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Macronutrient regulation in nymphs of the two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) 双斑蟋蟀(直翅目:蝼蛄)若虫的宏量营养素调节。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104684

Crickets have been extensively studied in recent insect nutritional research, but it remains largely unexplored how they balance the intake of multiple nutrients. Here, we used the nutritional geometry framework to examine the behavioural and physiological regulation of dietary protein and carbohydrate in nymphs of the two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Growth, intake, utilization efficiencies, and body composition were measured from the eighth instar nymphs that received either food pairs or single foods with differing protein and carbohydrate content. When food choices were available, crickets preferentially selected a carbohydrate-biased protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratio of 1:1.74. During this nutrient selection, carbohydrate intake was more tightly regulated than protein intake. When confined to nutritionally imbalanced foods, crickets adopted a nutrient balancing strategy that maximized the nutrient intake regardless of the nutrient imbalance, reflecting their omnivorous feeding habit. Intake was significantly reduced when crickets were confined to the most carbohydrate-biased food (P:C = 1:5). When nutrients were ingested in excess of the requirements, the post-ingestive utilization efficiencies of these nutrients were down-regulated, thereby buffering the impacts of nutrient imbalances on body nutrient composition. Crickets reared on the most carbohydrate-biased food (P:C = 1:5) suffered delayed development and reduced growth. Our data provide the most accurate description of nutrient regulation in G. bimaculatus and lay the foundation for further nutritional research in this omnivorous insect.

近年来的昆虫营养学研究对蟋蟀进行了广泛的研究,但对它们如何平衡多种营养物质的摄入量基本上仍未进行探讨。在这里,我们利用营养几何框架研究了双斑蟋蟀(直翅目:蟋蟀科)若虫对食物蛋白质和碳水化合物的行为和生理调节。我们测量了八龄若虫的生长、摄入量、利用效率和身体成分,这些若虫既可摄入成对的食物,也可摄入蛋白质和碳水化合物含量不同的单一食物。在有食物可供选择的情况下,蟋蟀优先选择碳水化合物比例为 1:1.74 的蛋白质:碳水化合物(P:C)。在这种营养选择过程中,碳水化合物的摄入量比蛋白质的摄入量受到更严格的控制。当被限制在营养失衡的食物中时,蟋蟀会采取一种营养平衡策略,无论营养失衡与否,都会最大限度地增加营养摄入量,这反映了蟋蟀的杂食习性。当蟋蟀只能摄入碳水化合物含量最高的食物(P:C = 1:5)时,摄入量会明显减少。当摄入的营养物质超过需要量时,这些营养物质的消化后利用效率会降低,从而缓冲营养失衡对体内营养成分的影响。使用碳水化合物偏重程度最高的食物(P:C = 1:5)饲养的蟋蟀发育迟缓,生长速度降低。我们的数据最准确地描述了G. bimaculatus的营养调节,为进一步研究这种杂食性昆虫的营养奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic response of essential amino acid biosynthesis in Buchnera aphidicola to supplement sub-optimal host nutrition Buchnera aphidicola 中必需氨基酸生物合成对补充寄主营养不足的动态响应。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104683

