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No evidence for the melanin desiccation hypothesis in a larval Lepidopteran 一种鳞翅目幼虫的黑色素干燥假说没有证据。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104669
Sarah Britton , Goggy Davidowitz

Water regulation is an important physiological challenge for insects due to their small body sizes and large surface area to volume ratios. Adaptations for decreasing cuticular water loss, the largest avenue of loss, are especially important. The melanin desiccation hypothesis states that melanin molecules in the cuticle may help prevent water loss, thus offering protection from desiccation. This hypothesis has much empirical support in Drosophila species, but remains mostly untested in other taxa, including Lepidoptera. Because melanin has many other important functions in insects, its potential role in desiccation prevention is not always clear. In this study we investigated the role of melanin in desiccation prevention in the white-lined Sphinx moth, Hyles lineata (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae), which shows high plasticity in the degree of melanin pigmentation during the late larval instars. We took advantage of this plasticity and used density treatments to induce a wide range of cuticular melanization; solitary conditions induced low melanin pigmentation while crowded conditions induced high melanin pigmentation. We tested whether more melanic larvae from the crowded treatment were better protected from desiccation in three relevant responses: i) total water loss over a desiccation period, ii) change in hemolymph osmolality over a desiccation period, and iii) evaporation rate of water through the cuticle. We did not find support for the melanin desiccation hypothesis in this species. Although treatment influenced total water loss, this effect did not occur via degree of melanization. Interestingly, this implies that crowding, which was used to induce high melanin phenotypes, may have other physiological effects that influence water regulation. There were no differences between treatments in cuticular evaporative water loss or change in hemolymph osmolality. However, we conclude that osmolality may not sufficiently reflect water loss in this case. This study emphasizes the context dependency of melanin’s role in desiccation prevention and the importance of considering how it may vary across taxa. In lepidopteran larvae that are constantly feeding phytophagous insects with soft cuticles, melanin may not be necessary for preventing cuticular water loss.

由于昆虫体型小、表面积与体积比大,水分调节是昆虫面临的一项重要生理挑战。减少最大的失水途径--角质层失水的适应性尤其重要。黑色素干燥假说认为,角质层中的黑色素分子可能有助于防止水分流失,从而提供干燥保护。这一假说在果蝇物种中得到了很多经验支持,但在包括鳞翅目昆虫在内的其他类群中大多仍未得到验证。由于黑色素在昆虫中还有许多其他重要功能,因此它在防止干燥方面的潜在作用并不总是很明确。在本研究中,我们研究了黑色素在白线斯芬克斯蛾(鳞翅目,Sphingidae)的干燥预防中的作用。我们利用这种可塑性,使用密度处理来诱导广泛的角质层黑色素化;独居条件下诱导低黑色素色素沉着,而拥挤条件下诱导高黑色素色素沉着。我们测试了以下三个相关反应:i) 干燥期的总失水率;ii) 干燥期的血淋巴渗透压变化;iii) 水分通过角质层的蒸发率。我们没有发现黑色素干燥假说在该物种中得到支持。虽然处理会影响总失水率,但这种影响并不是通过黑色素的程度产生的。有趣的是,这意味着用于诱导高黑色素表型的拥挤可能会产生其他影响水分调节的生理效应。不同处理之间在角质层蒸发失水或血淋巴渗透压变化方面没有差异。不过,我们得出结论,在这种情况下,渗透压可能不能充分反映失水情况。这项研究强调了黑色素在防止干燥方面所起作用的环境依赖性,以及考虑黑色素在不同类群中如何变化的重要性。在鳞翅目幼虫不断取食具有软角质层的植食性昆虫时,黑色素可能不是防止角质层失水所必需的。
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引用次数: 0
An improved method to assess the encapsulation response in arthropods 评估节肢动物包囊反应的改进方法。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104670
Lucas J. Kirschman, Hannah M. Eastman, Frank J. Irovic, Nathaniel A. Nix, Ly Tuan Kiet Bui, Sydney L. Blackmon, Jaylen S. Greenlee, Rubina Lamichhane, Jack D. Mabuce, Hannah K. McAllister, Lilly F. Nevill, Peyton Redinger, Nia I. Rivers, Jackson L. Sprague

