes. These challenges result in errors and hinder the acquisition of precise phase measurements. To tackle this issue, we introduced the fringe normalization (FN) method. The simulations demonstrated that the FN method extracts accurate phase information, surpassing the capabilities of the FFT method. As a result, this advancement enables more precise plasma diagnostics by mitigating errors that arise during the phase data processing. Furthermore, we improved the code for the inverse matrix Abel inversion to convert phase information into density. The simulation employing this code showed that the developed code provides more accurate values in the analysis of plasmas with a sharp density profile, assisting in electron beam manipulation in laser-plasma acceleration.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"24 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139021230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12013
D'ebora Magalhaes, Pablo Fajardo, P. Grybos, R. Kleczek, P. Kmon, P. Otfinowski, M. Ruat
This work presents a summary of the experimental results and the performance obtained from a first set of p-type silicon SPHIRD prototypes. The SPHIRD project (Small Pixel High Rate photon counting Detector) targets a new generation of X-ray photon counting hybrid pixel detectors for synchrotron radiation applications, with small pixels and operating between 10 and 30 keV. The readout ASIC is designed to explore techniques that boost the count rate capabilities of the detector and methods to manage, or in some cases exploit, the effects of charge sharing that are unavoidable with small pixels in this type of detector. The achievement of high photon rates relies on the implementation of a fast charge-sensitive amplifier in the pixel in combination with pile-up compensation techniques, which have been compared experimentally. The obtained results show and quantify their effectiveness in increasing the count-rate handled by the detector. The readout chip also includes dedicated circuitry for the relocation of photon hits, a functionality necessary to reduce the photon losses that are observed in photon counting detectors due to charge sharing when the discrimination threshold is set to 50% of the photon energy. The circuitry is however not limited to full pixel relocation: it also implements resources to reassign X-ray hits within regions smaller than the physical pixel. All these operation modes were experimentally evaluated with a pencil beam and with full field images.
这项研究总结了第一套 p 型硅 SPHIRD 原型的实验结果和性能。SPHIRD 项目（小像素高速率光子计数探测器）的目标是为同步辐射应用开发新一代 X 射线光子计数混合像素探测器，该探测器像素小，工作电压在 10 至 30 keV 之间。读出专用集成电路旨在探索提高探测器计数率能力的技术，以及管理或在某些情况下利用电荷共享效应的方法。高光子率的实现有赖于在像素中实施快速电荷敏感放大器，并结合堆积补偿技术。实验结果表明并量化了这些技术在提高探测器处理计数率方面的有效性。读出芯片还包括用于重新定位光子命中的专用电路，这是减少光子计数探测器中光子损耗的必要功能，当分辨阈值设置为光子能量的 50%时，光子损耗会因电荷共享而产生。然而，该电路并不局限于完全的像素重新定位：它还实现了在小于物理像素的区域内重新分配 X 射线命中的资源。所有这些操作模式都通过铅笔光束和全场图像进行了实验评估。
{"title":"Characterization results of the first small pixel high rate (SPHIRD) pixel detector prototypes","authors":"D'ebora Magalhaes, Pablo Fajardo, P. Grybos, R. Kleczek, P. Kmon, P. Otfinowski, M. Ruat","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12013","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a summary of the experimental results and the performance obtained from a first set of p-type silicon SPHIRD prototypes. The SPHIRD project (Small Pixel High Rate photon counting Detector) targets a new generation of X-ray photon counting hybrid pixel detectors for synchrotron radiation applications, with small pixels and operating between 10 and 30 keV. The readout ASIC is designed to explore techniques that boost the count rate capabilities of the detector and methods to manage, or in some cases exploit, the effects of charge sharing that are unavoidable with small pixels in this type of detector. The achievement of high photon rates relies on the implementation of a fast charge-sensitive amplifier in the pixel in combination with pile-up compensation techniques, which have been compared experimentally. The obtained results show and quantify their effectiveness in increasing the count-rate handled by the detector. The readout chip also includes dedicated circuitry for the relocation of photon hits, a functionality necessary to reduce the photon losses that are observed in photon counting detectors due to charge sharing when the discrimination threshold is set to 50% of the photon energy. The circuitry is however not limited to full pixel relocation: it also implements resources to reassign X-ray hits within regions smaller than the physical pixel. All these operation modes were experimentally evaluated with a pencil beam and with full field images.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"38 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138992854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/T12009
Baosheng Wang, Kuobin Liu, Yongseng Wong
The Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) is a renowned 3 GeV synchrotron accelerator light source. Over the past decade of successful operation, it has demonstrated outstanding performance, notably in average beam trip downtime, meeting international standards. A continuous regimen of scheduled equipment upgrades has been maintained across all subsystems to ensure ongoing improvement and the preservation of an optimal research facility environment. The central focus of this study revolves around the design and realization of a TPS correction magnet power supply employing Linear Power Operational Amplifiers (LPOA) in conjunction with a pre-regulated voltage controller. The power source predominantly features APEX Corporation's PA05 LPOA, characterized by bipolar output, high internal power dissipation, and wide bandwidth. Additionally, a DC Current Transducer (DCCT) was employed as the current feedback element, integrated with the pre-regulator voltage controller to form a closed-loop current modulation circuit, providing the variable voltage required by the LPOA. Through these measures, we have successfully developed an LPOA power supply unit equipped with a pre-regulated voltage controller for TPS correction magnets. The prototype device boasts a maximum output current of ±10 A, operating at 24 V. Validation through control loop design has led to rapid and stable output current performance. The output current ripple is maintained within 100 μA, with a rise time of 75 μs during step response. During frequency response testing utilizing a 0.1 V disturbance signal, the gain margin resides within -3 dB at an 11.2 kHz bandwidth and the phase margin within -45∘ at a 5.1 kHz range. Long-term output current stability is sustained within ten ppm. Finally, a hardware prototype circuit has been constructed in the power supply laboratory, featuring a ±24 V input voltage and ±10 A output current, achieving a maximum rated power of 240 W.
