Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05015
H. Abreu, E. Bechetoille, G. Bertolone, G. Claus, C. Colledani, C. Combaret, G. Dozière, C. Hu-Guo, I. Laktineh, H. Mathez, H. Pham, M. Specht, I. Valin, L. Zhang, Y. Zhao
We present in this paper a new sensor called PICMIC-0 that is intended to exploit the intrinsic spatial resolution of the MicroChannel Plate (MCP) detectors. Manufactured using 6-metal TowerJazz 180 nm wafer technology, the sensor features hexagonal charge collection pixels on the top metal layer with a pitch of 5 μm and covering an area of 7.4 × 6.4 mm2. The 2 million of the pixels of this sensor are not read out individually. Each pixel is connected to a straight-line in either 0°, 120° or -120° orientation, in which a current is produced in case of a hit. Each of these readout strip-lines is connected to a readout cell which receives this current, amplifies it using a current mirror and converts it into a digital signal by means of a current comparator. The data is collected from the digital outputs of the readout cells using a priority encoder readout scheme and transmitted in frames of 400 ns. This projective readout system reduces the number of channels to be read out from 2 million pixels to 2556 readout cells integrated within the pixel matrix. Using three projections reduces the ambiguity in case of multiple hits.
{"title":"PICMIC-0: a 5 μm pitch hexagonal pixel sensor with an original tri-axis readout","authors":"H. Abreu, E. Bechetoille, G. Bertolone, G. Claus, C. Colledani, C. Combaret, G. Dozière, C. Hu-Guo, I. Laktineh, H. Mathez, H. Pham, M. Specht, I. Valin, L. Zhang, Y. Zhao","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We present in this paper a new sensor called PICMIC-0 that is intended to exploit the\u0000 intrinsic spatial resolution of the MicroChannel Plate (MCP) detectors. Manufactured using 6-metal\u0000 TowerJazz 180 nm wafer technology, the sensor features hexagonal charge collection pixels on the\u0000 top metal layer with a pitch of 5 μm and covering an area of 7.4 × 6.4 mm2. The 2\u0000 million of the pixels of this sensor are not read out individually.\u0000\u0000Each pixel is connected to a straight-line in either 0°, 120° or -120° orientation, in which a current is produced in case of a hit. Each of these readout strip-lines is connected to a readout cell which receives this current, amplifies it using a current mirror and converts it into a digital signal by means of a current comparator. The data is collected from the digital outputs of the readout cells using a priority encoder readout scheme and transmitted in frames of 400 ns. This projective readout system reduces the number of channels to be read out from 2 million pixels to 2556 readout cells integrated within the pixel matrix. Using three projections reduces the ambiguity in case of multiple hits.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141050013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/p05061
G. Arduini, V. Baglin, H. Bartosik, L. Bottura, C. Bracco, B. Bradu, G. Bregliozzi, K. Brodzinski, R. Bruce, M. Calviani, P. Chiggiato, P. Cruikshank, S. Claudet, D. Delikaris, S. Fartoukh, C. Garion, M. Himmerlich, M. Hostettler, G. Iadarola, S. Kostoglou, S. Le Naour, A. Lechner, T. Lefevre, L. Mether, Yannis Panagiotis Papaphilippou, V. Petit, M. Pojer, A. Poyet, S. Redaelli, F. Rodriguez Mateos, G. Rumolo, B. Salvant, F. Sanchez Galan, A. Siemko, M. Solfaroli-Camillocci, G. Sterbini, M. Taborelli, L. Tavian, H. Timko, J.-Ph. Tock, A. Verweij, M. Wendt, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann, C. Yin Vallgren
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Long Shutdown 2 (2019–2021), following LHC Run 2, was primarily dedicated to the upgrade of the LHC Injectors but it included also a significant amount of activities aimed at consolidation of the LHC machine components, removal of known limitations and initial upgrades in view of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) to favour the intensity ramp-up during Run 3 (2022–2025). An overview of the major modifications to the accelerator and its systems is followed by a summary of the results of the superconducting magnet training campaign to increase the LHC operation energy beyond the maximum value of 6.5 TeV reached during Run 2. The LHC configuration and the scenarios for proton and ion operation for Run 3 are presented considering the expected performance of the upgraded LHC Injectors and the proton beam intensity limitations resulting from the heat load on the cryogenic system due to beam-induced electron cloud and impedance.