Ecoimmunology explores how ecological factors and evolutionary processes influence immune responses across various taxa and how immune responses trade-off with other traits. Studying immune responses requires biologically meaningful immunoassays applicable to a broad range of taxa and are sensitive enough to detect changes in the immune response. Useful immunoassays should also correlate with immunocompetence and fitness. The encapsulation response, a complex immune mechanism in arthropods, serves as a robust method for ecoimmunological investigations. However, traditional methods to test the encapsulation response can require long training. This study introduces an innovative, cost-effective method for assessing the encapsulation immune response in arthropods, which simplifies the procedure by reducing the training time and skill required. Our modified device utilizes a pen and syringe assembly for inserting monofilaments into arthropod larvae. We compared our device against traditional methods. Despite the new method being 22% faster, it did not compromise the accuracy or effectiveness of the encapsulation response when compared with traditional techniques, demonstrating similar degrees of melanization and encapsulation. Our method allowed for more accessible participation by less experienced researchers, such as undergraduates, facilitating their involvement in ecoimmunological research.

生态免疫学探索生态因素和进化过程如何影响不同类群的免疫反应,以及免疫反应如何与其他性状进行权衡。研究免疫反应需要有生物意义的免疫测定方法,这些方法应适用于广泛的类群,并具有足够的灵敏度来检测免疫反应的变化。有用的免疫测定还应与免疫能力和适应性相关。包囊反应是节肢动物的一种复杂免疫机制,是生态免疫学研究的有力方法。然而,测试包囊反应的传统方法需要长时间的训练。本研究介绍了一种创新的、具有成本效益的方法,用于评估节肢动物的包囊免疫反应,该方法通过减少所需的培训时间和技能简化了操作过程。我们改进的装置利用笔和注射器组件将单丝插入节肢动物幼虫体内。我们将我们的设备与传统方法进行了比较。尽管新方法快了 22%,但与传统技术相比,它并没有降低封装反应的准确性或有效性,显示出相似的黑色化和封装程度。我们的方法使经验不足的研究人员(如本科生)更容易参与,促进了他们参与生态免疫学研究。
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引用次数: 0
Caste-specific development of the dopaminergic system in bumble bees (Bombus ignitus) 大黄蜂(Bombus ignitus)多巴胺能系统的种姓特异性发育。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104665
Takafumi Onuma, Ken Sasaki

The dopaminergic system is involved in caste-specific behaviors in eusocial bumble bees. However, little is known about how the caste differences in dopaminergic system are formed during pupal stages in the brains of bumble bees. Thus, we investigated the levels of dopamine-related substances and expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in dopamine synthesis and metabolism, dopamine receptors, and a dopamine transporter in the brain of female Bombus ignitus. The levels of dopamine and dopamine-related substances in the brain were significantly higher in gynes than in workers from the late pupal stage to emergence, but the dynamics were similar between the castes. The relative expression levels of genes encoding enzymes involved in dopamine synthesis (BigTh and BigDdc) and dopamine metabolism (BigNat) increased significantly from pupal stage to emergence, but there were no differences in the relative expression levels of these genes between castes. A similar pattern was seen in the relative expression levels of four dopamine receptor genes (BigDop1, BigDop2, BigDop3, and BigDopEcR) and a dopamine transporter gene (BigDat). Compared with the honey bee Apis mellifera, the caste-specific dopaminergic system in the bumble bee is less differentiated, which might reflect the degree of behavioral specialization in these two species.

