Pub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105444
Xiang Wang , Jun-Cheng Jiang , Yong-Qi Wang , Sheng-Li Chu , Fei-Hao Zhu , An-Chi Huang
The fire situation has gotten worse over the past few years. To put out flames, we desperately need more effective and sustainable fire extinguishing products. The primary goal of this research is to increase the dry water (DW) core-shell structure's stability and water retention—but more significantly, to increase the structure's fire extinguishing effectiveness. The following five materials are introduced in this article: dimethyl silicone oil, lauryl ether phosphate ester (AEO-3P), gelled adhesive, gallium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO3)2), and magnesium bicarbonate (Mg(HCO3)2). The water content of DW increased to 88%–94% with the addition of gel and dimethyl silicone oil, according to thermogravimetric analysis and moisture retention tests. By altering the characteristics of the liquid-solid interface between the hydrophobic silica and the aqueous solution, lauryl ether phosphate increased the stability of the DW structure. This study also examined and contrasted the effectiveness of five commercial dry powder fire extinguishing agents and DW fire extinguishing agents in terms of fire extinguishing efficiency. The findings indicate that the Mg(HCO3)2 gel DW extinguishing time in n-heptane fire is the smallest (9 s), while the Ca(HCO3)2 gel DW extinguishing time in anhydrous ethanol fire is the shortest (9 s). The extinguishing efficiency of the two is boosted by 66% and 55%, respectively, in comparison to commercial dry powder. By developing a new kind of stable, effective, and non-toxic fire extinguishing chemical, this work has benefited the firefighting and rescue sectors.
{"title":"Efficacy evaluation of bicarbonate formulations dry water fire extinguishing agents","authors":"Xiang Wang , Jun-Cheng Jiang , Yong-Qi Wang , Sheng-Li Chu , Fei-Hao Zhu , An-Chi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fire situation has gotten worse over the past few years. To put out flames, we desperately need more effective and sustainable fire extinguishing products. The primary goal of this research is to increase the dry water (DW) core-shell structure's stability and water retention—but more significantly, to increase the structure's fire extinguishing effectiveness. The following five materials are introduced in this article: dimethyl silicone oil, lauryl ether phosphate ester (AEO-3P), gelled adhesive, gallium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>), and magnesium bicarbonate (Mg(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>). The water content of DW increased to 88%–94% with the addition of gel and dimethyl silicone oil, according to thermogravimetric analysis and moisture retention tests. By altering the characteristics of the liquid-solid interface between the hydrophobic silica and the aqueous solution, lauryl ether phosphate increased the stability of the DW structure. This study also examined and contrasted the effectiveness of five commercial dry powder fire extinguishing agents and DW fire extinguishing agents in terms of fire extinguishing efficiency. The findings indicate that the Mg(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> gel DW extinguishing time in n-heptane fire is the smallest (9 s), while the Ca(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> gel DW extinguishing time in anhydrous ethanol fire is the shortest (9 s). The extinguishing efficiency of the two is boosted by 66% and 55%, respectively, in comparison to commercial dry powder. By developing a new kind of stable, effective, and non-toxic fire extinguishing chemical, this work has benefited the firefighting and rescue sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105444"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105443
Tingting Luan, Xue Zhang , Hongru Li, Kai Wang, Xiaoyun Li
To effectively deal with the dynamic and uncertain problems in the occurrence and evolution of hazardous materials highway tunnel transportation, a dynamic risk assessment model for hazardous materials highway tunnel transportation accidents in tunnels is established to find the weak links prone to accidents and explore the impact scope of accidents. Firstly, the Bow-Tie model is used to identify the hazard sources of hazardous materials in highway tunnel transportation in the tunnel, and the dynamic Bayesian network model is constructed according to the mapping relationship between the Bow-Tie model and the Bayesian network. Then, the fuzzy set theory is used to improve the dynamic Bayesian model to make up for the error caused by the lack of data, monitor the data of transportation nodes, update the accident probability in real-time, and analyze the influence intensity of each risk factor. Secondly, the ALOHA software is used to simulate and analyze the consequences of hazardous materials highway tunnel transportation accidents, and the influence range of the accident is obtained. Finally, the real-time risk value of hazardous materials highway tunnel transportation is determined according to the obtained accident probability and the impact range of accident consequences, and the validity and feasibility of the model are verified by practical cases. The results show that this method can analyze the variation of risk value with internal and external conditions at different moments and provide a panoramic leverage for risk management decision-making of hazardous materials highway tunnel transportation.