The endosymbiotic bacterium Buchnera aphidicola allows its host Acyrthosiphon pisum to utilise a nutritionally limited phloem sap diet without significant mortality by providing essential amino acids (EAAs), which it biosynthesises de novo via complex pathways consisting of multiple enzymes. Previous studies have reported how non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) provided by the host are utilised by B. aphidicola, along with how genes within the biosynthetic pathways respond to amino acid deficiency. Although the effect on B. aphidicola gene expression upon the removal of a single EAA and multiple NEAAs from the A. pisum diet has been reported, little is known about the effects of the complete simultaneous removal of multiple EAAs, especially branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). To investigate this, A. pisum was provided with amino acid deficient diets ilv- (lacking isoleucine, leucine, valine) or thra- (lacking threonine, methionine, lysine). Due to their involvement in the production of several amino acids, the expression of genes ilvC, ilvD (both involved in isoleucine, leucine and valine biosynthesis) and thrA (involved in threonine, methionine and lysine biosynthesis) was analysed and the expression of trpC (involved in tryptophan biosynthesis) was used as a control. Survival was reduced significantly when A. pisum was reared on ilv- or thra- (P < 0.001 and P = 0.000 respectively) compared to optimal artificial diet and was significantly lower on ilv- (P < 0.001) than thra-. This is likely attributed to the EAAs absent from ilv- being required at higher concentrations for aphid growth, than those EAAs absent from thra-. Expression of ilvC and ilvD were upregulated 2.49- and 2.08-fold (respectively) and thrA expression increased 2.35- and 2.12-fold when A. pisum was reared on ilv- and thra- (respectively). The surprisingly large upregulation of thrA when reared on ilv- is likely due to threonine being an intermediate in isoleucine biosynthesis. Expression of trpC was not affected by rearing on either of the two amino acid deficient diets. To our knowledge this study has shown, for the first time, how genes within the biosynthetic pathways of an endosymbiont respond to the simultaneous complete omission of multiple EAAs as well as all three BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, valine), from the host diet.

内共生细菌 Buchnera aphidicola 通过提供必需氨基酸(EAAs),使其宿主 Acyrthosiphon pisum 能够利用营养有限的韧皮部汁液而不会大量死亡。先前的研究报告了蚜虫如何利用宿主提供的非必需氨基酸(NEAAs),以及生物合成途径中的基因如何对氨基酸缺乏做出反应。尽管已经报道了从 A. pisum 的食物中移除单一 EAA 和多种 NEAAs 对 B. aphidicola 基因表达的影响,但对同时完全移除多种 EAA,尤其是支链氨基酸(BCAAs)的影响却知之甚少。为了探究这一问题,我们为 A. pisum 提供了氨基酸缺乏的日粮 ilv-(缺乏异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和缬氨酸)或 thra-(缺乏苏氨酸、蛋氨酸和赖氨酸)。由于它们参与多种氨基酸的生产,因此分析了基因 ilvC、ilvD(均参与异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和缬氨酸的生物合成)和 thrA(参与苏氨酸、蛋氨酸和赖氨酸的生物合成)的表达情况,并以基因 trpC(参与色氨酸的生物合成)的表达情况作为对照。与最适人工饲料相比,用 ilv- 或 thra- 饲养 A. pisum 的存活率明显降低(分别为 P < 0.001 和 P = 0.000),用 ilv- 饲养的存活率明显低于用 thra- 饲养的存活率(P < 0.001)。这可能是因为ilv-中缺乏的EAAs比thra-中缺乏的EAAs在蚜虫生长过程中需要更高浓度的EAAs。当 A. pisum 在 ilv- 和 thra- 上饲养时,ilvC 和 ilvD 的表达分别上调了 2.49 倍和 2.08 倍,thrA 的表达分别增加了 2.35 倍和 2.12 倍。在 ilv- 上饲养时,thrA 的表达出人意料地大幅上调,这可能是因为苏氨酸是异亮氨酸生物合成的中间体。使用两种氨基酸缺乏的日粮饲养都不会影响 trpC 的表达。据我们所知,这项研究首次显示了内共生体生物合成途径中的基因如何对宿主食物中同时完全缺乏多种 EAA 以及全部三种 BCAA(亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸)做出反应。
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引用次数: 0
Establishment of a rapid, cost-effective, and accurate method for assessing insect sperm viability 建立快速、经济、准确的昆虫精子活力评估方法。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104682

