Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"Influence and thermodynamic study of metal carbonates on the thermal hazards of nitrocellulose fibers","authors":"Yun-Ting Tsai ,&nbsp;Jiarui Xu ,&nbsp;Lin Ding ,&nbsp;Yi Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrocellulose (NC) is a highly flammable and explosive dangerous chemical that can cause thermal runaway accidents during storage and transportation. This study investigated the effects of five common metal carbonates (Na₂CO₃, Li₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, and ZnCO₃) on the thermal hazards and reaction kinetics of NC using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and a C80 microcalorimeter system. The results indicated that the addition of metal carbonates significantly reduced the initial decomposition temperature and the maximum exothermic temperature of NC, increased the heat of exotherm and decreased the reaction activation energy, accelerating the thermal decomposition process of NC. Among these, K₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, and ZnCO₃ showed noticeable catalytic effects, with K₂CO₃ exhibiting the most significant enhancement. Kinetic analysis based on the Kissinger method and the FWO method showed that K₂CO₃ significantly reduced the activation energy of NC, accelerating its decomposition process. The thermodynamic model further proved that K₂CO₃ significantly reduced the self-accelerating decomposition temperature of NC. The results revealed the serious incompatibility between NC and metal carbonates (especially K₂CO₃), exacerbating the thermal risk. Future studies should explore safer alternatives or stabilizers for NC-based systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 105899"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of nonuniform methane–air mixture explosions under lateral vent conditions","authors":"Qifen Wu ,&nbsp;Minggao Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the explosion characteristics of nonuniform methane–air mixtures under lateral vent conditions, focusing on the interplay between vent positions, pressure dynamics, and flame propagation behaviors. Experiments were conducted in a vertical duct with varying lateral vent configurations, employing uniform and stratified methane–air mixtures. The findings reveal that lateral venting has dual effects of suppression and promotion on explosion intensity. Although vent openings mitigate internal energy and combustible gas accumulation, external explosions triggered by pressure differentials generate backflow that accelerate flame propagation. Specifically, the A1 lateral vent configuration dissipates pressure waves near the vent, minimizing the impact of methane heterogeneity on peak pressures. By contrast, the A2 configuration exhibits overlapping pressure oscillation curves between the uniform and nonuniform mixtures during early stages, with distinct resonance phase divergences in peak timing and magnitude. Top venting demonstrates significantly weaker pressure oscillations compared to lateral setups. Flame propagation transitions from unidirectional upward motion to oscillatory patterns upon vent interaction, with mid-duct lateral vents inducing flame–pressure wave resonance to maximize pressure values. The differences between top and lateral venting stem from directional mismatches: lateral vents facilitate initial flame discharge via lower regions, forming dual-vortex external flames, and top vents maintain columnar downstream propagation. These findings clarify the influence of vent positioning on explosion dynamics and recommend that top vents or bottom near-end side vents be prioritized over mid-duct vents in industrial ducts handling non-uniform methane-air mixtures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 105880"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145796785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A probabilistic model for natural gas pipeline failure under climate-induced Natech hazards: Toward AI-based safety management","authors":"Guojin Qin ,&nbsp;Zijin Zhang ,&nbsp;Xu Wang ,&nbsp;Yihuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is reshaping the risk landscape for natural gas pipelines, with landslides emerging as a major driver of technological accidents triggered by natural hazards (Natech events). Conventional Natech risk models rarely incorporate climate-sensitive parameters such as groundwater levels and soil moisture, limiting their capacity to capture evolving threats. This study develops a probabilistic model that explicitly links climate-driven landslide susceptibility to pipeline vulnerability, providing a quantitative basis for assessing pipeline failure probability under different emission projection scenarios. Using Monte Carlo simulations across five regions in China, the results show that under high-emission pathways (SSP5-8.5), pipeline failure probability in summer increases dramatically. For example, from 0.320 to 0.943 in Xinjiang, 0.112 to 0.220 in Sichuan, and 0.087 to 0.188 in Hainan. In cold regions, winter failure probability more than doubles, rising from 0.206 to 0.501 in Heilongjiang and from 0.235 to 0.488 in Beijing. These shifts reveal an overall increase in risk, intensification of seasonal contrasts, and, in some areas, a reconfiguration of high-risk periods. Sensitivity analysis highlights groundwater levels and soil moisture as the dominant drivers, with regional differences shaped by precipitation regimes, permafrost thaw, and typhoon impacts. Building on these insights, this study proposes an AI-based condition-monitoring framework that integrates real-time climate and geotechnical data to support adaptive early warning and safety management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 105849"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Augmented reality for enhancing educational experience in laboratory safety training","authors":"Saizhe Ding ,&nbsp;Tong Lu ,&nbsp;Xin Lv ,&nbsp;Yuxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Rong Deng ,&nbsp;Xinyan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unsafe behavior is one of the main causes of on-site safety accidents, while safety training is critical for mitigating such workplace hazards and ensuring operational reliability. Therefore, to improve the effectiveness of safety training, this paper proposes a novel On-site AR-based