Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12008
Roger Huang
The upcoming ProtoDUNE-II program at the CERN Neutrino Platform will consist of 2 liquid argon time projection chambers, which will serve as demonstrators of the technologies that will be used in the first 2 far detectors of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). A core component of these detectors is the cryogenic charge readout electronics, which are immersed in liquid argon along with the detectors and are responsible for reading out charge signals from the anodes of the time projection chambers. We discuss the design of these electronics and preliminary performance results from the ProtoDUNE-II assembly experience.
{"title":"Cryogenic charge readout electronics for the ProtoDUNE-II program and DUNE","authors":"Roger Huang","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/C12008","url":null,"abstract":"The upcoming ProtoDUNE-II program at the CERN Neutrino Platform will consist of 2 liquid argon time projection chambers, which will serve as demonstrators of the technologies that will be used in the first 2 far detectors of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). A core component of these detectors is the cryogenic charge readout electronics, which are immersed in liquid argon along with the detectors and are responsible for reading out charge signals from the anodes of the time projection chambers. We discuss the design of these electronics and preliminary performance results from the ProtoDUNE-II assembly experience.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"272 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139016045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11002
P. Jagodziński, D. Banaś, M. Pajek, A. Kubala-Kukuś, Ł. Jabłoński, I. Stabrawa, K. Szary, D. Sobota, A. Warczak, A. Gumberidze, H.F. Beyer, M. Lestinsky, G. Weber, Th. Stöhlker, M. Trassinelli
Abstract We present research program and project for high-resolution wavelength-dispersive spectrometer dedicated to low-energy X-ray spectroscopy at the electron cooler of the CRYRING@ESR storage ring, which is a part of the international Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) currently being built in Darmstadt. Due to the unique shape of the electorn-ion recombination X-ray source, resulting from the overlapping of the electron and ion beams in the electron cooler, the spectrometer can work in the specific asymmetric von Hamos (AvH) geometry. In order to completely eliminate the influence of Doppler effect on the measured X-ray energies, two asymmetric von Hamos spectrometers will be installed next to the dipole magnets on both sides of the electron cooler to detect blue/red (0°/180°) shifted X-rays, e.g. emitted in the radiative recombination (RR) process. The X-ray-tracing Monte-Carlo simulations show that the proposed AvH spectrometer will allow to determine with sub-meV precision, the low-energy X-rays (5–10 keV) emitted from stored bare or few-electron heavy ions interacting with cooling electrons. This experimental precision will enable accurate studies of the quantum electrodynamics (QED) effects in mid-Z H- and He-like ions.
{"title":"A high-resolution asymmetric von Hamos spectrometer for low-energy X-ray spectroscopy at the CRYRING@ESR electron cooler","authors":"P. Jagodziński, D. Banaś, M. Pajek, A. Kubala-Kukuś, Ł. Jabłoński, I. Stabrawa, K. Szary, D. Sobota, A. Warczak, A. Gumberidze, H.F. Beyer, M. Lestinsky, G. Weber, Th. Stöhlker, M. Trassinelli","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We present research program and project for high-resolution wavelength-dispersive spectrometer dedicated to low-energy X-ray spectroscopy at the electron cooler of the CRYRING@ESR storage ring, which is a part of the international Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) currently being built in Darmstadt. Due to the unique shape of the electorn-ion recombination X-ray source, resulting from the overlapping of the electron and ion beams in the electron cooler, the spectrometer can work in the specific asymmetric von Hamos (AvH) geometry. In order to completely eliminate the influence of Doppler effect on the measured X-ray energies, two asymmetric von Hamos spectrometers will be installed next to the dipole magnets on both sides of the electron cooler to detect blue/red (0°/180°) shifted X-rays, e.g. emitted in the radiative recombination (RR) process. The X-ray-tracing Monte-Carlo simulations show that the proposed AvH spectrometer will allow to determine with sub-meV precision, the low-energy X-rays (5–10 keV) emitted from stored bare or few-electron heavy ions interacting with cooling electrons. This experimental precision will enable accurate studies of the quantum electrodynamics (QED) effects in mid-Z H- and He-like ions.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"35 3-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135510024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11008
N. Duarte, K. Ahmed, M. Cascella, S. Hauf, T. Preston, R. Shayduk, M. Turcato, M. Ramilli
Abstract The European XFEL is a research facility that delivers extremely bright and short coherent X-ray pulses of tunable energy at MHz repetition rate, providing unprecedented capabilities to conduct scientific research across multiple domains. Among the suite of deployed detectors, several ePix100 modules, belonging to the family of ePix detectors developed at SLAC, are used. These charge-integrating hybrid pixel detectors offer single-photon resolution for energies above 2 keV and a dynamic range of 100 photons at 8 keV. Their low noise, small pixel size, compact dimensions, maneuverability and vacuum compatibility make them an attractive choice for some of the hard X-ray instruments at the European XFEL for imaging, spectroscopy, and scattering experiments. The European XFEL is committed to providing users with completely corrected detector data. To achieve this goal, periodic calibration procedures are conducted to generate calibration constants that allow the conversion of raw detector output into physically meaningful information through a series of successive data correction steps. In this work, an overview of the ePix100 calibration procedures and correction algorithms will be provided, with a focus on particularly relevant processes for this detector, such as common mode noise and charge sharing correction.