多巴胺能系统参与了社会性熊蜂的种性特异行为。然而,人们对多巴胺能系统的种性差异是如何在熊蜂蛹期大脑中形成的知之甚少。因此,我们研究了雌性点火熊蜂脑内多巴胺相关物质的水平以及编码多巴胺合成和代谢酶、多巴胺受体和多巴胺转运体的基因的表达。从化蛹后期到出壳,雌鸟脑内多巴胺和多巴胺相关物质的含量明显高于工蜂,但不同种群之间的动态变化相似。编码多巴胺合成酶(BigTh和BigDdc)和多巴胺代谢酶(BigNat)的基因的相对表达水平从蛹期到出巢期显著增加,但这些基因的相对表达水平在不同种群之间没有差异。四个多巴胺受体基因(BigDop1、BigDop2、BigDop3和BigDopEcR)和一个多巴胺转运体基因(BigDat)的相对表达水平也出现了类似的模式。与蜜蜂Apis mellifera相比,大黄蜂种姓特异性多巴胺能系统的分化程度较低,这可能反映了这两个物种的行为特化程度。
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引用次数: 0
A sperm-activating trypsin-like protease from the male reproductive tract of Spodoptera litura: Proteomic identification, sequence characterization, gene expression profile, RNAi and the effects of ionizing radiation 一种来自斑翅虫雄性生殖道的精子活化胰蛋白酶样蛋白酶:蛋白质组鉴定、序列表征、基因表达谱、RNAi 和电离辐射的影响。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104664
Priya Yadav , Rakesh K. Seth , Stuart E. Reynolds

Like other lepidopteran insects, males of the tobacco cutworm moth, Spodoptera litura produce two kinds of spermatozoa, eupyrene (nucleate) and apyrene (anucleate) sperm. Formed in the testis, both kinds of sperm are released into the male reproductive tract in an immature form and are stored in the duplex region of the tract. Neither type of sperm is motile at this stage. When stored apyrene sperm from the duplex are treated in vitro with an extract of the prostatic region of the male tract, or with mammalian trypsin, they become motile; activation is greater and achieved more rapidly with increasing concentration of extract or enzyme. The activating effect of prostatic extract is blocked by soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), also in a dose-dependent way. These results suggest that the normal sperm-activating process is due to an endogenous trypsin-like protease produced in the prostatic region.

Proteomic analysis of S. litura prostatic extracts revealed a Trypsin-Like Serine Protease, TLSP, molecular weight 27 kDa, whose 199-residue amino acid sequence is identical to that of a predicted protein from the S. litura genome and is highly similar to predicted proteins encoded by genes in the genomes of several other noctuid moth species. Surprisingly, TLSP is only distantly related to Serine Protease 2 (initiatorin) of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori, the only identified lepidopteran protein so far shown to activate sperm. TLSP has features typical of secreted proteins, probably being synthesized as an inactive precursor zymogen, which is later activated by proteolytic cleavage.

cDNA was synthesized from total RNA extracted from the prostatic region and was used to examine TLSP expression using qPCR. tlsp mRNA was expressed in both the prostatic region and the accessory glands of the male tract. Injection of TLSP-specific dsRNA into adult males caused a significant reduction after 24 h in tlsp mRNA levels in both locations. The number of eggs laid by females mated to adult males that were given TLSP dsRNA in 10 % honey solution, and the fertility (% hatched) of the eggs were reduced. Injecting pupae with TLSP dsRNA caused the later activation of apyrene sperm motility by adult male prostatic extracts to be significantly reduced compared to controls.

Exposure of S. litura pupae to ionizing radiation significantly reduced expression of tlsp mRNA in the prostatic part and accessory gland of irradiated males in both the irradiated generation and also in their (unirradiated) F1 progeny. The implications of these findings for the use of the inherited sterility technique for the control of S. litura and other pest Lepidoptera are discussed.