Training System (OATS) to enhance training experience. The developed video see-through AR eliminates the heavy requirement of virtual environment modeling by superimposing training content onto the real world. Moreover, enhanced interaction enables users to engage with virtual elements beyond passive animation or Q&amp;A sessions; meanwhile, the isometric locomotion method reduces motion discomfort by tracking real body movements. For the demonstration, laboratory safety training is conducted by comparing the proposed AR approaches with traditional video-based training involving 36 participants. Results showed that OATS outperformed traditional video-based training in knowledge acquisition, self-efficacy, and intrinsic motivation after training. Meanwhile, it demonstrated high usability (p = 0.005) and presence (p &lt; 0.001) while maintaining low simulator sickness and task load. These findings confirm OATS's potential to improve educational experience and deliver reliable safety training.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 105848"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minor pipeline leak detection and localization using explainable deep learning with fusion of distributed fiber-optic vibration and temperature signals","authors":"Ruijiao Ma,&nbsp;Jiawei Liu,&nbsp;Wei Wu,&nbsp;Yang Yang,&nbsp;Xiaowei Liu,&nbsp;Shuai Zhang,&nbsp;Meng Zou,&nbsp;Yixin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oil gathering and transportation pipelines are the crucial component in oilfield production systems, however, leaks can cause significant economic losses and environmental pollution. Distributed Vibration Sensing (DVS) technology has been effectively utilized for leak detection; nevertheless, minor leaks often generate weak signals that are difficult to accurately capture and analyze. Given the temperature difference between the oil inside the pipeline and the surrounding environment, even small leaks can lead to detectable changes in the ambient temperature near the leak point. Based on this insight, this study proposes an intelligent pipeline micro-leakage monitoring technique integrating distributed fiber-optic temperature and vibration signals to achieve accurate leakage identification and localization. First, utilizing a self-built distributed optical fiber test platform, vibration and temperature signals were collected under various conditions, including normal operation, leakage scenarios, and environmental interference. Subsequently, a systematic model selection process was implemented through the comparative evaluation of five deep learning architectures (ResNet, 2DCNN, CNN-LSTM, CNN-attention and CNN-LSTM-attention). The fusion of vibration and temperature signals at the decision level was performed to enhance recognition accuracy and improve localization performance. The CNN-LSTM-attention model emerged as the most suitable, demonstrating an accuracy rate of 99.52 % and achieving precise leak location within ±1 m. During model training, the Adam optimizer and L2 regularization were utilized to adjust learning rates and prevent overfitting, improving the model's generalization ability. Furthermore, SHAP interpretability analysis was applied to visualize feature contributions and validate the model's decision logic. Finally, a leakage detection and early warning software system was developed, facilitating immediate observation of leak locations and execution of responsive actions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 105844"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of sodium halides on the thermal stability and thermokinetic of azo diisobutyl nitrile","authors":"Xin-Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Yan-Long Guo ,&nbsp;Yen-Chun Cheng ,&nbsp;Jun-Cheng Jiang ,&nbsp;An-Chi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Azo diisobutyronitrile (AIBN) is frequently employed as an initiator in rocket propellants, however it possesses intrinsic thermal risks. This study methodically examines the influence of sodium halides (NaCl, NaBr, NaI, and NaF) on the thermal stability and decomposition kinetics of AIBN by thermogravimetric-Infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and accelerating rate calorimetry studies. Thermokinetic modelling employing the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, and Starink methodologies demonstrated that sodium halides augment the apparent activation energy (<em>E</em>_a) of AIBN breakdown, particularly with NaF (<em>E</em>_a increased from roughly 145 ± 1.00 to 169 ± 1.00 kJ/mol). ARC studies demonstrated that NaBr considerably lowers the maximum heating rate of AIBN from 11.25 ± 0.30 °C/min to 10.11 ± 0.30 °C/min, hence reducing thermal risk. The simulation results using the multiple linear regression method show that when NaBr is present, the decomposition energy levels of AIBN and the reaction heat released are significantly reduced. Gaussian computations verified a negative Gibbs free energy (−56.93 kJ/mol), signifying spontaneous decomposition. These quantitative results offer significant insights for improving the safe storage and management of AIBN in practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 105850"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal hazard of nitrocellulose with different degrees of oxidation","authors":"Yun-Ting Tsai ,&nbsp;Zijun Wang ,&nbsp;Jieyu Chen ,&nbsp;Yi Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically examines the effects of oxidation degree on the microstructure, functional groups, and thermal stability of nitrocellulose (NC) fibers. Oxidation at 80 °C and 100 °C significantly increased surface cracks, nodule formation, and the specific surface area, especially after 6 h of oxidation. No new functional groups were formed during oxidation, but the —NO₂ group showed notable degradation, with N₂O being the primary volatile product. The NC-80-6H sample (oxidized at 80 °C for 6 h) exhibited the lowest decomposition temperature (194.96 °C) and the highest heat release rate (10.25 mW mg⁻¹), indicating a elevated thermal hazard. The thermal decomposition process consisted of three stages: initial (50–155 °C), acceleration (155°C–<em>T</em>_p), and decay (<em>T</em>_p–240 °C). Oxidized samples showed longer decomposition times but more intense reactions. These findings provide a theoretical basis for enhancing the safety of NC during industrial