{"title":"Calibration procedures and data correction of ePix100 detectors at the European XFEL","authors":"N. Duarte, K. Ahmed, M. Cascella, S. Hauf, T. Preston, R. Shayduk, M. Turcato, M. Ramilli","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The European XFEL is a research facility that delivers extremely bright and short coherent X-ray pulses of tunable energy at MHz repetition rate, providing unprecedented capabilities to conduct scientific research across multiple domains. Among the suite of deployed detectors, several ePix100 modules, belonging to the family of ePix detectors developed at SLAC, are used. These charge-integrating hybrid pixel detectors offer single-photon resolution for energies above 2 keV and a dynamic range of 100 photons at 8 keV. Their low noise, small pixel size, compact dimensions, maneuverability and vacuum compatibility make them an attractive choice for some of the hard X-ray instruments at the European XFEL for imaging, spectroscopy, and scattering experiments. The European XFEL is committed to providing users with completely corrected detector data. To achieve this goal, periodic calibration procedures are conducted to generate calibration constants that allow the conversion of raw detector output into physically meaningful information through a series of successive data correction steps. In this work, an overview of the ePix100 calibration procedures and correction algorithms will be provided, with a focus on particularly relevant processes for this detector, such as common mode noise and charge sharing correction.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135565874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11011
Pirovano, E., Manna, A., Aberle, O., Amaducci, S., Colonna, N., Camprini, P. Console, Cosentino, L., Dietz, M., Ducasse, Q., Finocchiaro, P., Massimi, C., Mengoni, A., Nolte, R., Radeck, D., Tassan-Got, L., Terranova, N., Vannini, G.
A new measurement of the $^{235}$U(n,f) cross section was performed at the neutron time-of-flight facility n_TOF at CERN. The experiment focused on neutron energies from 20 MeV to several hundred MeV, and was normalized to neutron scattering on hydrogen. This is a measurement first of its kind at this facility, in an energy range that was until now not often explored, so the detector development phase was crucial for its success. Two detectors are presented, a parallel plate fission chamber (PPFC) and a recoil proton telescope (RPT), both dedicated to perform measurements in the incident neutron energy range from 30 MeV to 200 MeV. The experiment was designed to minimize statistical uncertainties in the allocated run time. Several efforts were made to ensure that the systematic effects were understood and under control. The results show that the detectors are suited for measurements at n_TOF above 30 MeV, and indicate the path for possible future lines of development.