{"title":"LHC Upgrades in preparation of Run 3","authors":"G. Arduini, V. Baglin, H. Bartosik, L. Bottura, C. Bracco, B. Bradu, G. Bregliozzi, K. Brodzinski, R. Bruce, M. Calviani, P. Chiggiato, P. Cruikshank, S. Claudet, D. Delikaris, S. Fartoukh, C. Garion, M. Himmerlich, M. Hostettler, G. Iadarola, S. Kostoglou, S. Le Naour, A. Lechner, T. Lefevre, L. Mether, Yannis Panagiotis Papaphilippou, V. Petit, M. Pojer, A. Poyet, S. Redaelli, F. Rodriguez Mateos, G. Rumolo, B. Salvant, F. Sanchez Galan, A. Siemko, M. Solfaroli-Camillocci, G. Sterbini, M. Taborelli, L. Tavian, H. Timko, J.-Ph. Tock, A. Verweij, M. Wendt, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann, C. Yin Vallgren","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/p05061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/p05061","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Long Shutdown 2\u0000 (2019–2021), following LHC Run 2, was primarily dedicated to the\u0000 upgrade of the LHC Injectors but it included also a significant\u0000 amount of activities aimed at consolidation of the LHC machine\u0000 components, removal of known limitations and initial upgrades in\u0000 view of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) to favour the intensity\u0000 ramp-up during Run 3 (2022–2025). An overview of the major\u0000 modifications to the accelerator and its systems is followed by a\u0000 summary of the results of the superconducting magnet training\u0000 campaign to increase the LHC operation energy beyond the maximum\u0000 value of 6.5 TeV reached during Run 2. The LHC configuration and\u0000 the scenarios for proton and ion operation for Run 3 are presented\u0000 considering the expected performance of the upgraded LHC Injectors\u0000 and the proton beam intensity limitations resulting from the heat\u0000 load on the cryogenic system due to beam-induced electron cloud and\u0000 impedance.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141130951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05041
E. Bushmina, A. Bulavskaya, A. Grigorieva, I. Miloichikova, V. Saburov, S. Stuchebrov
One of the important parameters characterizing the interaction of electron beams with matter is the depth dose distribution. To develop a new approach for shaping electron beams using specially created materials suitable for the manufacture of complex 3D-printed devices, it is necessary to analyze the features of ionizing radiation propagation. In this work, numerical simulations and experimental studies of the interaction between electron beams and plastic materials weighted with metallic impurities of different concentrations, suitable for fabricating samples using the rapid prototyping method, were carried out. Sets of plates made from the investigated plastics were created using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique. Since the FFF sample fabrication process involves forming objects from a thermoplastic mass through layer-by-layer alignment, a distinctive feature of the printed samples is their lower actual density compared to the density of the material (filament) from which they are made. Taking this fact into account, the actual density of the polymer plates was calculated. Based on this data, numerical models of the plastic materials weighted with metallic impurities were developed, and virtual models of the experimental setup were created to calculate the electron beam depth dose distributions in the materials. In the next step of the investigation, experimental studies were performed using electron beams with energies of 6 and 10 MeV. Pre-calibrated GafChromic EBT3 dosimetry films were used as detectors to obtain the experimental data on the electron beam depth dose distributions in the materials under consideration. It was observed that with an increasing concentration of metal impurities in the plastic base, the depth dose distribution moves into smaller thicknesses. It was observed that the simulation and experimental results are in good agreement.