{"title":"Dynamic risk analysis of hazardous materials highway tunnel transportation based on fuzzy Bayesian network","authors":"Tingting Luan, Xue Zhang , Hongru Li, Kai Wang, Xiaoyun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To effectively deal with the dynamic and uncertain problems in the occurrence and evolution of hazardous materials highway tunnel transportation, a dynamic risk assessment model for hazardous materials highway tunnel transportation accidents in tunnels is established to find the weak links prone to accidents and explore the impact scope of accidents. Firstly, the Bow-Tie model is used to identify the hazard sources of hazardous materials in highway tunnel transportation in the tunnel, and the dynamic Bayesian network model is constructed according to the mapping relationship between the Bow-Tie model and the Bayesian network. Then, the fuzzy set theory is used to improve the dynamic Bayesian model to make up for the error caused by the lack of data, monitor the data of transportation nodes, update the accident probability in real-time, and analyze the influence intensity of each risk factor. Secondly, the ALOHA software is used to simulate and analyze the consequences of hazardous materials highway tunnel transportation accidents, and the influence range of the accident is obtained. Finally, the real-time risk value of hazardous materials highway tunnel transportation is determined according to the obtained accident probability and the impact range of accident consequences, and the validity and feasibility of the model are verified by practical cases. The results show that this method can analyze the variation of risk value with internal and external conditions at different moments and provide a panoramic leverage for risk management decision-making of hazardous materials highway tunnel transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105443"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105445
Zongling Zhang, Haipeng Jiang, Yi Sun, Wei Gao
The explosion process of 150 nm polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dust in the interconnected vessels is studied through CFD, which supports the safety protection of the powder-related industry. The simulation results are verified by the overpressure and the flame propagation velocity, which are in excellent agreement with the experimental results and have high reliability. The results show that with the expansion in the pipe diameter, the turbulent velocity in the primary vessel decreases while the precompression increases. With the growth of the volume ratio, the maximum explosion overpressure decreases first and then mounts after reaching the trough. For industrial explosion-proof design, it should be avoided to use pipe diameters for the most dangerous conditions. The existence of an optimal volume ratio is the optimal choice for explosion-proof designs. This study supports an in-depth understanding of the evolution mechanism of pressure-piling in interconnected vessels and contributes effective methods for designing equipment with explosion risk.
{"title":"Effect of pipe diameter and volume ratio on dust explosion in interconnected vessels","authors":"Zongling Zhang, Haipeng Jiang, Yi Sun, Wei Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The explosion process of 150 nm polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dust in the interconnected vessels is studied through CFD, which supports the safety protection of the powder-related industry. The simulation results are verified by the overpressure and the flame propagation velocity, which are in excellent agreement with the experimental results and have high reliability. The results show that with the expansion in the pipe diameter, the turbulent velocity in the primary vessel decreases while the precompression increases. With the growth of the volume ratio, the maximum explosion overpressure decreases first and then mounts after reaching the trough. For industrial explosion-proof design, it should be avoided to use pipe diameters for the most dangerous conditions. The existence of an optimal volume ratio is the optimal choice for explosion-proof designs. This study supports an in-depth understanding of the evolution mechanism of pressure-piling in interconnected vessels and contributes effective methods for designing equipment with explosion risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105445"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>In order to inhibit the coal-oxygen complex that triggers spontaneous coal combustion, a retardant consisting of sodium alginate solution, sodium bicarbonate, inorganic salt MgCl<sub>2</sub> and deoxidiser that can achieve multiple effects of hysteresis and oxygen depletion was developed. Taking the sulfur-containing side-chain reactive group of coal molecule -CH<sub>2</sub>-SH as the object of study, the Gaussian 16W procedure and density-functional-transfer theory (DFT) were applied to investigate the electrostatic potential and reaction tendency, oxygen adsorption capacity, front-line orbitals, natural bonding capacity, and oxygen adsorption capacity of the reactive group before and after the formation of the complexes with Na<sup>+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup>, using the solvation effect at the level of B3LYP/6-31G(d, p), respectively. The changes of electrostatic potential and reaction tendency, oxygen adsorption, front orbitals, natural bonding orbitals and charge transfer before and after the formation of complexes between -CH<sub>2</sub>-SH reactive groups and Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, respectively. Comparative analysis of the interaction with oxygen before and after the formation of coordination blocking structure of coal and inorganic salts in gaseous environment, aqueous environment and retarded oxygen-depleting sodium alginate blocking solution environment, respectively. The calculated results show that the side chain of the aromatic ring of the raw coal is the active site for easy adsorption of oxygen, and the stability of the coordination blocking structure is significantly enhanced under the environment of hysteretic oxygen-depleting sodium alginate gel blocking agent, and the adsorption of oxygen before and after the coal molecule combines with Na<sup>+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> is the weakest under the environment of hysteretic oxygen-depleting sodium alginate gel blocking agent; The absolute value of the HOMO orbital energy increases the most, and the energy level difference (E<sub>LUMO</sub> - E<sub>HOMO</sub>) of the complexes increases the most; the natural bonding orbital analysis reveals that the lone pair of electrons of S atoms in -CH<sub>2</sub>-SH under the environment of hysteresis oxygen depletion sodium alginate gel blocker has a strong coordination effect with Na<sup>+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup>. In the hysteresis oxygen depletion sodium alginate gel resist environment, the stability of the coordination blocking structure is strengthened due to the moderateness of the dielectric constant, and its oxygen depletion also reduces the number of O<sub>2</sub> molecules, which further reduces the adsorption and collision chances between the two, and a more desirable blocking effect can be obtained. The results reveal the micro-mechanism of the hysteresis oxygen depletion inhibitor in preventing spontaneous combustion of coal, which can provide a reference for further improving the inhibition effect of the inhi
{"title":"Microscopic mechanism of oxygen consumption inhibitor delaying the oxidation of coal","authors":"Zhen Wang, Chaoyu Hao, Xiaofei Liu, Cunbao Deng, Wenhao He, Jingyu Jin, Bin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to inhibit the coal-oxygen complex that triggers spontaneous coal combustion, a retardant consisting of sodium alginate solution, sodium bicarbonate, inorganic salt MgCl<sub>2</sub> and deoxidiser that can achieve multiple effects of hysteresis and oxygen depletion was developed. Taking the sulfur-containing side-chain reactive group of coal molecule -CH<sub>2</sub>-SH as the object of study, the Gaussian 16W procedure and density-functional-transfer theory (DFT) were applied to investigate the electrostatic potential and reaction tendency, oxygen adsorption capacity, front-line orbitals, natural bonding capacity, and oxygen adsorption capacity of the reactive group before and after the formation of the complexes with Na<sup>+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup>, using the solvation effect at the level of B3LYP/6-31G(d, p), respectively. The changes of electrostatic potential and reaction tendency, oxygen adsorption, front orbitals, natural bonding orbitals and charge transfer before and after the formation of complexes between -CH<sub>2</sub>-SH reactive groups and Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, respectively. Comparative analysis of the interaction with oxygen before and after the formation of coordination blocking structure of coal and inorganic salts in gaseous environment, aqueous environment and retarded oxygen-depleting sodium alginate blocking solution environment, respectively. The calculated results show that the side chain of the aromatic ring of the raw coal is the active site for easy adsorption of oxygen, and the stability of the coordination blocking structure is significantly enhanced under the environment of hysteretic oxygen-depleting sodium alginate gel blocking agent, and the adsorption of oxygen before and after the coal molecule combines with Na<sup>+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> is the weakest under the environment of hysteretic oxygen-depleting sodium alginate gel blocking agent; The absolute value of the HOMO orbital energy increases the most, and the energy level difference (E<sub>LUMO</sub> - E<sub>HOMO</sub>) of the complexes increases the most; the natural bonding orbital analysis reveals that the lone pair of electrons of S atoms in -CH<sub>2</sub>-SH under the environment of hysteresis oxygen depletion sodium alginate gel blocker has a strong coordination effect with Na<sup>+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup>. In the hysteresis oxygen depletion sodium alginate gel resist environment, the stability of the coordination blocking structure is strengthened due to the moderateness of the dielectric constant, and its oxygen depletion also reduces the number of O<sub>2</sub> molecules, which further reduces the adsorption and collision chances between the two, and a more desirable blocking effect can be obtained. The results reveal the micro-mechanism of the hysteresis oxygen depletion inhibitor in preventing spontaneous combustion of coal, which can provide a reference for further improving the inhibition effect of the inhi","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105438"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acquiring and visualizing temperature data in real time in the event of a fire in an electrical and mechanical equipment room is of