{"title":"Development of linear power operational amplifier power supply with pre-regulated voltage controller for TPS correction magnets","authors":"Baosheng Wang, Kuobin Liu, Yongseng Wong","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/T12009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/T12009","url":null,"abstract":"The Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) is a renowned 3 GeV synchrotron accelerator light source. Over the past decade of successful operation, it has demonstrated outstanding performance, notably in average beam trip downtime, meeting international standards. A continuous regimen of scheduled equipment upgrades has been maintained across all subsystems to ensure ongoing improvement and the preservation of an optimal research facility environment. The central focus of this study revolves around the design and realization of a TPS correction magnet power supply employing Linear Power Operational Amplifiers (LPOA) in conjunction with a pre-regulated voltage controller. The power source predominantly features APEX Corporation's PA05 LPOA, characterized by bipolar output, high internal power dissipation, and wide bandwidth. Additionally, a DC Current Transducer (DCCT) was employed as the current feedback element, integrated with the pre-regulator voltage controller to form a closed-loop current modulation circuit, providing the variable voltage required by the LPOA. Through these measures, we have successfully developed an LPOA power supply unit equipped with a pre-regulated voltage controller for TPS correction magnets. The prototype device boasts a maximum output current of ±10 A, operating at 24 V. Validation through control loop design has led to rapid and stable output current performance. The output current ripple is maintained within 100 μA, with a rise time of 75 μs during step response. During frequency response testing utilizing a 0.1 V disturbance signal, the gain margin resides within -3 dB at an 11.2 kHz bandwidth and the phase margin within -45∘ at a 5.1 kHz range. Long-term output current stability is sustained within ten ppm. Finally, a hardware prototype circuit has been constructed in the power supply laboratory, featuring a ±24 V input voltage and ±10 A output current, achieving a maximum rated power of 240 W.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"104 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139015733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/T12010
Xiaoyu Wang, Shuwang Cui
We use a continuous neutral density attenuator to investigate the photomultiplier tube (PMT) charge nonlinearity which exists in the PMT response to external signals to be measured. The results show that this testing approach provides a reliable and practical method for characterizing the PMT nonlinearity, enabling optimization of the operation conditions and improving the measurement accuracy of PMT by mitigating the nonlinearity. This study helps to advance the research and measurements in the related fields using a PMT.
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Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12015
C. Sgro’, L. Baldini, R. Bellazzini, A. Brez, M. Ceccanti, L. Latronico, L. Lucchesi, A. Manfreda, M. Minuti, L. Orsini, M. Pesce-Rollins, M. Pinchera, A. Profeti, G. Spandre
XPOL-III is a newly developed CMOS ASIC simultaneously working for collecting charge and processing signals inside Gas Pixel Detectors (GPD). Starting from the architecture of the XPOL ASIC and its successful operation in the IXPE space mission, we implemented specific design changes aiming at increasing the rate capability and the uniformity of response. XPOL-III includes more than 100k pixels at 50 μm pitch in a total active area of about 15 × 15 mm2. Each pixel acts as a charge-collecting anode and is connected to its charge-sensitive amplifier, followed by a shaping circuit and a sample-and-hold system. The chip, like its predecessor, provides self-triggering capability, with automatic localization of the region of interest (ROI) to be readout for each single photon. A new programmable definition of the margin pixels around the ROI was implemented to reduce readout time. Other improvements include the sensitivity of the trigger electronics and an increase in the maximum speed for the serial event readout. In this work we describe the design of this new ASIC and the results of its preliminary tests, in particular in the context of the gas detector application, in which imaging the photoelectron track emitted by single X-ray absorption allows us to measure beam polarization together with timing, imaging, and spectroscopy.
{"title":"X-ray single photon detection with XPOL-III","authors":"C. Sgro’, L. Baldini, R. Bellazzini, A. Brez, M. Ceccanti, L. Latronico, L. Lucchesi, A. Manfreda, M. Minuti, L. Orsini, M. Pesce-Rollins, M. Pinchera, A. Profeti, G. Spandre","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12015","url":null,"abstract":"XPOL-III is a newly developed CMOS ASIC simultaneously working for collecting charge and processing signals inside Gas Pixel Detectors (GPD). Starting from the architecture of the XPOL ASIC and its successful operation in the IXPE space mission, we implemented specific design changes aiming at increasing the rate capability and the uniformity of response. XPOL-III includes more than 100k pixels at 50 μm pitch in a total active area of about 15 × 15 mm2. Each pixel acts as a charge-collecting anode and is connected to its charge-sensitive amplifier, followed by a shaping circuit and a sample-and-hold system. The chip, like its predecessor, provides self-triggering capability, with automatic localization of the region of interest (ROI) to be readout for each single photon. A new programmable definition of the margin pixels around the ROI was implemented to reduce readout time. Other improvements include the sensitivity of the trigger electronics and an increase in the maximum speed for the serial event readout. In this work we describe the design of this new ASIC and the results of its preliminary tests, in particular in the context of the gas detector application, in which imaging the photoelectron track emitted by single X-ray absorption allows us to measure beam polarization together with timing, imaging, and spectroscopy.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"407 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139021611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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