{"title":"Compressing of experimental and simulated results of electron beam interaction with FFF-printed samples","authors":"E. Bushmina, A. Bulavskaya, A. Grigorieva, I. Miloichikova, V. Saburov, S. Stuchebrov","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 One of the important parameters characterizing the interaction of electron beams with matter is the depth dose distribution. To develop a new approach for shaping electron beams using specially created materials suitable for the manufacture of complex 3D-printed devices, it is necessary to analyze the features of ionizing radiation propagation. In this work, numerical simulations and experimental studies of the interaction between electron beams and plastic materials weighted with metallic impurities of different concentrations, suitable for fabricating samples using the rapid prototyping method, were carried out. Sets of plates made from the investigated plastics were created using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique. Since the FFF sample fabrication process involves forming objects from a thermoplastic mass through layer-by-layer alignment, a distinctive feature of the printed samples is their lower actual density compared to the density of the material (filament) from which they are made. Taking this fact into account, the actual density of the polymer plates was calculated. Based on this data, numerical models of the plastic materials weighted with metallic impurities were developed, and virtual models of the experimental setup were created to calculate the electron beam depth dose distributions in the materials. In the next step of the investigation, experimental studies were performed using electron beams with energies of 6 and 10 MeV. Pre-calibrated GafChromic EBT3 dosimetry films were used as detectors to obtain the experimental data on the electron beam depth dose distributions in the materials under consideration. It was observed that with an increasing concentration of metal impurities in the plastic base, the depth dose distribution moves into smaller thicknesses. It was observed that the simulation and experimental results are in good agreement.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141132001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/t05016
N. Mounet, R. Tomás, D. Amorim, C. Antuono, N. Biancacci, H. Bartosik, P. Baudrenghien, R. Bruce, X. Buffat, R. Calaga, R. De Maria, C. Droin, L. Giacomel, M. Giovannozzi, G. Iadarola, S. Kostoglou, A. Kurtulus, B. Lindström, L. Mether, E. Metral, Yannis Panagiotis Papaphilippou, K. Paraschou, S. Redaelli, G. Rumolo, B. Salvant, L. Sito, G. Sterbini, C. Zannini
The High Luminosity (HL-LHC) project aims to increase the integrated luminosity of CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) by an order of magnitude compared to its initial design. This requires a large increase in bunch intensity and beam brightness compared to the first three LHC runs, and hence poses serious collective-effects challenges, related in particular to electron cloud, instabilities from beam-coupling impedance, and beam-beam effects. Here, we present the associated constraints and the mitigation measures proposed to achieve the baseline performance of the upgraded LHC machine. We also discuss the interplay of these mitigation measures with other aspects of the accelerator, such as optics, physical and dynamic apertures, the collimation system, and crab cavities. Additional potential sources of intensity limitations are also briefly discussed.
{"title":"High intensity beam dynamics assessment and challenges for HL-LHC","authors":"N. Mounet, R. Tomás, D. Amorim, C. Antuono, N. Biancacci, H. Bartosik, P. Baudrenghien, R. Bruce, X. Buffat, R. Calaga, R. De Maria, C. Droin, L. Giacomel, M. Giovannozzi, G. Iadarola, S. Kostoglou, A. Kurtulus, B. Lindström, L. Mether, E. Metral, Yannis Panagiotis Papaphilippou, K. Paraschou, S. Redaelli, G. Rumolo, B. Salvant, L. Sito, G. Sterbini, C. Zannini","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/t05016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/t05016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The High Luminosity (HL-LHC) project aims to increase the\u0000 integrated luminosity of CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) by an\u0000 order of magnitude compared to its initial design. This requires a\u0000 large increase in bunch intensity and beam brightness compared to\u0000 the first three LHC runs, and hence poses serious collective-effects\u0000 challenges, related in particular to electron cloud, instabilities\u0000 from beam-coupling impedance, and beam-beam effects. Here, we\u0000 present the associated constraints and the mitigation measures\u0000 proposed to achieve the baseline performance of the upgraded LHC\u0000 machine. We also discuss the interplay of these mitigation measures\u0000 with other aspects of the accelerator, such as optics, physical and\u0000 dynamic apertures, the collimation system, and crab\u0000 cavities. Additional potential sources of intensity limitations are\u0000 also briefly discussed.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141143304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05025
M. C. Crocco, R. Filosa, A. Smeriglio, V. Formoso, R.C. Barberi, A. Solano, M. Cerzoso, A. Polosa, V. Cerrone, R.G. Agostino
An archaeometric study was carried out on thirteen of the thirty ancient Roman coins found in the “Grotta delle Ninfe” in Cerchiara di Calabria, Calabria, Italy. The coins are exhibited at the Brettii and Enotri Museum in Cosenza, Calabria. Due to their exposure to sulfur-rich water sources near the excavation site, these coins have deteriorated. The inscriptions are entirely unreadable due to a thick coating of corrosion products that have accumulated. This study aims to summarize the results obtained in previous works, including identifying the constituent elements, revealing hidden inscriptions that may help restore readability, and establishing the coin creation period and place.