great significance. It can be applied to early fire detection and monitoring, help rescuers quickly understand the fire situation, develop effective fire extinguishing and evacuation plans, and provide valuable data support for subsequent accident investigation. Acoustic computed tomography (CT) temperature measurement technology has the benefits of high precision, non-contact, real-time and global, in order to explore the applicability of this technology in the acquisition of details about temperature in the fire scene of electrical and mechanical equipment room, this paper carries out the following research. A numerical model of the fire in the electrical and mechanical equipment room is constructed on the basis of fire dynamics simulator (FDS), and the basic temperature data is obtained. The large ill-conditioned matrix equation of acoustic flight is constructed under a variety of mesh division schemes, and the Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART) is used to figure it out. Then we accomplish the temperature field reconstruction of the electrical and mechanical equipment room in different fire stages. The effect of reconstruction is evaluated through the analysis of the difference between the original and rebuilt data. The conclusions demonstrate that the acoustic CT temperature measurement technique can achieve reconstructing the temperature field in real time and with accuracy under the appropriate reconstruction scheme. With the rise in the quantity of grid divisions, the morphology of the reconstructed high-temperature region of the fire field is more similar to the morphology of the basic fire field within a certain range.
{"title":"Reconstruction of temperature field in different fire stages of electrical and mechanical equipment room based on acoustic CT","authors":"Hengjie Qin , Lingling Chai , Haowei Yao , Zhen Lou , Jiangqi Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acquiring and visualizing temperature data in real time in the event of a fire in an electrical and mechanical equipment room is of great significance. It can be applied to early fire detection and monitoring, help rescuers quickly understand the fire situation, develop effective fire extinguishing and evacuation plans, and provide valuable data support for subsequent accident investigation. Acoustic computed tomography (CT) temperature measurement technology has the benefits of high precision, non-contact, real-time and global, in order to explore the applicability of this technology in the acquisition of details about temperature in the fire scene of electrical and mechanical equipment room, this paper carries out the following research. A numerical model of the fire in the electrical and mechanical equipment room is constructed on the basis of fire dynamics simulator (FDS), and the basic temperature data is obtained. The large ill-conditioned matrix equation of acoustic flight is constructed under a variety of mesh division schemes, and the Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART) is used to figure it out. Then we accomplish the temperature field reconstruction of the electrical and mechanical equipment room in different fire stages. The effect of reconstruction is evaluated through the analysis of the difference between the original and rebuilt data. The conclusions demonstrate that the acoustic CT temperature measurement technique can achieve reconstructing the temperature field in real time and with accuracy under the appropriate reconstruction scheme. With the rise in the quantity of grid divisions, the morphology of the reconstructed high-temperature region of the fire field is more similar to the morphology of the basic fire field within a certain range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105441"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142324033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105435
Ruiqi Wang, Bin Zhang, Yuanchen Xia, Boqiao Wang, Siqi Zhang, Wanying Yue, Ruilin Song
In semi-open space, obstacles have the potential to accelerate flame propagation and increase hydrogen-air deflagration pressure. Therefore, this paper is dedicated to exploring the influence of obstacles on the premixed hydrogen deflagration, which is crucial for enhancing the safety of industrial production and energy utilization. By using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model in OpenFOAM, this study investigates the deflagration characteristics of premixed hydrogen in the presence of three different shaped obstacles. The analysis results reveal that under obstacle conditions, the flame shape can be categorized into four phases: the hemispherical phase, finger-shaped phase, jet phase, and vortex phase. The velocity of the flame front is nearly same for elliptical and rectangular obstacle condition, but it is 36% higher compared to triangular obstacle condition. The impact of triangular and rectangular obstacles on explosion overpressure is less than that of triangular obstacles on explosion overpressure, but it is 16% higher than that of elliptical obstacle. Analyzing the vorticity generated by different obstacle reveals that the vorticity produced by rectangular obstacle is twice as much as that produced by elliptical obstacle, whereas the vorticity produced by triangular obstacle is 2.4 times greater than that produced by elliptical obstacle. The acceleration of hydrogen-air explosion process occurs due to the narrow space created by obstacle and pipeline walls, and the shape of obstacle significantly influences this acceleration.