{"title":"A detector system for `absolute' measurements of fission cross sections at n_TOF in the energy range below 200 MeV","authors":"Pirovano, E., Manna, A., Aberle, O., Amaducci, S., Colonna, N., Camprini, P. Console, Cosentino, L., Dietz, M., Ducasse, Q., Finocchiaro, P., Massimi, C., Mengoni, A., Nolte, R., Radeck, D., Tassan-Got, L., Terranova, N., Vannini, G.","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11011","url":null,"abstract":"A new measurement of the $^{235}$U(n,f) cross section was performed at the neutron time-of-flight facility n_TOF at CERN. The experiment focused on neutron energies from 20 MeV to several hundred MeV, and was normalized to neutron scattering on hydrogen. This is a measurement first of its kind at this facility, in an energy range that was until now not often explored, so the detector development phase was crucial for its success. Two detectors are presented, a parallel plate fission chamber (PPFC) and a recoil proton telescope (RPT), both dedicated to perform measurements in the incident neutron energy range from 30 MeV to 200 MeV. The experiment was designed to minimize statistical uncertainties in the allocated run time. Several efforts were made to ensure that the systematic effects were understood and under control. The results show that the detectors are suited for measurements at n_TOF above 30 MeV, and indicate the path for possible future lines of development.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"233 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136103080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11005
Hubeom Shin, Seungjun Yoo, Seokwon Oh, Junho Lee, Ho Kyung Kim
Abstract A sandwich-like double-layered detector can perform dual-energy imaging (DEI) using a single x-ray exposure without object motion artifacts. The energy separation between measurements obtained from the front and rear-detector layers can be tuned by introducing an x-ray beam-attenuating material between them. However, the design of the interdetector filter significantly influences dose efficiency by altering the number of x-ray photons reaching the rear-detector layer within the sandwich detector. Since the sandwich detector typically incorporates phosphors of differing thicknesses for its two detector layers, it exhibits a unique spatial resolution characteristic in the reconstructed dual-energy (DE) images. To comprehensively assess detector performance in terms of design (filter) and operation (reconstruction), we established a framework that describes the dual-energy detective quantum efficiency (DE-DQE) using linear-systems theory. The developed DE-DQE model was validated through comparison with measurements. The agreement between the modulation-transfer functions was reasonable, and the correspondence between noise-power spectra was excellent. This proposed DE-DQE concept is universally applicable to any linearly operating DE system and holds a significant value in enhancing the performance of sandwich detectors or ensuring their optimal operation.
{"title":"Detective quantum efficiency of a double-layered detector for dual-energy x-ray imaging","authors":"Hubeom Shin, Seungjun Yoo, Seokwon Oh, Junho Lee, Ho Kyung Kim","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A sandwich-like double-layered detector can perform dual-energy imaging (DEI) using a single x-ray exposure without object motion artifacts. The energy separation between measurements obtained from the front and rear-detector layers can be tuned by introducing an x-ray beam-attenuating material between them. However, the design of the interdetector filter significantly influences dose efficiency by altering the number of x-ray photons reaching the rear-detector layer within the sandwich detector. Since the sandwich detector typically incorporates phosphors of differing thicknesses for its two detector layers, it exhibits a unique spatial resolution characteristic in the reconstructed dual-energy (DE) images. To comprehensively assess detector performance in terms of design (filter) and operation (reconstruction), we established a framework that describes the dual-energy detective quantum efficiency (DE-DQE) using linear-systems theory. The developed DE-DQE model was validated through comparison with measurements. The agreement between the modulation-transfer functions was reasonable, and the correspondence between noise-power spectra was excellent. This proposed DE-DQE concept is universally applicable to any linearly operating DE system and holds a significant value in enhancing the performance of sandwich detectors or ensuring their optimal operation.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135565863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11009
Florian Jörg, Shengchao Li, Jochen Schreiner, Hardy Simgen, Rafael F. Lang
Low-background liquid xenon detectors are utilized in the investigation of rare events, including dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay. For their calibration, gaseous 220Rn can be used. After being introduced into the xenon, its progeny isotope 212Pb induces homogeneously distributed, low-energy (<30 keV) electronic recoil interactions. We report on the characterization of such a source for use in the XENONnT experiment. It consists of four commercially available 228Th sources with an activity of 55 kBq. These sources provide a high 220Rn emanation rate of about 8 kBq. We find no indication for the release of the long-lived 228Th above 1.7 mBq. Though an unexpected 222Rn emanation rate of about 3.6 mBq is observed, this source is still in line with the requirements for the XENONnT experiment.