对在意大利卡拉布里亚 Cerchiara di Calabria 的 "Grotta delle Ninfe "发现的 30 枚古罗马硬币中的 13 枚进行了考古计量研究。这些钱币在卡拉布里亚科森扎的 Brettii 和 Enotri 博物馆展出。由于暴露在发掘现场附近富含硫磺的水源中，这些钱币已经变质。由于积聚了一层厚厚的腐蚀产物，这些钱币上的铭文已经完全无法辨认。本研究旨在总结之前的研究成果，包括确定组成元素、揭示可能有助于恢复可读性的隐藏铭文，以及确定钱币的制作年代和地点。
{"title":"A non-destructive archaeometric study of Roman coins","authors":"M. C. Crocco, R. Filosa, A. Smeriglio, V. Formoso, R.C. Barberi, A. Solano, M. Cerzoso, A. Polosa, V. Cerrone, R.G. Agostino","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An archaeometric study was carried out on thirteen of the thirty ancient Roman coins found in the “Grotta delle Ninfe” in Cerchiara di Calabria, Calabria, Italy. The coins are exhibited at the Brettii and Enotri Museum in Cosenza, Calabria. Due to their exposure to sulfur-rich water sources near the excavation site, these coins have deteriorated. The inscriptions are entirely unreadable due to a thick coating of corrosion products that have accumulated. This study aims to summarize the results obtained in previous works, including identifying the constituent elements, revealing hidden inscriptions that may help restore readability, and establishing the coin creation period and place.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141056472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05031
N.V. Maksyuta, V.I. Vysotskii, D.N. Maksyuta, S.V. Efimenko, Y. Slinchenko
The work investigates the conditions for the possibility of using the quadratic approximation U(ρ) = αρ2 for the interaction potentials of channeled positrons with the inner walls of non-chiral carbon nanotubes of types (n, 0) and (n, n). In particular, (8, 0), (10, 0), (12, 0) and (8, 8), (10, 10), (12, 12) nanotubes were selected. In this case, when calculating the single-particle potential of the carbon atom, only the contribution of valence electrons was taken into account. As a result of this approximation, the parameters α were determined for all the nanotubes studied. Using wave functions and the corresponding quantum levels of transverse energy obtained by solving the Schrödinger equation, the probabilities of occupation of these levels were calculated for positron beams with zero angular dispersion moving along the axes of nanotubes. Based on this information, values of the longitudinal energy of positrons for which the quadratic approximation is applicable were determined for all the studied nanotubes. Spectral distributions of spontaneous radiation were calculated in the dipole approximation for non-dispersive relativistic positron beams, both within the framework of quantum-mechanical and classical approaches.
{"title":"Calculation of spontaneous radiation during channeling of relativistic positrons in non-chiral nanotubes using a quadratic approximation","authors":"N.V. Maksyuta, V.I. Vysotskii, D.N. Maksyuta, S.V. Efimenko, Y. Slinchenko","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The work investigates the conditions for the possibility of using the quadratic\u0000 approximation U(ρ) = αρ2 for the interaction potentials of channeled\u0000 positrons with the inner walls of non-chiral carbon nanotubes of types (n, 0) and\u0000 (n, n). In particular, (8, 0), (10, 0), (12, 0) and (8, 8), (10, 10), (12, 12)\u0000 nanotubes were selected. In this case, when calculating the single-particle potential of the\u0000 carbon atom, only the contribution of valence electrons was taken into account. As a result of\u0000 this approximation, the parameters α were determined for all the nanotubes\u0000 studied. Using wave functions and the corresponding quantum levels of transverse energy obtained\u0000 by solving the Schrödinger equation, the probabilities of occupation of these levels were\u0000 calculated for positron beams with zero angular dispersion moving along the axes of\u0000 nanotubes. Based on this information, values of the longitudinal energy of positrons for which the\u0000 quadratic approximation is applicable were determined for all the studied nanotubes. Spectral\u0000 distributions of spontaneous radiation were calculated in the dipole approximation for\u0000 non-dispersive relativistic positron beams, both within the framework of quantum-mechanical and\u0000 classical approaches.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141032767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05022
Martina Franchi, Stefania Colonnese, Alessia Cedola, Lia Barelli, Simona Morretta
Ancient documents are important historical sources that are often found in a fragmented condition due to their conservation status. In this study, we examined fragments of paper found in 1996 during excavation of the Santi Quattro Coronati complex, in Rome. The archaeological site where the fragments were found is situated on the first floor of the tower within the complex. This location was used as a disposal pit approximately between the 15th and 16th centuries. The fragments exhibit text discoloration, hindering automatic recognition and human readability. To reveal the faded text, the fragments have been digitalized, converted into a perceptually uniform color space and the contrast has been enhanced. The photometric characteristics of the input and enhanced images have been statistically characterized, and the contrast enhancement assessed by a state-of-the-art metric. The statistical analysis of the text colour coordinates was carried out to develop supervised and unsupervised image segmentation, isolating the text. The results of the method show that it effectively identifies text regions within images, improving readability, even for faded text. It can be integrated into deep learning-based character recognition systems, facilitating the automatic analysis of historical handwritten documents.