High-quality sperm cells are crucial to reproductive success for both males and post-mating females in animals. Sperm viability, defined as the proportion of viable sperm cells, is used as a sperm quality index and this method has provided new insights into research on reproductive strategies. Sperm viability has been assessed by fluorescent staining of sperm cells. However, current staining protocols could potentially underestimate viability due to cell damage caused by cell treatments such as high dye concentration and long time for post-mounting. In this study, we established a method that enables rapid sperm viability assessment, has low sperm cell toxicity, and provides precise results regardless of operator expertise, and cost-effective using sperm cells from an ant, Crematogaster osakensis (Hymenoptera). First, to shorten the time for observation of a sufficient number of sperm cells, the volume per field of view was increased by height elevation between the glass slide and the coverslip, thereby we increased the number of sperm cells in a field of view. Second, to reduce sperm cell toxicity, we optimized the minimum dye concentration and incubation time using acridine orange (AO) and Hoechst in addition to SYBR 14 and propidium iodide (PI), which has been used in most previous studies. We determined the optimal protocol to be 1 µg/mL AO and 150 µM PI without incubation. Besides, we automated counting sperm cells with ImageJ software and combined with manual correction for more accurate results. We employed the improved method for sperm samples from mealworm beetles (Tenebrio molitor) and silkmoths (Bombyx mori). This method, established through our study, will advance research on reproductive strategies, including sperm competition and sperm quality maintenance in females.

高质量的精子细胞对雄性动物和交配后的雌性动物的繁殖成功至关重要。精子存活率(定义为存活精子细胞的比例)被用作精子质量指标,这种方法为生殖策略研究提供了新的视角。然而,目前的染色方案可能会低估精子的存活率,原因是高浓度染料和长时间贴装等细胞处理方法会造成细胞损伤。在这项研究中,我们利用蚂蚁(膜翅目)Crematogaster osakensis的精子细胞,建立了一种能快速评估精子活力、精子细胞毒性低、结果精确且不受操作者专业知识影响的方法。首先,为了缩短观察足够数量精子细胞的时间,我们通过提高玻璃载玻片和盖玻片之间的高度来增加每个视野的体积,从而增加了视野中精子细胞的数量。其次,为了降低精子细胞的毒性,我们优化了最小染料浓度和孵育时间,除了使用 SYBR14 和碘化丙啶(PI)之外,还使用了吖啶橙(AO)和 Hoechst。我们确定最佳方案为 1 µg/mL AO 和 150 µM PI,无需孵育。此外,我们还利用 ImageJ 软件对精子细胞进行了自动计数,并结合人工校正以获得更准确的结果。我们对黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor)和丝蛾(Bombyx mori)的精子样本采用了改进的方法。通过我们的研究建立的这一方法将推动生殖策略的研究,包括精子竞争和雌性精子质量的维持。
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引用次数: 0
Long-term impacts of egg quiescence and Wolbachia infection on lipid profiles in Aedes aegypti: Ovarian roles in lipid synthesis during reproduction 卵静止和沃尔巴克氏体感染对埃及伊蚊脂质特征的长期影响:卵巢在繁殖期间脂质合成中的作用。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104674

Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium, relies on nutrients from its host to complete its life cycle. The presence of Wolbachia strain wAlbB in the mosquito Aedes aegypti during egg or larval stages affects the host’s development, leading to the absence of developed and visible ovaries in adult mosquito females. In this study, we investigated the impacts of egg quiescence and Wolbachia infection on lipid profiles of adult Ae. aegypti females, and discerned the role of ovaries in lipid synthesis in the reproductive process. The lipidomes of Wolbachia infected and uninfected female individuals at various developmental stages were quantitatively analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Lipidomic change patterns were systematically further investigated in wAlbB-infected fertile females and infertile females following blood feeding. Prolonged egg quiescence induced a shortage of acyl-carnitine (CAR) and potentially impacted some molecules of diacyl-phospholipid (diacyl-PL) and sphingolipid (SL) in young adult mosquitoes. After the first gonotrophic cycle, infertile females accumulated more CAR and lyso-phospholipid (lyso-PL) than fertile females. Then in the second gonotrophic cycle, the patterns of different lipid groups remained similar between fertile and infertile females. Only a small proportion of molecules of triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (lyso-PL and diacyl-PL) and ceramide (Cer) increased exclusively in fertile females from 0 h to 16 h post blood meal, suggesting that the generation or prescence of these lipids rely on ovaries. In addition, we found cardiolipins (CL) might be impacted by Wolbachia infection at the egg stage, and infected mosquitoes also showed distinct patterns between fertile and infertile females at their second gonotrophic cycle. Our study provides new insights into the long-term influence of Wolbachia on lipid profiles throughout various life stages of mosquitoes. Additionally, it suggests a role played by ovaries in lipid synthesis during mosquito reproduction.