{"title":"Characterization of a <sup>220</sup>Rn source for low-energy electronic recoil calibration of the XENONnT detector","authors":"Florian Jörg, Shengchao Li, Jochen Schreiner, Hardy Simgen, Rafael F. Lang","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11009","url":null,"abstract":"Low-background liquid xenon detectors are utilized in the investigation of rare events, including dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay. For their calibration, gaseous 220Rn can be used. After being introduced into the xenon, its progeny isotope 212Pb induces homogeneously distributed, low-energy (<30 keV) electronic recoil interactions. We report on the characterization of such a source for use in the XENONnT experiment. It consists of four commercially available 228Th sources with an activity of 55 kBq. These sources provide a high 220Rn emanation rate of about 8 kBq. We find no indication for the release of the long-lived 228Th above 1.7 mBq. Though an unexpected 222Rn emanation rate of about 3.6 mBq is observed, this source is still in line with the requirements for the XENONnT experiment.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"7 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135714273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11009
T. Kinoshita, K. Tanaka, H. Sakai, R. Yanai, M. Nunami, C.A. Michael
Abstract Absolute value measurements of turbulence amplitude in magnetically confined high-temperature plasmas can effectively explain turbulence-driven transport characteristics and their role in plasma confinements. Two-dimensional phase contrast imaging (2D-PCI) is a technique to evaluate the space-time spectrum of ion-scale electron density fluctuation. However, absolute value measurement of turbulence amplitude has not been conducted owing to the nonlinearity of the detector. In this study, the absolute measurement method proposed in the previous study is applied to turbulence measurement results in the large helical device. As a result, the localized turbulence amplitude at n e = 1.5 × 10 19 m -3 is approximately 3.5 × 10 15 m -3 , which is 0.02% of the electron density. In addition, the evaluated poloidal wavenumber spectrum is almost consistent, within a certain error range, the spectrum being calculated using a nonlinear gyrokinetic simulation. This result is the first to the best of our knowledge to quantitatively evaluate turbulence amplitudes measured by 2D-PCI and compare with simulations.
磁约束高温等离子体湍流幅值的绝对值测量可以有效地解释湍流驱动输运特性及其在等离子体约束中的作用。二维相衬成像(2D-PCI)是一种评价离子尺度电子密度波动时空谱的技术。然而，由于探测器的非线性，湍流幅值的绝对值测量一直没有进行。在本研究中，将前人研究中提出的绝对测量方法应用于大型螺旋装置的湍流测量结果。结果表明，ne = 1.5 × 10 19 m -3处的局部湍流幅值约为3.5 × 10 15 m -3，约为电子密度的0.02%。此外，计算得到的极向波数谱基本一致，在一定误差范围内，采用非线性陀螺动力学模拟计算谱。据我们所知，这是第一次对2D-PCI测量的湍流幅度进行定量评估，并与模拟进行比较。
{"title":"Absolute value measurement of ion-scale turbulence by two-dimensional phase contrast imaging in Large Helical Device","authors":"T. Kinoshita, K. Tanaka, H. Sakai, R. Yanai, M. Nunami, C.A. Michael","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Absolute value measurements of turbulence amplitude in magnetically confined high-temperature plasmas can effectively explain turbulence-driven transport characteristics and their role in plasma confinements. Two-dimensional phase contrast imaging (2D-PCI) is a technique to evaluate the space-time spectrum of ion-scale electron density fluctuation. However, absolute value measurement of turbulence amplitude has not been conducted owing to the nonlinearity of the detector. In this study, the absolute measurement method proposed in the previous study is applied to turbulence measurement results in the large helical device. As a result, the localized turbulence amplitude at n e = 1.5 × 10 19 m -3 is approximately 3.5 × 10 15 m -3 , which is 0.02% of the electron density. In addition, the evaluated poloidal wavenumber spectrum is almost consistent, within a certain error range, the spectrum being calculated using a nonlinear gyrokinetic simulation. This result is the first to the best of our knowledge to quantitatively evaluate turbulence amplitudes measured by 2D-PCI and compare with simulations.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"11 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135765427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11003
Jiyong Shim, Youngjo Kim, Hyesun Yang, Hyosung Cho, Kwangyun Choi
Abstract Two-dimensional X-ray inspection systems are widely used in aviation security applications; however, they have inherent limitations in recognizing the three-dimensional (3D) shapes of hidden objects. Therefore, there is a growing demand for the implementation of advanced 3D X-ray inspection systems at airports for more accurate detection of threats in luggage and personal belongings. In this study, we designed a new stationary computed tomography (CT) baggage scanner with π -angle sparsity (i.e., 20 pairs of X-ray sources and line detectors were placed within a scan angle of 180°) and compressed sensing (CS)-based reconstruction, and implemented a dual-energy material decomposition (DEMD) technique in the proposed system to separate soft and dense materials of an examined object to enhance threat detection. To validate the efficacy of the proposed approach (CS/180°/P20), we conducted a feasibility study using numerical simulation before its practical implementation. Polychromatic projections were emulated at X-ray tube voltages of 60 and 140 kV p , and DEMD was applied to the projections prior to CT reconstruction. Conventional and dual-energy CT images were reconstructed using both standard filtered-backprojection (FBP) and state-of-the-art CS-based algorithms to compare the image quality. According to our simulation results, the CS-reconstructed images were almost unaffected by the clearly evident streak artifacts on the FBP-reconstructed images because of the use of 20 extreme sparse-view projections, and the image quality of the dual-energy CT images obtained using the proposed CT configuration was similar to that obtained using the conventional CT configuration with 720 dense projections, indicating the efficacy of the proposed approach. Consequently, high-quality dual-energy CT images of soft and dense materials were successfully obtained using the proposed stationary CT configuration.