{"title":"Study on the hydrogen-air premixed flame propagation characteristics in semi-open space with obstacle","authors":"Ruiqi Wang, Bin Zhang, Yuanchen Xia, Boqiao Wang, Siqi Zhang, Wanying Yue, Ruilin Song","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In semi-open space, obstacles have the potential to accelerate flame propagation and increase hydrogen-air deflagration pressure. Therefore, this paper is dedicated to exploring the influence of obstacles on the premixed hydrogen deflagration, which is crucial for enhancing the safety of industrial production and energy utilization. By using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model in OpenFOAM, this study investigates the deflagration characteristics of premixed hydrogen in the presence of three different shaped obstacles. The analysis results reveal that under obstacle conditions, the flame shape can be categorized into four phases: the hemispherical phase, finger-shaped phase, jet phase, and vortex phase. The velocity of the flame front is nearly same for elliptical and rectangular obstacle condition, but it is 36% higher compared to triangular obstacle condition. The impact of triangular and rectangular obstacles on explosion overpressure is less than that of triangular obstacles on explosion overpressure, but it is 16% higher than that of elliptical obstacle. Analyzing the vorticity generated by different obstacle reveals that the vorticity produced by rectangular obstacle is twice as much as that produced by elliptical obstacle, whereas the vorticity produced by triangular obstacle is 2.4 times greater than that produced by elliptical obstacle. The acceleration of hydrogen-air explosion process occurs due to the narrow space created by obstacle and pipeline walls, and the shape of obstacle significantly influences this acceleration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105435"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The explosiveness of hazardous materials determines that once an accident occurs during transportation, severe damage will be imposed on surrounding targets. However, the increasing complexity of the road network significantly augments the risk of damage occurrence. To maintain low accident risks in transporting hazardous materials, this study proposes a method for selection and planning of transportation routes based on explosion accident risks. Firstly, the road network topology is associated with vehicle status to establish a relationship between the accident probability and speed gradient. Meanwhile, an independent grid-based approach is used to perform multi-level damage quantification on various objects. Secondly, route risks are quantitatively characterized, and a comparison system for multiple risk metrics is established. Based on search algorithms, route planning and risk ranking are achieved. Finally, the method is validated. It has been confirmed that this method can quickly and accurately obtain route ranking and risk distribution. The results offer practical guidance for relevant organizations to improve risk management and strategy development, and provide reference for future research.