沃尔巴克氏菌是一种内共生细菌,依靠宿主提供的营养来完成其生命周期。在埃及伊蚊的卵或幼虫阶段,沃尔巴克氏菌株 wAlbB 的存在会影响宿主的发育,导致成年雌蚊没有发育和可见的卵巢。在这项研究中,我们研究了卵静止和沃尔巴克氏体感染对成年埃及伊蚊雌虫脂质图谱的影响,并发现了卵巢在生殖过程中脂质合成的作用。采用 LC-MS/MS 对感染了沃尔巴克氏菌和未感染沃尔巴克氏菌的雌性个体在不同发育阶段的脂质体进行了定量分析。进一步系统地研究了经 wAlbB 感染的可育雌性个体和经血饲喂后的不育雌性个体的脂质体变化规律。长时间的卵静止诱导了酰基肉碱(CAR)的短缺,并可能影响年轻成蚊体内的一些二酰磷脂(diacyl-PL)和鞘脂(SL)分子。在第一个生殖周期后,未育雌蚊比已育雌蚊积累了更多的 CAR 和溶血磷脂(溶血磷脂)。然后,在第二个生殖周期中,可育雌蚊和不可育雌蚊的不同脂质组的模式仍然相似。只有一小部分甘油三酯(TG)、磷脂(溶菌酶-磷脂和二酰基-磷脂)和神经酰胺(Cer)分子在血餐后0小时至16小时内只在可育雌鼠体内增加,这表明这些脂质的产生或存在依赖于卵巢。此外,我们发现心磷脂(CL)可能会在卵阶段受到沃尔巴克氏体感染的影响,受感染的蚊子在其第二个生殖腺周期也表现出可育雌蚊和不育雌蚊的不同模式。我们的研究为了解沃尔巴克氏菌对蚊子各生命阶段脂质特征的长期影响提供了新的视角。此外,它还表明卵巢在蚊子繁殖过程中的脂质合成中发挥了作用。
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引用次数: 0
Expressions of sugar transporters/trehalases in relation to PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori 糖转运体/三卤酶的表达与 PTTH 刺激的家蚕蜕皮激素生成的关系
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104672

The prothoracic gland (PG) is the source of ecdysteoids in larval insects. Although numerous studies have been conducted on signaling networks involved in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in PGs, less is known about regulation of metabolism in PGs. In the present study, we investigated correlations between expressions of sugar transporter (St)/trehalase (Treh) genes and PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in Bombyx mori PGs. Our results showed that in vitro PTTH treatment stimulated expression of the St1 gene, but not other transporter genes. Expression of the Treh1 gene was also stimulated by PTTH treatment. An immunoblotting analysis showed that St1 protein levels in Bombyx PGs increased during the later stage of the last larval instar and were not affect by PTTH treatment. PTTH treatment enhanced Treh enzyme activity in a time-dependent manner. Blocking either extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling with U0126 or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling with LY294002 decreased PTTH-stimulated Treh enzyme activity, indicating a link from the ERK and PI3K signaling pathways to Treh activity. Treatment with the Treh inhibitor, validamycin A, blocked PTTH-stimulated Treh enzyme activity and partially inhibited PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis. Treatment with either a sugar transport inhibitor (cytochalasin B) or a specific glycolysis inhibitor (2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2-DG) partially inhibited PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis. Taken together, these results indicate that increased expressions of St1/Treh1 and Treh activity, which lie downstream of PTTH signaling, are involved in PTTH stimulation in B. mori PGs.