{"title":"Assessing readability of the text in ancient paper fragments by a photometric statistical analysis","authors":"Martina Franchi, Stefania Colonnese, Alessia Cedola, Lia Barelli, Simona Morretta","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Ancient documents are important historical sources that are often found in a fragmented\u0000 condition due to their conservation status. In this study, we examined fragments of paper found in\u0000 1996 during excavation of the\u0000Santi Quattro Coronati\u0000complex, in Rome. The archaeological site\u0000 where the fragments were found is situated on the first floor of the tower within the\u0000 complex. This location was used as a disposal pit approximately between the 15th and 16th\u0000 centuries. The fragments exhibit text discoloration, hindering automatic recognition and human\u0000 readability. To reveal the faded text, the fragments have been digitalized, converted into a\u0000 perceptually uniform color space and the contrast has been enhanced. The photometric\u0000 characteristics of the input and enhanced images have been statistically characterized, and the\u0000 contrast enhancement assessed by a state-of-the-art metric. The statistical analysis of the text\u0000 colour coordinates was carried out to develop supervised and unsupervised image segmentation,\u0000 isolating the text.\u0000\u0000The results of the method show that it effectively identifies text regions within images, improving readability, even for faded text. It can be integrated into deep learning-based character recognition systems, facilitating the automatic analysis of historical handwritten documents.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141047314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05016
L. Bezhanova, M. Vasilyan, A. Atanesyan
The study explores the application of catastrophe theory to describe the molecular mechanisms of smectisation and the regulation of polymorphism in nematic liquid crystal (NLC) systems. We propose a new approach for describing the stable and unstable states of NLC systems that induce the smectic (Sm) phase. A relation between the control variables of the cusp catastrophe and the Sm order parameter in NLC systems has been identified. The equilibrium states of the Sm phase are determined within the framework of catastrophe theory. By applying catastrophe theory to study the thermodynamic potential of an NLC system, we provide a detailed description of how the functional potential geometry changes depending on the control variables. The local geometry around the extremes of the functional thermodynamic potential allows for controllable catastrophes.
本研究探讨了如何应用灾难理论来描述向列液晶 (NLC) 系统中的蜕变和多态性调控的分子机制。我们提出了一种新的方法来描述 NLC 系统中诱导 Smectic（Sm）相的稳定和不稳定状态。我们确定了 NLC 系统中尖顶灾难控制变量与 Sm 阶参数之间的关系。在灾变理论框架内确定了 Sm 相的平衡态。通过应用灾变理论研究 NLC 系统的热力学势，我们详细描述了功能势几何如何随控制变量的变化而变化。功能热力学势极端附近的局部几何形状允许发生可控的灾变。
{"title":"Molecular mechanism of smectisation and regulation of polymorphism in nematic liquid crystal systems","authors":"L. Bezhanova, M. Vasilyan, A. Atanesyan","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The study explores the application of catastrophe theory to describe the molecular mechanisms of smectisation and the regulation of polymorphism in nematic liquid crystal (NLC) systems. We propose a new approach for describing the stable and unstable states of NLC systems that induce the smectic (Sm) phase. A relation between the control variables of the cusp catastrophe and the Sm order parameter in NLC systems has been identified. The equilibrium states of the Sm phase are determined within the framework of catastrophe theory. By applying catastrophe theory to study the thermodynamic potential of an NLC system, we provide a detailed description of how the functional potential geometry changes depending on the control variables. The local geometry around the extremes of the functional thermodynamic potential allows for controllable catastrophes.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141050733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/p05022
S. Bishnoi, T. Patel, P.S. Sarkar, L. Pant
An experimental study has been performed using 14 MeV neutrons for imaging of low Z material (particularly composed of C, H, O elements) masked with thick layers of dense and high Z materials. The experimental setup consists of a D-T neutron generator, a metallic collimator and an imaging system. The imaging system is designed with a polypropylene zinc sulphide scintillator screen integrated with a lens coupled 16-bit ICCD camera. Imaging capability of the system was investigated using iron test samples with holes and line pair features. The minimum hole size of 2 mm could be imaged at a contrast of 36% and a line of 2 mm width visible at a contrast of 24% indicating the system's resolution of ∼ mm. Low Z samples such as water (H2O) and polyethylene (C2H2) n placed behind thick layers of Pb (40 mm) and Uranium (35 mm), were imaged successfully. These images reveal the system's ability towards low Z material imaging in the presence of heavier metals. Good contrast images acquired at a lower neutron yield of ∼ 5 × 108 n/sec of D-T neutron generator has provided a possibility to realise fast neutron imaging having moderate resolution (∼ mm) with a smaller footprint and an economical system design for field applications.