{"title":"Implementation of dual-energy material decomposition technique in stationary CT baggage scanner withπ-angle sparsity for enhancing threat detection","authors":"Jiyong Shim, Youngjo Kim, Hyesun Yang, Hyosung Cho, Kwangyun Choi","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Two-dimensional X-ray inspection systems are widely used in aviation security applications; however, they have inherent limitations in recognizing the three-dimensional (3D) shapes of hidden objects. Therefore, there is a growing demand for the implementation of advanced 3D X-ray inspection systems at airports for more accurate detection of threats in luggage and personal belongings. In this study, we designed a new stationary computed tomography (CT) baggage scanner with π -angle sparsity (i.e., 20 pairs of X-ray sources and line detectors were placed within a scan angle of 180°) and compressed sensing (CS)-based reconstruction, and implemented a dual-energy material decomposition (DEMD) technique in the proposed system to separate soft and dense materials of an examined object to enhance threat detection. To validate the efficacy of the proposed approach (CS/180°/P20), we conducted a feasibility study using numerical simulation before its practical implementation. Polychromatic projections were emulated at X-ray tube voltages of 60 and 140 kV p , and DEMD was applied to the projections prior to CT reconstruction. Conventional and dual-energy CT images were reconstructed using both standard filtered-backprojection (FBP) and state-of-the-art CS-based algorithms to compare the image quality. According to our simulation results, the CS-reconstructed images were almost unaffected by the clearly evident streak artifacts on the FBP-reconstructed images because of the use of 20 extreme sparse-view projections, and the image quality of the dual-energy CT images obtained using the proposed CT configuration was similar to that obtained using the conventional CT configuration with 720 dense projections, indicating the efficacy of the proposed approach. Consequently, high-quality dual-energy CT images of soft and dense materials were successfully obtained using the proposed stationary CT configuration.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"10 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135565197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11005
C. Zhang, G. Wu, Z. Li, H. Li, Z. Lu, H. Zhang, X. Wang, R. Li, C. Chen, F. Liu, Y. Qiu, Y. Guo
Abstract After decades of discussions, it has been firmly established that detectors made of silicon-based semiconductor materials can be effectively used for neutron detection by simply coating them with suitable substances. The incident thermal neutrons interact with the coating neutron-sensitive materials such as 10 B and 6 LiF, resulting in the production of secondary charged particles which can be effectively detected in the sequencial silicon substrate. In this article, the detector system was designed with a coupled neutron detector structure which combined a silicon detector with a 10 B 4 C film in various forms. The 10 B 4 C layer was deposited on the substract with electron beam evaporation method. Two kinds of structrue were discussed: (1) one was the direct contact neutron detector by depositing 10 B 4 C directly onto the front surface of silicon-based detectors; (2) the other was the coupled neutron detectors by depositing 10 B 4 C onto substrates made from different materials such as Al and glass which then coupled with silicon-based detectors. The responses of these neutron detectors to neutrons (Cf-252) were measured individually. It's showen that the detection capability of direct contact neutron detectors was lower than the coupled neutron detectors. For the coupled detectors, the detector by depositing 10 B 4 C on the aluminum substrate was found to be superior than that by depositing 10 B 4 C on the glass substrate.