前胸腺(PG)是幼虫体内蜕皮激素的来源。尽管已有大量研究涉及前胸腺激素(PTTH)刺激前胸腺中类蜕皮激素生成的信号网络,但对前胸腺中新陈代谢的调控却知之甚少。在本研究中,我们研究了糖转运体(St)/曲卤酶(Treh)基因的表达与 PTTH 刺激的蜕皮激素生成之间的相关性。结果表明,体外 PTTH 处理刺激了 St1 基因的表达,但没有刺激其他转运体基因的表达。PTTH处理也刺激了Treh1基因的表达。免疫印迹分析表明,St1 蛋白水平在末龄幼虫后期在雌雄鹅膏蕈蚊 PGs 中增加,且不受 PTTH 处理的影响。PTTH 处理以时间依赖性的方式增强了 Treh 酶的活性。用U0126阻断细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)信号传导或用LY294002阻断磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)信号传导都会降低PTTH刺激的Treh酶活性,这表明ERK和PI3K信号传导途径与Treh酶活性有关。用 Treh 抑制剂有效霉素 A 处理可阻断 PTTH 刺激的 Treh 酶活性,并部分抑制 PTTH 刺激的类固醇生成。用糖转运抑制剂(细胞松弛素 B)或特异性糖酵解抑制剂(2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖,2-DG)处理可部分抑制 PTTH 刺激的蜕皮激素生成。综上所述,这些结果表明,St1/Treh1表达量的增加和Treh活性(位于PTTH信号转导的下游)参与了B. mori PGs的PTTH刺激。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution and development of Drosophila melanogaster under different thermal conditions affected cell sizes and sensitivity to paralyzing hypoxia 黑腹果蝇在不同温度条件下的进化和发育影响了细胞大小和对麻痹性缺氧的敏感性。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104671

Environmental gradients cause evolutionary and developmental changes in the cellular composition of organisms, but the physiological consequences of these effects are not well understood. Here, we studied experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster that had evolved in one of three selective regimes: constant 16 °C, constant 25 °C, or intergenerational shifts between 16 °C and 25 °C. Genotypes from each population were reared at three developmental temperatures (16 °C, 20.5 °C, and 25 °C). As adults, we measured thorax length and cell sizes in the Malpighian tubules and wing epithelia of flies from each combination of evolutionary and developmental temperatures. We also exposed flies from these treatments to a short period of nearly complete oxygen deprivation to measure hypoxia tolerance. For genotypes from any selective regime, development at a higher temperature resulted in smaller flies with smaller cells, regardless of the tissue. At every developmental temperature, genotypes from the warm selective regime had smaller bodies and smaller wing cells but had larger tubule cells than did genotypes from the cold selective regime. Genotypes from the fluctuating selective regime were similar in size to those from the cold selective regime, but their cells of either tissue were the smallest among the three regimes. Evolutionary and developmental treatments interactively affected a fly’s sensitivity to short-term paralyzing hypoxia. Genotypes from the cold selective regime were less sensitive to hypoxia after developing at a higher temperature. Genotypes from the other selective regimes were more sensitive to hypoxia after developing at a higher temperature. Our results show that thermal conditions can trigger evolutionary and developmental shifts in cell size, coupled with changes in body size and hypoxia tolerance. These patterns suggest links between the cellular composition of the body, levels of hypoxia within cells, and the energetic cost of tissue maintenance. However, the patterns can be only partially explained by existing theories about the role of cell size in tissue oxygenation and metabolic performance.