利用 14 MeV 中子对被高密度高 Z 材料厚层掩盖的低 Z 材料（特别是由 C、H、O 元素组成的材料）进行了成像实验研究。实验装置包括一个 D-T 中子发生器、一个金属准直器和一个成像系统。成像系统由一个聚丙烯硫化锌闪烁屏和一个镜头耦合 16 位 ICCD 相机组成。使用带有孔和线对特征的铁测试样品对该系统的成像能力进行了研究。在对比度为 36% 的情况下，可以对最小尺寸为 2 毫米的孔进行成像，在对比度为 24% 的情况下，可以看到宽度为 2 毫米的线，这表明该系统的分辨率为 ∼ 毫米。在厚铅层（40 毫米）和厚铀层（35 毫米）后放置的低 Z 样品，如水（H2O）和聚乙烯（C2H2），也能成功成像。这些图像显示了该系统在较重金属存在的情况下对低 Z 材料成像的能力。D-T 中子发生器的中子产率较低，仅为 5 × 108 n/sec，但却能获得对比度良好的图像，这为实现具有中等分辨率（∼ mm）的快速中子成像提供了可能，同时也为现场应用提供了更小的占地面积和更经济的系统设计。
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Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/t05006
A. Orduz, M. Di Giacomo, J. Lagniel, G. Normand, D. Uriot
The SPIRAL2 linac is now successfully commissioned; H+, 4He2+, D+ and 18O6+ have been accelerated up to nominal parameters and 18O7+ and 40Ar14+ beams have been also accelerated up to 7 MeV/A. The main steps with 5 mA H+, D+ beams and with 0.6 mA 18O6+ are described. The general results of the commissioning of the RF, cryogenic and diagnostics systems, as well as the preliminary results of the first experiments on NFS are presented. In addition of an improvement of the matching to the linac, the tuning procedures of the 3 Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) rebunchers and 26 linac SC cavities were progressively improved to reach the nominal parameters in operation, starting from the classical “signature matching method”. The different cavity tuning methods developed to take into account our particular situation (very low energy and large phase extension) are described. The tools developed for an efficient linac tuning in operation, e.g. beam energy and intensity changes are also discussed.
{"title":"SPIRAL2 commissioning and operations","authors":"A. Orduz, M. Di Giacomo, J. Lagniel, G. Normand, D. Uriot","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/t05006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/t05006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The SPIRAL2 linac is now successfully commissioned;\u0000 H+, 4He2+, D+ and 18O6+ have been\u0000 accelerated up to nominal parameters and 18O7+ and\u0000 40Ar14+ beams have been also accelerated up to\u0000 7 MeV/A. The main steps with 5 mA H+, D+ beams\u0000 and with 0.6 mA 18O6+ are described. The general results\u0000 of the commissioning of the RF, cryogenic and diagnostics systems,\u0000 as well as the preliminary results of the first experiments on NFS\u0000 are presented. In addition of an improvement of the matching to the\u0000 linac, the tuning procedures of the 3 Medium Energy Beam Transport\u0000 (MEBT) rebunchers and 26 linac SC cavities were progressively\u0000 improved to reach the nominal parameters in operation, starting from\u0000 the classical “signature matching method”. The different cavity\u0000 tuning methods developed to take into account our particular\u0000 situation (very low energy and large phase extension) are\u0000 described. The tools developed for an efficient linac tuning in\u0000 operation, e.g. beam energy and intensity changes are also\u0000 discussed.","PeriodicalId":16184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141057545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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