{"title":"The response of an Al-<sup>10</sup>B<sub>4</sub>C coupled neutron detector based on PIPS technology to Cf-252","authors":"C. Zhang, G. Wu, Z. Li, H. Li, Z. Lu, H. Zhang, X. Wang, R. Li, C. Chen, F. Liu, Y. Qiu, Y. Guo","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/p11005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract After decades of discussions, it has been firmly established that detectors made of silicon-based semiconductor materials can be effectively used for neutron detection by simply coating them with suitable substances. The incident thermal neutrons interact with the coating neutron-sensitive materials such as 10 B and 6 LiF, resulting in the production of secondary charged particles which can be effectively detected in the sequencial silicon substrate. In this article, the detector system was designed with a coupled neutron detector structure which combined a silicon detector with a 10 B 4 C film in various forms. The 10 B 4 C layer was deposited on the substract with electron beam evaporation method. Two kinds of structrue were discussed: (1) one was the direct contact neutron detector by depositing 10 B 4 C directly onto the front surface of silicon-based detectors; (2) the other was the coupled neutron detectors by depositing 10 B 4 C onto substrates made from different materials such as Al and glass which then coupled with silicon-based detectors. The responses of these neutron detectors to neutrons (Cf-252) were measured individually. It's showen that the detection capability of direct contact neutron detectors was lower than the coupled neutron detectors. For the coupled detectors, the detector by depositing 10 B 4 C on the aluminum substrate was found to be superior than that by depositing 10 B 4 C on the glass substrate.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135565865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/t11002
Yan Zhang, Zhaoming Li, Jin Wang, Tengda Zhang, Yuzhong Zhang
Abstract Due to high-temperature resistance, high strength, and excellent fatigue resistance, composite materials are widely used in automotive manufacturing, aerospace, infrastructure and other fields. Consequently, the demand for defect detection of composite materials is also increasing. As a non-destructive testing technique, the active infrared thermography, which can achieve full-field defect detection, is suitable for defect detection of composite materials. However, this method is susceptible to noises caused by the environment and heating sources. In order to solve the problem of the defect signal being submerged by these noises, a multi-dimensional complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (MCEEMD) algorithm is introduced in this paper. This method can decompose the signal into the low-frequency background noise, the high-frequency heating noise, and useful defect signals, and these noises can be easily removed to improve the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) of defect images. Based on this proposed method, a defect detection experiment on the carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is performed in this paper, and experimental results show that the method can effectively remove environmental noise and heating noise, and it can detect 11 out of 12 defects on the CFRP sample with an average CNR of 9.107. Compared with the traditional differential absolute contrast method, this method can detect one additional small defect with the aspect ratio of 1.67 and one deep defect with a depth of 2 mm.
{"title":"Detection of flat-bottom holes in composite materials using multi-dimensional complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition algorithm","authors":"Yan Zhang, Zhaoming Li, Jin Wang, Tengda Zhang, Yuzhong Zhang","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/t11002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/t11002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Due to high-temperature resistance, high strength, and excellent fatigue resistance, composite materials are widely used in automotive manufacturing, aerospace, infrastructure and other fields. Consequently, the demand for defect detection of composite materials is also increasing. As a non-destructive testing technique, the active infrared thermography, which can achieve full-field defect detection, is suitable for defect detection of composite materials. However, this method is susceptible to noises caused by the environment and heating sources. In order to solve the problem of the defect signal being submerged by these noises, a multi-dimensional complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (MCEEMD) algorithm is introduced in this paper. This method can decompose the signal into the low-frequency background noise, the high-frequency heating noise, and useful defect signals, and these noises can be easily removed to improve the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) of defect images. Based on this proposed method, a defect detection experiment on the carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is performed in this paper, and experimental results show that the method can effectively remove environmental noise and heating noise, and it can detect 11 out of 12 defects on the CFRP sample with an average CNR of 9.107. Compared with the traditional differential absolute contrast method, this method can detect one additional small defect with the aspect ratio of 1.67 and one deep defect with a depth of 2 mm.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":"3 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135765268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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