环境梯度会引起生物细胞组成的进化和发育变化,但这些影响的生理后果还不甚明了。在这里,我们研究了黑腹果蝇的实验种群,这些种群在三种选择性制度中的一种中进化:恒定16 °C、恒定25 °C或16 °C和25 °C之间的代际转换。每个种群的基因型在三种发育温度(16 °C、20.5 °C和25 °C)下饲养。成年后,我们测量了每种进化和发育温度组合中苍蝇的胸部长度以及马尔皮格小管和翅膀上皮细胞的大小。我们还让这些处理中的苍蝇在短时间内几乎完全缺氧,以测量其对缺氧的耐受性。对于来自任何选择系统的基因型,在较高温度下发育都会导致苍蝇体型变小,细胞变小,而与组织无关。在每个发育温度下,与冷选择系统的基因型相比,暖选择系统的基因型体型较小,翅细胞较小,但小管细胞较大。波动选择机制的基因型与冷选择机制的基因型大小相似,但其任一组织的细胞都是三种机制中最小的。进化和发育处理相互作用,影响了苍蝇对短期麻痹性缺氧的敏感性。来自低温选择系统的基因型在较高温度下发育后,对缺氧的敏感性降低。其他选择系统的基因型在较高温度下发育后对缺氧更敏感。我们的研究结果表明,热条件会引发细胞大小的进化和发育转变,同时还会导致体型和耐缺氧能力的变化。这些模式表明,身体的细胞组成、细胞内的缺氧水平和组织维持的能量成本之间存在联系。然而,细胞大小在组织氧合和新陈代谢中的作用的现有理论只能部分解释这些模式。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of age on oxidative stress and locomotion in the pollinator, Megachile rotundata 年龄对传粉昆虫 Megachile rotundata 的氧化应激和运动的影响
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104666

Despite numerous aging studies, the relationship between oxidative stress, aging, and decline in functions such as locomotion is still debated. Insects offer a promising model for analyzing the relationship between oxidative stress and aging, because they exhibit vast differences in lifespan that may be affected by the environment, social factors, levels of activity, and aging interventions. In this study, we explore the effects of aging on oxidative stress and locomotion using the pollinator, Megachile rotundata, a species that is very mobile and active in the adult stage. Across the adult lifespan of M. rotundata, we assessed changes in walking, flight, oxidative damage, and antioxidant defenses. Our results suggest that M. rotundata experience age-related declines in flight, but not walking. Additionally, we found that oxidative damage and antioxidant capacity initially increase with age and physical activity, but then levels are maintained. Overall, these data show that M. rotundata, like some other organisms, may not perfectly follow the free radical theory of aging.

尽管进行了大量衰老研究,但氧化应激、衰老和运动等功能下降之间的关系仍存在争议。昆虫为分析氧化应激和衰老之间的关系提供了一个很有前景的模型,因为昆虫的寿命表现出巨大的差异,这些差异可能会受到环境、社会因素、活动水平和衰老干预措施的影响。在本研究中,我们利用传粉昆虫 Megachile rotundata(一种在成虫阶段非常活跃的物种)来探讨衰老对氧化应激和运动的影响。我们评估了Megachile rotundata在整个成年期的行走、飞行、氧化损伤和抗氧化防御能力的变化。我们的研究结果表明,轮虫的飞行能力会随着年龄的增长而下降,但步行能力不会。此外,我们还发现,氧化损伤和抗氧化能力最初会随着年龄和体力活动而增加,但随后会保持在一定水平。总之,这些数据表明,轮虫和其他一些生物一样,可能并不完全遵循自由基衰老理论。
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引用次数: 0
Plasticity in moth mating behavior and ejaculate proteomic diversity induced by male competition 飞蛾交配行为的可塑性和雄性竞争诱导的射精蛋白质组多样性
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104673
Zheng Yahong , Shi Lingping , Zhang Jing , Li Huixia , Wu Lingli , Zhao Qian