storage and transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 105903"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145879946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated 3D risk analysis framework using CFD tools for fire, explosion, and toxic gas hazards in a semiconductor cleanroom","authors":"Yi-Hao Huang ,&nbsp;Wun-Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Yet-Pole I","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a three-dimensional multi-hazard integrated risk analysis framework applicable to various confined industrial indoor environments or similar high-hazard facilities. The framework enables simultaneous assessment of fire, explosion, and toxic gas consequences and individual risk, addressing the limitations of traditional QRA tools in predicting complex three-dimensional hazard evolution within semiconductor cleanrooms and similar airflow-driven environments. As a result, it provides enhanced practical value and technical capability for comprehensive risk evaluation. The proposed approach incorporates two advanced computational fluid dynamics tools, the fire dynamics simulator (FDS), which is used for simulating fire behavior and smoke movement, and the flame acceleration simulator (FLACS), which is employed for modeling explosion dynamics and overpressure effects. These tools were applied to simulate representative accident scenarios including an isopropanol pool fire, a hydrogen explosion and ammonia gas dispersion, which are commonly encountered in semiconductor manufacturing. To quantify the risk to personnel, a customized risk analysis application was developed using the C# programming language. This application processes simulation data to calculate individual risk values. The system evaluates seven key hazard parameters, including thermal radiation from fire and explosion, carbon monoxide concentration, smoke density, overpressure, impulse pressure, and toxic gas dispersion. Maximum physical effects and fatality probabilities are also determined for each hazard. This framework integrates simulation results generated from different CFD grid systems and supports consequence analysis through dynamic visualization techniques. These include iso-surface rendering, cross-sectional plots and time-sequenced animation. Under worst-case conditions where protective or mitigation measures fail, the estimated individual risk within the cleanroom environment ranges from 1.71 × 10⁻⁹ to 3.21 × 10⁻⁵ persons/year. The findings demonstrate that the simulation-driven methodology provides an effective tool for informing decision-making in managing fire, explosion and toxic gas risks. The developed approach offers a flexible and robust solution for conducting quantitative evaluations of cleanroom safety, enabling both toxic dispersion analysis and explosion overpressure evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 105892"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of safety issues in lithium-ion battery transportation process: Research advances and challenges","authors":"Lulu Song ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Wang ,&nbsp;Yongchun Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhizuan Zhou ,&nbsp;Boxuan Wang ,&nbsp;Dong Wang ,&nbsp;Ulises Rojas Alva ,&nbsp;Lizhong Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Ju","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for lithium-ion battery transportation, coupled with inadequate regulatory frameworks, has led to frequent fire incidents during transit, resulting in substantial losses of life and property. These recurring accidents underscore the urgent need to enhance the safety of lithium-ion batteries throughout the transportation process. This review begins by identifying key factors affecting battery safety during transport, such as mechanical abuse, thermal abuse, air pressure variations, and salt concentration. It then synthesizes current technological advancements and real-world battery transportation scenarios to conduct a targeted analysis of the critical technical challenges constraining transportation safety limits—specifically, ventilation and heat dissipation strategies, thermal monitoring, and fire safety design—while systematically examining the limitations of existing research. Accordingly, the paper proposes actionable recommendations and technical measures to improve the safety of lithium-ion battery transportation. Additionally, it outlines existing international standards and testing protocols governing lithium-ion battery transport and highlights shortcomings in the current regulatory landscape. The insights presented herein could provide valuable guidance for optimizing safety protocols in the transportation of lithium-ion batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 105912"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast and continuous synthesis of 1-methyl-2,4-cyclohexanediamine in a micro-packed bed reactor","authors":"Junjie Gu ,&nbsp;Xinglin Wen ,&nbsp;Yong Pan ,&nbsp;Lei Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>1-methyl-2,4-cyclohexanediamine (2,4-MCHD) is the core raw material for the synthesis of high-grade polyurethane. Aiming at the problems of long reaction time and safety risks in batch reactors, a fast and safe synthesis scheme of 2,4-MCHD was proposed. <strong>The one-pot catalytic hydrogenation of 2, 4-dinitrotoluene (2, 4-DNT) to 2, 4-MCHD was investigated in a microfilled bed reactor (μPBR)</strong> over the 5 %LiOH-5 %Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst. The effects of temperature, pressure, gas and liquid volumetric were investigated. Under the optimized condition (180 °C, 7 MPa H₂ pressure, 0.6 mL/min liquid flow rate, 40 mL/min gas flow rate), within a residence time of 144 s, the conversion of 2,4-DNT and the selectivity of 2,4-MCHD exceeded 99 % and 80 %, respectively. Compared to the conventional batch mode, an increase of one to two orders of magnitude in space-time-yield (STY) was realized under continuous flow mode. Furthermore, the inherent risks of high-pressure hydrogenation in batch processes are significantly mitigated in the μPBR due to its minimal hydrogen inventory and superior heat and mass transfer characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 105882"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145796786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}