与其他鳞翅目昆虫一样,烟草切割蛾(Spodoptera litura)的雄性也会产生两种精子,一种是有核(eupyrene)精子,另一种是无核(apyrene)精子。这两种精子都在睾丸中形成,以未成熟的形式释放到雄性生殖道中,并储存在生殖道的二叠区。这两种精子在这一阶段都没有运动能力。在体外用男性生殖道前列腺区提取物或哺乳动物胰蛋白酶处理储存在双重区的芘精子时,它们会变得有活力;提取物或酶的浓度越高,激活效果越大,速度越快。前列腺提取物的激活作用会被大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(SBTI)阻断,这种阻断也是剂量依赖性的。这些结果表明,正常的精子激活过程是由前列腺区域产生的内源性胰蛋白酶样蛋白酶引起的。对S. litura前列腺提取物的蛋白质组分析发现了一种分子量为27 kDa的类胰蛋白酶丝氨酸蛋白酶(TLSP),其199个氨基酸序列与S. litura基因组中的一种预测蛋白相同,并且与其他几种夜蛾物种基因组中基因编码的预测蛋白高度相似。令人惊讶的是,TLSP 与丝蛾的丝氨酸蛋白酶 2(initiatorin)只有很远的亲缘关系,而丝蛾的丝氨酸蛋白酶 2 是迄今为止发现的唯一能激活精子的鳞翅目昆虫蛋白。从前列腺区域提取的总 RNA 合成了 cDNA,并用 qPCR 检测 TLSP 的表达。向成年雄性动物注射 TLSP 特异性 dsRNA 24 小时后,这两个部位的 tlsp mRNA 水平均显著下降。在 10% 的蜂蜜溶液中注射 TLSP dsRNA 的成年雄虫交配的雌虫产卵数量和卵的受精率(孵化率)均有所下降。与对照组相比,给蛹注射 TLSP dsRNA 会显著降低成年雄性前列腺提取物对芘精子活力的激活作用。将 S. litura 蛹暴露于电离辐射中会显著降低辐照雄性前列腺部分和附属腺体中 tlsp mRNA 的表达,无论是在辐照一代还是在其 F1 后代(未受辐照)中都是如此。本文讨论了这些发现对利用遗传不育技术控制 S. litura 和其他有害鳞翅目昆虫的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Basking improves but winter warming worsens overwinter survival in the linden bug 椴树蝽越冬存活率的提高与冬季变暖有关。
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104655
Jan Rozsypal

The present study investigates the effects of rare winter basking behavior (observed in wild populations of the Linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus) and the effects of winter warming (predicted by climate models) on overwinter survival and physiology of P. apterus. The insects were exposed to scenarios simulating basking and winter warming in the laboratory. Part of the insects were exposed to real winters under semi-natural conditions in the field for comparison. The results show a clear positive effect of winter basking, implying that basking behavior is critical for overwinter survival in P. apterus. In contrast, winter warming was found to have a strong negative effect on overwinter survival, potentially representing a threat to central European populations of P. apterus. Physiological parameters (mass, water content, SCP, energy reserves) measured in this study cannot fully explain all the results. Further study is needed to better understand the mechanisms behind the positive effects of winter basking and the negative effects of winter warming on overwintering P. apterus.

本研究调查了罕见的冬季晒太阳行为(在椴树蝽野生种群中观察到)和冬季变暖(气候模型预测)对椴树蝽越冬存活率和生理机能的影响。昆虫在实验室中暴露于模拟晒太阳和冬季变暖的情景中。部分昆虫在野外半自然条件下暴露于真实的冬季,以进行比较。结果表明,冬季晒太阳有明显的积极作用,这意味着晒太阳行为对蛙蛙的越冬存活至关重要。与此相反,冬季升温对越冬存活率有很大的负面影响,可能对欧洲中部的箭毒蛙种群构成威胁。本研究测量的生理参数(质量、含水量、SCP、能量储备)不能完全解释所有结果。还需要进一步研究,以更好地了解冬季晒太阳的积极影响和冬季变暖对越冬蛙的消极影响背后的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of temperature on the photoperiodic time measurement and on the induction of Trichogramma telengai progeny diapause: The separation of the two effects 温度对光周期时间测量和诱导毛蛛后代休眠的影响:两种影响的分离
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104654
Sergey Ya. Reznik, Natalia D. Voinovich

Thermal effects on photoperiodic time measurement and accumulation of inductive photoperiods have been studied in many insect species whereas the influence of temperature on the last step of the photoperiodic response, the induction of diapause, received less attention from researchers. We investigated thermal modification of the maternal photoperiodic response in Trichogramma telengai (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Even a single long-night photoperiod experienced by females of this minute egg parasitoid immediately before oviposition causes a substantial increase in larval diapause incidence in the progeny. This feature allows separation of the thermal effects on different steps of the diapause-inducing photoperiodic response. Laboratory experiments showed that the temperature of the last scotophase (when the final decisive photoperiodic time measurement occurs) caused an inverted U-shaped diapause-inducing response similar to that observed in some other long-day insects. The temperature of the last photophase (when progeny diapause is induced) had a positive linear effect that has not been reported for the induction of winter diapause in any long-day insect. Most probably, such a thermal response is not a specific seasonal adaptation but a direct consequence of the influence of temperature on the rate of metabolism.