In male competition, large and costly ejaculates are advantageous. Prior research on male accessory gland secretions in Plutella xylostella left open questions about how males modulate their mating behaviors and ejaculate composition allocation in response to varying levels of competition. The current study aimed to delve deeper into these unexplored facets. A totally of 928 ejaculate proteins were identified across males exposed to different competition conditions. Notably, males courting under non–, low-, and high-competition scenarios exhibited 867, 635, and 858 ejaculate proteins, respectively. Approximately 10% of these ejaculate proteins displayed variations that aligned with changes in competition intensity. Subsequent analyses focused on the proteins transferred to females, revealing that 44% of ejaculate proteins were transferred, with 37 proteins exhibiting differential expression. Functional analyses uncovered their crucial roles in sperm maturation, motility, and capacitation. Our findings reveal adaptive adjustments in ejaculate protein abundance and transmission in P. xylostella as a response to varying competition levels. Moreover, fluorescent sperm labeling indicated higher sperm transfer during low competition correlated with shorter sperm length. Furthermore, evidence suggests that males shorten their courtship duration and extend their mating duration when faced with competition. These results illustrate how competition drives ejaculate investment and behavioral plasticity, offering valuable insights for advancements in assisted reproductive technologies and pest management strategies.

在雄性竞争中,大而昂贵的射精是有利的。先前对木虱雄性附属腺分泌物的研究留下了一些悬而未决的问题,即雄性如何调节其交配行为和射精成分分配以应对不同程度的竞争。本研究旨在深入探讨这些尚未探索的方面。本研究鉴定了暴露于不同竞争条件下的雄性的928种射精蛋白质。值得注意的是,在非竞争、低竞争和高竞争条件下求偶的雄性分别表现出867、635和858种射精蛋白。在这些射精蛋白质中,约有 10%的蛋白质随着竞争强度的变化而变化。随后的分析集中于转移到雌性体内的蛋白质,结果发现44%的射精蛋白质被转移,其中37种蛋白质表现出差异表达。功能分析揭示了它们在精子成熟、运动和获能过程中的关键作用。我们的研究结果表明,作为对不同竞争水平的反应,木虱的射精蛋白丰度和传递发生了适应性调整。此外,荧光精子标记表明,在低竞争水平下,精子转移率较高,而精子长度较短。此外,有证据表明,雄性在面临竞争时会缩短求偶时间,延长交配时间。这些结果说明了竞争是如何驱动射精投资和行为可塑性的,为辅助生殖技术和害虫管理策略的进步提供了宝贵的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Interaction between females and males grapevine moth Lobesia botrana modifies further mating preference 雌性和雄性葡萄蠹蛾 Lobesia botrana 之间的相互作用改变了进一步的交配偏好。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104668
Léa Lorrain-Soligon , Karen Muller , Camille Delaby , Denis Thiéry , Jérôme Moreau

During reproduction, females may boost their fitness by being selective based on direct material benefits provided by the males, such as nuptial gifts. In Lepidoptera, male provides a spermatophore containing nutrients. However, virgin males produce a bigger spermatophore, containing spermatozoa and nutrients, allowing higher female fertility. Lepidoptera females that could detect the sexual status of males may thus prefer a male without previous mating experience (i.e. a virgin male). This mate selection could be achieved by the use of chemical indices, such as sexual pheromones and cuticular compounds, known to be possibly exchanged during reproduction, and which can be indicators of a previous mating experience and known to be possibly sources of information exchanged. In this study, we experimentally presented Lobesia botrana virgin males with females in order for them to be exposed to females’ natural sexual pheromones or cuticular compounds. 12 or 48 h after the exposure of males to either females’ sexual pheromones or cuticular compounds, these males were confronted to naïve females, which have a choice between them or a virgin non-exposed males. We highlighted that, despite producing a spermatophore of similar volume, all exposed virgin males were less likely to mate with females 12 h after exposure, while after 48 h of exposure this is only the case for virgin males exposed to sexual pheromones. L. botrana females may thus discriminate male sexual experience based on chemical cues (either from cues transferred directly from females to males, or from changes in the cuticular or pheromone males’ profile) indicating past mating experiences. Mating duration was longer for males exposed to sexual pheromones after 12 h only, and for males exposed to cuticular compounds after 48 h only. Pheromones signal might be more persistent over time and seems to more easily gather information for males. The physiological reasoning behind this result still needs to be investigated.