{"title":"Selection and planning of hazardous materials transportation routes based on explosion accident risks","authors":"Chenglin Zhai , Peilin Li , Ronghua Zhao , Nana Jing","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The explosiveness of hazardous materials determines that once an accident occurs during transportation, severe damage will be imposed on surrounding targets. However, the increasing complexity of the road network significantly augments the risk of damage occurrence. To maintain low accident risks in transporting hazardous materials, this study proposes a method for selection and planning of transportation routes based on explosion accident risks. Firstly, the road network topology is associated with vehicle status to establish a relationship between the accident probability and speed gradient. Meanwhile, an independent grid-based approach is used to perform multi-level damage quantification on various objects. Secondly, route risks are quantitatively characterized, and a comparison system for multiple risk metrics is established. Based on search algorithms, route planning and risk ranking are achieved. Finally, the method is validated. It has been confirmed that this method can quickly and accurately obtain route ranking and risk distribution. The results offer practical guidance for relevant organizations to improve risk management and strategy development, and provide reference for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105440"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142324034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105442
Xiaowei Zhai , Qinyuan Hou , Xintian Li , Teng Ma , Chong Yang , Bobo Song , Le Hao
Low oxygen at a coal mine's working face has a detrimental impact on working conditions and productivity. This study conducted an experiment on oxygen consumption at low temperatures, quantified the rate of air infiltration, and scrutinised and examined the zoning division of coal seam gas occurrences. The gas change rules in the return air corner and the goaf and the gas outflow rules in the goaf to the working face are analysed. Experiment results reveal that residual coal predominantly consumes oxygen through a combination of physical adsorption and chemical reaction, which is the key factor in the decrease in oxygen concentration. The examination showed, that the gas emission rate of air from the surface cracks to the working face is 0.09–0.13 m·s−1. Air leakage in the goaf results in the oxidation of residual coal and consequently leads to significant oxygen consumption. The release of low-oxygen gases from the oxidation of residual coal in the goaf to the working face is facilitated by atmospheric pressure and negative pressure ventilation methods, which act as sources of power. The research findings offer direction for examining and managing the problem of low oxygen in coal mine working faces.
{"title":"Effects of oxygen consumption characteristics of goaf on the low oxygen formation mechanism in the working face","authors":"Xiaowei Zhai , Qinyuan Hou , Xintian Li , Teng Ma , Chong Yang , Bobo Song , Le Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low oxygen at a coal mine's working face has a detrimental impact on working conditions and productivity. This study conducted an experiment on oxygen consumption at low temperatures, quantified the rate of air infiltration, and scrutinised and examined the zoning division of coal seam gas occurrences. The gas change rules in the return air corner and the goaf and the gas outflow rules in the goaf to the working face are analysed. Experiment results reveal that residual coal predominantly consumes oxygen through a combination of physical adsorption and chemical reaction, which is the key factor in the decrease in oxygen concentration. The examination showed, that the gas emission rate of air from the surface cracks to the working face is 0.09–0.13 m·s<sup>−1</sup>. Air leakage in the goaf results in the oxidation of residual coal and consequently leads to significant oxygen consumption. The release of low-oxygen gases from the oxidation of residual coal in the goaf to the working face is facilitated by atmospheric pressure and negative pressure ventilation methods, which act as sources of power. The research findings offer direction for examining and managing the problem of low oxygen in coal mine working faces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105442"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142319830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Process systems are sensitive and vital industrial facilities. Disturbances in their performance may cause harm to the environment,humans,or significant economic damage. In risk assessment of chemical process industries, the available data, information, and knowledge are typically rare, limited, and often unrealistic. This issue poses a challenge to conducting a credible quantitative risk assessment and effects the robustness of the results. To address these challenges, this work proposes a methodology based on the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence as the reasoning framework. It incorporates risk identification, analysis, and mitigation phases to ensure a thorough analysis of risks and the integration of proactive risk reduction strategies. The approach aims to model the worst-case hazard scenario and assess associated risks using various methods such as FMECA, Bow-Tie, Credal Network, and Dempster-Shafer theory. The proposed approach models imprecision and data ambiguity using intervals and associated belief mass. This extension provides a basis for addressing the fundamental problem of prior ignorance about the distribution of the observed data, which is prevalent in data mining applications. A new approach is proposed that utilizes Belief and Plausibility curves, similar to a Cumulative Distribution Function, to propagate uncertainty, enhance criticality discrimination, and determine cumulated belief measures. This approach is applied in analyzing the failure modes identified in FMECA and is further extended through the credal network for comprehensive risk assessment. Results show how to express irrelevant and independent judgments, and how to work out with inferences in credal networks. This issue is often overlooked, but if properly addressed it represents the key to ultimately drawing reliable conclusions and fully utilizing the system's available data. A case study of the City Gate Station system was used to verify the application potential of the proposed approach.