许多昆虫物种都研究了热效应对光周期时间测量和诱导光周期累积的影响,而温度对光周期反应最后一步(诱导休眠)的影响则较少受到研究人员的关注。我们研究了热对毛蛛(膜翅目:毛蛛科)母体光周期反应的影响。即使这种微小卵寄生虫的雌虫在产卵前经历了一次长夜光周期,也会导致后代幼虫休眠发生率大幅上升。这一特征可以将热效应与诱发停滞的光周期反应的不同步骤区分开来。实验室实验表明,最后一个光照阶段(最后决定性的光周期时间测量发生时)的温度会导致倒 U 形的停顿诱导反应,这与在其他一些长日照昆虫中观察到的情况类似。最后一个光照阶段(诱导后代休眠时)的温度具有正线性效应,这在任何长日照昆虫的冬季休眠诱导中都未见报道。这种热反应很可能不是一种特定的季节性适应,而是温度对新陈代谢率影响的直接结果。
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引用次数: 0
Habituation leads to short but not long term memory formation in mosquito larvae 习惯会导致蚊子幼虫形成短期记忆,但不会形成长期记忆。
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104650
Martin Dessart, Claudio R. Lazzari, Fernando J. Guerrieri

In animals, memory allows to remember important locations and conserve energy by not responding to irrelevant stimuli. However, memory formation and maintenance are metabolically costly, making it worthwhile to understand the mechanisms underlying different types of memory and their adaptive value. In this study, we investigated the memory persistence of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, after habituation to a visual stimulus. We used an automated tracking system for quantifying the response of mosquito larvae to the passage of a shadow, simulating an approaching predator. First, we compared different retention times, from 4 min to 24 h, and found that mosquito larvae only exhibited memory capabilities less than 3 h after training. Secondly, we investigated the role of inter-trial intervals in memory formation. In contrast to other aquatic invertebrates, mosquito larvae showed no long-term memory even at long inter-trial intervals (i.e., 5 min and 10 min). Our results are discussed in relation to the ecological constraints.

在动物中,记忆可以让它们记住重要地点,并通过不对无关刺激做出反应来节省能量。然而,记忆的形成和维持需要付出高昂的新陈代谢代价,因此值得了解不同类型记忆的内在机制及其适应价值。在这项研究中,我们调查了埃及伊蚊幼虫对视觉刺激习惯化后的记忆持久性。我们使用自动跟踪系统来量化蚊子幼虫对阴影通过的反应,模拟捕食者接近时的反应。首先,我们比较了从4分钟到24小时的不同保持时间,发现蚊子幼虫只有在训练后不到3小时才表现出记忆能力。其次,我们研究了试验间隔在记忆形成中的作用。与其他水生无脊椎动物不同,蚊子幼虫即使在较长的试验间隔期(即 5 分钟和 10 分钟)内也没有表现出长期记忆。我们的研究结果与生态限制因素有关。
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引用次数: 0
Tracheal hyperallometry and spatial constraints in a large beetle 大型甲虫的气管超量测定和空间限制。
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104652
Tomer Urca , Gal Ribak , Eran Gefen