在繁殖过程中,雌性可能会根据雄性提供的直接物质利益(如新婚礼物)进行选择,从而提高自身的适应能力。在鳞翅目昆虫中,雄性提供含有营养物质的精囊。然而,处女雄性会产生更大的精囊,其中包含精子和营养物质,从而提高雌性的生育能力。鳞翅目雌虫可以检测雄虫的性状况,因此可能更喜欢没有交配经验的雄虫(即处男)。这种配偶选择可以通过使用化学指标来实现,如性信息素和角质化合物,已知它们可能在繁殖过程中进行交换,可以作为先前交配经历的指标,已知它们可能是信息交换的来源。在本研究中,我们通过实验将草履虫处女雄性与雌性放在一起,让它们接触雌性的天然性信息素或角质化合物。在雄性暴露于雌性的性信息素或角质化合物12或48小时后,这些雄性将面对天真的雌性,雌性可以在它们或未暴露的处女雄性之间做出选择。我们发现,尽管产生的精子体积相似,但所有暴露的处男在暴露12小时后与雌性交配的可能性都较低,而暴露48小时后,只有暴露于性信息素的处男才会出现这种情况。因此,L. botrana雌性可能会根据化学线索(或者是雌性直接传递给雄性的线索,或者是雄性角质层或信息素特征的变化)来辨别雄性的性经验,这些线索表明雄性有过去的交配经验。接触性信息素 12 小时后的雄性交配持续时间更长,接触角质化合物 48 小时后的雄性交配持续时间更长。信息素信号可能更持久,似乎更容易为雄性收集信息。这一结果背后的生理原因仍有待研究。
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引用次数: 0
The heat shock response in Polistes spp. brood from differing climates following heat stress 来自不同气候条件的 Polistes spp.
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 ENTOMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104667
A.B. Amstrup , H. Kovac , H. Käfer , A. Stabentheiner , J.G. Sørensen

Temperature is a crucial factor in many physiological processes, especially in small ectotherms whose body temperature is highly influenced by ambient temperature. Polistes (paper wasps) is a genus of primitively eusocial wasps found in widely varying thermal environments throughout the world. Paper wasps construct open-faced combs in which the brood is exposed to varying ambient temperatures. The Heat Shock Response is a physiological mechanism that has been shown to help cope with thermal stress. We investigated the expression of heat shock proteins in different life stages of three species of Polistes from different climates with the aim of deducing adaptive patterns. This was done by assaying heat shock protein (hsp70, hsp83, hsc70) expression during control conditions (25 °C) or a heat insult (35 or 45 °C) in individuals collected from natural populations in Alpine, Temperate, or Mediterranean climates. Basal expression of hsc70 and hsp83 was found to be high, while hsp70 and hsp83 expression was found to be highly responsive to severe heat stress. As expression levels varied based on species, geographical origin, and life stage as well as between heat shock proteins, the Heat Shock Response of Polistes was found to be complex. The results suggest that adaptive utilization of the heat shock response contributes to the ability of Polistes spp. to inhabit widely different thermal environments.

温度是许多生理过程的关键因素,尤其是体温受环境温度影响很大的小型外温动物。纸黄蜂(Polistes)是原始社会性黄蜂的一个属,在世界各地广泛存在于不同的热环境中。纸黄蜂建造敞开式蜂巢,使雏蜂暴露在不同的环境温度下。热休克反应是一种有助于应对热应力的生理机制。我们研究了来自不同气候条件下的三种纸袋蜂不同生命阶段的热休克蛋白表达情况,旨在推断其适应模式。我们从阿尔卑斯、温带或地中海气候的自然种群中采集了个体,在对照条件(25 °C)或热胁迫(35 或 45 °C)下检测热休克蛋白(hsp70、hsp83、hsc70)的表达。研究发现,hsc70和hsp83的基础表达量较高,而hsp70和hsp83的表达量对严重的热胁迫反应灵敏。由于物种、地理起源、生命阶段以及不同热休克蛋白之间的表达水平不同,研究发现多刺鱼的热休克反应是复杂的。研究结果表明,对热休克反应的适应性利用有助于提高 Polistes 属栖息于不同热环境的能力。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of insect physiology
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