{"title":"A risk assessment of a gas pressure reduction station system with confidence for dealing with imprecisions and unknowns","authors":"Batool Rafiee , Davood Shishebori , Edoardo Patelli","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Process systems are sensitive and vital industrial facilities. Disturbances in their performance may cause harm to the environment,humans,or significant economic damage. In risk assessment of chemical process industries, the available data, information, and knowledge are typically rare, limited, and often unrealistic. This issue poses a challenge to conducting a credible quantitative risk assessment and effects the robustness of the results. To address these challenges, this work proposes a methodology based on the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence as the reasoning framework. It incorporates risk identification, analysis, and mitigation phases to ensure a thorough analysis of risks and the integration of proactive risk reduction strategies. The approach aims to model the worst-case hazard scenario and assess associated risks using various methods such as FMECA, Bow-Tie, Credal Network, and Dempster-Shafer theory. The proposed approach models imprecision and data ambiguity using intervals and associated belief mass. This extension provides a basis for addressing the fundamental problem of prior ignorance about the distribution of the observed data, which is prevalent in data mining applications. A new approach is proposed that utilizes Belief and Plausibility curves, similar to a Cumulative Distribution Function, to propagate uncertainty, enhance criticality discrimination, and determine cumulated belief measures. This approach is applied in analyzing the failure modes identified in FMECA and is further extended through the credal network for comprehensive risk assessment. Results show how to express irrelevant and independent judgments, and how to work out with inferences in credal networks. This issue is often overlooked, but if properly addressed it represents the key to ultimately drawing reliable conclusions and fully utilizing the system's available data. A case study of the City Gate Station system was used to verify the application potential of the proposed approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105437"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105434
Holger Grosshans , Wenchao Xu , Simon Jantač , Gizem Ozler , Christoph Wilms
Powders acquire a high electrostatic charge during transport and processing. Consequently, in the aftermath of dust explosions, electrostatic discharge is often suspected to be the ignition source. However, definite proof is usually lacking since the rise of electrostatic charge cannot be seen or smelled, and the explosion destroys valuable evidence. Moreover, conventional methods to measure the bulk charge of powder flows, such as the Faraday pail, provide only the aggregate charge for the entire particle ensemble. Our simulations show that, depending on the flow conditions, contacts between particles lead to bipolar charging. Bipolar charged powder remains overall neutral; thus, a Faraday pail detects no danger, even though individual particles are highly charged. To address this gap, we have developed a machine learning-enhanced measurement technology to resolve the powder charge spatially. The first measurements have revealed a critical discovery: a localized charge peak near the inner wall of the conveying duct that is 85 times higher than the average charge that would be measured by the Faraday pail. This finding underscores the possibility of extremely high local charges that can serve as ignition sources, even though they remain undetected by conventional measurement systems. Our new technology offers a solution by spatially resolving the charge distribution within powder flows, unmasking hidden ignition sources, and preventing catastrophic incidents in the industry.
{"title":"Unmasking hidden ignition sources: A new approach to finding extreme charge peaks in powder processing","authors":"Holger Grosshans , Wenchao Xu , Simon Jantač , Gizem Ozler , Christoph Wilms","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Powders acquire a high electrostatic charge during transport and processing. Consequently, in the aftermath of dust explosions, electrostatic discharge is often suspected to be the ignition source. However, definite proof is usually lacking since the rise of electrostatic charge cannot be seen or smelled, and the explosion destroys valuable evidence. Moreover, conventional methods to measure the bulk charge of powder flows, such as the Faraday pail, provide only the aggregate charge for the entire particle ensemble. Our simulations show that, depending on the flow conditions, contacts between particles lead to bipolar charging. Bipolar charged powder remains overall neutral; thus, a Faraday pail detects no danger, even though individual particles are highly charged. To address this gap, we have developed a machine learning-enhanced measurement technology to resolve the powder charge spatially. The first measurements have revealed a critical discovery: a localized charge peak near the inner wall of the conveying duct that is 85 times higher than the average charge that would be measured by the Faraday pail. This finding underscores the possibility of extremely high local charges that can serve as ignition sources, even though they remain undetected by conventional measurement systems. Our new technology offers a solution by spatially resolving the charge distribution within powder flows, unmasking hidden ignition sources, and preventing catastrophic incidents in the industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 105434"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142319829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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