Insects exchange respiratory gases with their environment through their gas-filled tracheal system, a branched tracheal tree extending from segmental openings and terminating at fine tissue penetrating tracheoles. It was shown that the tracheal volume increases hyperallometrically with insect body size (Mb), both interspecifically and across developmental stages. In this study, we used the sixfold Mb variation in adult Batocera rufomaculata (Cerambicidae; Coleoptera) examining the allometry of adult tracheal volume (Vtr). We further explored the effect of sex and sexual maturity on tracheal gas conductance, testing the hypotheses that (i) larger body size and (ii) egg volume in gravid females would result in lower safety margins for tracheal oxygen transport due to structural restriction. We report a hyperallometric tracheal growth in both sexes of adult B. rufomaculata (mean mass exponent of 1.42 ± 0.09), similar in magnitude to previously reported values. Tracheal gas conductance was independent of Mb and reproductive state, but was significantly higher in females compared with males. We suggest that females may have pre-adapted a higher tracheal conductance required for the higher flight power output while gravid. Lack of compliant air sacs and rigid trachea may explain how gravid females retain their Vtr. However, we show that Vtr outgrows thoracic dimensions with increased B. rufomaculata size. Hyperallometric growth of the giant cerambycid thoracic trachea could explain the previously reported hypometric scaling of flight muscles in B. rufomaculata, and the compromised long-distance flight performance of larger compared with smaller conspecifics.

昆虫通过充满气体的气管系统与周围环境交换呼吸气体,气管系统是一个从节间开口延伸到细小组织穿透气管孔的分支气管树。研究表明,气管体积随着昆虫体型(Mb)的增大而增大,在不同物种间和不同发育阶段都是如此。在本研究中,我们利用成虫 Batocera rufomaculata(蠰科;鞘翅目)的六倍 Mb 差异研究了成虫气管体积(Vtr)的异方差。我们进一步探讨了性别和性成熟对气管气体传导的影响,并检验了以下假设:(i) 体型较大;(ii) 怀卵雌虫的卵体积会因结构限制而导致气管氧气输送的安全系数降低。我们报告了雌雄成虫气管的超测速增长(平均质量指数为 1.42 ± 0.09),与之前报告的数值相近。气管气体传导率与 Mb 和繁殖状态无关,但雌性明显高于雄性。我们认为,雌性可能已经预先适应了较高的气管导气率,以便在怀孕期间输出较高的飞行动力。缺乏顺应性气囊和僵硬的气管也许可以解释雌鸟如何保持其 Vtr。然而,我们的研究表明,随着红腹滨蝽体型的增大,Vtr会超过胸廓尺寸。巨角雉胸腔气管的超几何增长可以解释之前报道的巨角雉飞行肌肉的超几何缩放,以及与较小的同种鸟相比,体型较大的巨角雉远距离飞行性能下降的原因。
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引用次数: 0
Hemolin increases the immune response of a caterpillar to NPV infection 血腥素能增强毛虫对 NPV 感染的免疫反应。
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104651
Liqiong Yan, Arina Nur Faidah, Lili Sun, Chuanwang Cao

Hemolin, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays a crucial role in the immune responses of insects against pathogens. However, the innate immune response of Hemolin to baculovirus infection varies among different insects, and the antiviral effects of Hemolin in Hyphantria cunea (HcHemolin) remain poorly understood. Our results showed that HcHemolin was expressed throughout all developmental stages, with higher expressions observed during pupal and adult stages of H. cunea. Additionally, HcHemolin was expressed in reproductive and digestive organs. The expression levels of the HcHemolin were induced significantly following H. cunea nucleopolyhedrovirus (HcNPV) infection. The susceptibility of H. cunea larvae to HcNPV decreased upon silencing of HcHemolin, resulting in a 40% reduction in median lifespan compared to the control group. The relative growth rate (RGR), the relative efficiency of consumption rate (RCR), the efficiency of the conversion of ingested food (ECI), and efficiency of the conversion of digested food (ECD) of silenced H. cunea larvae were significantly lower than those of the control group. Immune challenge assays showed that the median lifespan of treated H. cunea larvae was two-fold longer than the control group after HcNPV and HcHemolin protein co-injection. Therefore, we propose that HcHemolin plays a crucial role in regulating the growth, development, and food utilization of H. cunea, as well as in the antiviral immune response against HcNPV. These findings provide implications for the development of targeted nucleic acid pesticides and novel strategies for pollution-free biological control synergists for HcNPV.

Hemolin是免疫球蛋白超家族的一员,在昆虫对病原体的免疫反应中起着至关重要的作用。然而,Hemolin对杆状病毒感染的先天性免疫反应在不同昆虫之间存在差异,而Hemolin在Hyphantria cunea(HcHemolin)中的抗病毒作用仍然鲜为人知。我们的研究结果表明,HcHemolin 在所有发育阶段都有表达,在蛹和成虫阶段的表达量更高。此外,HcHemolin 在生殖器官和消化器官中也有表达。HcNPV 感染后,HcHemolin 的表达水平被显著诱导。沉默HcHemolin后,胭脂鱼幼虫对HcNPV的敏感性降低,与对照组相比,中位寿命缩短了40%。沉默组 H. cunea 幼虫的相对生长率(RGR)、相对消耗率效率(RCR)、摄入食物转化效率(ECI)和消化食物转化效率(ECD)显著低于对照组。免疫挑战实验表明,HcNPV和HcHemolin蛋白联合注射后,处理组H. cunea幼虫的中位寿命是对照组的两倍。因此,我们认为 HcHemolin 在调控楔尾蛙的生长、发育和食物利用以及对 HcNPV 的抗病毒免疫反应中起着至关重要的作用。这些发现为开发有针对性的核酸农药和无公害生物防治 HcNPV 增效剂的新策略提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of climate change on the reproductive diapause and voltinism of the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis 气候变化对胡萝卜象鼻虫(Listronotus oregonensis)生殖暂停和伏虫的影响
IF 2.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104653
Annie-Ève Gagnon, Gaétan Bourgeois

The impacts of climate change on the development of insects are of great concern due to potential alterations in population dynamics and pest pressure. The carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis, is a major agricultural pest, and its development is influenced by temperature and photoperiod. In this study, our aim was to investigate the impact of temperature increases on the voltinism and reproductive diapause of the carrot weevil under field conditions and bioclimatic models. Field observations were conducted over two growing seasons using structures that allowed for temperature increases. The developmental stages of the carrot weevil, including female reproductive status, oviposition and larval stage, were monitored weekly to measure the proportion of individuals undergoing an additional generation. Concurrently, bioclimatic models were used to simulate the probability of a second generation under current (1981–2010) and future (2041–2070) climates, considering a lower and a higher change in emission scenarios. Results showed that rising temperatures led to an increase in the proportion of carrot weevils undergoing inhibition of the reproductive diapause and a higher number of eggs laid in the field. The models indicated a substantial rise in the probability of a second generation developing, from 24% to 37% to 62%–99% under current and future climates, respectively. These findings demonstrate the potential for significant alterations in carrot weevil population dynamics, resulting in increased pest pressure on crops. Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of these findings and to develop effective adaptation measures to mitigate the negative impacts of global warming on insect populations and agriculture.

由于种群动态和害虫压力的潜在变化,气候变化对昆虫发展的影响备受关注。胡萝卜象鼻虫(Listronotus oregonensis)是一种主要的农业害虫,其发育受温度和光周期的影响。在这项研究中,我们的目的是研究在田间条件和生物气候模型下,温度升高对胡萝卜象鼻虫伏虫和生殖休眠的影响。在两个生长季节里,我们利用允许温度升高的结构进行了实地观察。每周监测胡萝卜象鼻虫的发育阶段,包括雌虫的生殖状态、产卵和幼虫阶段,以测量经历额外世代的个体比例。同时,利用生物气候模型模拟了在当前(1981-2010 年)和未来(2041-2070 年)气候条件下,考虑到较低和较高排放变化情景下的第二代发生概率。结果表明,气温升高导致胡萝卜象鼻虫生殖休眠受抑制的比例增加,田间产卵量增加。模型显示,在当前和未来的气候条件下,胡萝卜象鼻虫发展第二代的概率大幅上升,分别从 24% 到 37% 到 62%-99% 不等。这些研究结果表明,胡萝卜象鼻虫种群动态有可能发生重大变化,从而导致作物虫害压力增加。要充分了解这些发现的影响,并制定有效的适应措施以减轻全球变暖对昆虫种群和农业的负面影响,还需要进一步的研究。
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Journal of insect physiology
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